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TitleDescriptionType
51 Medullary Structures Relevant to Upbeat NystagmusThis is an axial section of the medulla, slightly more caudal as compared to (please refer to figure "medullary structures relevant to the ocular motor and vestibular consequences of the lateral medullary (Wallenberg) syndrome). Again seen are the inferior cerebellar peduncle (ICP) and caudal aspect...Image
52 Sagittal Section of the Brainstem Showing Structures Related to Normal Eyelid FunctionSeen here is a sagittal view of the brainstem, with the structures relevant to normal eyelid function highlighted. The M-group, which can be found medial to the riMLF (coordinates eye and lid movements), has (weak) projections to the facial nucleus for frontalis muscle contraction, and (strong) proj...Image
53 Central Anatomy of the Fourth NerveThe IVth or trochlear nucleus is located ventral to the central periaqueductal grey matter, dorsal to the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) and medial to the oculosympathetic tract at the level of the inferior colliculus. The fascicles of the IVth nerve travel dorsally and caudally around the cen...Image
54 Eyelid AnatomySeen here are the major muscles of eyelid opening and closure. The levator palpebrae, which is innervated by the oculomotor nerve, inserts on the tarsus via the levator aponeurosis and directly on the skin of the upper eyelid. The superior tarsal muscle (also known as Muller's muscle, which is inner...Image
55 Coronal Section of the Brainstem Showing Ocular Motor Nuclei and Anatomy of the Vestibular Nucleus (with SCC Inputs)(A) Seen here is a coronal view of the brainstem showing the locations of the ocular motor nuclei (IIIrd, IVth, VIth) as well as the nuclei of VII and VIII (vestibular and cochlear). The vestibular nucleus (VN) is divided into the inferior, lateral, medial, and superior subnuclei, and the medial ves...Image
56 Medullary Structures Relevant to the Ocular Motor and Vestibular Consequences of Lateral Medullary (Wallenberg) SyndromeThis is an axial section of the medulla showing the structures that, when damaged, are responsible for the vestibular and ocular motor features of the lateral medullary or Wallenberg syndrome. The nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (NPH) and medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) complex is important for horizo...Image
57 Pons: 6th, 7th, 8th, and Middle Cerebellar Peduncle AnatomyFrom this cross-section of the pons, the proximity of the 7th and 8th fascicles can be appreciated, and a lateral inferior pontine syndrome (anterior inferior cerebellar artery territory), which could involve both of these fascicles, could cause acute prolonged vertigo accompanied by a + ipsilateral...Image
58 Pons: 6th and 7th Nerve Anatomy and the Central Segmental TractFrom this cross-section of the pons, the proximity of the 6th nucleus to the 7th nerve fascicles is apparent. This is the basis of the so-called facial colliculus syndrome, where an ipsilesional horizontal gaze palsy from a nuclear 6th lesion (usually related to stroke or demyelination) can be seen ...Image
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