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Show ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT XLIX explanations of them as I could obtain through ray imperfect knowledge of the language and through my interpreter, the Mormon missionary. The artist who made the original drawing in colors had to depend upon the paraphernalia of the altar which I brought with me, together with my notes on their arrangement. The original drawing, made in oil on canvas, has been reproduced in color. An exact duplicate of this altar has not been seen by Dr Fewkes, but only something like it. He identifies it as an altar of the Owakulti fraternity. When I prepared the notes for the illustration I did not then understand that the fraternities, like the clans, gentes, tribes, and confederacies, have totems; for totemism is a system of institutional naming. A clan is an organized group of persons who reckon kinship through females from an ancestral mother, real or eponymous; it has well- defined rights and duties. A gens is an organized group of people having a unit of government and who reckon kinship through males from an ancestral father, real or eponymous; it has well- defined rights and duties. * A tribe is a group of clans in what we call savagery, and a group of gentes in what we call barbarism, and the bond of organization is the marriage tie. A confederacy is a group of tribes organized for purposes of offense and defense; the bond by which they are held together is that of artificial or conventional kinship, the tribes sometimes being considered as elder and younger brothers, or fathers and sons, or uncles and nephews. The clan and the gens represent two methods of organizing families into a higher or larger group, but gentile organization replaces clan organization. A tribe is an organization of clans or gentes. A confederacy is an organization of tribes. A clan or gens is composed of persons related by consanguinity, except in cases where individuals are adopted into families. A tribe is composed of persons related by affinity. A confederacy is composed of tribes of persons who by convention or treaty agree that the members of one tribe shall address the members of another by some kinship term. 19 ETH- 01 iv |