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Show R E S I S T I V I T Y AND INDUCED POLARIZATION SURVEY OF A BASALT FLOW IN A GEOTHERMAL ENVIRONMENT, WESTERN UTAH b y E r i c H e n r y J o h n s on A t h e s i s s u b m i t t e d t o t h e f a c u l t y of t he U n i v e r s i t y of U t a h i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t of t h e r e q u i r e m e n ts f o r t h e d e g r e e of M a s t e r of S c i e n ce i n G e o p h y s i c s D e p a r t m e n t of G e o l o g y and G e o p h y s i cs U n i v e r s i t y of Utah A u g u s t 19 75 UNIVERSITY OF UTAH GRADUATE SCHOOL S U P E R V I S O R Y C O M M I T T E E A P P R O V AL of a thesis submitted by E r i c H e n r y J o h n s on I have read this thesis and have found-it to be jpf satisfactory-quality for a master's degree. / Date r Stanley H. Ward ../ v Chairman, Supervisory Committee I have read this thesis and have found^TDto be of satisfactory quality for a master's degree. 7, I42S1 YMlWVvj /&, f t t J U . Date / HHaarrrryy D. Go o d e Member, Supervisory Committee I have read this thesis and have found it to be of satisfactory quality for a master's R o b e r t B. 1 S m i t h Member, Supervisory Committee UNIVERSITY OF UTAH GRADUATE SCHOOL F I N A L R E A D I N G A P P R O V AL To the Graduate Council of the University of Utah: I have read the thesis of Eric H e n r y J o h n s o n in its final form and have found that (1) its format, citations, and bibliographic style are consistent and acceptable; (2) its illustrative materials including figures, tables, and charts are in place; and (3) the final manuscript is satisfactory to the Supervisory Committee and is ready for submission to the Graduate School. A .A S t a n l e y H. Ward Member, Supervisory Committee Approved for the Major Department S t a n l e y H. Ward Chairman/Dean Approved for the Graduate Council S t e r l i n g M. M c M u r r in I/ Dean of the Graduate School 4- I. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am s i n c e r e l y a p p r e c i a t i v e f o r f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e, d u r i n g t h e c o u r s e of my s t u d i e s , f r o m an AMOCO P r o d u c t i on f e l l o w s h i p , an AMOCO s c h o l a r s h i p , and r e s e a r c h g r a n t s from t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f G e o l o g y a n d G e o p h y s i c s a n d f r o m t he R e s e a r c h C o m m i t t e e of t h e U n i v e r s i t y of U t a h. My s i n c e r e t h a n k s t o Dave B i r d , C f a t o n K i n g , Roy J o h n s o n , J o e I n m a n , L u i z R i j o , and Dave P u r v a n c e f or a s s i s t i n g w i t h f i e l d w o r k. S p e c i a l t h a n k s i s d u e L u i z R i j o a n d J o e Inman f or h e l p f u l d i s c u s s i o n s a n d t h e i r t i m e and h e l p w i t h c o m p u t er m o d e l i n g of t h e f i e l d d a t a. I am i n d e b t e d t o Dr. S t a n l e y H. Ward, Dr. H a r r y D. G o o d e , and D r . R o b e r t B. S m i t h f o r t h e i r g u i d a n c e , h e l p f ul d i s c u s s i o n s , a n d e n c o u r a g e m e n t. T h a n k s i s due my w i f e R o b i n a n d b r o t h e r Roy f o r t h e ir e n c o u r a g e m e n t and h e l p i n c o m p i l i n g t h e m a n u s c r i p t , and t o E l l i e Cuneo f o r t y p i n g t h e o r i g i n a l m a n u s c r i p t. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS L I S T OF FIGURES L I S T OF TABLES L I S T OF PLATES ABSTRACT I INTRODUCTION G e o t h e r m a l E n e r g y P o t e n t i a l - A R e v i e w. i G e o t h e r m a l P o t e n t i a l - U t ah i R e s i s t i v i t y - I P S u r v e y a t F u m a r o l e B u t te P r e v i o u s Work I I GEOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY R e g i o n a l G e o l o gy C e n o z o i c V o l c a n i c R o c ks G e o t h e r m a l G r a d i e n t W a t e r T a b le F u m a r o l e B u t t e B a s a l ts F a u l t s L a k e B o n n e v i l l e R e m n a n ts F u m a r o l e s Age a n d O r i g i n of B a s a l ts A b r a h a m Hot S p r i n gs P a g e Age and O r i g i n of Hot S p r i n g s 29 I I I RESISTIVITY FIELD WORK 30 R e s i s t i v i t y A r r a y s 32 IV DISCUSSION AND RESULTS 36 D a t a R e l i a b i l i t y 36 D i p o l e - d i p o l e D a t a 37 S c h l u m b e r g e r D a t a 44 V CONCLUSIONS 57 REFERENCES CITED 59 VITA 69 v i L I S T OF FIGURES P a g e FIGURE 1 G e n e r a l g e o l o g i c and h y d r o l o g ic map of F u m a r o l e B u t t e a r e a s h o w i ng l o c a t i o n of S c h l u m b e r g e r s o u n d i n g on s e d i m e n t 7 FIGURE 2 I n d u c e d p o l a r i z a t i o n M a n d L p a r a m e t e r s 31 FIGURE 3 a) S c h l u m b e r g e r A r r a y ; b) D i p o l e - d i p o le a r r a y and p s u e d o - s e c t i o n 33 FIGURE 4 S c h l u m b e r g e r s e d i m e n t s o u n d i n g ( N - S ) . . . . 45 FIGURE 5 S c h l u m b e r g e r s e d i m e n t s o u n d i n g ( E - W ) . . . . 46 FIGURE 6 S c h l u m b e r g e r c r o s s e d - s o u n d i n g FBNE 1 ( e a s t - w e s t and n o r t h - s o u t h ) on F u m a r o l e B u t t e 48 FIGURE 7 S c h l u m b e r g e r c r o s s e d - s o u n d i n g FBSW 1 ( e a s t - w e s t ) on F u m a r o l e B u t t e 49 FIGURE 8 S c h l u m b e r g e r c r o s s e d - s o u n d i n g FBSW 1 ( n o r t h - s o u t h ) on F u m a r o l e B u t t e 50 FIGURE 9 S c h l u m b e r g e r s o u n d i n g FBSW 2a ( e a s t - w e s t ) on F u m a r o l e B u t t e 51 FIGURE 10 S c h l u m b e r g e r s o u n d i n g FBSW 2b ( n o r t h - s o u t h ) on F u m a r o l e B u t t e 52 L I S T OF TABLES P a g e TABLE 1 G e n e r a l i z e d s t r a t i g r a p h y of g e o l o g ic u n i t s i n t h e S e v i e r D e s e r t 14 TABLE 2 C h e m i c a l a n a l y s e s of l a v a s from F u m a r o l e B u t t e . . . . < > „ • 21 TABLE 3 C h e m i c a l a n a l y s e s of w a t e r from A b r a h a m Hot S p r i n g s • 27 L I S T OF PLATES P a g e PLATE 1 Map of F u m a r o l e B u t t e s h o w i n g t o p o g r a p h y, g e o l o g y , and l o c a t i o n s of d i p o l e - d i p o le p r o f i l e s and S c h l u m b e r g e r s o u n d i n g s 6 PLATE 2 T o p o g r a p h y , r e s i s t i v i t y , and c h a r g e - a b i l i t y c r o s s - s e c t i o n s a l o n g d i p o l e - d i p o l e L i n e 1 on F u m a r o l e B u t t e 38 PLATE 3 T o p o g r a p h y , r e s i s t i v i t y , and c h a r g e - a b i l i t y c r o s s - s e c t i o n s a l o n g d i p o l e - d i p o l e L i n e 2 on F u m a r o l e B u t t e 39 • ABSTRACT I n t e r e s t i s r a p i d l y i n c r e a s i n g i n g e o t h e r m a l e n e r gy a s an e c o n o m i c and p l e n t i f u l e n e r g y s o u r c e . B e c a u s e of t h e a n o m a l o u s r e s i s t i v i t i e s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y f o u n d i n a g e o t h e r m a l e n v i r o n m e n t , d i r e c t c u r r e n t e x p l o r a t i o n m e t h o ds c a n b e u s e d t o d e l i n e a t e h o t , s a l i n e w a t e r s w i t h i n more r e s i s t i v e g r o u n d r o c k , o r r e s i s t i v e v o l c a n i c r o c k s w i t h in l e s s r e s i s t i v e g r o u n d r o c k . R e s i s t i v i t y s u r v e y i n g was e m p l o y e d a t F u m a r o l e B u t t e , U t a h , t o d e l i n e a t e t h e c o n t a ct b e t w e e n a b a s a l t e x t r u s i v e and u n d e r l y i n g l a c u s t r i ne s e d i m e n t s , and p o s s i b l y d e l i n e a t e s o u r c e w a t e r s of a n e a r b y h o t s p r i n g t h a t may b e p r e s e n t u n d e r t h e b a s a l t. B e c a u s e g e o t h e r m a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n a t F u m a r o l e B u t t e i s i n a p r e l i m i n a r y s t a g e , t h e g e o l o g y and h y d r o l o g y of t h e a r ea a r e r e p o r t e d i n some d e t a i l . The r e s u l t s of d i p o l e - d i p o le r e s i s t i v i t y and i n d u c e d p o l a r i z a t i o n p r o f i l e s a c r o s s t he b a s a l t , and S c h l u m b e r g e r r e s i s t i v i t y s o u n d i n g s on t he b a s a l t and on t h e s e d i m e n t s , a r e p r e s e n t e d . B a s a l t and s e d i m e n t r e s i s t i v i t y v a l u e s of a r o u n d 2 0 0 0 o h m - m e t e r s and 1 0 - 1 2 o h m - m e t e r s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , a r e i n d i c a t e d . An i n c r e a se i n w a t e r , s a l t , and c l a y w i t h d e p t h i s b e l i e v e d t o c a u se t h e d e c r e a s e i n r e s i s t i v i t y and i n c r e a s e i n i n d u c e d p o l a r i z a t i o n w i t h d e p t h , a p p a r e n t f r o m t h e r e s i s t i v i t y - I P d a t a. I INTRODUCTION G e o t h e r m a l E n e r g y P o t e n t i a l - A R e v i ew I n some c a s e s , g e o t h e r m a l e l e c t r i c power h a s b e en p r o v e n c h e a p e r t h a n e l e c t r i c power f r o m o t h e r f u e l s o u r c es ( F a c c a , 1 9 6 1 ; F a c c a and t e n Dam, 1 9 6 4 ; K o e n i g , 1 9 7 3 ) . Fur t h e r m o r e , i t s l o w - p o l l u t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , and p o t e n t i al r e s e r v e s , make g e o t h e r m a l e n e r g y a m o d e r n e n e r g y s o u r c e to b e c o n s i d e r e d s e r i o u s l y . The G e o t h e r m a l S t e a m A c t of 1970 w h i c h p r o v i d e s f o r t h e l e a s i n g and d e v e l o p m e n t of g e o t h e r mal r e s o u r c e s on p u b l i c l a n d s , h a s r e m o v e d t h e l e g al p r o b l e m s w h i c h p r e v i o u s l y s t i f l e d t h e e x p l o r a t i o n and d e v e l o p m e n t of m o s t of t h o s e r e s e r v e s . L a t e l y , p r o b l e ms c r e a t e d by a w o r l d d e p e n d e n c e on p e t r o l e u m as an e n e r gy s o u r c e , h a v e e m p h a s i z e d t h e n e e d t o e x p a n d and d i v e r s i fy t h e w o r l d ' s e n e r g y b a s e . C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e p r e s e n t d e c a de i s w i t n e s s i n g a s t r o n g i n t e r e s t i n g e o t h e r m a l e n e r gy a s an e c o n o m i c , c l e a n , and p l e n t i f u l e n e r g y s o u r c e. I n t h e w e s t e r n U n i t e d S t a t e s and A l a s k a , t h e U . S. G e o l o g i c a l S u r v e y o u t l i n e d n e a r l y 1 , 8 0 0 , 0 0 0 a c r e s w i t h a g e o t h e r m a l e n e r g y p o t e n t i a l as l a r g e a s 3 0 , 0 0 0 m e g a w a t ts ( G r o s e , 19 7 1 ) . Some e s t i m a t e s of t h e t o t a l g e o t h e r m al r e s o u r c e b a s e f o r t h e r e g i o n , h o w e v e r , a r e more t h a n a m i l l i o n t i m e s g r e a t e r ( Rex and H o w e l l , 1973 ; W h i t e , 1 9 7 3 ) . The s u r f a c e e x p r e s s i o n s of t h e s e u n d e r l y i n g t h e r m al r e s e r v o i r s t a k e t h e f o rm of more t h a n l , 0 0 O warm a n d h ot s p r i n g s , a t l e a s t 100 of w h i c h a r e h y p e r t h e r m a l ( W a r i n g, 1 9 6 5 ; K o e n i g , 1970) , a m i d s t an o v e r a l l p a t t e r n of h i g h h e at f l o w ( S a s s , e t a l , 1971) . G e n e r a l l y , p a p e r s d e s c r i b i n g g e o t h e r m a l a r e a s i n t he w e s t e r n U . S . a r e d e v o t e d t o a r e a s t h a t h a v e b e e n , or a re b e i n g , d e v e l o p e d o r e x p l o r e d f o r t h e i r g e o t h e r m a l p o t e n t i al F a c c a and T o n a n i (1962) d e s c r i b e d 8 g e o t h e r m a l s i t es d r i l l e d b e f o r e 1962 and K o e n i g (1970) s u m m a r i z e d e x p l o r a t i o n d r i l l i n g a c t i v i t y a t 36 s i t e s as of O c t o b e r , 1969. A r e a s of m a j o r g e o t h e r m a l d e v e l o p m e n t and r e s e a r c h , s u c h as t h e G e y s e r s and I m p e r i a l V a l l e y - S a l t o n Sea a r e a s in C a l i f o r n i a , h a v e b e e n d e t a i l e d by A n d e r s o n and A x t e ll ( 1 9 7 2 a ) ( i n c l u d e s an e x t e n s i v e b i b l i o g r a p h y ) , Compendium of P a p e r s ( 1 9 7 0 ) , K o e n i g ( 1 9 7 0 ) , and G r o s e ( 1 9 7 1 ) . G e o t h e r m al a c t i v i t y a t B r a d y ' s Hot S p r i n g s and Beowawe, N e v a d a , and Y e l l o w s t o n e N a t i o n a l P a r k , Wyoming, a s w e l l a s o t h e r a r e a s, h a s b e e n o u t l i n e d by K o e n i g (1970) and G r o s e ( 1 9 7 1 ) . S t a t e - b y - s t a t e e v a l u a t i o n s of g e o t h e r m a l p o t e n t i a l i n t h e w e s t e rn U n i t e d S t a t e s a r e i n c l u d e d i n G r o s e (1971) and A n d e r s o n and A x t e l l ( 1 9 7 2 b ). G e o t h e r m a l P o t e n t i a l - Utah Of t h e 65 warm and h o t s p r i n g s i n U t a h l i s t e d by- W a r i n g (1965) , o n l y A b r a h am ( C r a t e r , B a k e r ) ( S e e s . 1 0 , 14 a n d 1 5 , T . 1 4 S . , R . 8 W . , J u a b C o u n t y ) , R o o s e v e l t (McKean's) ( S e c . 3 4 , T . 2 6 S . , R . 9 W . , B e a v e r C o u n t y ) and Thermo ( S e e s. 2 1 and 2 8 , T . 3 0 S . , R . 1 2 W . , B e a v e r C o u n t y ) Hot S p r i n g s, h a v e s u r f a c e t e m p e r a t u r e s n e a r t h e b o i l i n g p o i n t of w a t er ( M u n d o r f f , 1 9 7 0 ) . Of t h e s e , A b r a h am and R o o s e v e l t Hot S p r i n g s a r e i n a r e a s o r i g i n a l l y d e s i g n a t e d as KGRA's (Known g e o t h e r m a l r e s o u r c e a r e a s ) by t h e U . S . G e o l o g i c al S u r v e y (Godwin, e t a l , 1 9 7 1 ) . The l e a s i n g a c t i v i t i e s of t h e B u r e a u of Land M a n a g e m e n t , h o w e v e r , a r e r a p i d l y e x p a n d i n g t h e U . S . G . S . c o n c e p t of KGRA s u c h t h a t Thermo Hot S p r i n g s , Monroe Hot S p r i n g s ( S e e s . 1 0 , 11 and 1 5 , T . 2 5 S ., R . 3 W . , S e v i e r C o u n t y ) , and o t h e r s , a r e good g e o t h e r m al p r o s p e c t s now ( S . H . Ward, 1 9 7 4 , p e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n ). The U . S . G . S . a l s o o u t l i n e d 31 G R P ' s ( g e o t h e r m a l r e s o u r c e p r o v i n c e s ) " V a l u a b l e p r o s p e c t i v e l y f o r g e o t h e r m al s t e a m and a s s o c i a t e d g e o t h e r m a l r e s o u r c e s 1 1 ( H e w i t t , et a l , 1972 ( a f t e r Godwin, e t a l , 1 9 7 1 ) ) . These GRP's a re c o n c e n t r a t e d i n a n o r t h - s o u t h 8 0 - m i l e - w i d e b e l t e x t e n d i ng t h r o u g h w e s t e r n U t a h , b o r d e r e d on t h e e a s t by t h e W a s a t c h - H u r r i c a n e f a u l t z o n e. G e o t h e r m a l p o t e n t i a l i s i n d i c a t e d m s e v e r a l a r e as f r om s u b s u r f a c e w a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e s . A w a t e r w e l l at N e e l s , U t a h ( T . 2 0 S . , R.8W., M i l l a r d C o u n t y ) , d r i l l e d to a d e p t h of 609 m e t e r s , e n c o u n t e r e d h o t w a t e r and steam. ( L e e , 1 9 0 8 ) . Water t e m p e r a t u r e s a b o v e 71°C a r e p r e s e n t, a t d e p t h s of a r o u n d 5 00 m e t e r s , i n t h e E a s t T i n t ic m i n i n g d i s t r i c t ( T . 1 0 S . , R.2W., J u a b and U t a h C o u n t i e s ). T h e r m a l g r a d i e n t s i n m i n e s and d r i l l h o l e s i n t h e a r ea i n d i c a t e a s t e a d y r i s e i n t e m p e r a t u r e s o u t h e a s t f r om t he c e n t e r of t h e d i s t r i c t , p o s s i b l y r e a c h i n g 93°C ( L o v e r i n g, 1 9 6 5 ; L o v e r i n g and M o r r i s , 1 9 6 5 ; ( A l s o r e p o r t e d in H e y l m u n , 1 9 6 6 , a n d K o e n i g , 1 9 7 0 ) ) . L o v e r i n g and M o r r is ( 1 9 6 5 ) s u g g e s t e d t h e a r e a be i n v e s t i g a t e d as a p o s s i b le s o u r c e of g e o t h e r m a l p o w e r. A l s o w o r t h y of c o n s i d e r a t i o n (Heylmun, 1966) a re t h e p o t e n t i a l g e o t h e r m a l s i t e s of M i n e r s v i l l e Warm S p r i n g s ( S e c . 7 , T . 3 O S . R.9W., B e a v e r C o u n t y ) , and t he Midway Hot P o t s ( S e e s . 26, 27, 34 and 3 6 , T . 3 S . , R . 4 E ., W a s a t c h C o u n t y ). I n a r e p o r t on t h e m a j o r t h e r m a l s p r i n g s of U t a h, M u n d o r f f (1970) l i s t e d t h e d i s s o l v e d s o l i d s p r e s e n t in t h e s p r i n g s , and d e s c r i b e d t h e s p r i n g s a l o n g w i t h t h e ir r e l e v a n c e t o l o c a l g e o l o g y and t h e p r o b a b l e s o u r c e s of h e a t . Heylmun (1966) d e s c r i b e d t h e r m a l s p r i n g s i n U t ah 5 a n d p r o p o s e d a r e a s w o r t h y of e x p l o r a t i o n and d r i l l i n g . H e w i t t , e t a l ( 1 9 7 2 ) , a f t e r e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e p r e s e n c e of g e o t h e r m a l r e s o u r c e s , p r e s e n t e d a power s u p p l y - d e m a nd e v a l u a t i o n of U t a h ' s n e e d f o r t h e e n e r g y t h a t t h e s e r e s o u r c e s w o u l d p r o v i d e. R e s i s t i v i t y - I P S u r v e y a t F u m a r o l e B u t te T h i s p a p e r r e p o r t s t h e r e s u l t s of a r e s i s t i v i t y - IP s u r v e y of a b a s a l t f l o w i n a g e o t h e r m a l e n v i r o n m e n t. Named F u m a r o l e B u t t e , t h e b a s a l t f l o w i s an e l l i p s e - s h a p ed m e s a , 15 k i l o m e t e r s n o r t h - s o u t h by 10 k i l o m e t e r s e a s t - w e st a n d i s l o c a t e d 30 k i l o m e t e r s n o r t h w e s t of t h e town of D e l t a , i n w e s t - c e n t r a l U t a h . Of L a t e T e r t i a r y A g e , Fumar o l e B u t t e o v e r l i e s l a c u s t r i n e and f l u v i a l s e d i m e n t s of t h e S e v i e r D e s e r t , a s t r u c t u r a l b a s i n f o r m e d by T e r t i a ry m o u n t a i n b u i l d i n g . Abraham Hot S p r i n g s , a KGRA s i t e , i s s u e n e a r t h e e a s t e r n p e r i m e t e r of F u m a r o l e B u t t e. D u r i n g J u l y - S e p t e m b e r , 1 9 7 3 , two p a r a l l e l d i p o l e - d i - p o l e c o n t i n u o u s s o u n d i n g - p r o f i l i n g r e s i s t i v i t y - I P l i n es w e r e c o m p l e t e d t o t r a v e r s e t h e b a s a l t f r om s o u t h - t o - n o r th w i t h a b o u t one and o n e - h a l f k i l o m e t e r s e p a r a t i o n ( P l a t e 1 ). S e v e r a l S c h l u m b e r g e r r e s i s t i v i t y c r o s s e d - s o u n d i n g s were a l s o c o m p l e t e d , one on t h e s e d i m e n t s o u t h of F u m a r o le B u t t e ( F i g u r e 1) and t h e o t h e r s a t two l o c a t i o n s on t he b a s a l t ( P l a t e 1 ) . These l a t t e r l o c a t i o n s w e r e s e l e c t e d, FIGURE 1 G e n e r a l g e o l o g i c a n d h y d r o l o g i c map of F u m a r o le B u t t e a r e a s h o w i n g l o c a t i o n of S c h l u m b e r g e r s o u n d i n g on s e d i m e nt 8 o n t h e b a s i s of t h e d i p o l e - d i p o l e r e s i s t i v i t y - I P d a t a, f o r t h e i r l a t e r a l u n i f o r m i t y and t h e a p p a r e n t d i f f e r e n ce i n t h i c k n e s s of t h e b a s a l t i n t h e two a r e a s. The S c h l u m b e r g e r s o u n d i n g c u r v e s a r e m o d e l e d and t he m o d e l s a r e u s e d i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e d i p o l e - d i p o le d a t a t o d e t e r m i n e t h e t h i c k n e s s of t h e b a s a l t mesa and d e l i n e a t e i t s b a s a l c o n t a c t w i t h t h e u n d e r l y i n g s e d i m e n t. The d a t a a l s o a r e i n t e r p r e t e d q u a l i t a t i v e l y , and compos i t i o n a l m o d e l s of t h e b a s a l t - s e d i m e n t - g r o u n d w a t e r s y s t em a r e p r o p o s e d. T h i s s u r v e y i s p a r t of a b r o a d e r g e o t h e r m a l e x p l o r a t i o n p r o g r a m p r e s e n t l y b e i n g c o n d u c t e d by t h e D e p a r t m e nt o f G e o l o g y and G e o p h y s i c s of t h e U n i v e r s i t y of U t a h to s t u d y t h e a p p l i c a b i l i t y of v a r i o u s g e o s c i e n t i f i c t e c h n i q u e s i n a g e o t h e r m a l e n v i r o n m e n t. P r e v i o u s Work G i l b e r t (1890) p u b l i s h e d an i m p r e s s i v e s t u d y of t he g e o l o g y of t h e a r e a c o v e r e d by P l e i s t o c e n e Lake B o n n e v i l le w h i c h i n c l u d e d t h e f i r s t g e o l o g i c s t u d y of F u m a r o l e B u t t e. O t h e r d e s c r i p t i o n s of F u m a r o l e B u t t e w e r e p u b l i s h e d by L o u g h l i n ( 1 9 2 0 ) , C a l l a g h a n a n d Thomas (1939) , and I v es ( 1 9 4 7 ) . The F u m a r o l e B u t t e b a s a l t s w e r e m e n t i o n e d b r i e f ly b y E r i c k s o n (1963) and by Shawe (1972) . A m a s t e r 1 s t h e s is b y Hogg ( 1 9 7 2 a ) i n c l u d e d t h e f i r s t p u b l i s h e d p e t r o l o g ic s t u d y of t h e F u m a r o l e B u t t e f l o w s , as w e l l as t h e f l o ws a t Honeycomb H i l l s and F i s h S p r i n g s F l a t t o t h e w e s t. To t h e w e s t of F u m a r o l e B u t t e , t h e v o l c a n i c r o c k s of t h e Drum M o u n t a i n s v i c i n i t y h a v e b e e n d e s c r i b e d by B u t l e r, e t a l (1920) and Leedom (1.97 3) . The v o l c a n i c r o c k s of t h e Thomas Range t o t h e n o r t h w e s t h a v e b e e n d e s c r i b e d by E r i c k s o n ( 1 9 6 3 ) , S t a a t z ( 1 9 6 3 ) , S t a a t z and C a r r ( 1 9 6 4 ), a n d Shawe ( 1 9 7 2 ) ; t h o s e of t h e Keg (McDowell) M o u n t a i ns t o t h e n o r t h by E r i c k s o n (1963) and Shawe (1972) ; and t h o s e of D e s e r t M o u n t a i n t o t h e n o r t h e a s t by L o u g h l in ( 1 9 2 0 ) , Shawe ( 1 9 7 2 ) , and R e e s , e t a l ( 1 9 7 3 ) . E a s t of D e s e r t M o u n t a i n , i g n e o u s r o c k s of t h e T i n t i c M o u n t a i ns h a v e b e e n d e s c r i b e d by B u t l e r , e t a l ( 1 9 2 0 ) , Mabey and M o r r i s ( 1 9 6 7 ) , and M o r r i s and Kopf (1967) . The v o l c a n ic r o c k s of t h e m o u n t a i n s s u r r o u n d i n g F u m a r o l e B u t t e a re o l d e r t h a n t h e F u m a r o l e B u t t e r o c k s and g e n e r a l l y more a c i d i c . S i m i l a r t o t h e F u m a r o l e B u t t e r o c k s , t h e Q u a t e r n a ry b a s a l t s of t h e B l a c k Rock D e s e r t , s o u t h of F u m a r o le B u t t e , h a v e b e e n d e t a i l e d p e t r o g r a p h i c a l l y by G i l b e rt ( 1 8 9 0 ) and C o n d i e and B a r s k y ( 1 9 7 2 ) . The g e o c h e m i s t ry a n d o r i g i n of t h e s e b a s a l t s h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d by C o n d ie a n d B a r s k y (1972) , H o o v e r (1973) , a n d P u s h k a r and C o n d ie ( 1 9 7 3 ) . 10 T h e h y d r o l o g y of t h e S e v i e r D e s e r t ( i n c l u d i ng F u m a r o l e B u t t e ) h a s b e e n t h o r o u g h l y d e t a i l e d i n a g r o u n d w a t e r s t u d y by Mower and F e l t i s (1968) and t o a l e s s er e x t e n t by M e i n z e r ( 1 9 1 1 ) . Thermal g r a d i e n t s i n w e l l s in t h e v i c i n i t y of D e l t a h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d i n C a l l a g h a n and Thomas ( 1 9 3 9 ) . P u b l i c a t i o n s by M u n d o r f f ( 1 9 7 0 ) , C a l l a g h an a n d Thomas (19 3 9 ) , and C r i t t e n d e n (1951) h a v e d e s c r i b ed A b r a h a m Hot S p r i n g s , t h e l a t t e r two p a p e r s a l s o r e p o r t i ng on t h e m i n i n g of t h e s p r i n g d e p o s i t s f o r m a n g a n e s e. S p e c i f i c d a t a on t h e w a t e r q u a l i t y , q u a n t i t y , and t e m p e r a t u r e of Abraham Hot S p r i n g s h a v e b e e n i n c l u d e d i n P e a le ( 1 8 8 6 ) , G i l b e r t ( 1 8 9 0 ) , M e i n z e r ( 1 9 1 1 ) , S t e a r n s , e t al ( 1 9 3 7 ) , C a l l a g h a n and Thomas ( 1 9 3 9 ) , W a r i n g ( 1 9 6 5 ) , Mower a n d F e l t i s ( 1 9 6 8 ) , and M u n d o r f f ( 1 9 7 0 ). G e o p h y s i c a l s t u d i e s i n t h e v i c i n i t y h a v e i n c l u d e d a r e g i o n a l g r a v i t y s u r v e y i n t h e m o u n t a i n s t o t h e w e s t and n o r t h of F u m a r o l e B u t t e p u b l i s h e d by J o h n s o n and Cook (19 5 7 ) , g r a v i t y and a e r o m a g n e t i c s u r v e y s i n t h e T i n t ic V a l l e y a r e a (Mabey and M o r r i s , 1967), a s w e l l as o t h er g r a v i t y s u r v e y s e a s t of F u m a r o l e B u t t e (Cook, 1 9 6 9 ). R e g i o n a l a e r o m a g n e t i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n s p u b l i s h e d by Z i e t z, e t a l ( 1 9 6 9 ) , t h e U . S . G . S . ( 1 9 7 1 ) , and Shawe (1972) i n c l u d e d F u m a r o l e B u t t e i n t h e i r a r e a l c o v e r a g e ; t h e s t u dy b y Shawe c e n t e r i n g on t h e F u m a r o l e B u t t e a r e a and a n a l y z i ng a n o m a l i e s o v e r t h e T h o m a s , Keg, and D e s e r t M o u n t a i n s. I I GEOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY R e g i o n a l G e o l o gy F u m a r o l e B u t t e l i e s i n t h e n o r t h w e s t q u a r t e r of a s t u c t u r a l b a s i n , a p p r o x i m a t e l y 80 k i l o m e t e r s n o r t h - s o u th by 60 k i l o m e t e r s e a s t - w e s t , named t h e S e v i e r D e s e r t . The b a s i n i s a t y p i c a l B a s i n and Range g r a b e n s t r u c t u re w h o s e d e v e l o p m e n t b e g a n i n L a t e T e r t i a r y t i m e and h a s c o n t i n u e d t o t h e p r e s e n t (Mower and F e l t i s , 1 9 6 8 ) . It is b o r d e r e d on t h e w e s t , n o r t h and e a s t by n u m e r o u s m o u n t a in r a n g e s , and on t h e s o u t h by s e v e r a l v o l c a n i c f i e l d s , t he C r i c k e t M o u n t a i n s , and S e v i e r L a k e . The m o u n t a i n r a n g es a r e c o m p o s e d of P r e c a m b r i a n t h r o u g h T e r t i a r y age s e d i m e n t a r y , m e t a m o r p h i c , and i g n e o u s r o c k s ( B u t l e r , e t a l , 1920; C r a w f o r d , 1 9 6 3 ; H e y l m u n , 19 6 5 ; A r m s t r o n g , 1 9 6 8 ). N e a r t h e c e n t e r of t h e d e s e r t , 13 k i l o m e t e r s n o r t h w e s t of D e l t a , an o i l t e s t w e l l d r i l l e d t o a d e p t h of 2 , 4 5 7 m e t e r s (Gulf O i l No. 1 G r o n n i n g , S e c . 2 4 , T . 1 6 S . , R . 8 W . , M i l l a r d C o u n t y ) f a i l e d t o p e n e t r a t e t h e l i m e s t o n e s, s h a l e s , and q u a r t z i t e s t h a t c r o p o u t i n t h e s u r r o u n d i ng m o u n t a i n r a n g e s (Heylmun, 1 9 6 5 ; Mower and F e l t i s , 1968) . T h e r e f o r e , t h e b a s i n h a s d r o p p e d down m o r e t h a n 2 , 4 50 m e t e r s w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e s u r r o u n d i n g m o u n t a i n s. 13 Much of w e s t e r n U t a h w a s , a p p a r e n t l y , an u p l a n d a r ea i n E a r l y T e r t i a r y t i m e (Heylmun, 1965) and E a r l y T e r t i a ry l a c u s t r i n e s e d i m e n t s w e r e n o t d e p o s i t e d i n t h e S e v i er D e s e r t a r e a ( T a b l e 1 ) . Redbeds of T r i a s s i c ( ? ) or E a r ly T e r t i a r y (?) age w e r e e n c o u n t e r e d b e l o w 1 , 8 9 7 m e t e r s i n t he N o . 1 G r o n n i n g w e l l (Heylmun, 1 9 6 5 ; Mower and F e l t i s , 1 9 6 8 ). O v e r l y i n g t h e r e d b e d s , b e t w e e n 1,897 and 1 , 0 7 2 m e t e r s, v o l c a n i c r o c k s of L a t e E o c e n e t o M i d d l e M i o c e n e a g e , c o n s i s t i n g m o s t l y of a g g l o m e r a t e and c o a r s e s a n d s t o n e comp o s e d of v o l c a n i c f r a g m e n t s , w e r e e n c o u n t e r e d (Heylmun, 1 9 6 5 ) . B a s a l t f l o w s s e p a r a t e d by b e d s of s a n d s t o n e and c l a y s t o n e w e r e p e n e t r a t e d b e t w e e n 1 , 0 2 1 and 765 m e t e r s and b e t w e e n 765 and 652 m e t e r s t h e P l i o c e n e S a l t Lake (?) F o r m a t i o n was e n c o u n t e r e d (Heylmun, 1 9 6 5 ; Mower and F e l t i s , 1 9 6 8 ) . Above 652 m e t e r s , Q u a t e r n a r y l a c u s t r i n e , f l u v i a l, a n d s u b a e r i a l p r e - L a k e B o n n e v i l l e and Lake B o n n e v i l l e d e p o s i t s w e r e p e n e t r a t e d (Mower and F e l t i s , 1 9 6 8 ) . Heylmun ( 1 9 6 5 ) d e s c r i b e d t h e u p p e r 76 m e t e r s of t h e w e l l s e c t i on a s c o n t a i n i n g c o n s i d e r a b l e g y p s u m , f o s s i l s n a i l s and o s t r a c o d s . C e n o z o i c V o l c a n i c Rocks - In t h e Thomas R a n g e , and Keg and D e s e r t M o u n t a i n s , i m m e d i a t e l y t o t h e w e s t , n o r t h, a n d n o r t h e a s t of F u m a r o l e B u t t e , t h r e e m a j o r e p i s o d e s of v o l c a n i c a c t i v i t y w e r e i d e n t i f i e d by E r i c k s o n (19 6 3 ) and : 4 TABLE 1 - G e n e r a l i z e d s t r a t i g r a p h y of g e o l o g i c u n i ts i n t h e S e v i e r D e s e rt E r a P e r i o d E p o c h G e o l o g i c u n it -,- -.-, , D e s c r i p t i o n S i l t and c l ay S i l t and c l a y b e ds d e p o s i t s on c o n t a i n i n g or i n t e r - p l a y a s and b e d d e d w i t h e v a p o - m u d f l a t s r i t e d e p o s i t s. nt A l l u v i a l f a n and ocu f l u v i a t i l e d e p o s i ts Re< c o m p o s e d of b o u l d e rs g r a v e l , s a n d , s i l t, a n d c l a y ; p o o r to w e l l s o r t e d ; u n c o n s o l i d a t e d t o s e m i - c o n s o l i d a t e d . AlA l l u v i um l u v i a l f a n s a l o ng m o u n t a i n f r o n ts p a r t l y u n d e r l i e and A ry i n t e r f i n g e r w i th o P l e i s t o c e n e l a ke TO na d e p o s i t s . C o a r s er noz ter s e d i m e n t s a r e more a b u n d a n t and a n g u Ce ro l a r c l o s e t o t he Ce a m o u n t a i n s . CD W e l l - s o r t e d u n c o n > cen s o l i d a t e d t o s e m i - >c o n s o l i d a t e d l a k e - o +J b o t t o m s e d i m e n t s of U) •H CD f i n e s a n d , s i l t, c l a y , and m a r l ; d e l i- 1 PA L a k e B o n n e v i l l e d e p o s i t s t a i c d e p o s i t s of s a n d , g r a v e l , s i l t, a n d c l a y ; s h o r e l i ne d e p o s i t s of s a n d and g r a v e l ; and o f f s h o re l e n t i c u l a r d e p o s i ts of s a n d . The f i n e g r a i n e d s e d i m e n ts a r e n e a r l y as e x t e n s i v e a s t he l i m i t s of Lake Bonn e v i l l e i n t h e b a s i n .| 15 TABLE 1 - C o n t i n u ed E r a P e r i o d E p o c h G e o l o g i c u n it D e s c r i p t i o n Same g e n e r a l c h a r a c P r e - L a k e Bont e r a s L a k e B o n n e H CD CD G 13 CD CD n e v i l l e l a ke v i l l e d e p o s i t s b ut H d e p o s i t s b e l i e v e d t o b e l e ss rd G G G U G 0 G e x t e n s i v e . P. -H CD -P -P G -P *H CO -P •H G L a v a f l o w s a n d v o l rd 0 G CJ CD 0 «H O c a n i c c o n e s , c o n a - G, - V o l c a n i c s i s t i n g of b a s a l t, t u f f , and s c o r i a. E x p o s e d a s i s o l a t ed r o c k s m a s s e s on t h e f l o or o f t h e b a s i n ; b e 13 CD l i e v e d t o b e c o n G rj t e m p o r a n e o u s w i t h, •H o r a n t e c e d e n t t o . •P CD L a k e B o n n e v i l l e. Uo icei F a n g l o m e r a t e , g r a v el 0 o -H s i l t , m a r l y l i m e • Hn PI s t o n e , a n d b e n t o - N S a l t L a k e (?) n i t i c t u f f . P r o b 0 G F o r m a t i o n a b l y u n d e r l i e t he Ce P l e i s t o c e n e d e p o Ce tiar; s i t s i n t h e e n t i re b a s i n . ?er S i l t , s a n d , g r a v e l, CD CD G G CD a n d b o u l d e r s , s e m i - c o n s o l i d a t e d to c o n s o l i d a t e d , mode r a t e l y t o p o o r ly CD 0 O O -P o C o n g l o m e r a t e s s o r t e d . G r a v el O -H a n d b o u l d e r s a re W rH 0, s u b a n g u l a r to r o u n d e d . P a r t may b e t h e same a g e as t h e S a l t L a k e ( ?) F o r m a t i o n . 16 TABLE 1 - C o n t i n u ed E r a P e r i o d E p o c h G e o l o g i c u n it D e s c r i p t i o n Cenozoic (Continued) P d> rd 3 •H G -P "H P -P 0) G EH 0 CJ 0 9" •P d) d) G 3 d> d) G CJ O -H d) 0 P O -H C 0 rH 0 W Oi U I n t r u s i v e a n d e x t r u s i v e i g n e o u s r o c ks E x t r u s i v e t u f f s, f l o w s , a n d a g g l o m e r a t e s , a n d i n t r u s i v e s i l l s , d i k e s, p l u g s , a n d s t o c k s o f many p e t r o - g r a p h i c t y p e s. Pre-Cenozoic O -P CO G G rd O •H d) P O XI rd B -P rd 0) O P 0) CJ p CM S e d i m e n t a r y a n d m e t a m o r p h i c r o c k s S a n d s t o n e , c o n g l o m e r a t e , q u a r t - z i t e , s h a l e , a n d l i m e s t o n e o f M e s o - z o i c a n d P a l e o z o i c a g e , a n d q u a r t z i t e , t i l l i t e , s l a t e, p h y l l i t e , a n d a r - g i l l i t e of P r e c a m - b r i a n a g e. ( A f t e r Mower a n d F e l t i s , 196 8) |
