A History of Box Elder County

The cooperative and united order movement

CHAPTER 5 THE COOPERATIVE AND UNITED ORDER MOVEMENT 1 \ | ineteenth-century Mormonism was, in many respects, com­munitarian. Founder Joseph Smith sought both a religious and eco­nomic Utopia that he called Zion-a place where people would be of one heart and one mind, live together in righteousness, and be free of poverty. Brigham Young and Lorenzo Snow embraced this out­look, and once the initial phase of settlement was over they sought to bring the dream of cooperation and unity closer to Zion through what became known as the United Order Movement. Brigham City proved to be an ideal beginning point for the movement that spread throughout Utah and surrounding territories and lasted until well after the death of Brigham Young in 1877. Leonard Arrington tells of the inception of the Brigham City cooperative: "With a city of almost 1,600 inhabitants to provide for, Apostle Snow supervised the organization in 1864 of a cooperative general store. It was his intention to use this mercantile cooperative as the basis for the organization of the entire economic life of the community and the development of the industries needed to make the community self-sufficient."1 THE COOPERATIVE AND UNITED ORDER MOVEMENT 89 Lorenzo Snow. (Utah State Historical Society) When Brigham Young formally began the United Order move­ment, he established a number of differing types of cooperative orga­nizations, from the totally communal order at Orderville, in Kane County, to the Brigham City Cooperative, which was on the other end of the spectrum. In Orderville all lived in a communal state, hav­ing all things in common, eating at a common table, and sharing all 90 HISTORY OF Box ELDER COUNTY duties.2 The Brigham City order was an order in which private enter­prise was the model. Professor Arrington notes that the Brigham City cooperative, as it originated, "was nothing more than a joint-stock enterprise to which Snow and three others subscribed $3,000."3 Success brought other stockholders, and within six years Lorenzo Snow was ready to expand from a mercantile store to a mercantile and manufacturing association. The association began building its first manufacturing enterprise in the fall of 1866.4 After four years, and an expenditure of $10,000, the Brigham City Tannery began business as the flagship of the manufacturing enterprise.5 The tan­nery was constructed adjacent to Box Elder Creek (where water was available to power the machinery) in the block between Box Elder Street and Pleasant Street, just north of Columbia Street.6 When built, the tannery was at the far north edge of Brigham City. A mill race was constructed from the mouth of Box Elder Canyon to the tannery site to provide water for the tanning process and power for the tannery and other projected industrial enterprises. Most of the labor and materials were obtained in exchange for capital stock. To supervise construction of the tannery, procure the machinery, hire the workers, and obtain supplies, Lorenzo Snow selected as director of the operation Abraham Hillam who had prac-ticted the tanning trade in England, Cincinnati, and Salt Lake City.7 The tannery was successful with an annual production of $10,000 worth of goods which were reported to "equal in quality to the best Eastern oaked tanned leather."8 The abundant supply of high-quality leather in 1870 made pos­sible, indeed, necessitated the development of the boot, shoe, saddle, and harness division. Soon the boot and shoe shop was turning out $770 worth of footwear per week, produced by thirty workers.9 The leather department produced all the goods the community could use, and the surplus was sold for cash in Logan, Ogden, and Salt Lake City, and some to the Zion's Cooperative Mercantile Institution.lt was at this juncture, 1870, that the growing enterprise was incorpo­rated as the "Brigham City Mercantile and Manufacturing Association."10 After the leather industry was under way, the next enterprise was a woolen factory. The building was erected during 1870 and 1871, THE COOPERATIVE AND UNITED ORDER MOVEMENT 91 Brigham City Woolen Mills. (Box Elder County) utilizing-as was necessary in those agricultural-based times-the labor of those who were unemployed during the season between har­vest and seedtime. The woolen factory was built a little farther up the millrace from the tannery and the grist mill. The building was 44 by 88 feet, the bottom story being rock and the upper walls of brick. Building the structure and outfitting it with machinery procured from the East cost $35,000." The machinery alone cost $7,000.12 The cash was car­ried to the eastern market by Alanson Norton, the mechanic in charge of setting up the equipment in the mill, in a specially-made belt, made by tailor Ola N. Stohl of Brigham City Tannery leather.13 Equipment installed in the building included a spinning jack with two hundred spindles, four broad looms "calculated to weave cloth three yards wide," three narrow looms, three 48-inch carding machines "besides a double one and a picker." There was "also a com­plete set of cloth dressing machinery" and equipment for washing, drying, and dyeing. Even with all that, there was space and power available for expansion.14 The mill was built at the crest of the creek bank, on the millrace, to provide water power. A report states that the machinery in the 92 HISTORY OF Box ELDER COUNTY Woolen Factory "is propelled by a turbine wheel 26 inches with 24 feet head, equal to a 50-horse power, perfectly able to run another set of machinery equal to what the building now contains, for which also plenty of room is left in the building."15 By early February 1871 the new Brigham City Mercantile and Manufacturing Association Woolen Factory was operable. The machinery was set in motion on 4 February, with impressive cere­monies. Not only was the woolen mill an expensive enterprise, it took some time to get the operation running smoothly, even with experts like Alanson Norton, James Pett, and James Buckley.16 Lorenzo Snow wrote to Brigham Young that "Owing in part, perhaps, to a lack of knowledge and experience, the first year we made but small profits in the woolen factory."17 Because one of the goals of the Mercantile and Manufacturing Association-and of the larger United Order Movement-was self-sufficiency, a cooperative sheep herd was started to provide wool for vats and looms. The initial herd was 1,500 head.18 As with labor on the mill, sheep were contributed in exchange for capital stock in the association.19 Farmland was secured on Bear River and near the pre­sent town of Mantua and was used to produce crops to sustain the sheep in the winter. Snow explained the method of building the sheep herd to Young: "We are endeavoring to improve our wool, and retain the increase of our sheep till we have sufficient to supply our factory."20 By 1873 Snow reported the herd at 2,500 head. By 1879 the herd had grown to 10,000.21 To provide a locally-controlled source of cotton for warp, the Brigham City cooperative acquired 125 acres for a cotton farm on the Virgin river over 350 miles to the south of Brigham City.22 The camp was located on the northwest bank of the Virgin, about five miles above the town of Washington in the shadow of the Harrisville anti­cline. About a dozen young men under superintendent James May were called to a two year mission to the Dixie Cotton Farm, with oth­ers replacing them at the end of their mission. They established Camp Lorenzo and began construction of an imposing two-story rock dormitory.23 The Virgin River holdings were increased and farm THE COOPERATIVE AND UNITED ORDER MOVEMENT 93 products grown which were not grown in the harsher climate of the Bear River Valley. S u p e r i n t e n d e n t May sent a glowing r e p o r t of t h e progress at Camp Lorenzo: We are five miles east of Washington on the Virgin River. We have about 100 acres of land on the west side of the river, and 300 on the east side. We have dug a ditch one and a half miles long, three feet wide, blasted through a point of rocks 55 feet long, five feet wide; 11 feet deep; built a dam across the river, 150 feet long, 40 feet wide, 4-feet high; cleared the brush off fifty acres of land, plowed thirty acres, put out 625 grape vines and 1800 grape cuttings, planted 100 peach trees; and are all well at this time. The Lord has blessed us in all our labors, for which we feel truly thankful. There has been no swearing in camp. I have not heard an oath since I left home. We have no smoking, chewing, or card playing, but we have plenty of books and quite a variety, so we need not get lonesome for the want of amusements. Is not this a good showing for thir­teen young men? We expect to plant 35 acres of cotton, 10 of corn, and 5 of Lucern.24 The first year's crop of cotton produced about 70,000 yards of warp. The second year's crop was double the first. The produce farm provided food for the inhabitants of Camp Lorenzo and also grapes for wine and raisins and cane for sugar, to be t r a n s p o r t e d back to Brigham City.25 Lorenzo Snow was so pleased with the products of the associa­tion that he took occasion to show off the results of the work of the woolen factory and the tailor d e p a r t m e n t d u r i n g his mission to Europe. I engaged a suit of clothes last fall (1872) of a tailor in Brigham City, the material of which was made at our woolen fac­tory. I wore this as a traveling suit through Europe and Palestine, and felt rather proud in exhibiting it as a specimen of "Mormon" industry, amid the vales of the Great West. While in France we had an interview with President Thiers and his cabinet; this was at Versailles, and it so happened I then was dressed in this home made suit, my aristocratic one being locked in my trunk at Paris, twelve miles distant. 94 HISTORY OF BOX ELDER COUNTY It was agreed by our party that I looked sufficiently respectable in my home-made product, boots and suit, to appear with them in the presence of the president of the French Republic. I respected their judgment and honored their decision. I was received by the President as cordially, and I believe he shook hands with me as warmly and fervently as though I had been arrayed in superb broadcloth. In several other instances, in our interviews with consuls and American Ministers, and other men of rank and station, my reserved suit was not come-atable, so I had an opportunity of showing a specimen of what we are doing here in the mountains, which was an occasion of both surprise and commendation. On my return to London, this suit was nearly as good as when I left Brigham City (nearly eight months before.) made a present of it to President Wells' son, (Junius) one of our missionaries now preaching in London. Permit me to say, that this suit I now wear, is not imported broadcloth, as you probably imagine, but was made and manufactured in Brigham City, and the boots I have on are those worn through my Palestine tour, and nearly as good as when first put on in Brigham City nearly a year ago.26 The woolen mill became one of the mainstays of the Brigham City Mercantile and Manufacturing Association, producing yarn, blankets, cloth, underwear, and men's and women's wear, among other things. As the Brigham City cooperative reached its stride, the national economy slipped into the "Panic of 1873," a depression which deeply affected the national economy and the non-Mormon business com­munity in Utah. In contrast to much of Utah and most of the nation, Brigham City withstood the Panic of 1873 and, in fact, experienced its great­est year of expansion. Brigham City "enjoyed a certain amount of notoriety. Newspaper reporters visited the area and reported such interesting features as the manner in which homes were built for the poor and widows; how a department was set u p to provide labor for t r a m p s and benefit from feeding them; how the co-operators planned to locate their shops and factories on a twelve-acre square around the center of town and run street cars from the square to var- THE COOPERATIVE AND UNITED ORDER MOVEMENT 95 ious parts of the town; and how they maintained their own monetary and banking system."27 Other Utah communities were not as fortunate and Brigham Young used the success of the Brigham City cooperative as a model for achieving economic self-sufficiency in other Mormon communi­ties. In St. George, where drought, floods, grasshoppers and the impact of the Panic of 1873 had left hundreds underemployed, Brigham Young urged the establishment of a united order patterned after the one in Brigham City. Soon the United Order movement spread throughout the Utah Territory. By 1874 the Brigham City cooperative, officially known as the Brigham City Mercantile and Manufacturing Association, grew to fif­teen departments then burgeoned to forty.28 One department, the Co-op Dairy, was located in a mountain dell at the north tip of Wellsville Mountain, the northern end of the Wasatch Range and twenty miles north of Brigham City. The dairy was supervised by Christian Hansen, a Danish convert to Mormonism who had at one time served as a bodyguard to the King of Denmark during the Holstein war and cared for the royal horses. However, it was actually Christian's wife, Elizabeth Ericksen Hansen, who had first-hand experience with the dairy industry in their native Denmark.29 The dairy operation began in 1871, with construction of a large rock building against a hill from which issued a large spring of cold, fresh mountain water. In the era before mechanical refrigeration, the location of the spring dictated the placement of the dairy. The cold spring water cooled the stone floor in which depressions were built to cool the cans of milk overnight while the cream rose to the top. On the main floor was the main work area, and the top floor, beneath the long gabled roof, served as a dormitory.30 A resident force of young women worked as milk maids, serving a herd of five hundred cows.31 Each girl was assigned twenty cows, to be milked night and morn­ing. 32 The cows came from Box Elder County, Cache Valley, and as far away as Malad City to the north and the Hot Springs in Weber County to the south. The cows wore a rope or strap around their necks to which a block of wood was attached that bore the number 96 HISTORY OF BOX ELDER COUNTY of t h e cow.33 The milk produced by each cow as carefully recorded and its owners paid in butter and cheese.34 Each of t h e eight cheese presses could produce one forty-five pound cheese a day. The cheese-making process began with pouring milk into warming vats to which Rennet was added. Girls stirred the milk to help form curds, a n d when the whey was ready the excess water was drained off and the curd pressed into cheese.35 In 1875 the dairy produced 40,000 pounds of cheese, and two years later in 1877 the output was 50,000 pounds.36 The dairy was a business enterprise, but social and religious life was not neglected. A Brother Fridal, who loved to play his violin, was employed at the dairy. "In the evening when the day was finished, the girls' bedrolls were often laid aside in t h e long b e d r o om and t he whole crowd enjoyed an evening of dancing but when 9:30 approached, the music stopped and all must be retired and lights out by 10 P.M., so each one might be refreshed at their jobs at 4 A.M." 37 Sunday m o r n i n g s the girls were t r a n s p o r t e d by wagon to Sunday school in Beaver Dam. The dairy maintained a herd of hogs to consume the by-products of cheese production, and to supplement the pioneers' staple diet of beef. A butcher department was added to the Co-op to provide the community with beef, p o r k and mutton.3 8 Several "molasses mills (producing s o r g h um molasses) were operated, providing food for both man and milk cow."39 A n u m b e r of farms were developed under the c o - o p banner, including a "dry-farm" at Portage.40 One of the unique features of the Brigham City Mercantile and Manufacturing Association was t he "Indian Farm." Taking note of t h e native Shoshoni, Mormons were mindful of dispossessing the Indians from their ancestral lands, and interested in bettering the state of their subsistence living by intro­ducing t h em to t h e arts of m o d e r n agriculture. It was w i t h this in mind that the I n d i a n Farm became a teaching i n s t i t u t i o n for t he Shoshoni.41 Other d e p a r t m e n t s of the Brigham City Mercantile and Manufacturing Association included one to plant and care for flow­ers, shrubs, and orchards; one for the manufacture and repair of farm machinery; one to produce hats and caps from fur, wool, and straw; a THE COOPERATIVE AND UNITED ORDER MOVEMENT 97 tailor shop; a shingle, lath, and picket mill; a furniture and cabinet shop; three sawmills; brick and adobe shops; blacksmith shop; a tin shop; a wagon and carriage repair shop; a rope factory; a pottery shop; a broom factory; a brush factory; a cooperage; and a lime kiln.42 Formal education was carried on under the banner of the co-op, with schools and a seminary for religious instruction. There was even a "Tramp Department" to supervise itinerant labor, such as those who chopped wood and performed other odd jobs.43 From 1864 until 1877, the Brigham City Mercantile and Manufacturing Association was eminently successful. Perhaps as a portent of things to come, disaster struck the co-op on the shortest, darkest day of the year Brigham Young died. On 21 December 1877, lohn Laird, the spinner at the woolen factory, was awakened in the night by smoke. The woolen factory had caught fire. The cause was never determined. The night guard "ran through town and cried fire, while City marshal C C. Loveland arose and ran to the Court House and rang the bell before dressing himself."44 Lorenzo Snow reported that "in less than thirty minutes the whole establishment, with its entire contents of machinery, wool, warps and cloth lay in ashes."45 It was two days before Joseph Smith's birthday, five days before Christmas, and a raging solstice fire had consumed the largest and most expensive of the industries of the Mercantile and Manufacturing Association. A meeting of the directors was held the next day, and it was decided to rebuild, and to have the building ready for operation by July 4th of the next year.46 It seemed an impossible task. Even the optimistic Lorenzo Snow was daunted, but not defeated. With help from all quarters, the woolen factory rose, phoenix-like, from its own ashes. On 4 July 1878, a gala celebration opened a new, enlarged, improved woolen factory, with a sturdy, new brick second story aris­ing above the indestructible rock walls of the original structure, topped by a magnificent belvedere from which the entire city could be surveyed.47 It seemed like an auspicious new beginning. It was, however, only the beginning of the end. Rebuilding the woolen mill and purchasing all new machinery and materials was a severe drain on the resources of the co-op. Lorenzo Snow's sister and biographer, Eliza R. Snow Smith, explains: 98 HISTORY OF Box ELDER COUNTY After the heavy loss the association suffered by the burning of their woolen factory, estimated at thirty thousand dollars in cash, being in great need of funds to liquidate cash indebtedness incurred in rebuilding their factory, purchasing new machinery, etc., they took a large contract on the Utah Northern Railroad, then in progress of construction through Idaho, to furnish supplies of timber, ties, shingles and lumber, to meet demands. It was a gigantic contract, and they immediately shaped their plans to meet emergencies, They purchased a saw mill and shingle mill in Marsh Valley, Idaho, and moved to that place their steam saw mill from Box Elder County. They employed about one hundred men in the various departments of labor, also a number of women, who assisted as cooks.48 In a d d i t i o n to the indebtedness i n c u r r e d for r e b u i l d i n g the woolen mill, other problems arose. A questionable tax was levied by the federal government on the scrip used as currency by the co-op.49 The cutting of timber was declared illegal and the sawmill was shut down.50 Ultimately, a portion of the tax debt broke the back of the co­op. In an 1879 letter to church official Franklin D. Richards, Lorenzo listed some of the association's losses: Crops destroyed by grasshoppers $4,000 Crops destroyed by drought $3,000 Burning of woolen mills $30,000 Losses in Idaho $6,000 By assessment on scrip $10,20051 With all the losses, the association could no longer carry all the mills and factories as well as the mercantile department. One by one the factories were closed or transferred to private ownership. Usually those who had charge of the enterprises under the co-operative asso­ciation purchased the operations. Many of the smaller o p e r a t i o n s were simply t e r m i n a t e d or became cottage industries, operated out of homes. The woolen mill was sold to manager James Baron and remained in the Baron family until 1981. The t a n n e r y was sold to three men from Salt Lake City and used for a wool pulling business.52 Charles Kelly, who had man­aged the tannery, opened his own boot and shoe shop.53 The tannery THE COOPERATIVE AND UNITED ORDER MOVEMENT 99 building was used as an armory during World War I, and then, owned by the Call family, it was used as a warehouse. The structure deteriorated and, although still structurally sound, was demolished in 1970.54 The cabinet shop passed into the hands of the Merrell family, which operated it, in connection with a lumber and hardware busi­ness on Main Street, until 1982, when the downtown business was closed and the property sold for construction of a bank and law offices.55 The mill also remained in the Merrell family and finally ceased operation in the late 1980s. The building, at this writing, stands empty and neglected, though still houses invaluable pieces of the original water-power equipment, some unique in the state of Utah. The only major industrial enterprise of pioneer Brigham City never absorbed into the co-op was the grist mill, the Box Elder Flouring Mill. The mill remained under the control of Lorenzo Snow and Samuel Smith, even through the period of the Brigham City Mercantile and Manufacturing Association, or co-op, while the plan­ing mill, tannery, and woolen mill were acquired by the cooperative association. This was not unusual. It seems to have been the custom of the presiding authority in a settlement to keep an independent source of income so that he could work as overseer of the co-op without compensation and would not be open to criticism for prof­iting from the co-op's enterprises.56 By the 1880s, demand exceeded the capacity of the water-pow­ered grist mill. The Brigham City Flouring Mills Co., under Snow and Smith, built a new mill at the mouth of the canyon, abandoning the old burr mill. The building and the entire city block on which it stood were purchased in 1890 by John H Bott, an English convert to Mormonism, who had learned the stone cutting trade working on the great granite temple in Salt Lake City. The cost of the mill and land was $300. The final payment was a large headstone for Samuel Smith, with Judge Smith's life story hand-carved by Bott into its marble surface.57 The mill has continued in the Bott family, operated by descendants of John H. Bott, until the present day. With the demise of the Elias Morris and Sons stoneworks in Salt Lake City, it became the oldest stone monument business in the state. 100 HISTORY OF BOX ELDER COUNTY ^ 0 ^ JIT ** Bott's Monument in 1920. The original building was the Lorenzo Snow flour mill built in 1855-56. (Box Elder County) Descendants of Mads Christian Jensen, the miller brought to Brigham City to operate the original flouring mill, built a new mill in 1909 near the Oregon Short Line railroad station. Some of their descendants are still (1998) involved in operating the business. The cooperative movement in Brigham City, which began with a suggestion made by Brigham Young to Lorenzo Snow, grew into the Brigham City Mercantile and Manufacturing Association, a thriving cooperative organization that spread its benefits and effects through­out Box Elder County. The cooperative affected the entire territory, with its operations in Washington County and its being the impetus and the model for Brigham Young's organizing united orders throughout Utah. ENDNOTES 1. Leonard J. Arrington, "Cooperative Community in the North: Brigham City, Utah," Utah Historical Quarterly 33 (Summer 1965): 200. THE COOPERATIVE AND UNITED ORDER MOVEMENT 101 2. Leonard J. Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1958), 333 ff. 3. Arrington, "Cooperative Community in the North," 201. 4. Ibid. 5. Ibid.; and Frederick M. Huchel, The Brigham City Tannery: An Historical Sketch, (Brigham City, Ut: Frederick M. Huchel, 1988), 1-2. 6. Now Third North, between First East and Second East Streets. 7. Arrington, "Cooperative Community in the North;" and Huchel, The Brigham City Tannery, 1 . 8. "History of Box Elder Stake," 12 luly 1872, quoted in Leonard J. Arrington, "Cooperative Community in the North: Brigham City, Utah," Utah Historical Quarterly, Volume 33, Number 3 [Summer 1965], 202. 9. Arrington, "Cooperative Community in the North," 202. 10. Ibid. 11. Ibid. 12. Lydia Walker Forsgren, ed., History of Box Elder County (Brigham City, UT: Daughters of Utah Pioneers, 1937), 105. 13. Ibid. 14. Deseret Evening News, 4 April 1871, copied into Journal History" 3 April 1871. LDS Church Historical Department Archives. 15. Ibid. 16. Frederick M. Huchel, A History of The Brigham City Woolen Factory-Baron Woolen Mills (Brigham City, UT: Frederick M. Huchel, 1997), 10. 17. Lorenzo Snow to Brigham Young, in Forsgren ed., History of Box Elder County, 106. 18. Forsgren, ed., History of Box Elder County, 107; Leonard J. Arrington, Feramorz Y Fox and Dean L. May, Building the City of God (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company, 1976), 114-15; Mark Riddle, "Lorenzo Snow and the Brigham City Cooperative," typescript, 18, copy in my pos­session. 19. Lorenzo Snow to Brigham Young, in Forsgren, History of Box Elder County, 106. 20. Ibid. 21. Forsgren, History of Box Elder County, 107, 114. 22. Arrington, Fox, and May, Building the City of God, 115. 23. Andrew Karl Larson, The Red Hills of November (Salt Lake City: Deseret News Press, 1957), 79. On this page is a photograph of the ruins of 102 HISTORY OF BOX ELDER COUNTY the building. It stood, virtually in the same condition as in the photograph reproduced in Larson, at the time of my visit in September, 1981. 24. Arrington, Fox, and May, Building the City of God, 16. 25. Ibid. 26. Thomas C. Romney, The Life of Lorenzo Snow (Salt Lake City: S. U. P. Memorial Foundation, 1955), 311-12. 27. Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom, 325. 28. Arrington, "Cooperative Community in the North," 203. 29. Adolph M. Reeder, untitled typescript history of the Brigham City United Order dairy, 2. Author's interview with Robert E. Jensen, great-grandson of Christian Hansen, 2 April 1997. Mr. Jensen tells the poignant story of Elizabeth's life. She buried two children in Denmark before emi­grating to Utah, the latter in a borrowed cemetery amid persecution from former co-religionists. A third child was born in Echo Canyon on the way to Utah, and buried a month later. A son, Willard, was born in the house fac­ing Prospect Square, the adobes for which she molded by hand in the months before he was born. She was carrying another child when they abandoned their new home, with its precious window-panes of glass hauled across the plains by ox-team, their garden, and the all they had in their new land, in 1858. When, under edict from President James Buchanan, lohnston's Army was sent to Utah, All Brigham City was abandoned, with a small contingent left behind to put all improvements, including Christian and Elizabeth's new home, to the torch, leaving only scorched earth behind. Christian and Elizabeth joined the rest of the Brighamites on a hundred-mile trek to Provo in May 1858, to return only two months later when peace was forged between the Mormons and the United States. Providencial rains during their absence watered the neglected crops and allowed them to real­ize a successful harvest in 1858. 30. Reeder, untitled typescript history of the Brigham City United Order dairy, 2. 31. Arrington, "Cooperative Community in the North," 204; Reeder, untitled typescript history of the Brigham City United Order dairy, 2; Robert E. lensen (interview, 2 April 1997) recalls being told that the three oldest sons of Willard S. Hansen, son of Christian Hansen, were assigned the task of milking the "kickers," cows too difficult for the girls to handle. 32. "First Dairy of Its Size In The State Of Utah," undated, unattributed newspaper clipping, in the collection of Robert E. lensen. 33. Adolph M. Reeder, untitled typescript history of the Brigham City United Order dairy, 2. 34. Essie Peterson, "Beaver Dam Monument To Be Dedicated," undated THE COOPERATIVE AND UNITED ORDER MOVEMENT 103 newspaper with no publication information, from the collection of Robert E. lensen. 35. "First Dairy of Its Size In The State Of Utah." 36. Arrington, "Cooperative Community in the North," 204. 37. Adolph M. Reeder, untitled typescript history of the Brigham City United Order dairy, 4. 38. Arrington, "Cooperative Community in the North," 204. 39. Ibid. 40. Ibid. 41. The United Order Indian Farm became the LDS church-owned Washakie Indian Reservation. 42. Arrington, "Cooperative Community in the North," 204. 43. Ibid., 206. 44. Deseret News, 21 December 1877. 45. Eliza R. Snow Smith, Biography and Family Record of Lorenzo Snow, One of the Twelve Apostles of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Salt Lake City: Deseret News Company, 1884), 307. 46. Riddle, "Lorenzo Snow and the Brigham City Cooperative," 19. 47. Huchel, A History of the Brigham City Woolen Factory, 22. 48. Smith, Biography and Family Record of Lorenzo Snow, 302. 49. Arrington, "Cooperative Community in the North," 210, 216. 50. Smith, Biography and Family Record of Lorenzo Snow, 303; Huchel, A History of the Brigham City Woolen Factory, 24. 51. Smith, Biography and Family Record of Lorenzo Snow, 308. 52. Olive H. Kotter, "Brigham City to 1900" in Through the Years (Brigham City, UT: Brigham City Eighth Ward, 1953), 12; Huchel, The Brigham City Tannery, 6. 53. Forsgren, ed., History of Box Elder County, 111; Ogden Daily Herald, 26Ianuary 1882. 54. Box Elder Journal, 18 lune 1970. In the late 1960s,and early 1970s, it became the rage for Brigham City to compete for national city beautifica-tion awards. Beautification in Brigham City in those years consisted more of tearing down old 'eyesores' than anything else. Photographs were taken, and scrapbooks submitted for national competition. Under this program, championed by Mayor Olaf Zundel and city beautification chair Anita Burt, the Tannery (still structurally sound) was bulldozed on 17 lune 1970 and replaced by a vacant lot. As a memorial, a sign stood at the west end of the tannery site for some years denoting the weed-choked lot as a Brigham City historic landmark. Some of the timbers from the tannery (the rest of the 104 HISTORY OF BOX ELDER COUNTY debris was buried on the site) remain piled just south of the site of the tan­nery to mark the spot where the first industrial enterprise of the Brigham City Mercantile and Manufacturing stood for just about a hundred years. Huchel, The Brigham City Tannery, 6-7. 55. Conversation with Zion's Bank Brigham City branch manager Charlie Starr, 2 April 1997. 56. Frederick M. Huchel, "The Box Elder Flouring Mill," Utah Historical Quarterly, Volume 56, Number I (Winter 1988), 83 ; Book A of Abstracts, 155, Box Elder County Recorder's Office, Box Elder County Courthouse, Brigham City; Leonard J. Arrington, "Cooperative Community in the North," 207. 57. Frederick M. Huchel, "The Box Elder Flouring Mill," 85.