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Show 130 CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE he swore at me and cut at and struck n1e by turns, and at last, when he found he could not shake me off, fell to entreating me to leave go or I should prevent him from escaping, besides not assisting myself, I still}\:ept tight hold of him, and would not quit my grasp until he had at last dragged me through." Here you see was a case of selective saving-if we may so term itdepending for its success on the strength of the cloth of the Cuirassier's cloak. It is the same in nature; every species has its Beresina; it has to fight its way through and struggle with other species; and when well nigh overpowered, it mav be that the smallest chance, something in its colour, perhaps-the minutest circumstance-will turn the scale one wav or the other. " Suppose that by a variation of the black race it had produced the white man at any time-you know that theN egroes are said to believe this to have been the case ) and to imagine that Cain was the first white man and ' that we are his descendants- suppose that this had ever happened, and that the first residence of this human being was on the West Coast of Africa. There is no great structural difference between the white man and the Negro, and yet there is something so singularly different in the constitution of the two, that the malarias of that country, which do not hurt the black at all, cut off and destroy the white, thus you see there would have been a selective operation performed. If the white man had risen in that way, be would have been selected out and removed by means of the malaria. Now there really is a very curious case of selection of this sort among pigs, and it is a case of selection of colour, too. PERPETUATION OF LIVING BEINGS. 131 In the woods of Florida there are a great many pigs, . and it is a very curious thing that they are all black, every one of them. Professor Wyman was there some years ago, and on noticing no pigs but these black ones, he asked some of the people how it was that they had no white pigs, and the reply was· that in the woods of Florida there was a root which they called· the Paint Root, and that if the white pigs were to· eat any of it, it had the effect of making!their hoofs crack, and they died, but if the black pigs eat any of it, it did not hurt them at all. Here was a very simple case of natural selection. A skilful breeder could not more carefully develope the black breed of pigs, and weed out all the white pigs, than the Paint Root does. To show you how remarkably indirect may be such natural selective agencie~ as I have referred to, I will conclude by noticing a case mentioned by Mr. Darwin, and which is certainly one of the most curious of its kind. It is that of the Humble Bee. It has been noticed that there are a great many more humble bees in the neighbourhood of towns, than out in the open country; and the explanation of the matter is this: the humble bees build nests, in which they store their honey and deposit the larvre and eggs. The field mice are amaz .. ingly fond of the honey and larvcc; therefore, wherever there are plenty of field mice, as in the country, the humble bees are kept down; but in the neighbourhood of towns, the number of cats which prowl about the fields eat up the field mice, and of course the more mice they eat up the less there are to prey upon the larvre of the bees-the cats are therefore the INDIRECT |