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Show • 74 IMMIGRANTS' AND SETTLERS' GUIDE Indians is a source of great annoyance, and no time should be lost in an endeavor to secure amicable relations with them, which, it is believed, may be readily accomplished. Within the superintendency there are the following agencies, viz. the Umatilla, Warm Springs, Grande Ronde, Siletz, and Alsea."-[.&tract from Report of Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1863. Near the eastern boundary of the State extensive and rich gold-fields have been discovered. This section now contains a population of several thousand miners. The inducements which the State of Oregon offers to imm~grants are,. that la~ds are abundant, cheap, and productive ; the chmate mild and healthy; wages high, and emplo~ment certain and plenty. The circulating currency IS gold and silver. Articles of consumption are b:~ught principally from New York and other Eastern c1t1es. Mechanics and artizans find ample field for their labor at good. rates of wages. There are few shoemakers or hatters m the State. This description of labor is much needed. • TO THE NEW STATES .AND TERRITORIES. 75 CALIFORNIA. Area, 158,68~ Square Miles; 101,689,688 Acres-Population, 400 000 -·Capital, Sacramento City. ' The State of California was ceded to the United States at the peace of Guadalupe Hidalgo, February 2d 1848. About this time gold was discovered and a larg~ immigration set in. A State Constitution was framed the 13th October, 1849, and she was finally admitted into the Union as a State on the 9th September, 1850. It is situated between latitudes 32°20' and 42° north, and longitudes . 37°18' and 47°23' west from Washington, or 114°20' and 124°25' from Greenwich. It is bounded on the north by Oregon ; on the east by Nevada and .Arizona ; on the south by a line drawn from the junction of the Colorado and Gila rivers to the Pacific, three miles south of the Bay of San Diego, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. EXTENT. Measured diagonally north-west and south-east, the length is about 830 miles ; its greatest length north and south is about 570 miles. Its mean breadth may be stated at 230 miles. PHYSICAL .ASPECT, ETC • The characteristic features of California are determined by the two great ranges-the Sierra Nevada and the Coast Range-which traverses the State north-west and south-east. Between these is the sp1endid valley of the Sacramento and San Joaquin. These mountain |