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Show 276 HYBRIDISM. CHAP. VIII. astonishlng fact. But it harmonises perfectly with the view that there is no essential distinction between spe-cies and varieties. Summary of Ohapter.-First crosses b~tween for~s sufficiently distinct to be ranked as s~emes, and t~mr hybrids, are very generally, but no~ universall~, stenle. The sterility is of all degrees, and IS often so slight that the two most careful experimentalists who have ever lived, have come to diametrically opposite conclusions in ranking forms by this test. The sterility is innately variable in individuals of the same species, and is eminently susceptible of favourable and unfavourable conditions. The degree of sterility does not strictly follow systematic affinity, but is governed by several curious and complex laws. It is generally different, and sometimes widely different, in reciprocal crosses between the same two species. It is not always equal in degree in a first cross and in the hybrid produced from this cross. In the same manner as in grafting trees, the capacity of one species or variety to take on another, is incidental on generally unknown differences in their vegetative systems, so in crossing, the greater or less facility of one species to unite with another, is incidental on unknown differences in their reproductive systems. There is no more reason to think that species have been specially endowed with various degrees of sterility to prevent them crossing and blending in nature, than to think that trees have been specially endowed with various and somewhat analogous degrees of difficulty in being grafted together in order to prevent them becoming inarched in our forests. The sterility of first crosses between pure species, which have their reproductive systems perfect, seems CHAP. VIII. SUMMARY. 277 to depend on several circumstances ; in some cases largely ?n the ~arly death o! the embryo. The sterility of hybnds, which have theu reproductive systems imperfect, and which have had this system and their whole organisation disturbed by being compounded of two distinct species, seems closely allied to that sterility which so frequently affects pure species, when their natural conditions of life have been disturbed. This view is supported by a parallelism of another kind ;-namely, that the crossing of forms only slightly different is favourable to the vigour and fertility of their offspring; and that slight change& in the conditions of life are apparently favourable to the vigour and fertility of all organic beings. It is not surprising that the degree of difficulty in uniting two species, and the degree of sterility of their hybrid-offspring should generally correspond, though due to distinct causes ; for both depend on the amount of difference of some kind between the species which are crossed. Nor is it surprising that the facility of effecting a first cross, the fertility of the hybrids produced, and the capacity of being grafted together- though this latter capacity evidently depends on widely different circumstances-should all run, to a certain extent, parallel with the systematic affinity of the f~rms w~ich are subjected to experiment; for systematiC affinity attempts to express all kinds of resemblance between all species. First crosses between forms known to be varieties or sufficiently alike to be considered as varieties, and their mongrel offspring, are very generally, but not quite universally, fertile. Nor is this nearly general and perfect fertility surprising, when we remember how liable we are to argue in a circle with respect to varieties in a state of nature ; and when we remember that the greater number of varieties have been produced under domesti- |
