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CreatorTitleDescriptionSubjectDate
1 Normann, Richard A.Signal transmission from red cones to horizontal cells in the turtle retina1. Intracellular recordings were made from L-type horizontal cells in the retina of the turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans. The responses were evoked by 500 msec pulses of 'white' light. 2. L-type horizontal cells were classified as either, 'small receptive field' s.r.f. or 'large receptive field' l.r...Turtles; Synapses; Retina; Photoreceptors1979
2 Normann, Richard A.; Johansson,Torbjorn; Abbasi, Masoud; Huber, Robert J.Three-dimensional architecture for a parallel processing photosensing arrayA three-dimensional architecture for a photosensing array has been developed. This silicon based architecture consists of a 10 x 10 array of photosensors with 80 microns diameter, through chip interconnects to the back side of a 500 microns thick silicon wafer. Each photosensor consists of a 300 x 3...Retina; Optics; Silicon; Photosensing1992
3 Normann, Richard A.; Chandler, John P.Effects of calcium ions on L-type horizontal cells in the isolated turtle retinaA technique by which the retina can be isolated from the turtle eye is described. Scanning electron microscopy revealed morphological variability between preparations and also between regions of the same one. Large areas were often totally free of any pigment epithelial cells, yet contained a high p...Retina; Calcium; Horizontal Cell; Turtle1990
4 Normann, Richard A.Oscillations in rod and horizontal cell membrane potential: evidence for feed-back to rods in the vertebrate retina1. Rods and horizontal cells were studied with intracellular recordings in the retina of the toad, Bufo marinus; 161 cells were from the eyecup preparation and thirty were from the isolated perfused retina. 2. Of these cells, 39% exhibited either transient or sustained oscillations of membrane poten...Retina; Photoreceptors; Toads; Adaptation, Ocular1976
5 Normann, Richard A.Effects of background illumination on the photoresponses of red and green cones1. The photoresponses of light- and dark-adapted red and green cone photoreceptors were recorded intracellularly in the retina of the turtle, Pseduemys scripta elegans. Background illumination produced similar effects on both types of cones. 2. In response to the onset of a prolonged, steady backgro...Turtles; Adaptation, Ocular; Retina; Signal Transmission1979
6 Normann, Richard A.; Kolb, HelgaNeural organization of the retina of the turtle Mauremys caspica: a light microscope and Golgi studyThe organization of the retina of the turtle species Mauremys caspica, found in fresh water ponds of Israel, has been examined by light microscopical techniques including examination of fresh wholemount retina, one micron blue-stained vertical sections and Golgi-stained material. The anatomical find...Turtle Retina; Photoreceptors; Golgi Technique; Amarcine Cells1988
7 Normann, Richard A.Effects of GABA and related drugs on horizontal cells in the isolated turtle retinaThe role of GABA in the outer plexiform layer of the turtle retina has been examined by intracellular recordings from L- and C-type horizontal cells in the isolated retina preparation. GABA (1-5 mM) slightly depolarized the L-type horizontal cells, reduced the amplitude of their photoresponses, and ...Retina; Horizontal Cells; Synapse; Negative Feedback; GABA; Turtle1990
8 Normann, Richard A.Control of retinal sensitivity. I. Light and dark adaptation of vertebrate rods and conesRods and cones in Necturus respond with graded hyperpolarization to test flashes spanning about 3.5 log units of intensity. Steady background levels hyperpolarize the rods, and the rod responses become progressively smaller as background level is increased. In cones, higher background levels reduce...Retina;Light and Dark Adaptation; Recepters; Bipolars; Ganglion Cells1974
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