Below-gap excitation of ∏-conjugated polymer-fullerene blends: implications for bulk organic heterojunction solar cells

We used a variety of optoelectronic techniques such as broadband fs transient and cw photomodulation spectroscopies, electroabsorption, and short-circuit photocurrent in bulk heterojunctions organic solar cells for studying the photophysics in ∏-conjugated polymer-fullerene blends with below-gap excitation. In contrast to the traditional view, we found that below-gap excitation, which is incapable of generating intrachain excitons, nevertheless efficiently generates polarons on the polymer chains and fullerene molecules. The polaron action spectrum extends deep inside the gap as a result of a charge-transfer complex state formed between the polymer chain and fullerene molecule. With appropriate design engineering the long-lived polarons might be harvested in solar cell devices.