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Show 64 GLOSSARY, BLUFFS. High banks presenting a precipitous front to the s:a or a river. A term used in the United States of North Amertca. BoTRYOIDAL. Resembling a bunch of grapes. Etym., {3orpv~, botrys, a bunch of grapes, and uoo~. eidos, form. . A provincial term for large rounded blocks of stone lymg BowLDERS. . . b dd d . 1 th urface of the ground, or sometunes Im e e m oose on e s h k . h . . .. SOl· 1 d'trerent in composition from t e roc s m t e1r VlCimty, I lUI d f d' and which have been therefore transporte rom a 1stance. B REC.C IA. A r ock composed of angular fragmentsI coln' nected toge-ther by lime or other mineral substance. An ta 1an term. CALC S INTER. A German n. ame fo.r the dep.o si.t s from· springs hold- m· g car bonate of lime m solut10n-petrifymg sprmgs. Ely· m., Kalk, lime, sintern, to drop. . C ALCAIRE G ROS~~ IER • An extensive s.t ratum, . or rat.h.e r senes of . b Jouaing to the Eocene terttary penod, ongmally found strata, e o . · ... T 1 II m· , an d sp ecially belonging to, the Paris Basm. .S ee ab e . E, P· 390. Etym., Calcaire, limestone, and g.rosszer, coarse. CA LCAREOUS ROCK ' Limestone. Et.y m., Calx, lime. · A CALCEDONY. A siliceous simple mmeral, uncrystallized. gates are partly composed of calcedony. . CARBON. A n undecomposed inflammabl·e su1b stance, o·n e1 o f the stm1· ple elementary bodies. Charcoal IS a most entire y compose( of it. Etym., Carbo, coal. . . . . . CARBONATE. 0 f LIME • Lime combmes w. ith gre.a t avtdtty w. 1tdh ca. r1- bonic acid, a gaseous acid only ob.tam~d flmd when umte Wit 1 _ d all combinations of It with other substances are water' an b f r d called Carbonates. All limestones are car ona~s o. tme, an · k l'me is obtained by driving off the carbomc acid by heat. qmc 1 SPRINGS Springs of water, contam• m• g car bo m·c act' d CARBONATED . . I . t . l They are very common, especially m vo came coun r1es, an( ~:~~etimes contain so much gas, that if a little sugar be thrown into the water it effervesces like soda-water. CARBONIC A CID GAs . A natural gas which often issuecs fbro m thIe und especially in volcanic countries. Etym., ar o, coa, ro ; the gas is obtained by the slow burning of charcoal. CARBOeNcIaFuEsR OUS. A term usually applied, in a technical sTe nbsle , ItIo the lowest group of strata of the secondary rocks, ~ee a e . L 393 . but any bed containing coal may be said to be car- ' P· , .(1, b boniferous. Etym., Carbo, coal, andJ ero, to ear. C ATACLYSl\1. A deluge ' Etym., KaraK"Av~w, cataclu· so, toh d. eluge. C ALOPODA. A class of molluscous animals, havmg t etr organs EPHo f motion arranged round t h e.u l1 ea d. Ety m., K, e,h,a A'f/ ' cern hale ' head, and 1roOa, poda, feet. GLOSSARY. G5 CETACEA. An order of vertebrated mammifcrous animals inhabiting the sea. The whale, dolphin, and narwal, are examples. Etym., Cete, whale. CHALK .. A white earthy limestone, the uppermost of the secomlary senes of.s~rata. S~e Table II. F, p. 390. CnEnT. A sJhceous mmeral, approaching in character to flint, but less homogeneous and simple in texture. CHLORITJC SAND. Sand coloured green by an admixture of the simple mineral chlorite. Etym., KAwpo~, chloros, green. CoAL FoRliiATION. This term is generally understood to mean the same as the Coal Measures. See Table II. L, p. 393. There are, however, 'coal for~a~ions' in all the geological periods, wherever any of the vanet1es of coal form a principal consti-tuent part of a group of strata. ' CoLEOPTERA. A~ ord.er of insects (Beetles) which have four wings, the upper pa1r bet~g crustaceous and forming a shield. Etym., KOAEO!:, coleos, a slneld, and 7rTEpw, ple1·on, a wing. CoNGENERS. Species which belong to the same genus. CoNGLOMERATE. Rounded water-worn fragments of rock, or pebbles, cemented together by another mineral substance, which may be of a siliceous, calcareous, or a1·gillaceous nature. Etym., Con, together, glomera, to heap. CoNIFER/E. An order of plants which, like the fir and pine, bear cones or tops in which the seeds are contained. Etym., Conus, cone, and fero, to bear. CooMB. A provincial name in different parts of England for a valley on the declivity of a hill, and which is general1y without water. CoRNBRASH. A rubbly stone extensively cultivated in Wiltshire for growth of corn. It is a provincial term adopted by Smith. Brash is derived from bre<;an, Saxon, to break. See Table II. H, p. 391. CoRNSTONE. A provincial name for a red limestone, forming a subordinate bed in the Old Red Sandstone group. CosMOGONY, Cos:\tOLoov. Words synonymous in meaning, applied to speculations respecting the first origin or mode of creation of the earth. Etym., KOUJlOf:, lcosrnos, the world, and yoY1J, gonee, generation, or "Aoyo!:, logos, discourse. CRAG. A provincial name in Norfolk and Suffolk for .a deposit, usually of gravel, belonging to the Older Pliocene period. See Table II. C, p. 389. CnA'fER. The circular cavity at the summit of a volcano, from which the volcanic matter is ejected. Etym., Crater, a great cup or bowl. VoL, Ill. e |