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Show 206 DR. H. GADOW ON THE EVOLUTION [Mar. 18, ' Transactions' (vol. xv. p. 291). It illustrated the earlier of 32 species, of which 6 belonged to the Rhopalocera and 26 to the Heterocera. As in the previous memoir, the Sphingidos and the several families of the Bombyces predominated in the series illustrated, and many of these were of special interest in connection with what wTas known of the earlier stages of the same groups of allied species in the Oriental Region. This Memoir will be printed entire in the Society's ' Transactions.' The following papers were read :- 1. The Evolution of Horns and Antlers. By H A N S G A D O W , M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.Z.S. [Received March 18, 1902.] (Text-figure 25.) There are three works to which we naturally turn for information concerning mammalian structures : Flower and Lydekker's ' Study of the Mammalia,' Bronn's ' Thierreich,' Mammalia by Giebel, continued by Leche, and Gegenbaur's ' Vergleichende Anatomic der Wirbelthiere.' But the treatment of the morphology and phylogeny of the Ruminants' horns and antlers in all of them is singularly deficient and inadequate. The actual development of Horns and Antlers has been studied often enough, but no subsequent writer has taken the trouble of sifting and reconciling the various contradictory statements. Sandifort, in 1829, stated that the bone-core of the Bovine horn is a compound structure, composed of a frontal outgrowth or pedicle, and a superimposed ossification iii a cartilaginous matrix-the os cornu, which soon becomes indistinguishably connected with the pedicle by synostosis, so much indeed that the frontal sinuses in time extend not only into the pedicle, but also into this os cornu. Lieberkuhn found cartilage in the budding prickets of the Roebuck. Cartilaginous preformation, with subsequent metaplastic ossification,was advocated also by Joh. Miiller, Gegenbaur, Kassowitz, and others. Landois declared the development and ossification of the antlers as entirely periosteal. Julius Wolff and Robin et Herrmann deny the existence of cartilage, and call the ground-substance of the budding antler amorphous embryonal tissue, or " substance pre-osseuse." Rutimeyer, most careful observer and far-seeing thinker, naturally homologized the os cornu of the Bovidae with the deciduous antler of the Cervidae; but the os cornu seems to have fallen into oblivion until A. Brandt, as late as 1892, rediscovered, or, rather, reinstated it. Brandt gives the following synoptic table of " Haut- und Knochen Hoerner " (?'. e. epidermal and bony |
