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Show RETURNING TO NORMALCY AND DEPRESSION, 1946-1975 265 Americans again feared for the sons being sent off to war. Many Americans opposed the war: demonstrations were staged and, in some instances, riots broke out because of war opposition.95 No demonstrations or riots took place in Wasatch County. Once again, the war was painful for the families who sent their loved ones off to war. They carefully watched the news and wondered what was happening halfway around the world. But with the expanded coverage of the war on television, Wasatch County residents could learn daily what was happening on the war front. The Americans who served in Vietnam returned to a country that was largely hostile and indifferent to their efforts. These were young men; the average age of those who fought there was eighteen as opposed to twenty-seven during World War II. One veteran, referring to the reception he received when he returned, explained, "This country has made a mistake: it has confused the war with the warrior. Americans, through that war experience, became Vietnam veterans. It was an individual experience; everyone had his own war over there. We all had that commonality of being in combat."96 A 1979 issue of the Wasatch Wave included an article by Max Cleland, administrator of veterans affairs. Cleland noted that the war had been a "different" conflict with "limited objectives, was fought in an unconventional manner, and was surrounded by controversy from the beginning." Stid, he explained that Vietnam veterans had served honorably and should be treated with respect.97 Summary The period following World War II to the mid-1970s was a time of decision for Wasatch County. The county struggled to find new economic bases as mining and agriculture declined. The development of state parks made tourism a mainstay. Some people questioned the new industry although the major concerns came later in the 1970s. In the meantime, Wasatch County residents celebrated the peace by upgrading city services, developing zoning regulations, and building new schools, churches, and a hospital. Heber continued as the county focus point as schools were consolidated. Everything was not new; after a struggle, the Heber tabernacle was preserved. But depression, the cold war, and Americans fighting in Southeast Asia 266 HISTORY OF WASATCH COUNTY dampened the optimistic attitudes. The county continued to depend on the federal and state government for much of its direction. The self-sufficient days for the area, as for most of the United States, were gone. ENDNOTES 1. Wasatch Wave, 5 April 1959, 2; 26 May 1960, 1; 24 June 1971, 1; 8 January 1958,1; 11 May 1972,1; H. Bowman Hawkes, "The Back Valleys of Summit and Wasatch Counties," in Guidebook to the Geology of the Wasatch and Uintah Mountains: Transition Area. Tenth Annual Field Conference, 1959 (Salt Lake City: Intermountain Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1959), 15-16. 2. Wasatch Wave, 22 January 1954,1; 13 March 1953; 28 March 1968, 1; 3 May 1962, 1; 7 June 1962, 1; 11 June 1964, 1; 9 January 1964, 1; 10 February 1966,1. 3. Wasatch Wave, 1 July 1945,1; 17 September 1954,2; 24 July 1953,2. 4. Wasatch Wave, 22 May 1953, 1; 7 September 1956, 1; 15 January 1958, 1. 5. Wasatch Wave, 25 November 1962,1; A. J. Erickson, Guidebook to the Geology of Utah, Park City, District, Utah, 1922 (Salt Lake City: Utah Geological Society, 1968), 40,43; Mortimer, How Beautiful, 1114. 6. Hawkes, "The Back Valley," 17; Wasatch Wave, 27 January 1950,1; 23 April 1959, 1-2; 5 May 1966,1; Uinta National Forest Files, Heber City Office. 7. Wasatch Wave, 11 March 1976, 1; Hawkes, "The Back Valley," 14; Heber Cattle Association, Appeal Case, D-l, F-3-1-2, Uinta National Forest Files, Heber City Office. 8. George C. Larson to L. C. Montgomery, 17 April 1945, Heber Cattle Association, Appeal Case, F63; Guy Coleman to Clinton P. Anderson, 8 January 1946, F9 Al; Lyle F. Watts, Chief Forester, to Coleman, F9 1-2, Heber Cattle Association, Appeal Case, Uinta National Forest Files, Heber City Office. 9. Meeting of the Heber Cattle Company, 7 March 1946, F12-2; L. C. Montgomery to W. L. Hansen, 2 March 1946, Fl-1, Heber Cattle Association Appeal Case, Uinta National Forest Files, Heber City Office. 10. Supervisor James L. Jacobs, 5 January 1952, Heber Cattle Company Association, Appeal Case, F31 1-2, Uinta National Forest Fdes, Heber City; Heber Cattle Company, 16 January 1955, 124-35; 19 December 1955, 127-30; 17 January 1956,132; 9 April 1936,135; 8 March 1957,139; 4 April RETURNING TO NORMALCY AND DEPRESSION, 1946-1975 267 1957, 140, Utah State Historical Society; Calvin Gdes, Oral History, interview by Rebecca Vorimo, 13 January 1994, Wasatch County, 6. 11. State of Utah Progress Report of the Utah Water and Power Board to the Governor of Utah for the Period of May 12, 1947, to November 19, 1948,35-37; Harold M. Smith, "Utah's Mtn. Co.," Journal History, 31 July 1949, 5; Wasatch Wave, 25 June 1954; Gdes, Oral History, 6-7; Paul Daniels, Oral History, interview by Rebecca Vorimo, 22 October 1993, Wasatch County, 2. 12. Wasatch Wave, 29 May 1953,1; 4 June 1954,1; 10 September 1954, 1; 22 October 1964, 8; Elmer Kohler, Oral History, interview by Rebecca Vorimo, 22 October 1993, Wasatch County, 3; Alvin Kohler, Oral History, interview by Rebecca Vorimo, 21 October 1993, Wasatch County, 7. 13. Hawkes, "The Back Vadey," 14; Irene W. Thacker, Oral History, interview by Rebecca Vorimo, 13 January 1994, 1, 2, Wasatch County; LeRoy Sweat, Oral History, interview by Rebecca Vorimo, 4 February 1994, Wasatch County, 10. 14. Proposed Irrigation Projects in Utah: A Comprehensive Report of the Proposed Irrigation Developments in Utah Compded Under Direction of Utah Water and Power Board, December 1948,78; State of Utah Progress Report of the Utah Water and Power Board to the Governor of Utah for the Period of May 12, 1947 to November 1, 1948, 34-35; Wasatch Wave, 26 December 1968,1; 24 May 1953,1. 15. Wasatch Wave, 18 March 1949,1; 2 May 1952,1. 16. Wasatch Wave, 4 December 1953,1; 15 January 1954, 2; 5 February 1954,1; 24 February 1956,1; 23 July 1970, 2; 26 May 1960, 1. 17. Hawkes, "The Back Valleys," 8. 18. John V. Young, State Parks of Utah: A Guide and History (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, xxvii-xxix; Wasatch County Commission minutes, 15 May 1958,69E; Wasatch Wave, 20 February 1957,1. 19. Allan Kent Powell, "A Preliminary Overview History of Wasatch Mountain State Park," Manuscript, Utah State Historical Society, 3. 20. Wasatch Wave, 21 August 1958,1. 21. Wasatch Wave, 20 November 1958, 1; Powell, "Preliminary Overview," 2, 4. 22. Wasatch Wave, 5 April 1959, 1; 19 March 1959, 1; 19 November 1959,1; 31 December 1959,1-2. 23. Wasatch Wave, 21 January 1960,1; 5 April 1959, 2; 21 January 1960, 2. 24. Earl Kohler, Oral History, interview by Kent PoweU, 8 June 1989, 268 HISTORY OF WASATCH COUNTY 19, 20, Utah State Historical Society; Powell, "Preliminary Overview," 5; Vernon H. Probst, Oral History 16. 25. Vernon H. Probst, Oral History, 16. 26. Kohler, Oral History; Powell, "Preliminary Overview," quotes from pages 15 and 27. 27. Wasatch Wave, 4 January 1962,1; 5 April 1962,1. 28. Wasatch Wave, 19 April 1962, 1; 12 July 1962, 1; 3 March 1960, 1; 3 March 1960,1,6; Robert Mathis Oral History, interview, by Jessie Embry, 19 July, 28 July, 4 August 1994, Wasatch County, 18-19. 29. Kohler, Oral History; Powell, "Preliminary Overview," 15; Wasatch Wave, 25 April 1968,1; 25 February 1971,1; 3 April 1975, 1. 30. Moroni Besendorfer, Oral History, interview by Rebecca Vorimo; Wasatch Wave, 11 March 1971, 1; 23 March 1972, 1; L. G. Woods, F 62 (2-5), Heber Cattle Association, Appeal Case, Uinta National Forest Fdes, Heber City Office. 31. Wasatch Wave, 30 October 1953, 2; 20 March 1953, 2; 26 June 1953, 1. 32. Wasatch Wave, 20 February 1958,1; 13 July 1961, 1; Hawkes, "The Back Valleys," 17-18. 33. Wasatch Wave, 12 September 1947,1; 7 September 1951,1; 3 April 1953, 1; 3 April 1953, 1; 24 April 1953, 1; 11 September 1952, 1; 6 August 1959,1; 1 September 1960,1. 34. Wasatch Wave, 17 October 1952, 1; Mortimer, How Beautiful, 596. 35. Mortimer, How Beautiful, 595-96; Wasatch Wave, 31 December 1964, 1. 36. Wasatch Wave, 7 January 1971, 1; Heber Valley Gazette, 14 June 1979, 1; 22 May 1975, 1-2. 37. Wasatch Wave, 15 September 1950,2; 6 October 1960,1. 38. Wasatch Wave, 24 January 1947,1. 39. Wasatch Wave, 14 March 1955, 1; 7 October 1955, 1; 10 February 1977,1; 9 December 1976; 1; 13 January 1956,1, 2; 16 September 1955,1; 25 September 1958,1. 40. Richard White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992), 392; Los Angeles Times, 18 March 1910, II-4; Wasatch Wave, 4 October 1946,1. 41. Guy McDonald, Personal History, in his possession; Wasatch Wave, 26 June 1946, 1; 12 July 1946, 1; 20 December 1946, 1; 10 Aprd 1947, 1; 10 October 1937, 1; 13 February 1948, 1; 24 June 1949, 1; 2 June 1950, 1; 27 November 1953, 2. RETURNING TO NORMALCY AND DEPRESSION, 1946-1975 269 42. Wasatch Wave, 5 February 1959,1; 3 December 1959,1. 43. J. Neil Murdock, "Water Resources," in Guidebook to the Geology of the Wasatch and Uinta Mountains: Transition Area, Tenth Annual Field Conference, 1959 (Salt Lake City: Intermountain Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1959), 19; Wasatch Wave, 5 March 1959, 2; 14 May 1959, 1; Deseret News, 2 March 1963. 44. Wasatch Wave, 28 February 1963,1; 19 April 1962,1; 19 July 1962, 1; 19 March 1964, 1; State of Utah Biennial Report of the Utah Water and Power Board to the Governor of Utah, July 1, 1962 to June 30, 1964, Utah State Archives, 8. 45. Wasatch Wave, 16 October 1975,1. 46.. Wasatch Wave, 18 January 1968,1. 47. Bureau of Reclamation, "Supplement to the Final Environment Statement for the Recreation Master Plan Strawberry Reservoir Enlargement, Bonnevdle Unit, Central Utah Project, Utah, 1978, 5. 48. Wasatch Wave, 1 November 1946,1; 13 July 1967,1. 49. Wasatch Wave, 15 September 1960, 3; 5 January 1961, 1. 50. Wasatch Wave, 25 February 1960, 1; 21 May 1964,1. 51. Wasatch Wave, 10 May 1946, 1; 5 September 1947, 1; 23 January 1958,1. 52. Wasatch Wave, 9 January 1953, 1; 1 May 1953, 1; 3 July 1953, 1; 30 April 1954, 1; 7 January 1955,1; 20 August 1970, 1. 53. Wasatch Wave, 1 December 1966, 1; 15 December 1966, 1; 30 December 1965, 1; Alvin Kohler, Oral History, interview by Rebecca Vorimo, 21 October 1993, 4. 54. Mortimer, How Beautiful, 1018; Wasatch Wave, 12 August 1949, 1; 6 February 1953, 1; State of Utah Report of the Utah Water and Power Board to the Governor of Utah for the Period of May 12, 1947, to November 1,1948, 35-37; State of Utah Biennial Report of the Utah Water and Power Board to the Governor of Utah for the Period of July 1, 1948, to June 30,1950,19. 55. Wasatch Wave, 22 April 1965, 1; Wasatch County Commission minutes, 4 May 1965,217-E. 56. Wasatch Wave, 1 October 1964,1. 57. Wasatch Wave, 3 May 1946,1; 20 March 1953,1; 27 March 1953, 2; 10 March 1966,1. 58. Wasatch Wave, 2 February 1951, 1; 23 March 1951, 1; 30 January 1958, 1; 27 February 1958, 1; 27 December 1962, 1; 21 March 1947, 1; 30 May 1947,1; 23 September 1949,1; 10 November 1966,1; Wasatch County Board of Education minutes, 7 January 1963, 360. 270 HISTORY OF WASATCH COUNTY 59.. Utah School Report, 1945-1946, 7, 23. 60. Wasatch County School Board minutes, 15 September 1947, January 20, 1947-May 9,1956 Book, 559; 20 December 1948, 596; 18 April 1948, 606; Wasatch Wave, 17 February 1950, 1; Mortimer, How Beautiful, 94. 61. Wasatch County School Board minutes, 14 July 1952, 783; 23 March 1953, 838-39; 16 April 1953, 851; 3 January 1963, 359; 6 May 1963, 381; Wasatch Wave, 20 August 1959, 1; 2 March 1962, 296; 3 March 1962, 297; 29 March 1962, 309; 11 January 1962, 1; 18 January 1962, 1; 1 March 1962,1; 20 August 1964,1. 62. Wasatch County Board of Education minutes, 7 October 1970,841; 6 January 1971, 859; 14 March 1972, between 934-35; 28 March 1972, between 938-39; 21 March 1972, 939; flier for bond, between 944-45; 26 April 1972, 948; 8 February 1973, 997; flier for bond election, between 1044-45; 18 September 1973, 1045; 8 November 1972,1059; 23 May 1974, 1079; 22 August 1975,1131; 10 January 1974,1063; 28 February 1974,1069; 28 March 1974, 1072-73; 28 May 1974, 1081; 8 May 1975, 1117; 21 May 1975,1120; 14 October 1976, between 1170-71; 26 June 1975,1127. 63. Mortimer, How Beautiful, 826,1006. 64. Mortimer, How Beautiful, 138-42; 917-18; Wasatch Wave, 12 May 1960, 1. 65. Midway Second Ward Sacrament Meeting minutes, Series 11,15 July 1956, 61, LDS Church Archives; Mortimer, How Beautiful, 563; Midway First Ward Priesthood Meeting minutes, Series 11, 24 Aprd 1960, 11 June 1961, LDS Church Archives. 66. Wayne C. Whiting, History, 1976, LDS Church Archives Historical Arts Program, 30. 67. Wasatch Wave, 18 May 1961,1; 1 June 1961, 1. 68. Wasatch Wave, 7 September 1961,1; 21 September 1961,1; 25 June 1964, 1; 30 July 1964, 1. 69. Wasatch Wave, 27 August 1964, 3. 70. Wasatch Wave, 10 September 1964, 1; 8 October 1964, 1; 3 December 1964,1. 71. Wasatch Wave, 27 May 1965, 1; 3 June 1965, 1; 8 July 1965, 1; 19 January 1967,1. 72. Wasatch Wave, 3 February 1966, 1; 11 February 1966,1; 10 March 1966, 1; 2 June 1966, 1; 23 June 1966, 1, 8; 20 June 1966, 1; 4 September 1955, 1; 14 January 1971, 1; Journal History, 26 October 1964, 2-3;. 73. Wasatch Wave, 27 May 1982,1-C. 74. Wasatch Wave, 28 June 1984,1; 26 July 1984,1; 27 June 1985,5-A. RETURNING TO NORMALCY AND DEPRESSION, 1946-1975 271 75. Wasatch Wave, 16 January 1986, 1; 26 March 1987, 1; Heber City Council minutes, 21 January 1986; 6 August 1987; 6 October 1988; 3 November 1988. 76. Wasatch Wave, 11 October 1962, 1; 5 October 1965,1; 30 January 1969,1. 77. "Abram Hatch Home," National Register Files, Utah State Historical Society; Wasatch Wave, 4 April 1974, 1; 16 October 1980, 3A; "Zions First National Bank to the Rescue," Western Banker (December 1972); "Adaptive Restoration Transforms Turn-of-Century Heber Home into Modern Banking Facdity," Intermountain Contractor (23 July 1976), restoration sheet, copies of articles at Heber City Branch, Zions First National Bank. 78. Peter L. Abeles, "Planning and Zoning," in Zoning and the American Dream: Promises Still to Keep, Charles M. Haar and Jerold S. Kayden, eds. (Chicago: Planners Press, 1989), 128-37. 79. Wasatch Wave, 27 September 1946, 1; 16 September 1976, 1; 28 May 1947, 1; 6 June 1947, 1; 12 June 1947, 1; 28 November 1947, 1; 26 February 1959,1; 17 September 1959,1. 80. Wasatch Wave, 17 September 1948, 1; 27 February 1964, 1; 7 July 1966, 1; 12 March 1964, 1; Wasatch County Commission minutes, 8 July 1964,194-E; 3 August 1964, 195-E. 81. Wasatch Wave, 29 October 1964, 3; 20 October 1964, 4. 82. Wasatch Wave, 6 November 1964, 1; 27 October 1966, 1; 8 December 1966,1; Wasatch County Commission minutes, 18 January 1967, 262-E; 12 April 1967, 274-E; Wasatch Wave, 26 October 1967, 1; 30 November 1967,1; 8 May 1969,1. 83. Wasatch Wave, 29 October 1970,1; 16 January 1975, 2; 27 February 1975,1; 3 April 1975, 1; 21 August 1975,1. 84. John R. Paul, A History of Poliomyelitis (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971); Fred Davis, Passage Through Crisis: Polio Victims and Their Families (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1991), xv-xvi, 4. 85. Wasatch Wave, 9 September 1949,1; 5 October 1951,1; 13 February 1953, 1; 9 October 1953, 1; 29 January 1954, 1; 30 July 1954, 1; 18 March 1955, 1; 15 Aprd 1955, 1, 2; 15 April 1955,1. 86. Wasatch County Board of Education minutes, 20 October 1947, 561; 7 July 1947, 551; 14 April 1952, 761; 12 August 1953, 880; 5 August 1947, 553; 4 October 1948, 585; 20 June 1949, 611; 8 May 1957, 45; 15 July 1960, 221; 6 April 1961, 249; 13 April 1961, 250; 20 April 1961, 253; 26 June 1961,261; 13 July 1961, 270; 25 September 1963,411. 87. Wasatch County Board of Education minutes, 7 July 1947, 552; 17 May 1948, 580; 3 October 1949, 619; 19 November 1951, 719; 19 May 1952, 272 HISTORY OF WASATCH COUNTY 772; 19 August 1952, 798; 12 August 1953, 880; 23 September 1953, 886; 4 August 1954, 927; 16 May 1963, 383; 9 August 1973,1038. 88. Wasatch County Board of Education minutes, 20 October 1947, 561; 19 November 1951, 719; 23 August 1956, 15; 14 January 1960, 188; 5 January 1966, 546; 3 October 1974, 1093; 17 May 1964, 447; 28 September 1966, 595; 26 June 1968, between 692-93. 89. Intermountain Catholic Register, 16 June 1967, 6; Wasatch Wave, 15 June 1967, 1. 90. Clay Blair, The Forgotten War: America in Korea, 1950-1953 (New York City: Times Books, 1987), 3-30, 975. 91. Wasatch Wave, 4 May 1951; 11 October 1962, 1; 18 September 1952, 2; Heber City Council minutes, 3 May 1951, 596-97. 92. Wasatch Wave, 15 February 1952,1; 12 October 1951,1; 23 January 1958, 1; 25 December 1952, 2; Mortimer, How Beautiful, 1150, 1158-61. 93. Thomas G. Alexander, Utah: The Right Place (Salt Lake City: Gibbs- Smith, 1995), 365. 94. Barbara McDonald, Notes to Author. 95. Harry G. Summers, Jr., Vietnam War Almanac (New York: Facts on File Publications, 1985), 160; 342-43. 96. Harrison E. Salisbury, Vietnam Reconsidered: Lessons from a War (New York: Harper and Row, 1984), 202, 210. 97. Wasatch Wave, 14 May 1979,1-A. |
