Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology, March 2012, Volume 32, Issue 1

Sellar and Parasellar Intravascular Lymphoma Mimicking Pituitary Apoplexy

Intravascular lymphoma (IVL) is a rare subtype of large-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, characterized by proliferation of lymphoma cells within the lumina of small vessels. There are no previously reported cases of IVL involving the pituitary gland presenting with neuro-ophthalmic findings., Methods: A 68-year-old female presented with headache, right third nerve palsy, and Horner syndrome. MRI showed a 1.4-cm sellar mass consistent with a pituitary macroadenoma. Two weeks later, despite treatment with dexamethasone, the patient developed complete bilateral ophthalmoplegia and ptosis. Repeat MRI showed invasion of the clivus and cavernous sinuses, and a transsphenoidal pituitary biopsy was undertaken., Results: The preliminary histopathology was consistent with bland pituitary apoplexy, but subsequent examination of an incidentally biopsied nasal polyp revealed endovascular malignant lymphoid cells that, on further scrutiny, were also present in the pituitary tissue. The diagnosis of IVL was confirmed, and the patient had an excellent clinical and radiological response to cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisolone, and rituximab (CHOP-R) chemotherapy., Conclusion: IVL may involve the pituitary gland, causing sellar mass effect, cavernous sinus infiltration, and pituitary ischemia, mimicking pituitary apoplexy with neuro-ophthalmic features. It can be effectively treated with CHOP-R chemotherapy., (C) 2012 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.

Sellar and Parasellar Intravascular Lymphoma Mimicking Pituitary Apoplexy Philippe Rizek, MSc, MD, Maayan Seitelbach, MD, Murad Alturkustani, MD, Andrew Leung, MD, J. Alexander Fraser, MD Background: Intravascular lymphoma (IVL) is a rare sub-type of large-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, characterized by proliferation of lymphoma cells within the lumina of small vessels. There are no previously reported cases of IVL involving the pituitary gland presenting with neuro-ophthalmic findings. Methods: A 68-year-old female presented with headache, right third nerve palsy, and Horner syndrome. MRI showed a 1.4-cm sellar mass consistent with a pituitary macro-adenoma. Two weeks later, despite treatment with dexa-methasone, the patient developed complete bilateral ophthalmoplegia and ptosis. Repeat MRI showed invasion of the clivus and cavernous sinuses, and a transsphenoidal pituitary biopsy was undertaken. Results: The preliminary histopathology was consistent with bland pituitary apoplexy, but subsequent examina-tion of an incidentally biopsied nasal polyp revealed endovascular malignant lymphoid cells that, on further scrutiny, were also present in the pituitary tissue. The diagnosis of IVL was confirmed, and the patient had an excellent clinical and radiological response to cyclophos-phamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisolone, and rituximab (CHOP-R) chemotherapy. Conclusion: IVL may involve the pituitary gland, causing sellar mass effect, cavernous sinus infiltration, and pituitary ischemia, mimicking pituitary apoplexy with neuro-ophthalmic features. It can be effectively treated with CHOP-R chemotherapy. Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology 2012;32:33-37 doi: 10.1097/WNO.0b013e31823f457e © 2012 by North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society Intravascular lymphoma (IVL) is a rare subtype of large-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, characterized by prolifer-ation of lymphoma cells within the lumina of small vessels. The true incidence is unknown. There is no gender pre-dominance, and the median age of patients diagnosed with IVL is 70 years (range, 34-90 years) (1-3). Immunophe-notypes of reported cases are 91% B cell and 9% T cell. Only 2 cases of natural killer cell type IVL have been described (4,5). IVL is more common in Asian populations and has been termed the "Asian variant" (6). In the Asian variant, central nervous system (CNS) and cutaneous involvement are less common than in Western countries (7), and patients fre-quently present with involvement of the bone marrow (75%), spleen (67%), and liver (55%) (2,8,9). By contrast, the "Western variant" presents most commonly with CNS (39%) and skin involvement (39%), although other organ systems may be affected as well (10). Fever, skin rash, and rapidly progressive neurological signs (e.g., dementia, stroke, peripheral neuropathy) may occur (1,11). Due to this heterogeneous presentation, IVL is underrecognized and often only diagnosed postmortem. Systemic IVL can spread to the pituitary vasculature without mass formation and cause pituitary dysfunction (12-14). We present a rare case of IVL within the pituitary gland, with mass effect, cavernous sinus infiltration, and associated neuro-ophthalmic findings. The clinical course simulated pituitary apoplexy. CASE REPORT A 68-year-old left-handed female was admitted to the hospital from the emergency room with right ptosis and diplopia. Over the previous month, she developed left cheek pain and severe frontal and retro-orbital headaches. Diagnosed with a sinus infection, the patient failed to improve with decongestants and antibiotics. One week prior to admission, she developed horizontal binocular diplopia associated with nausea and Departments of Clinical Neurological Sciences (PR, JAF), Medicine (MS), Pathology (MA), Radiology (AL), and Ophthalmology ( JAF), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada. The authors report no conflicts of interest. Address correspondence to J. Alexander Fraser, MD, Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, Room B7 104, 339 Windermere Road, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5A5; E-mail: alex. [e-mail] Rizek et al: J Neuro-Ophthalmol 2012; 32: 33-37 33 Original Contribution Copyright © North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. presyncope. The onset of complete right ptosis prompted her visit to the emergency room. Medical history was significant for type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and a hysterectomy for endometrial carcinoma 20 years ago. She was an ex-smoker and rarely used alcohol. On physical examination, the patient was afebrile with stable vital signs. Systemic examination was unremarkable. Visual acuity was 20/25 bilaterally, color vision was intact, and kinetic visual fields were normal. She had a miotic right pupil, most apparent in dim light without a relative afferent pupillary defect. In primary position, the patient had a 30-- prism diopter exotropia. Ocular motility was normal with the exception of diminished adduction of the right eye. There was no slowing of adducting saccades and no nystagmus of the abducting eye to suggest internuclear ophthalmoplegia. Anterior segment and funduscopic examinations were unre-markable. The remainder of the neurological examination, including facial sensation, was normal. Testing with 4% co-caine eyedrops confirmed a right Horner syndrome. Neuroimaging revealed a sellar mass extending into the right cavernous sinus (Fig. 1A). The patient was placed on dexamethasone to treat edema related to a presumed pituitary macroadenoma and possible apoplexy. Blood work showed deficiency of anterior pituitary hormones: luteinizing hor-mone and follicle-stimulating hormone were 2.0 IU/L (nor-mal, 16.0-54.0 IU/L) and 3.0 IU/L (normal, 23.0-116.0 IU/L), respectively; TSH was 0.11 mIU/L (normal, 0.27- 4.2 mIU/L); and free T3 and T4 were 2.4 pmol/L (normal, 3.0-6.5 pmol/L) and 15 pmol/L (normal, 10-24 pmol/L), respectively. Cortisol was 31 nmol/L (normal, 119.0-618.0 nmol/L); however, this was measured after the patient had received corticosteroids. Her prolactin was normal at 25 mg/L (normal, 2.0-20.0 mg/L). There was a significant improvement in the patient's headache and cranial nerve findings with steroids. The neu-rosurgery service felt there was no urgency for surgical intervention, given the rapid clinical improvement on dexa-methasone. She was discharged home with close outpatient follow-up 4 days after admission. The patient was readmitted 2 days later with worsening headache. Brain CT revealed no pituitary hemorrhage. Over the next several days, she developed complete bilateral ophthalmoplegia, with bilateral ptosis and nonreactive pupils. Brain MRI performed 17 days after the first study revealed increased size of the sellar mass with bilateral cavernous sinus involvement (Fig. 1B). Dural thickening and enhancement and signal change within the marrow of the dorsum sella and clivus were now detected raising the suspicion for an infiltrative or metastatic process. The brain-stem was not involved, and careful review of postcontrast MRI showed no evidence of leptomeningeal disease. Systemic metastatic workup, including CT of the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis, mammography, and bone scan, was negative. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis was unremark-able. One sample of CSF was sent for cytology and returned negative for malignancy. Flow cytometry could not be performed because of insufficient cell count. Nasophar-yngoscopy revealed a polyp in the right nasal cavity. Trans-sphenoidal biopsies of the nasal polyp and sellar mass were performed. Preliminary pathology of the sellar tissue was consistent with normal pituitary tissue, with areas of focal necrosis suggestive of "mild pituitary apoplexy"; final pathology was deferred pending immunohistochemical staining. Mean-while, the nasal polyp pathology returned consistent with sinonasal hemangiopericytoma. Ectatic vascular spaces within the hemangiopericytoma contained large malignant FIG. 1. Contrast-enhanced T1 coronal MRI. A. At initial presentation, there is a homogeneously enhancing sella mass (arrow) with right cavernous sinus involvement (arrowhead). B. On second hospital admission, there is increased size of the sellar mass (arrow) with bilateral cavernous sinus involvement (arrowheads). C. Tumor regression after 3 cycles of CHOP-R che-motherapy. 34 Rizek et al: J Neuro-Ophthalmol 2012; 32: 33-37 Original Contribution Copyright © North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. lymphoid cells (Fig. 2A) that stained positively with B-cell markers (Fig. 2B-D). Final pathology of the pituitary gland did reveal focal areas of infarction (Fig. 3A), while immu-nohistochemistry also demonstrated endovascular malig-nant lymphoid cells (Fig. 3B). The presence of identical endovascular malignant lymphoid cells within both the pituitary gland and the hemangiopericytoma confirmed the final diagnosis of IVL. The patient was treated with 3 cycles of cyclophospha-mide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisolone, and rituximab (CHOP-R) chemotherapy. Repeat MRI after 3 cycles of CHOP-R, approximately 2 months after initial presenta-tion, revealed resolution of the mass (Fig. 1C). At follow-up 6 months later, the patient had a right third nerve palsy, but the remainder of her bilateral ophthalmoplegia had resolved. DISCUSSION Our patient demonstrated a rare presentation of IVL with sellar and bilateral cavernous sinus involvement. This precipitated the abrupt onset of bilateral ophthalmoplegia mimicking pituitary apoplexy. Our literature review revealed no previous cases of IVL involving the pituitary gland presenting with neuro-ophthalmic findings. Arriving at a diagnosis of IVL is challenging since it is established postmortem in 53% of cases (15). Although peripheral blood smear is nondiagnostic, and CSF often does not reveal malignant cells (16), the diagnosis of IVL can sometimes be made antemortem by skin biopsy, provided the disease is suspected. The clinical presentation, laboratory results, and neuroimaging of our patient were initially con-sistent with apoplectic pituitary macroadenoma. Pituitary biopsy revealed areas of necrosis, consistent with pituitary apoplexy. The key pathological finding in this case, the pres-ence of endovascular malignant lymphoid cells, was almost overlooked on the pituitary biopsy. The detection of these cells within a nasal polyp, incidentally biopsied on the trans-sphenoidal approach to the pituitary gland, allowed the diagnosis of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma to be made. Leptomeningeal involvement in IVL is largely confined to areas overlying enhancing parenchymal lesions (17). Pachy-meningeal involvement is a more common neuroimaging FIG. 2. Histopathology of the sinonasal hemangiopericytoma. A. The malignant lymphoid cells (arrowheads) are present in the small blood vessels of the hemangiopericytoma (hematoxylin & eosin, ·100). These malignant cells stain with (B) CD20 (·200), (C) BCL2 (·400), and (D) BCL6 (·400). Rizek et al: J Neuro-Ophthalmol 2012; 32: 33-37 35 Original Contribution Copyright © North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. and pathological finding in IVL, resulting from lymphoma-tous infiltration of meningeal blood vessels causing a mix of inflammation and ischemia (18). Cranial nerve involvement, when it occurs in IVL, may be on the basis of mass effect from nearby tumor, as in our patient, or from small vessel ischemia caused by intravascular tumor infiltration (19). There have been no previous reported cases of parasellar IVL presenting with cranial nerve findings. Schleinitz et al (20) described 2 cases of IVL causing hypopituitarism; one patient diagnosed by skin biopsy had normal-sized pituitary, and the other patient, who was diagnosed by bone marrow biopsy, had an enlarged pituitary on MRI. Kraus et al (12) reported 2 patients with hypopituitarism and a normal MRI of the pituitary. IVL patients have also been reported (14,20) with hypopituitarism and empty sella on MRI of the pituitary (14,20). Systemic IVL can spread to the pituitary gland without mass formation and cause pituitary dysfunction (12-14). The lack of tissue-specific vascular homing receptors, CD29 and CD54, has been reported in patients with IVL and may contribute to the intravascular and disseminated distribution pattern of the neoplasm (21). In our patient, spread of IVL to the cavernous sinuses would explain her initial right third nerve palsy and Horner syndrome, fol-lowed by development of bilateral ophthalmoplegia. Chemotherapy is the current treatment for IVL. Anthracycline-based regimens have shown clinical benefit, with CHOP being the most commonly used (22-24). A case series by Ferreri et al (1) examined 38 cases of IVL and revealed a response rate of nearly 60% and a 3-year survival of 32% after anthracycline-based chemotherapy. Several studies have dem-onstrated the benefit of adding rituximab, a CD20 monoclonal antibody, to anthracycline-based regimens in the treatment of IVL (3,25,26). One such study compared rituximab to placebo as an adjuvant to CHOP-based chemotherapy (3). There was no difference in the rate of treatment-related deaths, but at 18 months, the rituximab group showed higher rates of com-plete response, 2-year progression-free survival, and 2-year over-all survival. Thus, the current recommended first-line therapy for IVL is an anthracycline-based regimen, such as CHOP, along with rituximab. Since 35%-40% of IVL patients present with neurolog-ical symptoms, and one third of IVL relapses involve the CNS, some authors argue that first-line chemotherapy should include CNS-penetrating agents, such as methotrex-ate (MTX), either systemically or intrathecally (23,26-28). Other treatment modalities including autologous stem cell transplantation (1,29-35) and radiotherapy (36,37) have shown limited efficacy to date. Our patient had a complete MRI response after 3 cycles of CHOP-R chemotherapy, with resolution of the sellar mass and no features of tumor recurrence. At 6-month follow-up, she had a residual partial right third nerve palsy, presumably on the basis of axonal damage, but the remainder of her complete bilateral ophthalmoplegia had resolved. She is to receive 3 more cycles of CHOP-R with intrathecal MTX. REFERENCES 1. Ferreri AJ, Campo E, Seymour JF, Willemze R, Ilariucci F, Ambrosetti A, Zucca E, Rossi G, López-Guillermo A, Pavlovsky MA, Geerts ML, Candoni A, Lestani M, Asioli S, Milani M, Piris MA, Pileri S, Facchetti F, Cavalli F, Ponzoni M; International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group (IELSG). Intravascular lymphoma: clinical presentation, natural history, management and prognostic factors in a series of 38 cases, with special emphasis on the ‘cutaneous variant'. Br J Haematol. 2004;127:173-183. FIG. 3. Histopathology of pituitary tissue. A. Delineated area of focal pituitary infarction (hematoxylin & eosin, ·100). B. IVL cells (arrows) are highlighted by membranous staining for CD20 (·400). The intravascular malignant cells are identical mor-phologically to those in the hemangiopericytoma (Fig. 2), and the immunostains confirm the lymphocytic lineage of both. 36 Rizek et al: J Neuro-Ophthalmol 2012; 32: 33-37 Original Contribution Copyright © North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. 2. Murase T, Yamaguchi M, Suzuki R, Okamoto M, Sato Y, Tamaru J, Kojima M, Miura I, Mori N, Yoshino T, Nakamura S. Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (IVLBCL): a clinicopathologic study of 96 cases with special reference to the immunophenotypic heterogeneity of CD5. Blood. 2007;109:478-485. 3. Shimada K, Matsue K, Yamamoto K, Murase T, Ichikawa N, Okamoto M, Niitsu N, Kosugi H, Tsukamoto N, Miwa H, Asaoku H, Kikuchi A, Matsumoto M, Saburi Y, Masaki Y, Yamaguchi M, Nakamura S, Naoe T, Kinoshita T. Retrospective analysis of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma treated with rituximab-containing chemotherapy as reported by the IVL study group in Japan. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:3189-3195. 4. Estalilla OC, Koo CH, Brynes RK, Medeiros LJ. Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma. A report of five cases initially diagnosed by bone marrow biopsy. Am J Clin Pathol. 1999;112:248-255. 5. Wu H, Said JW, Ames ED, Chen C, McWhorter V, Chen P, Ghali V, Pinkus GS. First reported cases of intravascular large cell lymphoma of the NK cell type: clinical, histologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular features. Am J Clin Pathol. 2005;123:603-611. 6. Murase T, Nakamura S, Kawauchi K, Matsuzaki H, Sakai C, Inaba T, Nasu K, Tashiro K, Suchi T, Saito H. An Asian variant of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma: clinical, pathological and cytogenetic approaches to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma associated with haemophagocytic syndrome. Br J Haematol. 2000;111:826-834. 7. Shimada K, Murase T, Matsue K, Okamoto M, Ichikawa N, Tsukamoto N, Niitsu N, Miwa H, Asaoku H, Kosugi H, Kikuchi A, Matsumoto M, Saburi Y, Masaki Y, Yamamoto K, Yamaguchi M, Nakamura S, Naoe T, Kinoshita T; IVL Study Group in Japan. Central nervous system involvement in intravascular large B-cell lymphoma: a retrospective analysis of 109 patients. Cancer Sci. 2010;101:1480-1486. 8. Kojima K, Kaneda K, Yasukawa M, Tanaka K, Inoue T, Yamashita T, Dansako H, Sakugawa ST, Kozuka T, Hara M, Tanimoto M. Specificity of polymerase chain reaction-based clonality analysis of immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangement for the detection of bone marrow infiltrate in B-cell lymphoma-associated haemophagocytic syndrome. Br J Haematol. 2002;119:616-621. 9. Narimatsu H, Morishita Y, Saito S, Shimada K, Ozeki K, Kohno A, Kato Y, Nagasaka T. Usefulness of bone marrow aspiration for definite diagnosis of Asian variant of intravascular lymphoma: four autopsied cases. Leuk Lymphoma. 2004;45:1611-1616. 10. Stroup RM, Sheibani K, Moncada A, Purdy LJ, Battifora H. Angiotropic (intravascular) large cell lymphoma: a clinicopathologic study of seven cases with unique clinical presentations. Cancer. 1990;66:1781-1788. 11. Chapin JE, Davis LE, Kornfeld M, Mandler RN. Neurologic manifestations of intravascular lymphomatosis. Acta Neurol Scand. 1995;91:494-499. 12. Kraus MD, Jones D, Bartlett NL. Intravascular lymphoma associated with endocrine dysfunction: a report of four cases and a review of the literature. Am J Med. 1999;107:169-176. 13. Svajdler M, Lazurova I, Bohus P, Pal'ko M. Intravascular variant of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with combined endocrine involvement. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2006;118:422-425. 14. Pekic S, Milicevic S, Colovic N, Colovic M, Popovic V. Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma as a cause of hypopituitarism: gradual and late reversal of hypopituitarism after long-term remission of lymphoma with immunochemotherapy. Endocrine. 2008;34:11-16. 15. Liow K, Asmar P, Liow M, Spanaki M, Townsend JJ, Buys S, Baringer JR, Osborn A. Intravascular lymphomatosis: contribution of cerebral MRI findings to diagnosis. J Neuroimaging. 2000;10:116-118. 16. Gatter KC, Warnke RA. Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma. In: Jaffe ES, Harris NL, Stein H, Vardiman JW, eds. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. Lyon, Paris: IARC Press, 2001:177. 17. William RL, Meitzer CC, Smirniotopoulos JG, Fukui MB, Inman M. Cerebral MR imaging in intravascular lymphomatosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1998;19:427-431. 18. Marin-Duverneuil N, Mokhtari K, Behin A, Lafitte F, Hoang-Xuan K, Chiras J. Intravascular malignant lymphomatosis. Neuroradiology. 2002;44:749-754. 19. Mizutani T. Neurological disturbances caused by intravascular lymphomatosis. Brain Nerve. 2001;63:443-449. 20. Schleinitz N, Bernit E, Mazodier K, Charbonnier A, Horchowski N, Andrac-Meyer L, Veit V, Harle JR. Two cases of intravascular lymphomatosis disclosing with hypopituitarism. Haematologica. 2002;87:ECR21. 21. Ponzoni M, Arrigoni G, Gould VE, Del Curto B, Maggioni M, Scapinello A, Paolino S, Cassisa A, Patriarca C. Lack of CD 29 (beta1 integrin) and CD 54 (ICAM-1) adhesion molecules in intravascular lymphomatosis. Hum Pathol. 2000;31:220-226. 22. Nakahara T, Saito T, Muroi A, Sugiura Y, Ogata M, Sugiyama Y, Yamamoto T. Intravascular lymphomatosis presenting as an ascending cauda equina: conus medullaris syndrome: remission after biweekly CHOP therapy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999;67:403-406. 23. Baumann TP, Hurwitz N, Karamitopolou-Diamantis E, Probst A, Herrmann R, Steck AJ. Diagnosis and treatment of intravascular lymphomatosis. Arch Neurol. 2000;57:374-377. 24. Savarese DM, Zavarin M, Smyczynski MS, Rohrer MJ, Hutzler MJ. Superior vena cava syndrome secondary to an angiotropic large cell lymphoma. Cancer. 2000;89:2515-2520. 25. Matsue K, Asada N, Takeuchi M, Yamakura M, Kimura S, Odawara J, Aoki T. A clinicopathological study of 13 cases of intravascular lymphoma: experience in a single institution over a 9-yr period. Eur J Haematol. 2008;80:236-244. 26. Ferreri AJ, Dognini GP, Govi S, Crocchiolo R, Bouzani M, Bollinger CR, D'Incan M, Delaporte E, Hamadani M, Jardin F, Martusewicz-Boros M, Montanari M, Szomor A, Zucca E, Cavalli F, Ponzoni M. Can rituximab change the usually dismal prognosis of patients with intravascular large B-cell lymphoma? J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:5134-5136. 27. Baehring JM, Longtine J, Hochberg FH. A new approach to the diagnosis and treatment of intravascular lymphoma. J Neurooncol. 2003;61:237-248. 28. Mihaljevic B, Sternic N, Skender Gazibara M, Sretenovic A, Antic D, Terzic T, Kostic V. Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma of central nervous system-a report of two cases and literature review. Clin Neuropathol. 2010;29:233-238. 29. Koizumi M, Nishimura M, Yokota A, Munekata S, Kobayashi T, Saito Y. Successful treatment of intravascular malignant lymphomatosis with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2001;27:1101-1103. 30. Yamaguchi M, Kimura M, Watanabe Y, Taniguchi M, Masuya M, Kageyama S, Katayama N, Ohno T, Kita K, Shiku H. Successful autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for relapsed intravascular lymphomatosis. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2001;27:89-91. 31. Rose C, Staumont D, Jouet JP. Successful autologous bone marrow transplantation in intravascular lymphomatosis. Br J Haematol. 1999;105:313-314. 32. Sawamoto A, Narimatsu H, Suzuki T, Kurahashi S, Sugimoto T, Sugiura I. Long-term remission after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for relapsed intravascular lymphoma. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2006;37:233-234. 33. Adam DN, Beleznay KM, Randhawa RS, Marton M, Zhou Y. Review of intravascular lymphoma with a report of treatment with allogenic peripheral blood stem cell transplant. Cutis. 2008;82:267-272. 34. Szots M, Szomor A, Kover F, Pajor L, Komoly S, Kalman E, Gomori E, Illes Z. Intravascular lymphomatosis of the nervous system. J Neurol. 2008;255:1590-1592. 35. Ponzoni M, Ferreri AJ. Intravascular lymphoma: a neoplasm of ‘homeless' lymphocytes? Hematol Oncol. 2006;24:105-112. 36. DiGiuseppe JA, Nelson WG, Seifter EJ, Boitnott JK, Mann RB. Intravascular lymphomatosis: a clinicopathologic study of 10 cases and assessment of response to chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12:2573-2579. 37. Savard M, Verreault S, Gould PV, Bernier V, Bouchard JP. Intravascular lymphoma with conus medullaris syndrome followed by encephalopathy. Can J Neurol Sci. 2008;35:366-371. Rizek et al: J Neuro-Ophthalmol 2012; 32: 33-37 37 Original Contribution Copyright © North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.