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Show HINTS AND EXPLANATIONS. 53 incorporated adverb will be used; but the particular particle which gives the qualified meaning may not always be discovered; and in one language a different word will be introduced where in another the same word will be used with an incorporated particle. It is stated in section 28 that incorporated particles may be used to indicate direction, manner, instrument, and purpose; in fact, any adverbial qualification whatever may be made by an incorporated particle instead of an adverb as a distinct word. No line of demarkation can be drawn between these adverbial particles and those mentioned above as modal particles. Indeed, it seems best to treat all these forms of the verb arising from incorporated particles as distinct modes. In this sense, then, an Indian language has a multiplicity of modes. It should be further remarked that in many cases these modal or adverbial particles are excessively worn, so that they may appear as additions or changes of simple vowel or consonant sounds. When incorporated particles are thus used, distinct adverbial words, phrases, or clauses may also be employed, and the idea expressed twice. It will usually be found difficult to elaborate a system of tenses in paradigmatic form. The student will find a great many tenses or time particles incorporated in verbs Some of these time particles will be excessively worn, and. may appear rather as inflections than as incorporated particles. Usually rather distinct present, past, and future tenses will be discovered; often a remote or ancient past, and less often an immediate future. But great specification of time in relation to the present and in relation to other times will usually be found. AH these time particles should be worked out and their meaning and use recorded. It was seen above that adverbial particles cannot be separated from modal particles. In like manner tense particles cannot be separated from adverbial and modal' particles. In an Indian language adverbs are differentiated only to a limited extent. Adverbial qualifications are found in the verb, and thus there. are a multiplicity of modes and tenses, and no plane of demarkation can be drawn between mode and tense. From preceding statements it will appear |