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Show 30 UTAH ARCHAEOLOGY 2003 plain ware samples from the upper Humboldt drainage. This would have had misleading implications. The dune sandstone sand tempered Fremont plain ware from site 8979 is likely not a locally produced ceramic, but may have its origins in central or south central Utah (Navajo Sandstone or Carmel Formation). At present we cannot define any similar sources in Nevada. For the most part it appears that the plain wares investigated here were manufactured from local materials. In this study, two local tempering materials have been identified for plain ware manufacture. These are a schistose biotite-granodiorite from the upper Humboldt River Drainage, and a monzonite with biotite from Ruby Valley. Both rock types have similar nonplastic mineralogical characteristics from a stylistic viewpoint as well as with respect to shrink-swell characteristics during ceramic firing. Temper variability in plain ware is emphasized by the limited petrographic and geochemical information in the open literature (Pippin 1986; Tuohy and Strawn 1986), which seems to suggest that the plain wares with specific tempers are confined to limited geographic districts. Within that local ceramic manufacture universe or lithologic district there is also some degree of mineralogical variation observed. For the upper Humboldt River drainage system the quantity of biotite in the ceramic temper varíes among different features within a single site and from site to site, suggesting that there is variability in the temper source and the idiosyncratic behavior of potters. This variability may prove to be a temporal and spatial tool in the interpretation of cultural attributes with respect to pottery use and manufacture and with respect to overall exchange. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIÓN As Madsen and Simms (1998) recently summarized, one of the material characteristics commonly employed to identify Fremont sites is plain gray ware ceramic vessels with flaring neck jars. One of these vessels was found at Scorpion Ridge together with a Nawthis Side-notched point in a context radiocarbon dated to about 1200 B.P. Petrographic and geochemical data provide compelling evidence that the Upper Humboldt River drainage plain wares were manufactured from local materials, regardless of vessel shape, manufacturing technique, or age. Butler (1986), Pippin (1986), and Tuohy and Strawn (1986), among others, have not reported any similar tempering of plain wares from other surrounding locations. This material is also greatly different than the Fremont wares studied from outside of the Upper Humboldt drainage along the western margins of the Bonneville Basin. It is almost certain that the Scorpion Ridge site documents that Fremont ceramics were locally manufactured in the central Great Basin as early as 1200 B.P. This extends the known age of locally manufactured ceramics in the north-central Great Basin by seven centuries. In contrast, other sites such as 8979 suggest that Fremont wares were also traded into the región from elsewhere, perhaps from as far away as central Utah. The chemical and petrographic analyses reported here suggest that these methods may assist in distinguishing locally-made plain wares from those traded into the región. At a regional scale, the Scorpion Ridge site is representative of a relatively early period of Fremont foraging cultures, perhaps before the establishment of adobe villages in the northwestern Fremont región. By at least 1200 B.P., Fremont ceramics may have been locally manufactured across a vast región that extended from the central Great Basin to western Wyoming and Colorado, and from southern Idaho to southern Utah. It seems unlikely that all of these early Fremont ceramic-manufacturing groups adopted the village lifestyle, although in some cases it is probably impossible to distinguish between base camps created by full-time Fremont foragers and temporary, task-specific camps created by hunting and gathering parties sent out from sedentary villages (see also Simms 1986). Importantly, this study suggests that the presence of FREMONT FORAGERS 31 Importantly, this study suggests that the presence of ceramics is not a clear indicator to distinguish between the two subsistence/settlement strategies. By all indications, the inhabitants ofthe Scorpion Ridge site were participating in the Fremont Behavioral Complex. Unfortunately, whether the cultural links in material remains between the Scorpion Ridge inhabitants and those Fremont groups at the center extended to cióse biological affiliations created by direct migration into regions west of the Bonneville Basin, or by the exchange of marriage partners, remains elusive. Acknowledgments. Steve Simms, Dave Madsen, Jason Bright, and several anonymous reviewers kindly provided many helpful comments and suggestions that improved the manuscript. One of us (B. Hockett) was the Principal Investigator during the excavations ofthe Scorpion Ridge site. Archaeologists who assisted during the excavations included Eric Dillingham, Bill Fawcett, Shawn Gibson, Tim Murphy, Teresa Panter, Danielle Story, Cristina Weinberg, and Michelle Wiseman. Additional crew members included Dakota Burris, Támara Hawthorne, Bruce Piper, Jason Spence, and Bruce Thompson. We also acknowledge Bob Vierra for previous discussions on these matters. REFERENCES CITED Aikens, C. 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