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Show 17e MENTAL CONSTITUTION OF 1\.NIMAL!!I. of our nature, or the affections, at the head ~f w.hic.h stand the moral feelings of benevolence, conscien.bous ness, and veneration. Thro-qgh these, man stands Ht re lation to himself, his fellow-Inen, the external world and his God; and through the;;,e comes m?st of the ~appiness of man's life. ~s well as that which he den ves from the contemplatiOn of the. world to C?~e, andr the cultivation of his relation to It (pure :r;ehg10~.) fte other sentiments may be briefly enumerate~, their ?ames being sufficient, in general, to denote theu functionsfirmness, hope, cautiousness, self-esteem, loYe of. approbation, secretiveness, marvellous~wss, constructlven.ess, imitation, combativeness, destruchven.ess, concentrativeness, adhesiveness, love of the oppo~tte sex, love of offspring, alimentativeness, and ~ove of hfe. Through these faculties, man is connected wtth the. ext.ern~l world,. an.d supplied with active impulse~ to ma1ntau~ his place In It as an indivjdual and as a species. There IS also a fac~lty, (lancruacre ) for expressing, by whatever means (signs, gest~re~ iooks, conventional term~ in spee?h,) the ideas which arise in the mind. There Is a particular state of each of these faculties, when the ideas of objects ~:n~ce · formed by it are revived or rel?roduced, a process which seems to be intimately allied with some of the :phenom~na of the new science of photography, when Images. I!fipressed by reflection of the sun's rays upon sensitive paper are, after a temporary ·obliteration, resuscitated on the sheet being exposed to the fumes of merc~uy. .such are the phenomena of memory, that handmatd of _Intellect, without which there .could be no ac?umul~bon of mental capital, but an universal and conttnu~linf~n.cy. Conception and imacrination appear to be only 1ntensihe~, so to s1 \eak, of the nstate of brain in which memory IS produced. On thei1~ prof?p~nes~ and power depend most of the exertions which distlngutsh the man of. arts and letters, and even in no small measure the cultivator of science. The faculties above described-the actual elemen~s of the mental constitution-are seen in mature J?a~ In an indefinite potentiality and range of action. It 1s diff~rent with the lower animals. They are there compa~atr~·ely definite in their power, and restricted in their ~ppl.IC1HO?· The reader is familiar with what are called Instincts In some of the hun\bler species, that is, an uniform and \ \ MENTAL CONSTITU'I ION OF ANIMALS. 17' unpror_11?.tcd tendency towards certain particular acts, as the bu li~111g of cells by the bee, the storing of provisions ~y that Insect an~ several others, and the construction of n~t~ for a com1rg progeny by birds. This quality is no h u~g J?Ore than a mode of operation peculiar to the fac lt!es In an humble state of endowment, or early stage of ~el<?p~ent. The cell formation of the bee, the ho.us building of ~nt~ ~nd beav~rs, the \Veb-spinning· of sp1de , are b~t pr~mtb ve. exercises of constructiveness, the fa lty whtch, Indefimte with us, leads to the arts of the we\er, upholsterer! architect, and mechanist, and m~kes t often \Vork delightedly where our labors are in ya1n, or e~rly so. T.h~ .storing of provisions by the ants 1s an exeJ!se of acquisltiveness-the faculty which with u.s makes. 'Ich n1en and misers. A vast number of cur~ ous devi es, by which insects provide for the protection and s'bsistence of their young, whom they are perhaps never\~O see, are. r~ost probably a peculiar restricted e~ort of ph\lo-progemttveness. The common source of this .class or act~, ~nd of common mental operations, is ~how n very convincingly by the melting of the one set I .o the ot.herl . Thus, for example, the bee and bird will make modific~tJOn~ in the ordinary form of their cells and n.ests when necessi~Y compels them. Thus, the alimenhveness of sue~ animals as the dog, usually definite with regard to quant.Ity and q?ali~y, can be. pampered or educated _up to a lun~ of epicunsm, that Is, an indefiniteness nf .ob.Je:t and action: ~he same fac~lty acts limitedly in OUis.elves at. first, ~Icta~Ing th~ .special act of sucking; afte1 wards It acquues Indefiniteness. Such is the real nature of the distinction between what are called instincts an~ reaso.n, upon which so many volumes have been W~Itt~n Withou.t profit to the world. All faculties are insbnchve, th~t Is, dependent on .internal and inherent impul~ es. Th1s term Is ~herefore not specially applicable to eJ t~er of the recogmzed mod(~S of the operation of the fac?lbes. We onl.y, in the one case, see the faculty in ~n .1 mmature and sl1ghtly developed state · in the other In Its. mo.st advanced condition. In the ~ne case it i~ dttfinzte, In the other, 'indefinite, in its rancre of ~ction T hes~ terms ~o~ld perhaps be the most suitable for expressing the distinction. In ~he hu~blest forms of being we can trace scarcely anytlung besides a definite action in a few of the faculties |