A History of Wasatch County

Mormon settlement of Wasatch county, 1859 - 1888

MORMON SETTLEMENT OF WASATCH COUNTY, 1859-1888 J. he United States acquired Utah from Mexico in 1848, and Americans moved west onto newly acquired territory throughout the mid-1800s. Travelers came for a variety of reasons: to convert the Native Americans to various Christian religions, to acquire free land, and to become wealthy. At least one group came seeking religious freedom. In 1830 Joseph Smith, Jr., a farmer's son from New England, founded a church based on his revelations. Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints were nicknamed Mormons because of their belief in the Book of Mormon. During the 1830s and 1840s Smith and his fodowers moved frequently, sometimes based on Smith's revelations, sometimes because of disagreements with their neighbors. In 1844 Smith and his brother Hyrum were killed by a mob in Carthage, Illinois, and shortly thereafter the Mormons aban­doned Nauvoo, Illinois, their city along the Mississippi River. Before his death, Smith researched the West and considered relocating. Following a dispute over who should succeed Smith as leader Brigham Young, the president of the church's Councd of Twelve led the majority of the Mormons west. 20 MORMON SETTLEMENT OF WASATCH COUNTY, 1859-1888 21 Young and an advance party entered the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, and the Mormons began building their empire. They established their own government, later replaced by a territorial jurisdiction appointed by Congress. The church retained effective control untd 1857, because Brigham Young served as the federady appointed gov­ernor. In 1857 President James Buchanan, questioning the Mormon dominance, sent Alfred Cumming to become Utah's governor. Hearing of a possible rebellion and fearing the Mormons would not accept Cumming, Buchanan also sent an army escort headed by Colonel Albert Sidney Johnston. The Mormons reacted by raiding Johnston's supplies and preventing him from entering the Salt Lake Valley that winter. They also moved to Utah Valley, leaving their homes and partially constructed temple to be burned if the army did attempt to enter the Salt Lake Vadey. Though the dispute was known as the Utah War, no fighting actually took place because the Mormons settled with the government. After their experiences in the Midwest, the members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints wanted to be as self-sufficient as possible. Young soon sent settlers south to Washington County to raise cotton. Others went to Iron County and tried to pro­duce iron. Latter-day Saints colonized from Cache Vadey in the north to St. George in the south. Some responded to mission calls; others moved seeking more land and better opportunities. By 1859 the Mormons had established approximately 130 settlements in the ter­ritory, most along a north-south line. Wasatch County Settlement Utah Valley was one of the areas settled along the north-south axis. A freshwater lake and rivers made it especially attractive. Mormons first moved to Provo, which became the main community, in 1849, and by the late 1850s residents had claimed the best lands. The children of the original settlers and newcomers were forced to look elsewhere for property. In 1857, Provo citizens working at sawmdls in Big Cottonwood Canyon crossed over the mountains and examined a valley formed by the Provo River. The millers were impressed. When they announced their findings in Provo, local resi- 22 HISTORY OF WASATCH COUNTY dents rejoiced, and some hoped to move. Most of Wasatch County's first settlers came from Utah County. There were two major obstacles to settlement. First was climate. There were rumors of frost every month of the year. Despite these fears, cattlemen took their animals to the south end of the vadey and started harvesting meadow hay for winter feed. During the spring and summer of 1857 others also explored the area and supported set­tlement. An even more pressing concern was the difficult mountain pass. Provo Canyon was steep and narrow; there was no road except for a smad Indian trad. Wdliam Gardner, an explorer, first proposed a road up the canyon in 1852, but nothing was done. In 1855 the territorial legislature passed a bdl allowing a group of men from Provo to con­struct a road. The men had not started working on the route, how­ever, before the Utah War in 1857 halted ad such work. But before the "war" was over, a group of men proposed a road again to Brigham Young. He met with the citizens in Provo on 6 June 1858 and caded for volunteers to help budd the road. The next day he and Provo res­idents formed the "Provo Kanyon Company." The road construction provided other benefits; it gave work to idle men who were living in Provo Valley because of the Utah War and provided a way for Johnston's army to move supplies to Camp Floyd without passing through the more populated Salt Lake Vadey.1 Government explorer James Harvey Simpson described the newly completed road in August 1859: "A company of citizens . . . have by dint of great labor, cut through these promontories, made deep excavations along the steep, and in many instances rocky, side-hills, and have built up reverted embankments." The result was "an excellent mountain-road, and one that does them a great deal of credit." Still, he added, the road was narrow, making it difficult for a six-yoke team of oxen to stay on the road and out of the river.2 With the road completed, Provo residents made plans to settle at the head of the canyon. During 1858-59 winter meetings, the focus was on how the settlers could protect themselves from Native Americans and how they could grow crops at the higher elevation. Some argued that the area was suitable only for grazing animals; oth­ers wanted to raise wheat. Despite these concerns, some group mem- MORMON SETTLEMENT OF WASATCH COUNTY, 1859-1888 23 bers decided to attempt a settlement and chose William Meeks to lead the efforts. Meeks was born in 1815 in South Carolina and came to Utah in 1852 with his parents. He initiady came to Heber Vadey to cut hay, so he was acquainted with the area and its potential. In the spring of 1859 a few adventurers set out up Provo Canyon. The spring was cold that year, and snow lingered, delaying the trip. Finally, at the end of Aprd, eleven men left: Thomas Rasband, John Crook, Charles N. Carrod, John Carlde, John Jordan, Henry Chatwin, Jesse Bond, James Carlde, Wdliam Gdes, Jr., Wdliam Carpenter, and George Carlde. Of the nine men there is information on, eight were born in England and one was born in Canada. They were between twenty-three and sixty-two years of age. The Cardies were ad related. There were other famdy connections; Rasband and Crook were both married to members of the Gdes famdy.3 Once the men were on their way, travel was slow. At one snowslide at the South Fork of the Provo River they took their wagons apart, carried the parts and their supplies across, and reassembled the wagons on the other side. When they finally got to Heber Valley, they found they were not the first settlers. William Davidson, Robert Broadbent, and James Davis were plowing near present-day Heber, and the Broadbent famdy was living there.4 The newcomers greeted Davidson, Davis, and the Broadbents, and together they selected a campsite on a spring about a mile from Heber. They named it London in honor of their home country. The group divided the land, each man claiming a twenty- or forty-acre plot. They then started plowing and planting. They also selected a townsite and started laying it out. Despite continued snow and visit­ing LDS authorities from Provo who repeated the fear that grain would not grow, the settlers had high hopes.5 At the end of May, William Meeks, now the LDS church's appointed leader, arrived with surveyor Jesse Fuder. They questioned land boundaries, so Fuder surveyed the townsite again. Following a pattern established in Salt Lake City, the newcomers held a lottery to divide the plots. The men's names were placed in a hat and each could claim twenty acres in the order they were drawn. John Crook recalled "a regular stampede" to get the best land. The first day the residents took nearly ad the surveyed land.6 24 HISTORY OF WASATCH COUNTY In June Fuder laid out city lots. A month later John Crook moved to the city and started hauling logs and budding a house. He and the other settlers fodowed the advice of Heber C. Kimbafl and Brigham Young "to budd their houses together in the form of a stockade" for protection from the Native Americans.7 So while the townsite was much larger, the first homes were crowded together in an eighty-square- rod area between present-day First West and Fourth West and Second North and Fifth North. The residents named their new town Heber after Heber C. Kimbafl, who had converted many of them in England. When Kimbad learned of this decision, he reportedly said, "Now you people have named your little town after me. I want you to see to it that you are honest, upright citizens and good Latter-day Saints that I may not have cause to be ashamed of you."8 By late 1859 eighteen famdies lived in the fort. John Carlde died in September, leaving his widow Elizabeth in Heber. Henry Chatwin, Jesse Bond, Wdliam Gdes, Jr., and Wdliam Carpenter were no longer listed. According to John Crook's diary, newcomers included Alexander Sessions, Bradford Sessions, Hiram Oaks, John Lee, Richard Jones, James Laird, John Session, Jane Clothworthy, and Charles C. and Elisha Thomas. Crook listed only heads of house­holds, so there is no record of how many married women and chd-dren were living in the fort.9 The first winter was hard, and most of the settlers did not have enough supplies. They had to travel twenty-eight mdes to Provo to get flour. Crook recalled that the group met for a fast meeting the first Thursday in March 1860 and prayed for the weather to improve; by noon the snow on the north side of the house started to melt. Despite the harsh weather, the settlement continued to grow, and by spring 1860 there were sixty-six homes at the fort. Winters con­tinued to be long and frigid. Crook frequently reported temperatures thirty and forty degrees below zero. Once it was so cold that a Mr. Miller thought the thermometer's mercury had frozen. Buckets of water froze solid next to the fireplace, and the logs in buildings cracked from the cold. The Deseret News reported in February 1862, "Communication with Wasatch County is entirely cut off by the snows that have fallen and drifted in heaps in Provo Kanyon." The MORMON SETTLEMENT OF WASATCH COUNTY, 1859-1888 25 500 North 300 West FORT HEBER n o • • • • • • • • • • • • • • [ L (M „ < S ! -S * « c i! ^ l * <**>•>» U D«^ «~- 3 1 " I. 1 5 | f $ \ ' * %s n I - ] # C J ; „ • * • " ? fortiori ^ c . . , o , .U U«»C"V« S S" J 1 g' ? 1 | J J i-1 U JoWrt Oo,V« U T-rr^ Bvw«» U JoVin rAwVio/ia\tj L I J=M* UDJIS 1 1 Cvi\o Ji^rnVOn 1 1 G>eo<^e O^de. LI ToW vy,tt <3 ^ • '1 i-1 To^a^W M:.tort«\J L J OoVit-i sQfe<(*rt U Ratterx. Po*V«* LJ •Tove.ifV. \~<*i*-d Li Jo«« fe^s**M L i Fbrcer Oa-jAc\\ r * 5, < 1_| T W A * : > Toi<i S ? u Lzfrzi • • • viJwj^V ^ 3 * ' -: -0 < c 4 j T \ \ \ • • n i 4 •s • (.1 *So S . I ' n ' ^ . H [_] CsJid W„\to<\ U L^C-i L.A.W.^irt-,5. l_J W I ^V^^s. U c , , , D T W O ^ . ^ L U ^ LI Lo«e.Vt^ . J n ^ w O f t ^ L I - n r ° n 100 W est 200 North Map of Fort Heber showing the locations of families who budt homes there in 1859. As in other Mormon communities, initially the Heber settlers built a fort as protection from the Indians. (How Beautiful Upon the Mountains) next month Charles Shelton reported the people were so shut in it was "almost like a prison."10 26 HISTORY OF WASATCH COUNTY Despite these obstacles, the pioneers survived. They raised grain and vegetables, which they traded to teamsters passing through on their way to the army encampment at Camp Floyd. Crook sold his crops for gold coins and wagon covers. During the summer of 1859 Crook remembered especially trading turnips and potatoes for a wagon cover to make pants and a blouse.11 Heber developed graduady. James Watson described the town he encountered when he arrived in October 1864. Watson, a thirty-four-year- old Mormon convert from Scotland, came to the United States in 1855. After working in the east for several years, he came west. Once in Utah he went to visit a friend in Heber and decided to stay. Watson recaded, "There was nothing very attractive or picturesque to admire.... I do not remember that any of these primitive dwellings had anything better than a mud roof for covering. Still the people seemed to enjoy themselves and kept looking for better days to come." Brigham Young described improved conditions just five years later. After his visit, a Deseret News article reported, "Heber City and neighborhood are admirably adapted for the raising of stock and the manufacture of butter and cheese.. . . Fuel and timber are conve­nient, and . . . fine . . . red sandstone is within easy distance of the city." According to historian Leslie S. Raty, "In a little over a decade the people of Wasatch County passed through the pioneering stage and changed the frontier into a peaceful community environment."12 Additional Settlements The first settlers in Heber Vadey established communities where they could find irrigation water along Center, Daniels, and Snake creeks. Initially there were two settlements on Snake Creek three and a half mdes apart. Mound City, the northern viflage, was the larger because limestone hot "pots," or hot springs, heated the ground and lengthened the growing period. The lower town, settled first, was smafler and had no specific name. By 1864 thirty-six families lived in Mound City.13 Other communities included Center Creek, Buysvdle, and Charleston. Not all the area settlers went to Heber Valley. Wdliam Wad was among the first group who took cattle to the head of the canyon in the spring of 1858. Wall, a native of North Carolina, was born in 1821. He joined the LDS church in 1843 and came west in 1850. He MORMON SETTLEMENT OF WASATCH COUNTY, 1859-1888 27 FORT MIDWAY FAMILY LOCATIONS William Bedef E. Bates t*orfeo<n Robert Cumi'wMjV\a William Lucten Jotnbs OrToVwv Gertoer bablin^ JoVvr\ Hubcr Blood Ira Samuel THompwn Bromon Georae 3iW\on H\qra#\bot JARoteev SferlmiaV,' Epp«lr»otl xj^o^^r^ ^ > < 6 ^•s>«* : ; ^ .V" «*• Tolnn ftoier Xohn Oa«ii CWeirlea Lowe Tno. Halfe\U Bonne.- 3r. Henrv Colemsnir. Wilion William Wilton TOVMTI Lowe Tea»e. McCarroll D. Zufeit 3ames Gutv Harvt* MeeW'i CViaHti ^oioiftil SVtalton Tolnn 0'N«'v\ 3aro.es XacWion ieome Wt«n4U. William WotniJW Map of Fort Midway showing location of early family homes. During the Black Hawk War, two communities united to form Midway. Residents lived in a fort arrangement at first. (How Beautiful Upon the Mountains) lived in Provo and served a mission to Australia before he moved to Heber Vadey. Wad had been involved in the construction of the Provo 28 HISTORY OF WASATCH COUNTY House near Midway. (Utah State Historical Society) Canyon road and in the planning meeting. He and his son-in-law, George Washington Bean, a surveyor and Indian interpreter, stopped in Round Vadey. According to geologists this "asymmetrical synclinal vadey... [was] eroded i n . . . the sandstones of the middle part of the thick Oquirrh Formation." The rich sod deposits either were formed as the Wadsburg Creek lost energy during the late Pleistocene period or through groundwater filtering through the quartzite between the mountains and surrounding the valley.14 Bean claimed the first property in the area, but in 1860 he sold his holdings to Wall. Four years later, Bean left the area. The first settlers in Round Vadey had property in Provo and Heber, so they did not live in the area year round. By the winter of 1864-65 they decided to establish homes. They named their new community Wallsburg after William Wall. Wall became a presiding elder for Round and Heber valleys when Wdliam Meeks decided not to settle in the valley. Wall held that position until 1863. MORMON SETTLEMENT OF WASATCH COUNTY, 1859-1888 29 Mormon Church The Mormon church was predominant in early Wasatch County. All the early settlers were Latter-day Saints, and their lives revolved around the church. Church leaders played an important role in all decisions. For a time the county had two church-appointed leaders, one spiritual and the other secular. After William Meeks left, LDS church leaders placed William Wall in charge. In November 1860 Brigham Young and Daniel H. Weds appointed Joseph S. Murdock, from American Fork, to be the bishop of Heber Valley. Murdock was born in New York in 1822, and his famdy converted to Mormonism when he was fourteen years old. The Murdocks went with the Mormons throughout their travels in the Midwest. As the Latter-day Saints started to move west, Murdock joined the Mormon Battalion. In 1856 Brigham Young caded him to settle Carson Vadey, Wyoming. When that colony was abandoned because of the Utah War, Murdock returned to American Fork until Young asked him to be bishop in Wasatch County. For a year Wall continued as the secular adminis­trator; Murdock was the spiritual leader. The Wasatch Stake "Manuscript History" reported, "There was more or less clashing between the two authorities."15 In 1863 Wall resigned as area presi­dent, and Murdock became president and bishop. In 1867 the Mormon church leaders asked Murdock to settle southern Nevada. To replace him, they called Abram Hatch, a busi­nessman from Lehi. Hatch was born in Vermont in 1830. He came to Utah in 1850 and settled in Lehi, where he ran a farm and operated a store. He served an LDS mission to England; two years after his return, Brigham Young called him to preside over the settlements in Wasatch County. James Watson felt Brigham Young could not have selected a better man, since Hatch was "a natural leader in temporal matters."16 On the surface, Mormon church leader Hatch performed the same duties as other stake and ward leaders, holding both civic and religious positions. He was a probate judge for six years in Heber and served in the territorial legislature for twenty-three years. However, he distinguished his church callings and his business and civic responsibilities in an unusual way. While most stake leaders 30 HISTORY OF WASATCH COUNTY combined temporal and spiritual assignments, Hatch separated them. For example, Hatch reported in 1880 that Brigham Young had caded him to establish a mercantde business in Heber, so he started what he caded a co-op store. However, since he and Joseph W. Witt held 80 percent of the stock, some Mormons complained he was try­ing to monopolize the business. Hatch countered that the people could buy stock if they wished.17 During the 1870s Mormon church leaders encouraged more than just cooperative stores. In 1873 Brigham Young asked the resi­dents of St. George, Utah, to "conform to the Revelations contained in [the] Book of Covenants to be one." Erastus Snow, a St. George leader, then explained, "I have spoken much to the people of the south . . . during the past four or five years especially on co­operation. . . . I want to see action now instead of talk." As a result, the residents formed many united orders. This term had many forms throughout the Mormon church. For some it meant communal liv­ing; for others it involved joint business ventures. Whatever their form, co-ops mushroomed throughout the territory.18 Heber City fodowed this trend. In August 1875 LDS church lead­ers George Q. Cannon and Wilford Woodruff came to Heber to establish a united order. Cannon explained the rules and then asked those who were wdling to accept them to be rebaptized. The women of the church's Relief Society frequently discussed the value of the united order in their meetings. In September 1875 Heber resident Margaret Muir explained that she wanted to be rebaptized and to fol­low the rules of the order. The men, however, rarely discussed the order in priesthood meetings. In 1876 Jonathan Cluff stated that he knew the united order was right, but he was not ready to enter it. He repeated those same feelings almost two years later. While he had tried to support the effort, no one had successfully followed the order's rules.19 Besides the united order, the general LDS church leaders and the local bishops encouraged home industries. Members hoped they could produce everything they needed and not have to depend on non-Mormons. Wasatch County residents started some home indus­tries. In 1875 William Forman recorded with pride, "We have started a tannery and expect to be able to make our own leather and boots, MORMON SETTLEMENT OF WASATCH COUNTY, 1859-1888 31 shoes, etc." In 1870 and in 1876 Heber residents praised the home efforts. As one exclaimed, "Co-operation is flourishing and is a decided success." In 1877 Abram Hatch told the men in a priesthood meeting 10,000 sheep in the area would support a woolen mill in Wasatch County. Three years later he asked the residents to start a dairy, a wagon shop, and a furniture shop. These enterprises were not successful; however, while they were in operation, church leaders constantly prompted support. In November 1877, Hatch asked that more people patronize the tannery. In May the next year, Forman complained at a stake conference: "We are not doing much toward clothing ourselves here, not as much as we did 8 or 10 years ago." Thomas Giles and John Crook repeated those pleas in 1885, main­taining that the local businesses would be successful if the people shopped there. The efforts continued to falter, however, and Hatch finady told the brethren in a priesthood meeting in 1888, "We have tried to establish three home industries and have faded at ad."20 William Forman, the bishop of the Heber West Ward, felt that Hatch had not been fully supportive of the cooperative efforts because Hatch separated his church and business dealings. For example, Forman complained that Hatch did not support the church's cooperative movement. Under this arrangement, members bought through the church's network and gave 10 percent to ZCMI, the church-owned cooperative movement. Forman recorded that Hatch told the men at a priesthood meeting he would buy goods from the manufacturers and not from ZCMI. According to Forman, Hatch tried to monopolize business and took "a course to crush every man in the stake that wdl not comply with his wishes and trade at his store." Even though he did not cooperate with the church store, Hatch was upset that ZCMI supported his competitor, Mark Jeffs. He invited local Heber Vadey residents to buy from the manufacturers or from ZCMI, giving them a choice. Hatch's definition of home industry was also different from Forman's. Forman saw the move­ment as an attempt to have church control; Hatch saw it as locally owned businesses. As an example, Forman recorded in his journal in 1879, "President Abram Hatch said he wished we had a few more honorable Gentiles [non-Mormons] among us. He is in favor of helping Wdliam Britt start a drugstore."21 32 HISTORY OF WASATCH COUNTY Although Hatch did not combine church and state as much as did other LDS church leaders, the Mormon church was the dominant force in the communities. Residents used church meetings as an opportunity to discuss ad aspects of life. For example, in 1862 church leaders told the organization's home teachers to visit those who were not working together in budding fences. Fifteen years later these lead­ers told priesthood holders that good fences were salvation. Again, in 1879, Abram Hatch said that every man should fence his land or get rid of it. Other topics of conversation included crops, livestock, and general farming techniques. In 1862 and 1883 the men at priesthood meetings asked that the cattle herder be a man, since boys learned how to swear if they cared for the animals. As William Forman explained in 1883, herding was "injurious to the boys, calculated to lead them into bad ways." In July 1884 the Mormon men were encouraged to plant extra grain to feed young beef stock, because the price of grain was down.22 District Schools The Mormons also played an important role in education. The church teaches that "the glory of God is intelligence." In small Mormon towns, the first public budding was usuady a combination school and church. Heber residents wanted a school immediately, so some suggested a bowery. Others insisted on a more permanent structure. The double log cabin they built was primitive-the dirt roof, for example, leaked-but its construction showed the dedica­tion to education. The twelve families living in the area all con­tributed money and labor to complete the budding, starting work on 4 July and finishing on 24 July I860.23 As the communities in Heber Valley grew, the residents started small school districts. The early schools were unsophisticated. William Lindsay, who helped teach in the district schools in 1870, recaded that all the grades were held in the same classroom. He and the other teacher, John Gadigher, had no teaching experience or edu­cation, and the school met for only three or four months during the winter. When John W Crook started school, he attended in the log schoolhouse where a Mrs. Clark was the teacher. When she moved, he attended schools in private homes and then went to a district MORMON SETTLEMENT OF WASATCH COUNTY, 1859-1888 33 schoolhouse. Once he attended school in the Mormon tithing office. It was as hard to hire a qualified teacher as it was to find a suitable building. The teachers were the best available, but they were usually not graduates of normal schools and could teach only rudiments of the three Rs, "reading, writing, and 'rithmetic." School teaching was seen as a profession for those who could not physically or mentady do anything else. In addition, the schools were not always fvdl of eager scholars. Students attended only in wintertime since most of the stu­dents helped farm the rest of the year.24 During the 1880s there was an increased emphasis on education. Bishops from throughout the county asked local priesthood mem­bers to support the schools. Stake president Abram Hatch also asked the bishops to meet with the school trustees to advance education in their wards. Two years later local school superintendent Attewall Wootton reported some improvement but asked for more assistance. He encouraged districts to make certain instructors could teach. At the same meeting, Apostle J. H. Smith encouraged the Mormons to send their children to Mormon schools.25 School and church continued to intertwine. Wootton reported on school conditions at the LDS church stake quarterly conferences in 1886. There were five district schools in Heber and two in Midway. The smaller communities of Charleston, Wallsburg, Center Creek, and Daniel each had a school. With more chddren attending, the cur­rent buildings were crowded. Wootton also complained about the teacher turnover rate, emphasizing that the community could not keep teachers because the salaries were so low. One of the problems was a lack of funding for schools. Residents questioned school taxes; in 1887 Abram Hatch told an LDS priesthood meeting that he sup­ported limited school taxes but that some residents questioned their value at all.26 Even though taxes paid for the schools, teachers included some religious teaching with the study curriculum. Mormon parents did not want teachers who taught values at variance with their families' basic beliefs. Wootton stated that teachers could include religion, but he hoped the LDS church would have its own schools. Apostle Heber J. Grant said at the same conference that he would rather have his chddren be ignorant than "infidel."27 34 HISTORY OF WASATCH COUNTY Wasatch County Agricultural and Manufacturing Society Not ad organizations were church sponsored. In 1868 the local residents formed a farming organization apart from the LDS church. Named the Wasatch County Agricultural and Manufacturing Society, the cooperative was similar to the Deseret Agricultural and Manufacturing Society chartered by the territorial legislature in 1856. Under the direction of Mormon church apostle Wilford Woodruff, that corporation conducted fairs, established experimental farms, and set up branch organizations in each county. It thrived during the 1860s and 1870s.28 Whde there are no records that the Wasatch group was associated with the territorial organization, both had the same objectives. Local farmers like John Crook suggested meeting together to share ideas and methods and to obtain seeds. At monthly meetings the group discussed farming problems and solutions, encouraged the planting of new crops, provided seed, held socials, planned fairs, and promoted town projects such as shade trees and schools. Someone usually lectured on a farm or industry topic, followed by a free­wheeling discussion. The group also had an extension program. For example, in 1870 its "missionaries" gave lectures on agriculture in Midway and Round Vadey. The federal government sent experimen­tal seeds from Washington, D.C., in 1875. Members tested white-spine cucumbers, short-stem cabbage, early corn, Somerset oats, square-head wheat, and white wheat seeds. Local leaders also encour­aged crop variety. When wheat prices declined in 1878, Abram Hatch suggested farmers grow peas and sugar beets as wed as feed pork and beef. Several agricultural leaders also talked about rotating crops.29 Men discussed improving and caring for their sheep, cattle, and horses at the agricultural society meetings. In 1869 speakers encour­aged the group to limit animals in corrals, to distribute salt on the range, and to keep the sheep and lambs clean and not shear them too early. In addition, they complained, "Our horses and cows are much reduced by adowing young sires of a scrubby nature to run with them together." In 1860 John M. Murdock pioneered a cooperative sheep herd. Until people started developing their own herds, the local sheepmen hired a community herder. In 1870 the farmers again dis­cussed hiring a herder and caring for the sheep on the range. MORMON SETTLEMENT OF WASATCH COUNTY, 1859-1888 35 Murdock complained that he could not afford to take care of the sheep for the dividend the farmers offered. He asked for half the wool and half the dividends, about seven and a half cents per sheep per month, adding that if that was too high, he would retire. After a dis­cussion, the company voted to continue to hire Murdock on his terms. Murdock's work impressed Abram Hatch. Three years later he reported, "When [Murdock] came here the sheep were in a very bad condition but now they are in a very fair condition."30 The Heber cooperative also promoted a dairy in 1877 and 1878. At first it was suggested as an LDS church project, but William Forman argued that the leaders had enough responsibilities and asked that "this society take the matter under advisement for the good of all." The cooperative appointed a committee to discuss the dairy industry, and a month later the members planned a cheese fac­tory. 31 Wasatch County Provo Vadey-later known as Heber Vadey-was originady part of Utah and Salt Lake counties. Utah County extended to about one mde south of Heber; Salt Lake County included both Midway and Heber City. In 1862 the new settlements in Heber and Round vadeys, like other areas in the territory, had sufficient population to allow self-government. The legislature created several new counties includ­ing Wasatch County, named after the Wasatch range of mountains. The boundaries were the summit of the Wasatch range on the west, Summit County on the north, the territorial line on the east, and Sanpete County on the south. Because no attempts had been made to settle the eastern section of the territory, Wasatch County at the time included all of the Uinta Basin. The legislature split the county into two voting and four school districts. All of the area east of the Provo River was one voting district; the other included the land west of the river.32 These boundaries did not long remain. Other counties attempted to reclaim areas. As Abram Hatch told the territorial legislature, "Gentlemen, it seems our protests are ad in vain, but we of Wasatch County wdl have the satisfaction of being in simdar conditions to the Savior, who was crucified between two thieves," Summit and Utah 36 HISTORY OF WASATCH COUNTY counties. One of these disputes occurred in 1878 when residents of Rhodes Valley asked for a change in the line between Summit and Wasatch County. In 1880 the legislature transferred portions of Sanpete County to Wasatch County. Then in 1884 it added parts of Wasatch County to Utah County.33 Indian-White Disputes In the mid-1860s Utes raided Mormon communities. As in other areas throughout the United States, white settlement displaced Native Americans. While Mormons claimed to have special relationships with the Indians, who they felt were descendants of the Lamanites of the Book of Mormon, their actual experiences were much like those of other Americans. Problems with the Utes of northern Utah started in 1849 and continued throughout the 1850s. Prolonged conflicts occurred during the Walker War in 1853 and 1854. In response, Brigham Young attempted to establish Indian farms. When the fed­eral troops arrived in the territory in 1858, the church passed the responsibdity for the Native Americans to the U.S. government. Just a few years later the Civd War split the country and ended aid to the Indians. The Utes now were expected to provide for themselves even though Mormon settlements had destroyed the areas used for hunt­ing, such as Strawberry Valley. In 1861 President Abraham Lincoln created an Indian reserve in the Uinta Valley for the Utes but pro­vided no financial assistance because of the war. Mormons also brought diseases the Native Americans could not resist. In late 1864 and early 1865 smadpox broke out among Indians in Sanpete County. That was also a very cold winter, and some Utes started stealing Mormon cattle. Not all of the tribe was involved; Black Hawk had at most about one hundred fodowers and many of those were Navajos and Paiutes. The Mormon settlers, however, saw the attacks as war. From 1865 to 1867 Black Hawk and his men stole approximately 5,000 head of cattle and killed as many as ninety settlers and military men. By 1866, 2,500 men had joined the mditia to fight the Indians.34 Most of the conflict was in Sanpete and Sevier counties, and communities there were temporardy abandoned. But there also were some raids in Wasatch County. Anticipating attacks, residents formed MORMON SETTLEMENT OF WASATCH COUNTY, 1859-1888 37 militia companies and built a stockade for their cattle. The Utes looted the Mormons' livestock in 1866 and 1867. Wdliam Lindsay, an early settler, estimated that hundreds of cattle and sheep were lost. During the raids, Mormon church leaders asked residents of Wadsburg, Center Creek, Charleston, and the other outlying areas to move to Heber. John M. Calderwood of Wallsburg recalled, "They worked through the night and shortly after day break the next morn­ing the entire population of Wallsburg was enroute to Heber." The Heber residents "furnished homes with considerable hospitality." Farmers traveled back and forth to work. By September and October most had returned to their homes. Wdliam Winterton, a sheep herder for the Decker family, came to Heber with the animals in his care. However, there were so many sheep that they stripped the pasture lands around Heber, so Winterton took the sheep back to the range. For several months he lived alone at the south end of the valley, fear­ing Indian attacks. During the Indian raids, Mormon leaders asked the settlers scattered along Snake Creek to move to a fort. Neither vd-lage was widing to relocate to the other's site, so the settlers compro­mised and moved to a point halfway between the two communities, creating Midway. The residents locked themselves in the fort at night and set guards to prevent raids.35 In October 1867 Ute Indians led by Tabby-To-Kwana, a Uinta-ats leader who had settled in Strawberry Valley, informed the Mormons they wanted peace. The Indians came to Heber where Murdock presided over a feast, believing "stuff an Indian full of good things and he will feel 'heap good.'" The raids ended in Strawberry and the rest of Wasatch County, although they continued in other parts of Utah. However, in 1870, long after most of the raids were over, Indians raided Midway and took twelve to fifteen horses. The Mormons fodowed the Indians to the reservation and found some of the animals; Chief Tabby helped them find the rest.36 After the Indian troubles were over, LDS leader Abram Hatch suggested that the Midway people remain in one settlement 1.75 miles north of the Provo River and due west of Heber where they could bring the Snake Creek waters through their town and fields, be in the center of the farming land, and not be exposed to Indians. The settlers surveyed a townsite. Within in a few days they had laid out 38 HISTORY OF WASATCH COUNTY blocks thirty-two rods square and streets four rods wide, except Main Street, which was six rods wide.37 Land Distribution Although the Mormons settled Utah Territory in 1849, they had no legal rights to the land untd 1868 when Congress adopted "An Act to create the Office of Surveyor-General in the Territory of Utah, and establish a Land Office in said Territory, and extend the Homestead and Pre-emption Laws over the same." This law adowed the president to appoint a surveyor general for the territory who could distribute the public lands. After the federal legislation was passed, the territor­ial government approved a bid in 1869 that adowed probate judges who had received title for land for claimants to "dispose of and con­vey the title to such lands, or to the several blocks, lots, parcels or shares thereof, to the persons entitled thereto." The land was to be transferred with "deeds of conveyance."38 Abram Hatch was the pro­bate judge in Wasatch County at the time this law was passed. There­fore, the county recorder books begin with Hatch deeding the land already settled to the individuals who were there at the time. Residents to 1880 By 1880 there were 1,775 adults over age nineteen and 3,000 chd­dren in Wasatch County, a sixfold increase from 1860 to 1880. Impressive as that sounds, the growth did not keep up with the rest of the territory. Utah's population as a whole increased thirteenfold between 1850 and 1880.39 Most of the initial settlers were immigrants who had joined the Mormon church and moved to Utah. Over half (54.2 percent) of the 251 adult residents in the community of Heber in 1870 were from the British Isles, and nearly that many (46.5 per­cent) of the 86 adults in Round Vadey, later known as Wadsburg, were from the same area. Very few of the adults were born in Utah-only 2.4 percent in Heber and 2.3 percent in Round Valley. Most of the remaining citizens were from the United States-38.3 percent in Heber and 47.8 percent in Round Vadey. However, these people were not newcomers; 83 percent of the 405 children in Heber were born in Utah and 82 percent of the 122 chddren in Round Vadey were also born in the territory. MORMON SETTLEMENT OF WASATCH COUNTY, 1859-1888 39 700 600 „ 500 a £ ADO­' S 200- 100 0 ! t _ Heber Origin of Heber Adult Population .--•M-yC. "*-__ • ^ - * - • British Isles - « - Other Foreign -*- Utah Natives •-H-. US-Other 1880 1900 Census Year The number of foreign-born residents increased slightly in the next ten years. Between 1870 and 1880 the adult population in Heber doubled (from 251 to 519) and the number of children increased nearly twofold (from 405 to 769). The percentage of British-born settlers dropped to 42 percent; however, other foreign-born immi­grants rose from 5.2 percent to 20 percent. Utah-born residents increased to 14 percent; other residents originady from other parts of the United States dropped to 24.2 percent. In Wadsburg, whose adult population increased from 160 to 230, only 31.9 percent of the pop­ulation was from Britain. A third were born in Utah, and 20 percent were born in the Midwest. The chddren in both communities were nearly all born in Utah (91 percent in Heber; 98 percent in Wadsburg). Midway's adult population did not follow the pattern of Wallsburg and Heber. In 1870, 21.8 percent of Midway's 165 adults were from the British Isles, 9 percent were from Switzerland, and 14.6 percent were from other foreign countries. While only 4.9 percent were born in Utah, nearly half (49.7 percent) were American-born. Ten years later the town's population had doubled to 337 and the Swiss adult population had also doubled to 18 percent. The British 40 HISTORY OF WASATCH COUNTY population (22.2 percent), and other foreign-born residents remained the same. Utah-born residents increased to 21.4 percent; other United States natives dropped to 26.8 percent. But, while Midway's adult population varied from the rest of Wasatch County, the chddren did not. Eighty-one percent of the 218 chddren living in town in 1870 were native-born; by 1880, 80.6 percent of the 377 chd­dren were originally from Utah. Midway stresses its Swiss heritage, but the Swiss were never a majority there. Including adults and chd­dren, only 14 percent of Midway's population was Swiss. By 1880, just as the adult population doubled, the number of adults and chddren of Swiss descent increased to 27 percent. Though the Swiss did not overshadow other ethnic groups, they played a significant role in early Midway. According to famdy tradi­tion, Ulrich Abegglen immigrated to Salt Lake City in 1861 but was homesick for his native country. Brigham Young suggested that he move to Midway because the mountains resembled the Swiss Alps.40 More than likely, though, the first Swiss came to the area because there was sttil land available. They might have been more widing to settle there because they were used to high altitudes and had learned how to farm and raise cattle in similar surroundings. Swiss immigrants continued to come to the area to be close to friends and relatives. In addition, fifteen of the eighteen Midway Mormons who went on missions between 1870 and 1902 went to Switzerland. These missionaries encouraged converts to move to Utah, the Mormon Zion, and especially to settle in Midway. John Huber, one of the first missionaries to serve from Midway, brought many of his converts to Midway when he returned home. Among those he baptized was Conrad Abegglen, who converted Ulrich Probst, who then baptized Fred Haueter and Johannes Sonderegger. The Swiss seemed to come to Midway in groups. The peaks were in 1864, 1872-74, 1886, 1891, 1897, and 1904. These dates correspond with the return of LDS missionaries from Switzerland.41 Residents, 1880-1900 Federal census data is not available for 1890, but a comparison of the 1880 and 1900 censuses shows that Heber's growth had slowed by 1900, increasing from 519 adult residents to 821. Two-thirds of MORMON SETTLEMENT OF WASATCH COUNTY, 1859-1888 41 Midway Origin of Midway Adult Population Census Year •*-- British Isles • • - Other Foreign not Swiss • * - - Switzerland -*«- Utah Natives *-US-Other Wallsburg Origin of Wallsburg Adult Population - -^ - British Isles - • - Other Foreign -*- Utah Natives •»- US-Other these inhabitants were Utah-born (64.6 percent). A quarter were for­eign- born (24.6 percent), half from the British Isles and half from other countries. Wadsburg's adult population increased by only sev­enty people, from 160 to 230. By then 70.9 percent were born in 42 HISTORY OF WASATCH COUNTY Charleston Origin of Charleston Adult Population -••-•British Isles - • - Other Foreign 1-•-Utah Natives •••»• US-Other 1900 Census Year Utah; only 13 percent were foreign-born and nearly ad of them were from Britain. Their children were also mainly born in Utah. Of Heber's 842 children in 1900, 97.2 percent were born in state. Wadsburg's number was even more dramatic: 99.4 percent of the 307 children were Utah-born. In other Wasatch County communities, the first census records were for 1880 or 1900. Of the 127 adult residents in Charleston in 1880,41.7 percent were from the British Isles, 30.7 percent were from Utah, and 13.4 percent were foreign-born. By 1990 the British-born adults had dropped to 23.2 percent and other foreign-born had also slipped to only 4.6 percent. Those originady from Utah rose to 64.8 percent. Nearly ad the chddren (97.6 percent of 123 in 1880) and 97.4 percent of 272 in 1890 were born in Utah. Between 1880 and 1900 Charleston grew faster than Heber; its population almost doubled to 216. Census records are not avadable for Center and Daniel untd 1900. Just as people from Utah County settled Wasatch County because of overcrowded conditions, the pop­ulations of Charleston, Center, and Daniel increased as people started stretching out of Heber and Midway. Since they were the new places to live, they also had a slightly higher immigrant population. Center's MORMON SETTLEMENT OF WASATCH COUNTY, 1859-1888 43 133 adult residents were from Utah (58.7 percent), the British Isles (23.3 percent), and other foreign countries (9 percent). Daniel's 139 adult inhabitants were born in Utah (56.8 percent), the British Isles (14.4 percent), and other foreign countries (17.3 percent). Stdl, they were not recent converts: 97.1 percent of the 173 children in Center and 94.7 percent of the children in Daniel were Utah-born. While Midway's figures more directly matched the rest of the county by 1900, there were differences. Its adult population grew from 337 in 1880 to only 524 in 1990. Almost half (46.4 percent) were Utah-born; 11.3 percent were born in the British Isles, 11 per­cent were from Switzerland, and 17.6 came from other countries. Most of the children were born in Utah; 93 percent of the 669 were natives. Assimilation Mormon immigration to Utah during the nineteenth century is best described as a "melting pot." From its early days up to World War II, the LDS church was so smad that members considered it a virtue to accept the dominant culture. For example, in a 1903 open letter "to the Swedish Saints: Instructions in Regard to the Holding of Meetings, Amusements, Social Gatherings, etc.," the First Presidency of the Mormon church emphasized, "The council of the Church to ad Saints of foreign birth who come here is that they should learn to speak English as soon as possible, adopt the manners and customs of the American people, fit themselves to become good and loyal citi­zens of this country, and by their good works show that they are true and faithful Latter-day Saints."42 Several factors helped newcomers assimilate into LDS society. Utahns understood the Mormon converts' desire to be in Zion. They also felt a religious obligation to accept and love their brothers and sisters in the gospel. Many oldtimers remembered what it was like to be new converts. Historians Leonard J. Arrington and Davis Bitton wrote, "If the reality fell short of the ideal, it seems fair to say the usual harsh fines between different nationalities and between old and new arrivals were softened by Mormon values and programs." Newcomers assigned to work on the Logan Temple expressed the same idea. They inscribed in the wet plaster of an interior wall (using 44 HISTORY OF WASATCH COUNTY phonetic speding), "We are here several nationalities and the best of feelings with all men." Although estimates of Salt Lake City's foreign-born population during the 1880s ran as high as 80 percent, there were very few condicts.43 LDS immigrants also actively worked to adopt the English lan­guage and the American lifestyle. Scandinavian and German Lutherans in other parts of the country kept their state religion and cultural customs. They published native-language newspapers and conducted denominational schools in the mother tongue which held the communities together for generations. LDS converts, how­ever, accepted becoming American as a part of becoming Mormon. Although non-English congregations and newspapers existed in Salt Lake City, the newcomers generady tried to learn English rapidly so that they could associate with Mormon neighbors from ad countries. As a result, LDS Euro-Americans assimilated in one generation, whether they came to Utah during the 1850s or the 1950s.44 The immigrants in Wasatch County fodowed this pattern. When there were only scattered foreigners, the newcomers had no special provisions to help them fit into Mormon society. For example, some Heber residents were from Sweden, and the LDS church did not pro­vide separate language services for them. Yet when the group was larger, such as the Swiss in Midway, the church set up temporary foreign-language services. To help the newcomers who did not know English, Gottfried Buehler organized German-language sacrament meetings. The Swiss built their own hall at 144 West 100 North in Midway. Known as the "German Had" or "the new music hall," the hall served other of Midway's social needs, including Andreas Burgener's brass band practices, John Huber's speding and grammar classes, and community meetings and entertainment.45 The Swiss immigrants were also members of the English-speaking wards, and church leaders expected them to also attend those wards. On a typical Sunday the Swiss would attend the Midway Ward Sunday School and then go to the German meeting. That meeting ended in time for them to attend the Midway Ward sacrament meeting. The Swiss attended the English ward "in an effort to learn the English lan­guage." It was difficult to adapt ad at once, so some immigrants spoke German in the ward. During sacrament meeting the bishop called MORMON SETTLEMENT OF WASATCH COUNTY, 1859-1888 45 Midway Pioneer Day Celebration, 24 July 1883. (Utah State Historical Society) people from the audience: "The talks were always charged with spir­itual fervor but were not models of organized thought and perfect English.... In our testimony meetings people often spoke in their native tongues."46 The Swiss intermixed with Midway's citizens. Unlike in other areas of the United States and even in Utah, they did not settle in only one part of town. The census taker found them scattered throughout Midway, and, for the most part, they felt accepted. Jacob Probst recaded that "the people were hospitable and kind, serving us with the necessities of life" when his famdy came to Midway. His family lived with two other Swiss famdies untd they found a home of their own. Probst, who became a bishop in Midway, recaded that the Swiss "were a united, industrious, God-fearing, jody class of sturdy... pioneers."47 There were some negative experiences as well. Gottlieb Kohler recaded that shortly after he moved to the area people told him, "You have no job, no permanent home, and you will be a drain on the community. Take this money and go back where you came from." 46 HISTORY OF WASATCH COUNTY Other problems occurred with language differences. For example, Swiss immigrants had a hard time understanding the irrigation com­pany minutes and requested a German translator. At first the English-speaking members refused the request, but later they selected a farmer to translate the records. In 1902 the High Council minutes mentioned that some "German Saints took exception with certain actions of the local authorities." Two representatives, Jacob Probst and John A. Forbe, talked to Gottlieb Kohler and resolved his con­cerns over where and who was performing baptisms. Kohler report­edly wanted "harmony" with his ward leaders.48 Occupations During the nineteenth century, most county residents farmed. The 1870 census listed 56 percent of the 128 Heber men as farmers; 25 percent had nonagricultural jobs; only 9.4 percent were business people. Farmers predominated because the settlers endeavored to grow their own crops in order to be self-sufficient in a new commu­nity. But agriculture alone was not enough to support them, so many were also involved in other occupations. In the late 1860s, for example, several men and women left the vadey and worked on the Union Pacific Railroad. William Lindsay went to Echo Canyon to work on the railroad in 1867. When he and the other Wasatch County men there needed someone to cook for them, Lindsay returned to Heber and hired his mother and Mary Muir, his wife-to-be. The men received five dodars a day for their labor and ten dodars a day if they had a team. The men paid the women ninety dollars each for two months' work. John Crook worked in Weber Canyon and Echo Canyon on the railroad the next year. Since he had a team, he received $210 for twenty-one days of work in November. He also worked in December, and that year the railroad paid him $450.49 In 1869 Crook sold hay to the men working on the railroad in Echo Canyon. During the 1870s Wdliam Forman worked at a lumber mdl hauling logs to Heber and the Ontario Mine in Park City.50 In 1871 and 1872 he hauled sandstone rock to Provo and Salt Lake City, adding that quarrying was always possible in Heber. John Crook recorded the amount of stone he hauled to local residents and to the more populated areas of the Wasatch Front.51 MORMON SETTLEMENT OF WASATCH COUNTY, 1859-1888 47 Farming was also the most prominent occupation in Midway. Of the town's eighty-three adult men, 55.4 percent were farmers. More than a third of the rest were laborers and only eight, about 10 per­cent, had businesses. The Swiss immigrants to Midway generally listed their occupation as farmer but also had to work other jobs to support themselves. According to the 1870 census, 81 percent of the native Swiss head-of-households were farmers, but family and local histories describe some of their other professions. Some worked on homes and public buildings in Heber Vadey. Others sold wood and food to the miners, and some were miners themselves.52 By 1880 there were fewer farmers in Heber. Of the 266 men, only 36 percent were farmers. The number of laborers also had declined to 13.2 percent. The increasing population provided a larger base for businesses, and 18 percent of the men worked in commerce. The largest jump was in mining. In 1870 the census listed no miners, but by 1880 14.7 percent of the men worked in the Park City Mining District. Wasatch County residents also continued to provide agri­cultural products to the workers in Summit County. In 1880 Wdliam Forman, true to his home-support phdosophy, declared he was "sorry to see our hay being hauled to Park City when our own people need it so much."53 Changes in Midway were not as dramatic from 1870 to 1880. Of the 214 men, there were fewer farmers (28 percent) but an increase in laborers (36 percent). Twenty-five percent were farm laborers; another census taker listed no farm workers in 1870. The number of business people also jumped from 10 to 15 percent. But, as in Heber, the biggest jump was in mining. There were no miners in 1870, but by 1880 17.3 percent of the men were involved in mineral extraction. The reason for the jump in mining was that non-Mormons had started working in the rich ore areas along the county's boundary with Summit County-parts of the Park City Mining District in the area where the north-south Wasatch Range meets the east-west Uinta Range. Part of the Cottonwood uplift, the area was formed from the Carboniferous to the Triassic periods by uplifting, faulting, and glaciation, resulting in what geologist John Mason Boutwed referred to in 1912 as "the most extensive and richest ore bodies in the range." The mines produced lead, sdver, gold, zinc, and copper.54 Whde most 48 HISTORY OF WASATCH COUNTY George Bonner Jr. House, constructed 1877 in Midway. (Allan Kent Powell) of the rich ores lie in Summit County, the Blue Ledge Mining District about two miles north of Heber City is in Wasatch County. First established in 1870, it was combined with the other Wasatch County districts two years later. One of the earliest Park City sdver produc­ers was the Ontario Mine, which was purchased in 1872 by George Hearst and James Haggin of San Francisco.55 Over the years the Ontario mine hired hundreds of Wasatch County residents. Charleston was stdl an agricultural community in 1880. Of the seventy-three men, 49.3 percent were farmers and 32.9 percent were farm laborers. Only 8 percent were involved in business. In a new set­tlement, people were probably making a start on their own land, and they also were farther away from the mining along the Wasatch and Summit county border. Lumbering was a small but important occupation. The area now included in the Uinta National Forest had large stands of aspen trees in the Wolf Creek area. Henry McMullin built the first sawmill for Widiam N. Wall and James Adams in Center Creek Canyon in 1862. Over the years other sawmills and other timber-based industries MORMON SETTLEMENT OF WASATCH COUNTY, 1859-1888 49 John Watkins House, constructed 1868 in Midway. (Allan Kent Powell) developed to provide lumber for Wasatch County and the more pop­ulated Wasatch Front.56 Figuring out women's occupations is very difficult. In 1870 the census takers reported that most women were "keeping house." In Heber, the census listed 86 percent of the town's 124 women in that category. Of Midway's 77 women, 92.2 percent "kept house," and in Charleston 75.4 percent of the 57 women fed into that category. The 1880 census did not list women's occupations. Agriculture Although many Wasatch County residents were farmers, raising crops in the area was difficult. As feared, the first crops froze in 1859, but the newcomers were not wdling to give up and use the vadey only for grazing. The grain crop doubled in the second year. John Crook's careful records show that area farmers cut their barley on 26 August and their wheat on 3 September. Growing crops continued to be 50 HISTORY OF WASATCH COUNTY difficult, but the settlers depended on their faith and asked for bless­ings from God. In Aprd 1862 at a high-priest quorum meeting in the Heber Branch, the leaders declared that the crops should be planted when the snow melted. Problems included late springs and early win­ters, drought, and grasshoppers. In 1859, for example, Crook and Thomas Rasband harvested grain the last day of September; it snowed on their way home. In 1862 frost came so early it was impos­sible to harvest in the fall. The threshing started in November, and because there was only one threshing machine in Heber, it was stdl not finished in January 1863. The problem in 1868 was drought- hay fields were bare.57 Grasshoppers came periodically. In 1862, their first recorded visit, the grain had already headed, so they did very little damage. The next year they got much of the grain. In 1868 they came to Wadsburg "by hundreds of millions and devoured everything before them." Residents saved only parts of two acres. Widiam Richardson recaded that the insects ate ad the community's crops; some farmers did not even bother putting in their crops. In March 1870, residents found grasshoppers' eggs in Heber Valley, but the crops seemed plentiful. Wdliam Forman complained the next month, however," [The] hop­pers are out by [the] millions." John Crook spent May and June fighting the insects. By August, Abram Hatch reported that the grasshoppers had destroyed most of the grain. The peas and potatoes survived, and the residents were using the spare time to budd homes. Two years later when the crickets returned, people were afraid to plant any grain.58 Despite these hardships, the early settlers remained and contin­ued to plant crops. The principal crops continued to be wheat and oats through the 1880s. But Mormon church leaders encouraged the members to plant a wider variety. Abram Hatch recommended in a priesthood meeting in 1884 that the residents grow lucerne. He also recommended that they cultivate apple trees. Over the years crops continued to improve. In 1885 Hatch reported there was a good crop of grain. John Huber called 1888 "a blessed year in every thing." He harvested 235 bushels of wheat, 176 bushels of oats, 40 bushels of lucerne, a good crop of potatoes, and lots of fruit. He concluded, "Thanks be to the Lord for His mercies." In 1897 J. M. Murdock MORMON SETTLEMENT OF WASATCH COUNTY, 1859-1888 51 declared, "The Lord has blessed us and moderated the climate far more than they expected."59 Irrigation Throughout Utah, agriculture was only possible with irrigation. Because the Mormons favored cooperation and because of the short­age of water, the Mormons based water rights on appropriation and beneficial use. They did not use riparian rights, a plan used where water was more plentiful. Riparian rights required geographical prox­imity. Beneficial rights adowed each individual water user rights as long as each had worthwhile functions. Wasatch County residents established some communities, especiady Lake Creek, Center Creek, Buysvdle, Daniel, and Hadstone, near avadable water; but even these farmers had to transport water to their farmland. Those not as close to a stream had to move the water farther. Lacking capital, farmers banded together in cooperative efforts to dig irrigation canals. Water was then shared by all.60 To encourage cooperation, the territorial legislature appointed county probate judges to control and manage ad water rights in their counties. The first judge in Wasatch County, John W. Witt, used his authority to regulate the water so that it benefited everyone. In March 1864, for example, Wdliam Howard wanted to establish a sawmdl on Snake Creek. Since it did not take water away from the farmers in the area, Witt agreed. However, when Joseph Allen wanted to use water from the mouth of Daniel's Creek Canyon for "industrial purposes," Witt denied his request because it would alter the water downstream. As part of this cooperative effort, residents formed two water districts in the county in 1862. Territorial law did not allow such organiza­tions, but Witt authorized them because he hoped they would pro­mote "greater communal and individual responsibdity." Three years later the territorial legislature approved such districts. The next year, in 1866, it passed a law legalizing districts formed before the 1865 law.61 Wasatch County farmers first used only water from local streams. However, during the Black Hawk War, residents crossed into the Uinta Basin and saw the water opportunities there. They started work on a canal in 1872. Richard Broadbent, committee chair, asked resi- 52 HISTORY OF WASATCH COUNTY dents to set aside "selfish interests" for the public good. But the farm­ers also had private incentives to work on the canal. They received land for their work, a provision authorized by the 1865 territorial law. Heber Vadey farmers also used the 1862 Homestead Act to gain legal rights to the land. Sometimes they bypassed the law by having one person file on the land. That person then quit-claimed it to the per­son who had claim because of prior use. In 1875, however, one fam­dy refused to deed the land back to the committee.62 There were other disputes between individuals and irrigation companies. Center Creek residents formed an irrigation company in the 1870s and incorporated it in 1887 under the provisions of the 1880 law. The Center Creek Water and Irrigation Company built a canal and started providing water to its shareholders. However, Center Creek resident James Lindsay apparently felt that he would not receive enough water from the canal company. He found eight places in Center Creek Canyon where he could develop reservoirs. He formed another company, the Center Creek Irrigation Company, and its members budt several reservoirs in Lake Creek Canyon. The orig­inal company held the primary rights to the water; Lindsay filed sec­ondary rights. But he had no way to transport the water to the farms. He floated his water down the original canal since his secondary rights were on top of the other company's primary ones. The origi­nal canal company felt that Lindsay did not have the right to use the canal and sued him.63 Midway also had problems between individual needs and coop­erative efforts. The residents dug private ditches from Snake Creek. These claims sometimes overlapped and led to disputes. In 1872 John Wafkins asked the Midway bishop "to attend some of the water meet­ings and pour a little oil on the troubled water." At first the residents tried to use the church to resolve differences. Wafkins told a church gathering that the people should "not go to the law but listen to the counsel of the priesthood and establish peace among us in accor­dance with the law of the church." Midway farmers eventuady recog­nized that they needed a cooperative effort and organized an irrigation association in 1887.64 MORMON SETTLEMENT OF WASATCH COUNTY, 1859-1888 53 Transportation During the early settlement period, Utah County residents col­lected a toll for use of the Provo Canyon road. The 1855 territorial legislature had given the operators a twenty-year charter and the right to charge fares. Although this group did not fodow through, the new owners set a fee when the road was completed. James H. Simpson complained in 1859, "Whether the great national route in this region of the Rocky Mountain passes by Fort Bridger or the Uinta Pass, it must pass down the Timpanogos. The Mormons now charge a heavy toll on the graded road down the "canyon and across the bridge. This road should be free from charge to travelers." Simpson wrote to William H. Hooper asking the Timpanogos Turnpdce Company to sed its franchise rights. Hooper told Simpson the 1860 Utah Legislative Assembly had agreed to sell the road to the federal government for approximately $20,000, but the plan failed and the legislature reincorporated the road for twenty years. Just six years later, however, in 1865, the legislature gave the road rights to a group from Utah and Wasatch counties. The new owners widened the road and repaired it for the right to charge a toll for twenty years. After the twenty-year period, Utah and Wasatch counties were to take control. Territorial leaders repealed that act two years later and gave a new group of men the same responsibdities.65 Wasatch County residents found the tods especiady burdensome. In 1878 Abram Hatch told members of the LDS priesthood that the road should be free. Eleven years later, a Provo resident, Judge J. D. Jones, felt the road should belong to the county, adding it was a "sin to pay 50 cents for the privdege of jolting on rocks and through holes." He argued that the owners should have reclaimed ad their expenses, and he added that citizens paid for the upkeep of most roads with taxes, so they should not have to pay an additional fifty cents. Territorial taxes also paid for the upkeep of the Provo road. The Utah legislature paid $1,000 in 1868, $500 in 1869, and $600 in 1870 on the Provo road.66 Attempts to have the territory fund other roads were not always successful. In 1878 Representative Abram Hatch asked for $1,000 to "improve the road between Heber City and Ashley City." He argued, "The public interests of the Territory would be enhanced sufficiently." 54 HISTORY OF WASATCH COUNTY However, the Committee on Roads, Bridges, Ferries, and Canyons denied the request.67 In 1886 Hatch presented a petition from fifty residents in Heber asking for $3,000 to complete a road along the Provo River between Wasatch and Summit counties. The Committee on Highways recommended spending $1,500, the legislature approved $750, and then the governor vetoed the appropriation bdl.68 Entertainment Life was not ad work in Wasatch County; residents liked to play, but they had to create their own entertainment. During the winter of 1861-62 some locals formed the Heber City Dramatic Association. The first productions were so successful that there was talk of budding a social had the next year. Although the residents hauled sandstone to start construction, they did not complete it. John Crook claimed it was because the residents were not united; the bishop suggested that the people should budd a church before they worked on a social had.69 Even without a had, plays continued to be an important part of entertainment in Heber. Dramatic organizations frequently per­formed to benefit some worthy cause in the county. These clubs usu­ally did not last long, since the actors and actresses had other responsibilities. When the players dissolved one company, other entertainers started another one. Heber citizens finady finished a social hall for plays and other cultural events in 1873. Midway also had plays and dances. In 1873 the residents started work on the "Old Pot Rock Tithing Office." The next year it was used for plays and "amusements." The main level had an assembly hall and was also used for dancing. In 1875 the Swiss Had of Music was finished, and residents also used it as a dance had.70 In 1884 vadey residents formed another dramatic company, with John Crook as president, and, when it faltered, another in 1888. In 1889 this group presented "The Social Glass" as Mormons gathered for a stake conference. When the group repeated the play in July, the Wasatch Wave wrote that the performance had improved, and the newspaper hoped the club would continue productions. In August the club put on another play, and the proceeds went to purchase fix­tures for the stake academy.71 The dramatic club also staged perfor­mances to aid missionaries.72 MORMON SETTLEMENT OF WASATCH COUNTY, 1859-1888 55 Besides plays, residents developed bands and choirs. Swiss native John Huber led a Midway choir. The German-speaking immigrants formed a brass band led by the "Swiss Music Man," Andreas Burgener. Burgener had been a mditary-band leader in the Franco-Prussian War. Swiss settlers also amused themselves and others by yodeling. Some residents, including the Swiss, opened recreational businesses. The "hot pots" in Midway provided "health pools" where visitors could relax in water from seventy to one hundred degrees. In 1878 Simon Schneitter bought the most famous hot pot and created a resort with a swimming pool and hotel. According to family legend, swimmers were hungry when they got out, so Fannie Schneitter started feeding them in her dining room. This developed into a restaurant.73 Summary From settlement to incorporation in 1889, Heber City grew from a scattering of farmers to a thriving town. Other communities- Midway, Center Creek, Wallsburg, and Daniel-also became well established. They assimilated the newcomers, including Americans and immigrants. They developed homes, businesses, religious estab­lishments, schools, and roads. In the early years the settlers struggled to survive. They farmed; they worked outside of the county where they could find jobs. Mining on the edge of the county helped improve the economy; a larger population brought in more busi­nesses. But agriculture and livestock were the major sources of income, and most of the products were consumed locady. During this time period the Mormon church was the dominant force in people's lives. Its leaders were also the civic and agricultural leaders. Important discussions dealing with issues from land to education were discussed in church meetings. Improved transportation helped open access to the rest of the world, but for the most part Wasatch County residents met their economic, social, and spiritual needs themselves. ENDNOTES 1. William James Mortimer, ed., How Beautiful Upon the Mountains (Wasatch County Daughters of Utah Pioneers, 1963), 4-6; John Crook, "History of Wasatch County," Wasatch Wave, 23 March 1889, 1. (The Crook history was published in several issues of the Wasatch Wave. Future 56 HISTORY OF WASATCH COUNTY references will list Crook, "History," and the date and page number on which the information appeared in the Wave. 2. J. H. Simpson, Report of the Explorations Across the Great Basin of the Territory of Utah for a Direct Wagon-Route from Camp Floyd to Genoa in Carson Valley, in 1859 (Reno: University of Nevada, 1983), 136-37. 3. John Crook, "History," Wasatch Wave, 30 March 1889,1; Mortimer, How Beautiful, 7. These brief biographies give some information about these beginning settlers. Thomas Rasband was born on 21 December 1818 in Hinkley, England. He joined the Mormon church in 1850 and came to the United States that year with his wife, Elizabeth Giles Rasband, and his two chddren, John and Emdy. The family first settled in Quincy, Illinois, and then came west in 1856. They initially settled in Provo before moving to Heber Valley. Rasband performed the first marriage in the valley for Charles C Thomas and Emmeline Sessions in 1860. He became a counselor to the first bishop, Joseph S. Murdock, in 1861 and in 1862 became the justice of the peace for Precinct 1, which included all the area east of the Provo River. He died in Heber on 4 July 1884. John Crook was born on 11 October 1831 in Trenton, England. He joined die Mormon church in 1847 and came to the United States in 1851. He came to Utah in 1856 with the William Gdes family. He later married Mary Giles, one of the daughters. He served as a counselor to William Forman in the Heber West Ward in 1877. He died in 1921. Charles Negus Carroll joined the LDS church in New Brunswick, Canada, and moved to Utah in 1854. He settled first in Farmington and Salt Lake City and then moved to Provo. He was in the group that was working at the sawmill in Big Cottonwood Canyon and first explored Heber Valley. In May 1868 he moved to Orderville, Utah. John Carlile was born in Mission, England, on 25 May 1825. He joined the Mormon church in 1848. He married Elizabeth Williamson when he was nineteen years old. He left England in 1850 and spent two years in Council Bluffs, Iowa, before he moved to Utah. The family settled in Spanish Fork before they moved to Heber Valley. Carlde was injured bring­ing his family through the canyon, and he died as a result on 16 September 1859. He was the first settler to die and be buried in Heber. James Carlile was born on 31 January 1829 in Mission, England. He was John's brother. He and his family came to America in 1849 and to Utah in 1852. They initially settled in Spanish Fork. In 1857 he married Emily Ann Giles. Carlile farmed in Heber Valley and served as "doorkeeper" for the Second Ward chapel. He died in 1917. George Carlile, another Carlde brother, was born on 11 April 1836 in Mission, England. He joined the LDS church in 1848 and came to America MORMON SETTLEMENT OF WASATCH COUNTY, 1859-1888 57 die next year. With the rest of his family, he came west in 1852 and settled in Palmyra, Utah. George married Laura Ann Giles in 1856 in Provo. Although Carlile went to Heber Valley with the first group, he did not move his fam­ily to Heber untd 1860. In 1893 George and Laura separated, and the next year he married Susannah Daybell Pollard. He died in 1909. John Jordan was born 4 January 1812 in Courtney, England. He came to Utah in 1852 and then moved to Heber in 1859. Henry Chatwin was born in Lancashire, England on 30 December 1821. He and his new bride came to America in 1851 and to Utah in 1852. He worked as a teacher in Heber Valley, and died in 1908. Jesse Bond was born in Huntingford, England, on 27 February 1832. He joined the LDS church in 1844 and came to America in 1854. He trav­eled to Utah in 1855 and then moved to Provo in 1857. He married Sarah Adams in 1859 and moved to Heber in 1860. He worked in the Second Ward meeting hall and the tabernacle. He died in 1916. 4. No biographical information is avadable on these men. 5. Crook, "History," 30 March 1889, 1; 6 April 1889, 1; Mortimer, How Beautiful, 8. 6. Crook, "History," 6 Aprd 1889,1. 7. Howard A. Christy, "Open Hand and Mailed Fist: Mormon-Indian Relations in Utah, 1847-52," Utah Historical Quarterly 46 (Summer 1978), 219. 8. Crook, "History," 23 March 1889, 1; Mortimer, How Beautiful, 8, 13. 9. There is no information available on most of these new arrivals. The exceptions are listed below. John Lee was born in Mizson, England, in 1822. He was orphaned at age ten and worked for a farm for eight years. At the age of eighteen he mar­ried Sarah Roebuck and found employment in a foundry. He joined the LDS church in 1846 and came to Utah ten years later. At first he settled in Spanish Fork and lived there for three years before moving to Heber Valley. Lee participated in the Black Hawk War. He died in Heber in 1907. Sarah died two years later, in 1909. James Laird was born in Bonney, Ireland in 1825. Whde working in coal mines in Scotland, he met Michael Rennie, a Mormon. After Rennie befriended him, Laird joined the Mormon church and married Rennie's sis­ter Mary. The Lairds came to Utah in 1856, traveling with the Willie Handcart Company. They lived in Spanish Fork before they moved to Heber in 1859. They later purchased property in Parleys Canyon and lived most of their lives there. 10. Crook, "History," 13 April 1889, 1; 28 Aprd 1911, 4; John Crook, Journal, volume 1, folder 1, Manuscript Division, Harold B. Lee Library, 58 HISTORY OF WASATCH COUNTY Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 39-40; Mortimer, How Beautiful, 8-9; Journal History, 26 February 1862, 2; 22 March 1862, 1. (The Journal History is a clipping file compiled by the LDS Church Historical Department. The original is at the LDS Church Archives, Historical Department, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City, Utah. Other materials found at the same archives will be cited as LDS Church Archives hereafter.) 11. John Crook, volume 1, folder 1, 36-37, Manuscript Division, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah; Crook, "History," 18 May 1889, 4. 12. Wasatch Stake Manuscript History, LDS Church Archives; Deseret News, 18:402; Journal History, 21 September 1869, 3; Leslie S. Raty, "Under Wasatch Skies": A History of Wasatch County, 1858-1900 (Salt Lake City: Deseret News Press, 1954), 41. 13. Carolyn H. Tolman, "Sturdy, Industrious Saints: A History of the Swiss in Early Midway, Utah, 1859-1920" (BYU History 490 paper), copy in possession of author. 14. H. Bowman Hawkes, "The Back Valleys of Summit and Wasatch Counties," Guidebook to the Geology of the Wasatch and Uinta Mountains Transition Area, Norman C. Williams, ed. (Intermountain Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1959), 31. 15. Wasatch Stake Manuscript History, LDS Church Archives. 16. Ibid. 17. Mortimer, How Beautiful, 374-75; Wasatch Stake Council Meeting, 27 March 1880, LDS Church Archives; Heber East Ward Minutes, 3 April 1880, LDS Church Archives. 18. Leonard J. Arrington, Feramorz Y. Fox, Dean L. May, Building the City of God: Community and Cooperation Among the Mormons (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1976), 156-58. 19. Journal History, 28 August 1875, 1; Relief Society minutes, Heber East Ward, 2 September 1875, 31-32, LDS Church Archives; Melchizedek Priesthood minutes, 25 November 1876, 23 February 1878, LDS Church Archives. 20. William Forman, Journal, March 1875, Utah State Historical Society Library; Journal History, 19 March 1870,1; High Priest minutes, 23 November 1877; 27 March 1880, LDS Church Archives; Melchizedek Priesthood, 23 November 1877, 31 March 1888, LDS Church Archives; Heber East Ward, Stake Conference, 4 May 1878, 224, LDS Church Archives. 21. Forman, Journal, 20 September 1886, 1 January 1884, 7 February MORMON SETTLEMENT OF WASATCH COUNTY, 1859-1888 59 1879; Heber East Ward Priesthood meeting, 5 January 1884, LDS Church Archives. 22. Heber Branch, Melchizedek Priesthood, 31 May 1862, 9, 26 April 1862, 8, LDS Church Archives; Heber East Ward, priesthood meeting, 1 March 1877, LDS Church Archives; Heber East Ward, 3 August 1879,255, and 5 July 1884, 397, LDS Church Archives; High Priest minutes, 26 May 1883,115; LDS Church Archives. 23. James B. Allen and Glen Leonard, Story of the Latter-day Saints (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1976), 276; Crook, "History of Wasatch County," 3 March 1911, 4; "History of Wasatch County," Wasatch Wave, 21 December 1906,10. 24. William Lindsay, Autobiography, 36, LDS Church Archives; John W. Crook, 1884,16, BYU; "History of Wasatch County," Wasatch Wave, 21 December 1906,8. 25. Heber East Ward, priesthood meeting, 1 September 1883, 351; Heber East Ward, priesthood meetings, 4 August 1883,140-41; Heber East Ward, quarterly conference, 2 May 1885,431-32, LDS Church Archives. 26. Heber East Ward, quarterly conference, 8 February 1886, 469; 4 April 1886,482, LDS Church Archives; Wasatch Stake priesthood meeting, 4 June 1887,11, LDS Church Archives. 27. Heber East Ward, quarterly conference, 8 February 1886, 469; 4 April 1886, 482; Heber East Ward, quarterly conference, 4 October 1886, 512-13, LDS Church Archives. 28. Thomas G. Alexander, Things in Heaven and Earth: The Life and Times ofWilford Woodruff, a Mormon Prophet (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1991), 207-9. 29. Wasatch Agricultural and Manufacturing Society minutes, 1 March 1870, 31 March 1875,12 March 1878, 18 February 1878, 2 February 1879, Utah State Historical Society. 30. Wasatch Agricultural, 2 May 1869, 18 March 1870, 1 April 1870, 1 April 1873; Mortimer, How Beautiful, 146. 31. Wasatch Agricultural, 26 February 1878, 26 March 1878. 32. "History of Wasatch County," Wasatch Wave, 21 December 1906, 8; Journal History, 22 March 1862,1. 33. Craig Fuller, "Development of Irrigation in Wasatch County" (Master's thesis, Utah State University, 1973), 24; Journals of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah, Twenty-third Session for the year 1878, 190,198; Laws of the Territory of Utah Passed at the Twenty-fourth Session of the Legislative Assembly (Salt Lake City: Deseret News Printing, 1880), 18-19; Laws of the Territory of Utah Passed at the Twenty-sixth Session of the Legislative Assembly (Salt Lake City: Tribune Printing, 1884), 57. 60 HISTORY OF WASATCH COUNTY 34. Carlton Culmsee, Utah's Black Hawk War (Logan: Utah State University, 1973), 50; Warren Metcalf, "A Precarious Balance: The Northern Utes and the Black Hawk War," Utah Historical Quarterly (Winter 1989): 24-28. 35. Lindsay, Autobiography, 18-19; Francis Kerby Journal, 7 May 1866, LDS Church Archives, 19; John M. Calderwood, History of the Wadsburg Ward, LDS Church Archives; Arthur D. Coleman, comp., Winterton Pioneers of Utah (Provo, Utah: J. G. Stevenson, 1963), 127-28; Simon Shelby Epperson, Story of Sidney H. Epperson, Pioneer (Salt Lake City: Acorn Printing Company, 1941), 46-47. 36. Kathryn L. MacKay, "The Strawberry Reclamation Project and the Opening of the Uintah Indian Reservation," Utah Historical Quarterly 50 (Winter 1982): 70; Crook, "History," 5 May 1899, 3; Heber Manuscript History, 25 August 1870, LDS Church Archives. 37. Journal History, 20 December 1867, 1; Epperson, 48. 38. Lawrence L. Linford, "Establishing and Maintaining Land Ownership in Utah Prior to 1869," Utah Historical Quarterly 42 (Spring 1974): 139-40. 39. Fuder, "Irrigation," 53. 40. Ulrich Abegglen Famdy History, 1, Family History Library, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City. 41. Tolman, "Midway." 42. Quoted in William Mulder, Homeward to Zion: The Mormon Migration from Scandinavia (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1957), 252-53. 43. Leonard J. Arrington and Davis Bitton, The Mormon Experience (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1979), 136-37; Gallery Guide, John Taylor Exhibit, President Gallery, Museum of Church History and Art, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City, Utah. 44. For a general study see Richard L. Jensen, "Mother Tongue: Use of Non-English Languages in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1850-1983," New Views of Mormon History: A Collection of Essays in Honor of Leonard J. Arrington, Davis Bitton and Maureen Ursenbach Beecher, eds. (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1987), 273-303. Some specific studies include Mulder, Homeward to Zion and Jessie L. Embry, "Little Berlin: Swiss Saints of the Logan Tenth Ward," Utah Historical Quarterly 56 (Summer 1988): 222-35. 45. Tolman, "Midway." 46. Lethe Belle Coleman Tatge, "A Personal History," 10-11, LDS Church Archives. 47. Jacob Probst, Autobiography, 101-2, LDS Church Archives. MORMON SETTLEMENT OF WASATCH COUNTY, 1859-1888 61 48. Horrock and Carollo, "Areawide Water," 42; Fuder, "Irrigation," 80-87; High Council minutes, 25 October 1902,103; 6 December 1902,116. 49. Crook, volume 1, folder 1,45. 50. Forman, Journal, 14. 51. Lindsay, Autobiography, 31; Crook, volume 1, folder 1,46; William Forman, Journal, 4,14; Crook, Journal. 52. Tolman, "Midway." 53. Forman, Journal, 1 January 1880. 54. Mortimer, How Beautiful, 579; A. J. Eardley, "Regional Geologic Relations of the Park City District," Guidebook to the Geology of Utah, Park City District, Utah, 1922 (Salt Lake City: Utah Geological Society, 1968), 2; John Mason Boutwell, Geology and Ore Deposits of the Park City District, Utah (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, 43-47; Robert S. Lewis and Thomas Varley, The Mineral Industry of Utah (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Sate School of Mines, 1919). 195-96. 55. Wasatch Wave, 6 April 1889,2; Salt Lake Mining Review, 15 March 1918, 36; J. J. Quinlan and John G. Simos, "The Mayflower Mine," Guidebook to the Geology of Utah, Park City District, Utah, 1927 (Salt Lake City: Utah Geological Society, 1968), 41-42. 56. Uinta National Forest Files, Heber Regional Office, Heber City, Utah. 57. Mortimer, How Beautiful, 146; Crook, "History," 20 April 1889, 1; 13 April 1889, 1; 15 June 1889, 4; Journal History, 6 August 1868, 2; High Priest quorum minutes, 26 April 1862. 58. Crook, "History," 15 June 1889, 4; John M. Calderwood, "History of the Wallsburg Ward," LDS Church Archives; William Richardson Autobiography, LDS Church Archives; Journal History, 19 March 1870, 1, and 25 August 1870; Forman, Diary, 1 April 1870; Crook, volume 1, folder 1,47. 59. Agricultural Statistics, Utah Territory, 1867, Assembly and House of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah, Seventeenth Annual Session, for the year 1868 (Salt Lake City: George Q. Cannon, Public Printer, 1868), 166-67; House Journal of the Twenty-fifth Session of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1882; Crook, Journal, volumes 2 and 3; Heber East Ward minutes, 3 May 1884, 293; Journal History, 8 September 1885, 4; John Huber, Diary, 1888, LDS Church Archives; Crook, Journal, 30-31 January 1897,142. 60. Fuller, "Irrigation," 22-23, 27-28. 61. Ibid., 20-25. 62 HISTORY OF WASATCH COUNTY 62. Ibid., 36-46. 63. Ibid., 51-58. 64. Ibid., 81-83. 65. "History of Wasatch County," Wasatch Wave, 21 December 1906, 7; Journal History, 20 January 1865, 8, 20, and January 1865, 8. 66. Heber East Ward, Priesthood Meeting, 5 January 1878, 218; Wasatch Wave, 31 August 1889, 2; Journals of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah, 1868, 1869,1870. 67. Journal of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah, Twenty-third Session, for the year 1878, 277. 68. House Journal of the Twenty-seventh Session of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah (Salt Lake City: Tribune Printing and Publishing Company, 1886), 138-39, 149-50, 198, 303, 357. 69. Mortimer, How Beautiful, 223-24; Crook, "History," 1 June 1889, 4. 70. Crook, "History," 7 April 1911, 4; Epperson, Story of Sidney H. Epperson, 52. 71. Wasatch Wave, 17 August 1889, 2. 72. Wasatch Wave, 27 April 1889, 3, and 27 July 1889, 3; John W. Crook, Journal, 23 December 1890,90, and 1, 2, 3, and 30 April 1891,95. 73. Tolman, "Midway."