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Show 312 A l~PENDIX TO NO l'E S . b een ·tnd is n. grc·l.t. instrument of civili:r.ation? _,Votf.ld ~~~e mir~~lcs, whid; the c~ttun 't•·adc has wrought, and is workmg, 0 1' 1c_.nmJ •ra.. tion of tho condition of m:tnkiml in .l<:u•·o_pc, luwo eve~ cxLstc , •ad tf10 ucg1·o of the South lJccnyt~ltLII!.!ipatcd Ill the revolutiOn? Would thi,~ ~~f11~1~~:!tl111~;·,c,,~:~~~~i~~i1I\1~~1 ;itu:~ [8 more ~clvnnccd by phy~icnl en. uses than by morn] ones. I mean, t'uppo~:~ing m, !1oth cases so<:•al ?nlc~ to be well established, and ln.w n.dmillii:!Lt l·cd. I he !>team c~g• n~ •:'> dotng moru fOr it than the 1m/pit it~clf. So of cotton. lt ~~ ra•smg the ~tandard of comfort, w1thuut which, men nrc doomed forever to be but ha.~['J~i~~~·:J·~~;1mn conquests wc•·c nttcndcd wit!1 dr~ad;ul .e\'ils-millions of li ves, it i(j said, were 8acl'ificed hy C:e~ar Ill Ins Ualilc waJ·fl, and so of all the rest. Does any one now Jt1ubt that, on tho whole, the ~woJ·tl of Rouw was :t mean~ of improvement to the ·whole race?. ~hat e~ peci: tlly the SJWl':u.liu:; of l:hri~>~iallity w~ hastened and fac1btatcd by it? Would any philanthrup1st, who dHI not n~sun~e that name to make it oJiou<>, wi~h the hi:-;toJ·y of th~ Boman i<.!Hplr.e blotted out? "So of Greek art. Without d(!ubt 1t had never CXISI~d--;--ne~·er, at ] ra~o;t, in SllCh :In cxtnlOnlin:n·.v JW.rfection, wil110ut th.c J.nstltullo~ of slan::ry. Supp~)8C it Wl'l'C rt~erda1nccl th:~t, by estaLIJshmg an . .English c:(il•my at the spot whore (\u·tli:J~O 0110e stood, at the CIH.i of f:om~ centuries, our race and in:-:titutions would sprrad ov~r tlH: wbulc nf th:tt continent, hitlwrtu hdd tu b~· doomed to evcrl:lSiliL,!!; l'ilence and d~>~obtio1l; thou;.!:h the gn:;tt n·:-;ult ~<pokez~ of. could. only IJc aceompli ~ h c~l hy cxtcrmillalillg:, a>~ tb~· red n.lcn vi tlw:1 contmcnt hav~ Ucen, oz· !"educing to ])onJa~c, under tho wh1tc man, the negro, wl.10 zs now the ~ lave or hi ~ 1J1·other negro and L1·othor savn.gc-would 1t l;c CO!Jsidcrcd ineonsi~tcnt with hmnanity I? li.ave, yen, nnd to co-operate 1n pz·oducing n. cha.ngo so full uf H\llt·ndld 1mpro\•emcnt, so f:\~•ornlJ!c ~o the dignity of human uature, a Ill C\'Cn to tho beauty aud glo1y of God a cr::tt~~~ at the 8 tn.te of South America, and compn.rc it with tho nort.hem part of tile continent. . .. 'l'horel'o1·e, I h1we alway~' tho~~~l1t tl.mt!he shwe t_ra~e, mhun!an, i nfernn.l as it wa~, had uut lJt't'il W.1tlwut llii cOJ.n.pen.s:d~on~; (~crt~mly not eno1wh to ju:otify any ono in taking prtrt 111 contummg 11, lu~ ~o 111uch ev~lent ;tnd uow known evil ought uot to Lo ~01.10 that gooJ might come of it:) hut tha.t con~ id.u.red ali a. gre:\t evil, 1t was I!Juch 111ore so to this contim•nt. lhtlll loA Inc:~. . . '' l n short, sln.n•ry is~~~~ .e\·il. except und er_peculmr.cl ~cum ~t~nces -generally speaking. cel·t:ullly-lwd cwe~·ytlung shm\s .'t he1e, but not 1mch nn evil as call::; fur \'iolcut, :tud :sltlllcss licstructlvc measures to arrest it.'1 APPENDIX TO NO TE S. APPENDIX, R. ' VORN-QOT LANDS. 313 "In the State of New York U1ero are some twelve million acres of improved land, which includes all meadows and enclosed pastures. This area employs about five hundred thousand lnbo.rcrs, being an average of twenty-four acres to tho hand. At this ratio, the number of acres of improved land in the United States is one hundred and twenty millions. But New York is nn old nnd more densely popu- ~~~~ ~~~tt;~gnis3~ j~~~~fee!~it!lhn~ouf~~o~~e ~~~of:~~~r.;:vc~r:;l~: f~~~ot;~e/f£~d~~!~ ii~ o~~~~~ld~~~r; ~cl?c;::r:r:~~~'let J~:r~~r-&fh~1::~ no'v suffering deterioration in a. greater or less degroo. * * * * * * * * "Eight million acres [in tho State of New York] are in the hands of throe hundred thousand persons, who still adhere to the colonial practice of extracting from the virgin soil all it will yield, so long as ~~r~i~ot'!t~:!e~f0;c~rs~ro~~~~'l~1 N~~:o ~~~~~,~~:i~~J11f~~o~C;~ seventy-five years ago produced from twenty to thi1·ty bu~hels of wheat, on n.n average, per aero, now yield only from five to eight ~~::b~~~-dr:.~ p~bli~h~~ci~~nf~d~~ci~~lt;~g, :~J~.~it~~~e~y· !"~~~~~~ can, tJ1c following remarks ma.y be found on pn.go 08, vol. 1 :-'Wheat, in many parts of tho 1rovincc, (New York,) yields a larger produce ~:!ncir~~~~i~n t~~e ~~fd~~·in ~~~~nc;~~~. . ~~~~~.Ya~~\\~~~~J;e;~l~e:d better upon an aero, and reap from twenty to forty; the latter quautity, however, is not often had, but from twcnt,r to thil'l!J are connn.ou; and with such bad husbandry as would not y10ld tho like in }:ngland, and much less in Scotland. This is owing to the riclmess and fruit-ness of tho land.' · du~c~c~~f;i~c~e~ !~~ ~t~~lf0~0us;J~efsf o~8!~~e~~~~~'l~~:,n~ftt~~~~Y~~ farmers are on tide water and ncar tho enpital of the State, with a good homo market, and possess every fn.cility for procuring the most valuable fertilizers. Dutchess county, also on the Hudson river, produces an average of only five bushels per acre ; Columbia, six bushels; RcnssCllacr. eight; West Chester, seven; which is higher than tho average of soils that oneo gave a return larger than the wheat lands of Englrmd, even with 'bad husbandry.' la~~!i~y t~~ rs~~n~~ ~~\:i~~rk:li~~~~~l ~~~~~'l~f~£~tti~~y a~~~~~~~t twelvo dollars and a half per acre, or an aggregate of one hundred millions of dollars. It is not an easy task to replace all the boneearth, potash, sulphur, magnesia, and organized nitrogen in mould consumed in a field which has been unwisely cultivated fifty or seventyfive yea.rs. Phosphorus is not an abundant mineral anywhere, and 40 2 n |