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Creator | Title | Description | Subject | Date |
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Gesteland, Raymond F.; Atkins, John F.; Wills, Norma M. | -1 frameshifting at a CGA AAG hexanucleotide site is required for transposition of insertion sequence IS1222 | The discovery of programmed _x0001_1 frameshifting at the hexanucleotide shift site CGA_AAG, in addition to the classical X_XXY_YYZ heptanucleotide shift sequences, prompted a search for instances among eubacterial insertion sequence elements. IS1222 has a CGA_AAG shift site. A genetic analysis re... | Hexanucleotides; Heptanucleotides; Frameshifting | 2004 |
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| AAMC Award for Distinguished Research presentation for 1998 | This is a 3 minutes, 51 seconds video of the presentation of the American Association of Medical Colleges' Award for Distinguished Research to Mario Capecchi and Oliver Smithies for their independent work as pioneers in gene targeting. | Transgenic mice; Gene targeting; Genetic engineering; Mutagenesis; Capecchi, Mario R.; Science - Awards - United States; Smithies, Oliver; Awards presentations | 1998 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Absence of radius and ulna in mice lacking hoxa-11 and hoxd-11. | Mice with targeted disruptions in Hox genes have been generated to evaluate the role of the Hox complex in determining the mammalian body plan. This complex of 38 genes encodes transcription factors that specify regional information along the embryonic axes. Early in vertebrate evolution an ancestra... | Alleles; Animals; Bone and Bones; Carpal Bones | 2003-09-02 |
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| Albert Lasker Awards Ceremony, 2001 | This is the 1 hour, 45 minutes, and 41 seconds video of the Lasker Awards Ceremony and Banquet held in September, 2001. The Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research was given to Mario R. Capecchi, Oliver Smithies, and Martin Evans for their work in genetic research. Martin Evans discovered h... | Capecchi, Mario R.; Gene targeting; Embryonic stem cells; Transgenic mice; Genetic engineering; Science - Awards - United States; Smithies, Oliver; Evans, Martin J.; Awards presentations | 2001 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Altered enzymes in drug-resistant variants of mammalian tissue culture cells. | Two selective procedures are compared in an effort to isolate variants of mouse L cells containing structural gene mutations. Among the resulting variant cloned cell lines are found two types of alterations in theenzyme hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (EC 2.4.2.8.) (1): enzyme with altered ... | Drug Resistance; Azaguanine; Clone Cells; Hypoxanthines | 1973-11 |
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Coffin, Cheryl M.; Capecchi, Mario R. | Alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas in conditional Pax3:Fkhr mice: cooperativity of Ink4a/ARF and Trp53 loss of function. | Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma is an aggressive childhood muscle cancer for which outcomes are poor when the disease is advanced. Although well-developed mouse models exist for embryonal and pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcomas, neither a spontaneous nor a transgenic mouse model of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma has... | Cell Differentiation; Forkhead Transcription Factors; Myogenic Regulatory Factors | 2004-11-01 |
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Gouw, Launce G.; McKenna, Catherine K.; Digre, Kathleen B.; Placek, Louis J. | Analysis of the dynamic mutation in the SCA7 gene shows marked parental effects on CAG repeat transmission. | The gene for spinocerebellar ataxia 7 (SCA7) includes a transcribed, translated CAG tract that is expanded in SCA7 patients. We have determined expansions in 73 individuals from 17 SCA7 kindreds and compared them with repeat lengths of 180 unaffected individuals. Subjects with abnormal expansions co... | Genetics; Biosynthesis; SCA7 Gene | 1998-03-07 |
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Rogers, Alan R.; Jorde, Lynn B. | Ascertainment bias in estimates of average heterozygosity | Population geneticists work with a nonrandom sample of the human genome. Conventional practice ensures that unusually variable loci are most likely to be discovered and thus included in the sample of loci. Consequently, estimates of average heterozygosity are biased upward. In what follows we descri... | Bias (Epidemiology); Biometry; Heterozygote | 1996-05 |
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Gesteland, Raymond F.; Ives, Jeffrey T.; Stockham, Thomas G. | Automated film reader for DNA sequencing based on homomorphic deconvolution | An automated reader for electrophoresis based DNA sequencing methods is described that provides fast and accurate sequence determination. Digitized sequencing lanes are processed with homomorphic blind deconvolution in preparation for peak detection, interlane alignment, peak refinement and base cal... | Sequence Analysis; Electrophoresis; Automated Film Reader; Homomorphic Deconvolution | 1994 |
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Digre, Kathleen B.; Gouw, Launce G.; Harris, Catherine P.; Haines, John H.; Ptacek, L.J. | Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia with retinal degeneration: clinical, neuropathologic, and genetic analysis of a large kindred. | The autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias (ADCA) comprise a heterogeneous group of neurologic disorders characterized by degeneration of the cerebellum, spinal cord, and brainstem. Genetic analysis has revealed two loci, SCA1 on chromosome 6p, and SCA2 on chromosome 12q, responsible for some ADCA. W... | Retinal Degeneration; Cerebellar Ataxia; Genetic Analysis | 1994-08 |
11 |
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Gesteland, Raymond F. | Cell-free synthesis of herpes simplex virus proteins | Polyribosomes isolated from herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1)-infected cells have been used to program a eucaryotic cell-free translation system. At least 10 HSV-specific polypeptides, with apparent molecular weights of 25,000 to 160,000, are synthesized by wild-type HSV-infected polyribosomes. Po... | Viral Proteins; Herpes Simplex; Peptide Biosynthesis; Thymidine Kinase | 1977 |
12 |
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Gesteland, Raymond F. | Characterization of lysozyme messenger and lysozyme synthesized in vitro | In vitro systems for protein systhesis have been in wide use for about 10 years. In most of the early work protein synthesis was measured by following the incorporation of radioactive amino acids into acid precipitable material. This test cannot distinguish between the synthesis of complete, activ... | Lysozyme Messenger; Lysozyme Synthesized; Protein Synthesis | 1969 |
13 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Characterization of three proteins involved in polypeptide chain termination. | At each stage of elongation, the growing polypeptide chain is bound to the ribosome-messenger RNA complex through the transfer RNA of the most recently incorporated amino acid residue. When the chain is complete, the last polypeptide-transfer RNA (tuna) ester linkage is cleaved, releasing the chain ... | Anti-Bacterial Agents; Phenylalanine; Stimulation, Chemical | 1969 |
14 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Choose your target. | The technology of modifying endogenous genes has recently been extended from mice to Drosophila and sheep. Concurrently, genomic sequencing is uncovering thousands of previously uncharacterized genes. Armed with today's technologies, what are our best options for delineating the functions of these n... | Animals; Mice; Sheep | 2000-09-13 |
15 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Cleft palate in mice with a targeted mutation in the gamma-aminobutyric acid-producing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase 67. | The functions of neurotransmitters in fetal development are poorly understood. Genetic observations have suggested a role for the inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the normal development of the mouse palate. Mice homozygous for mutations in the beta-3 GABAA rec... | Animals, Newborn; Crosses, Genetic | 1997-10-14 |
16 |
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Jorde, Lynn B. | Clinical and biochemical function of polymorphic NR0B1 GGAA-microsatellites in Ewing sarcoma: A report from the Childrens Oncology Group | Background: The genetics involved in Ewing sarcoma susceptibility and prognosis are poorly understood. EWS/FLI and related EWS/ETS chimeras upregulate numerous gene targets via promoter-based GGAA-microsatellite response elements. These microsatellites are highly polymorphic in humans, and prelimina... | | 2014-01-01 |
17 |
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Gesteland, Raymond F.; Wills, Norma M.; Atkins, John F. | Comparative studies of frameshifting and nonframeshifting RNA pseudoknots: a mutational and NMR investigation of pseudoknots derived from the bacteriophage T2 gene 32 mRNA and the retroviral gag-pro frameshift site | Mutational and NMR methods were used to investigate features of sequence, structure, and dynamics that are associated with the ability of a pseudoknot to stimulate a "1 frameshift. In vitro frameshift assays were performed on retroviral gag-pro frameshift-stimulating pseudoknots and their derivati... | Frameshifting; NMR; Pseudoknot; Retrovirus | 2002 |
18 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Creating mice with targeted disruptions in protooncogenes and homeobox genes, NIH Director's Lecture given May 21, 1992 | This is an audio transcript of a 1 hour, 2 minutes and 12 seconds lecture given at the National Institutes of Health by Mario Capecchi on 1992/05/21. Beginning with a short summary of the mechanics of gene transfer and the ability to create germline chimera with mutations that become hereditary wit... | Transgenic mice; Gene targeting; Genetic engineering; Molecular genetics; Mutagenesis; Homeobox genes; Histology - Pathological; Gene expression; Gene regulation; Genotype; Phenotype | 1992 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Critical role of tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme as revealed by gene targeting in mice | Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) generates the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II, which plays a critical role in maintenance of blood pressure in mammals. Although significant ACE activity is found in plasma, the majority of the enzyme is bound to tissues such as the vascular endothelium. We used ta... | Blood pressure; ACE activity; Enzyme | 1997-03-06 |
20 |
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Gesteland, Raymond F.; Krapcho, Karen J.; Talbot, Phil; Thulin, Craig | Crystallization of the MS2 translational repressor alone and complexed to bromouridine | The coat protein from the MS2 bacteriophage plays a dual role by encapsidating viral RNA and also by binding RNA as a translational repressor. In order to study the isolated dimer in a conformation not influenced by capsid interactions, a mutant molecule was crystallized that is defective in capsid ... | Crystallization; RNA Bacteriophage; RNA Hairpin; Translational Repressor | 1995 |
21 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Detection of targeted GFP-Hox gene fuogenesissions during mouse embry. | The ability to use a vital cell marker to study mouse embryogenesis will open new avenues of experimental research. Recently, the use of transgenic mice, containing multiple copies of the jellyfish gene encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP), has begun to realize this potential. Here, we show ... | Chimera; Crosses, Genetic; Gestational Age; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Phenotype | 1998-10-27 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Developmental defects of the ear, cranial nerves and hindbrain resulting from targeted disruption of the mouse homeobox gene Hox-1.6. | Gene targeting in mouse embryo-derived stem cells has been used to generate mice with a disruption in the homeobox gene Hox-1.6. Mice heterozygous at the Hox-1.6 locus appear normal, whereas Hox-1.6-/Hox-1.6- mice die at or shortly after birth. These homozygotes exhibit profound defects in the forma... | Chromosome Mapping; Genetic Vectors; Mice, Inbred C57BL | 2002-06-27 |
23 |
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Capecchi, Mario R.; Mansour, Suzanne L.; Thomas, Kirk R. | Disruption of the proto-oncogene int-2 in mouse embryo-derived stem cells: a general strategy for targeting mutations to non-selectable genes. | Gene targeting--homologous recombination of DNA sequences residing in the chromosome with newly introduced DNA sequences--in mouse embryo-derived stem cells promises to provide a means to generate mice of any desired genotype. We describe a positive nd negative selection procedure that enriches 2,00... | Animals; Clone Cells; Restriction Mapping; Stem Cells | 1988-11-24 |
24 |
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Gesteland, Raymond F.; Atkins, John F.; Baranov, Pavel V. | Diverse bacterial genomes encode an operon of two genes, one of which is an unusual class-I release factor that potentially recognizes atypical mRNA signals other than normal stop codons | ABSTRACT: Background: While all codons that specify amino acids are universally recognized by tRNA molecules, codons signaling termination of translation are recognized by proteins known as class-I release factors (RF). In most eukaryotes and archaea a single RF accomplishes termination at all three... | Class-I release factors; RF1; RF2; Bacterial genomes | 2006 |
25 |
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Gesteland, Raymond F.; Letsou, Anthea; Ivanov, Ivaylo P.; Simin, Karl; Atkins, John F. | Drosophila gene for antizyme requires ribosomal frameshifting for expression and contains an intronic gene for snRNP Sm D3 on the opposite strand | Previously, a Drosophila melanogaster sequence with high homology to the sequence for mammalian antizyme (ornithine decarboxylase antizyme) was reported. The present study shows that homology of this coding sequence to its mammalian antizyme counterpart also extends to a 5* open reading frame (ORF... | Ornithine decarboxylase antizyme; Binding proteins | 1998 |
26 |
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Gesteland, Raymond F.; Atkins, John F.; Ingram, Jennifer A.; Kelly, Paul J.; Grentzmann, Guido | Dual-luciferase reporter system for studying recoding signals | A new reporter system has been developed for measuring translation coupling efficiency of recoding mechanisms such as frameshifting or readthrough. A recoding test sequence is cloned in between the renilla and firefly luciferase reporter genes and the two luciferase activities are subsequently measu... | Amino Acid Sequence; Genes, Reporter; HIV; Antizyme; Translation | 1998 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Duplication of the Hoxd11 gene causes alterations in the axial and appendicular skeleton of the mouse. | The Hox genes encode a group of transcription factors essential for proper development of the mouse. Targeted mutation of the Hoxd11 gene causes reduced male fertility, vertebral transformation, carpal bone fusions, and reductions in digit length. A duplication of the Hoxd11 gene was created with th... | Animals; Bone Development; Forelimb; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental | 2002-09-01 |
28 |
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Gesteland, Raymond F.; Alam, Steve L.; Nelson, Chad; Felden, Brice; Atkins, John F. | Effects of 3'-terminal phosphates in RNA produced by ribozyme cleavage | During the course of a structural investigation of a selenocysteine insertion element from rat Type 1 iodothyronine 59-deiodinase (D1 SECIS), we wished to prepare milligram quantities of an RNA that comprised the upper stem/loop of this RNA structure (41 nt; Fig+ 1A)+ This stem/loop is a stimul... | In vitro runoff transcription; RNA; Trans-acting ribozymes | 1998 |
29 |
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Thomas, Kirk R.; Capecchi, Mario R. | Efficient correction of mismatched bases in plasmid heteroduplexes injected into cultured mammalian cell nuclei. | Heteroduplexes were prepared from two plasmids, pRH4-14/TK and pRH5-8/TK, containing different amber mutations in the neomycin resistance gene (Neor). The Neor gene was engineered to be expressed in both bacterial and mammalian cells. A functional Neor gene conferred kanamycin resistance to bacteria... | Cell Nucleus; Cells, Cultured; Microinjections | 1985-01 |
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Gesteland, Raymond F.; Weiss, Robert B. | Efficient shine- Dalgarno sequence but not translation is necessary for LacZ mRNA stability in Escherichia coli | The 5' ends of many bacterial transcripts are important in determining mRNA stability. A series of Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence changes showed that the complementarity of the SD sequence to the anti-SD sequence of 16S rRNA correlates with lacZ mRNA stability in Escherichia coli. Several initiation c... | Protein Biosynthesis; Ribosomes; Escherichia coli; Shine-Dalgarno Sequence | 1994 |
31 |
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Gesteland, Raymond F.; Atkins, John F.; Howard, Michael T. | Efficient stimulation of site-specific ribosome frameshifting by antisense oligonucleotides | Evidence is presented that morpholino, 2_x0001_-O-methyl, phosphorothioate, and RNA antisense oligonucleotides can direct sitespecific âˆ'1 translational frameshifting when annealed to mRNA downstream from sequences where the P- and A-site tRNAs are both capable of re-pairing with âˆ'1 frame c... | Recoding; Frameshifting; Antisense; Morpholino; Phosphorothioate; 2_x0001_-O-methyl | 2004 |
32 |
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Lopansri, Bert; Stoddard, Gregory J.; Hobbs, Maurine R.; Granger, Donald Lee | Elevated plasma phenylalanine in severe malaria and implications for pathophysiology of neurological complications. | Cerebral malaria is associated with decreased production of nitric oxide and decreased levels of its precursor, l-arginine. Abnormal amino acid metabolism may thus be an important factor in malaria pathogenesis. We sought to determine if other amino acid abnormalities are associated with disease sev... | Dystonia; Phenylalanine Hydroxylase; Tyrosine | 2006-06-01 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Establishment of mammalian cell lines containing multiple nonsense mutations and functional suppressor tRNA genes. | We describe the generation of mammalian cell lines carrying amber suppressor genes. Nonsense mutants in the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV tk) gene, the Escherichia coli xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (Eco-gpt) gene and the aminoglycoside 3' phosphotransferase gene of the Tn... | Cercopithecus aethiops; Escherichia coli; Xenopus | 1982-11-30 |
34 |
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Gesteland, Raymond F.; Atkins, John F. | Evolutionary specialization of recoding: frameshifting in the expression of S. cerevisiae antizyme mRNA is via an atypical antizyme shift site but is still +1 | An autoregulatory translational shift to the +1 frame is required for the expression of ornithine decarboxylase antizyme from fungi to mammals. In most eukaryotes, including all vertebrates and a majority of the studied fungi/yeast, the site on antizyme mRNA where the shift occurs is UCC-UGA. The me... | Antizyme; ODC; Polyamines; Frameshifting | 2006 |
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Gesteland, Raymond F.; Baranov, Pavel V.; Atkins, John F. | Expression levels influence ribosomal frameshifting at the tandem rare arginine codons AGG_AGG and AGA_AGA in Escherichia coli | ABSTRACT: The rare codons AGG and AGA comprise 2% and 4%, respectively, of the arginine codons of Escherichia coli K-12, and their cognate tRNAs are sparse. At tandem occurrences of either rare codon, the paucity of cognate aminoacyl tRNAs for the second codon of the pair facilitates peptidyl-tRNA... | Gene expression; Frameshifting; E. coli; Arginine codons | 2005 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Expression of a microinjected porcine class I major histocompatibility complex gene in transgenic mice. | A porcine class I major histocompatibility complex (SLA) gene has been introduced into the genome of a C57BL/10 mouse. This transgenic mouse expressed SLA antigen on its cell surfaces and transmitted the gene to offspring, in which the gene is also expressed. Skin grafts of such transgenic mice were... | Genetic Engineering; Graft Rejection; Mice, Inbred C57BL | 1985-05-03 |
37 |
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Mansour, Suzanne L. | Fgf10 is required for specification of non-sensory regions of the cochlear epithelium | The vertebrate inner ear is a morphologically complex sensory organ comprised of two compartments, the dorsal vestibular apparatus and the ventral cochlear duct, required for motion and sound detection, respectively. Fgf10, in addition to Fgf3, is necessary for the earliest stage of otic placode ind... | | 2014-01-01 |
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Moon, Ann M.; Capecchi, Mario R. | Fgf8 is required for outgrowth and patterning of the limbs. | The expression pattern and activity of fibroblast growth factor-8 (FGF8) in experimental assays indicate that it has important roles in limb development, but early embryonic lethality resulting from mutation of Fgf8 in the germ line of mice has prevented direct assessment of these roles. Here we rep... | Animals; Body Patterning; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; Ectoderm | 2000-12-26 |
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Gesteland, Raymond F.; Atkins, John F. | Frameshifting in gene 10 of bacteriophage T7 | Gene 10 of bacteriophage T7, which encodes the most abundant capsid protein, has two products: a major product, 10A (36 kDa), and a minor product, 10B (41 kDa). 10B is produced by frameshifting into the -1 frame near the end of the 10A coding frame and is incorporated into the capsid. The frameshift... | Frameshifting; Bacteriophage T7; RNA, Viral; Gene Expression | 1991 |
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| Franklin Institute award dinner and ceremony held May 1, 1997 | This is a 1 hour, 42 minutes, 53 seconds video of the 1997 Franklin Institute Awards Banquet and Ceremony. The awards included a summary of each winner's achievements, the presentation of the award, and an acceptance speech. The award winners included Ralph L. Brinster, the Bower Award and Prize f... | Transgenic mice; Gene targeting; Genetic engineering; Molecular genetics; Mutagenesis; Homeobox genes; Histology - Pathological; Gene expression; Gene regulation; Genotype; Phenotype | 1997 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Fundamental cellular processes do not require vertebrate-specific sequences within the TATA-binding protein. | The 180-amino acid core of the TATA-binding protein (TBPcore) is conserved from Archae bacteria to man. Vertebrate TBPs contain, in addition, a large and highly conserved N-terminal region that is not found in other phyla. We have generated a line of mice in which the tbp allele is replaced with a v... | Mice, Knockout; Cells, Cultured; Fibroblasts; Embryo | 2003-02-21 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Gene targeting. How efficient can you get? | With targeting in Leishmania and Trypanosoma, there are now greater incentives to develop the technology in organisms of intermediate complexity such as Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila. The ratio of homologous to nonhomologus recombination in these organisms might prove to be greater than in m... | Animals; DNA Mutational Analysis; Recombination, Genetic | 1990-11-08 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Gene targeting: tapping the cellular telephone. | Gene targeting means that we now have the potential to generate mice of virtually any desired genotype. In the first instance, standards recombinant DNA technology is used to alter a cloned DNA sequence of a chosen locus; the modified potent stem cell derived from a mouse embryo, and homologous reco... | Animals; Blotting, Southern; Bone and Bones; Gene Targeting; Genotype; Immunochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Mice | 1990-03-08 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Generating mice with targeted mutations. | Mutational analysis is one of the most informative approaches available for the study of complex biological processes. It has been particularly successful in the analysis of the biology of bacteria, yeast, the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Extension ... | Animals; Recombination, Genetic; Stem Cells | 2001-10-01 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Genetic interaction between hoxb-5 and hoxb-6 is revealed by nonallelic noncomplementation. | hoxb-5 and hoxb-6 are adjacent genes in the mouse HoxB locus and are members of the homeotic transcription factor complex that governs establishment of the mammalian body plan. To determine the roles of these genes during development, we generated mice with a targeted disruption in each gene. Three ... | Alleles; CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; Cervical Vertebrae; DNA-Binding Proteins; Forelimb; Genetic Complementation Test | 1995-01-01 |
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Rogers, Alan R.; Harpending, Henry C. | Genetic structure of ancient human populations | Discusses mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences as important source of data about the history of human species. | Tree of descent; Mismatch distributions; Simulations; Findings; Intermatch distributions; Younger and older populations | 2001-09-15 |
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| Genetics in Utah : NPR talk of the nation, science Friday for May 15, 1998 | This is a 1 hour, 9 seconds audio transcript of National Public Radio's Science Friday that was taped at Westminster College of Salt Lake on 1998/05/15. The host, Ira Flatow, leads a panel composed of University of Utah scientists and researchers, Jeffrey Bodkin, Mario Capecchi, Ray Gesteland, Mark... | Genetic engineering; Molecular genetics; Capecchi, Mario R.; Homeobox genes; Science - Moral and ethical aspects; Human chromosome abnormalities - Diagnosis | 1998 |
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Bernstein, Paul S.; Leppert, Mark F. | Genotype-phenotype analysis of ABCR variants in macular degeneration probands and siblings | PURPOSE: Single-copy variants of the autosomal recessive Stargardt disease (STGD1) gene ABCR (ABCA4) have been shown to confer enhanced susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). To investigate the role of ABCR alleles in AMD further, genotype-phenotype analysis was performed on sibli... | DNA Mutational Analysis; Nuclear Family; Phenotype | 2002 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | High efficiency transformation by direct microinjection of DNA into cultured mammalian cells. | Direct microinjection of DNA by glass micropipettes was used to introduce the Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene into cultured mammalian cells. When DNA was delivered directly into the nuclei of LMTK-, a mouse cell line deficient in thymidine kinase activity, 50--100% of the cells expressed ... | Cell Nucleus; Cytoplasm; DNA, Viral; Microinjections; Recombination, Genetic | 1980-11-22 |
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Thomas, Kirk R.; Capecchi, Mario R. | High-fidelity gene targeting in embryonic stem cells by using sequence replacement vectors. | Mutations were targeted to the Hprt locus in murine embryonic stem cells by using sequence replacement vectors. When the vector was designed such that the mutated sequences were flanked on both sides by several kilobases of DNA homologous to the target locus, replacement of chromosomal sequences wit... | Drug Resistance; Gene Rearrangement; Gentamicins | 1992-07 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Homologous recombination between coinjected DNA sequences peaks in early to mid-S phase. | We have examined the effect of cell cycle position on homologous recombination between plasmid molecules coinjected into synchronized rat fibroblasts. Recombination activity was found to be low in G1 and to rise 10- to 15-fold, peaking in early to mid-S phase. | Cell Line; Kinetics; Plasmids | 1986-06 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Housekeeping gene xanthine oxidoreductase is necessary for milk fat droplet enveloping and secretion: gene sharing in the lactating mammary gland. | Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is the rate-limiting enzyme in purine catabolism occurring in most cell types. However, this housekeeping gene is expressed at very high levels in a number of mammalian tissues including the lactating mammary epithelium, suggesting additional roles for XOR in these tiss... | Body Weight; Cell Differentiation; Cell Membrane; Epithelium | 2002-12-15 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | How close are we to implementing gene targeting in animals other than the mouse? | Describes several significant contributions that bring us much closer to extending ‘‘gene targeting'' to mammalian species other than the mouse. Gene targeting now provides the means for creating new strains of mice with mutations in virtually any gene. First, the desired mutation is introduced ... | Cattle; Mutagenesis; Mice; Humans; Ethics, Medical | 2000-02-01 |
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Rogers, Alan R. | How much can fossils tell us about regional continuity? | Presents a study on the genetic contribution of earlier populations to later populations within regions called regional continuity. Testing for regional continuity with multiple characters; Replacement of archaic population by a population of modern humans. | Human genetics; Fossils; Regional continuity | 2006-06-05 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Hox genes and mammalian development | We have examined the interactions of Hox genes in forming a cervical vertebrae, hindbrain, and limbs. In each case, it is apparent that individual Hox genes are performing individual functions but that more profound roles are apparent when they act in combination with others Hox genes. The observed ... | Drosophila; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Homozygote | 1997 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Hox group 3 paralogous genes act synergistically in the formation of somitic and neural crest-derived structures. | Hox genes encode transcription factors that are used to regionalize the mammalian embryo. Analysis of mice carrying targeted mutations in individual and multiple Hox genes is beginning to reveal a complex network of interactions among these closely related genes which is responsible for directing th... | Abnormalities, Multiple; Gene Targeting; Glossopharyngeal Nerve; Mice, Knockout; Morphogenesis | 1997-12-15 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Hox group 3 paralogs regulate the development and migration of the thymus, thyroid, and parathyroid glands. | The thymus, thyroid, and parathyroid glands in vertebrates develop from the pharyngeal region, with contributions both from pharyngeal endoderm and from neural crest cells in the pharyngeal arches. Hoxa3 mutant homozygotes have defects in the development of all three organs. Roles for the Hoxa3 para... | Animals, Newborn; Calcitonin; Ectoderm; Gene Dosage; Genotype; Mice, Mutant Strains; Phenotype | 1998-03-01 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Hox10 and Hox11 genes are required to globally pattern the mammalian skeleton. | Mice in which all members of the Hox10 or Hox11 paralogous group are disrupted provide evidence that these Hox genes are involved in global patterning of the axial and appendicular skeleton. In the absence of Hox10 function, no lumbar vertebrae are formed. Instead, ribs project from all posterior ve... | Alleles; Animals; Forelimb; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Hindlimb | 2003-07-18 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Hox11 paralogous genes are essential for metanephric kidney induction | The mammalian Hox complex is divided into four linkage groups containing 13 sets of paralogous genes. These paralogous genes have retained functional redundancy during evolution. For this reason, loss of only one or two Hox genes within a paralogous group often results in incompletely penetrant phen... | Metanephric; Six2; Wt1 | 2002-06-01 |
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Capecchi, Mario R.; Tvrdik, Petr | Hoxb1 functions in both motoneurons and in tissues of the periphery to establish and maintain the proper neuronal circuitry. | Formation of neuronal circuits in the head requires the coordinated development of neurons within the central nervous system (CNS) and neural crest-derived peripheral target tissues. Hoxb1, which is expressed throughout rhombomere 4 (r4), has been shown to be required for the specification of facial... | Rhombomere 4; Branchiomotor; Cranial Nerve | 2004-07-04 |
61 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Hoxb13 mutations cause overgrowth of caudal spinal cord and tail vertebrae | To address the expression and function of Hoxb13, the 5' most Hox gene in the HoxB cluster, we have generated mice with loss-of-function and beta-galactosidase reporter insertion alleles of this gene. Mice homozygous for Hoxb13 loss-of-function mutations show overgrowth in all major structures deriv... | Animals; Axons; Ganglia, Spinal; Mice; Spinal Cord | 2003-04-15 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Hoxb8 is required for normal grooming behavior in mice. | Repertoires of grooming behaviors critical to survival are exhibited by most animal species, including humans. Genes that influence this complex behavior are unknown. We report that mice with disruptions of Hoxb8 show, with 100% penetrance, excessive grooming leading to hair removal and lesions. Add... | Aging; Alleles; Animals, Newborn; Behavior, Animal; Bone and Bones; Disease Models, Animal; Mice, Knockout Nerve Net | 2002-01-03 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Hoxc13 mutant mice lack external hair | Hox genes are usually expressed temporally and spatially in a colinear manner with respect to their positions in the Hox complex. Consistent with the expected pattern for a paralogous group 13 member, early embryonic Hoxc13 expression is found in the nails and tail. Hoxc13 is also expressed in vibri... | Filiform papillae; Homozygotes; Paralogous | 1998-01-01 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Illegitimate cre-dependent chromosome rearrangements in transgenic mouse spermatids. | The bacteriophage P1 Cre/loxP system has become a powerful tool for in vivo manipulation of the genomes of transgenic mice. Although in vitro studies have shown that Cre can catalyze recombination between cryptic "pseudo-loxP" sites in mammalian genomes, to date there have been no reports of loxP-si... | Chromatin; Female; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Phenotype | 2000-12-05 |
65 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | In vivo and in vitro tissue-specific expression of green fluorescent protein using the cre-lox system in mouse embryonic stem cells. | Embryonic stem cells (ES) are pluripotent and may therefore serve as a source for the generation of specific cell types required for future therapies based on cell replacement. The isolation of defined cell populations from a certain lineage or tissue is a prerequisite for the analysis of the potent... | Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cells, Cultured; Gene Transfer Techniques; Mice, Transgenic | 2005-10-23 |
66 |
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Gesteland, Raymond F.; Atkins, John F. | Influence of the stacking potential of the base 3' of tandem shift codons on -1 ribosomal frameshifting used for gene expression | Translating ribosomes can shift reading frame at specific sites with high efficiency for gene expression purposes. The most common type of shift to the 1 frame involves a tandem realignment of two anticodons from pairing with mRNA sequence of the form X XXY YYZ to XXX YYY Z where the spaces indicate... | 1 frameshifting; 39 context effect; Codon anticodon interaction; Escherichia coli ; Recoding; tRNALys; XXXY YYZ frameshift motifs | 2002 |
67 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Initiation of E. coli proteins. | Recent experiments and theoretical arguments suggest that formylmethionyl sRNA is employed as an initiator of protein synthesis. Studies also indicated that other phage proteins synthesized in the in vitro system were initiated with formylmethionine. These observations provided a basis for believin... | Alanine; Chromatography, Paper; Dipeptides | 1966-06 |
68 |
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Mansour, Suzanne L.; Thomas, Kirk R.; Capecchi, Mario R. | Introduction of a lacZ reporter gene into the mouse int-2 locus by homologous recombination. | We demonstrate that the frequency of gene targeting is unaffected by the length of nonhomologous DNA transferred to a target chromosomal sequence. A result of this finding is that a much wider spectrum of designed genomic alterations is now feasible. As a first application, we inserted a 5.4-kilobas... | Blotting, Southern; Cell Differentiation; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Restriction Mapping | 1990-10 |
69 |
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Thomas, Kirk R.; Capecchi, Mario R. | Introduction of homologous DNA sequences into mammalian cells induces mutations in the cognate gene. | Injection of homologous DNA sequences into nuclei of cultured mammalian cells induces mutations in the cognate chromosomal gene. It appears that these mutations result from incorrect repair of a heteroduplex formed between the introduced and the chromosomal sequence. This phenomenon is termed 'heter... | Animals; Cell Line; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Fibroblasts; Mice; Models, Genetic; Neomycin; Plasmids | 1986-11-06 |
70 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Introduction: the molecular genetic analysis of mouse development | This paper is an introduction of seven different papers presented in "Seminars in developmental biology" on Molecular Genetic Analysis of Mouse Development . The first paper, by Janet Rossant, describes very early mouse development. The second paper, by Frank Conlon and Rosa Beddington provide an i... | Embryo Culture Techniques; Genes | 1995-04 |
71 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Isolation and characterization of Caenorhabditis elegans DNA sequences homologous to the v-abl oncogene. | DNA sequences homologous to the v-abl oncogene were isolated from a Caenorhabditis elegans genomic library by their ability to hybridize with a v-src probe. The DNA sequence of 2465 nucleotides of one clone was determined. This region corresponds to the 5' protein kinase domain of v-abl plus approxi... | Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Base Sequence; Gene Expression Regulation; Transcription, Genetic | 1986-04 |
72 |
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| KSL News clip of Mario Capecchi receiving the National Medal of Science for 1991 | This 1 minute, 44 seconds news clip from Salt Lake City's KSLTV, Channel 5 shows Mario Capecchi receiving the National Medal of Science for 1991 from President George W. Bush at the June 13, 2002 awards ceremony. The medal was presented for Capecchi's work in genetics and his development of the pro... | Transgenic mice; Gene targeting; Capecchi, Mario R.; Science - Awards - United States; Television broadcasting of news | 1992-06 |
73 |
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| KUTV news featurette on cloning, molecular genetics, and disease aired November 9, 1997 | This 3 minutes, 1 second video clip from Salt Lake City's KUTV, Channel 2 features a short interview with Mario Capecchi concerning cloning and its use in molecular genetics and the study of human diseases. | Gene targeting; Genetic engineering; Molecular genetics; Cancer Research; Capecchi, Mario R.; Science - Moral and ethical aspects; Human chromosome abnormalities - Diagnosis; Television feature stories | 1997-11-09 |
74 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Lack of angiotensin II-facilitated erythropoiesis causes anemia in angiotensin-converting enzyme-deficient mice | While nephrologists often observe reduced hematocrit associated with inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), the basis for this effect is not well understood. We now report that two strains of ACE knockout mice have a normocytic anemia associated with elevated plasma erythropoietin levels... | ACE | 2000-10-31 |
75 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Lessons from angiotensin-converting enzyme-deficient mice. | Mice which lack ACE have low systolic blood pressure, reduced male fertility and a renal abnormality characterized by medullary hypoplasia and the inability to concentrate urine. The diverse phenotypes caused by inactivation of a single gene emphasize the many functional roles of ACE and the renin-q... | Blood Pressure; Cell Line;Fertility; Kidney; Testis | 1991-11-01 |
76 |
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| Local television news clips for June 14, 1994 featuring Mario Capecchi | This is a compilation of news clips from Salt Lake City's four major commercial television stations (Channels 2, 4, 5, and 13) lasting a total of 2 minutes, 59 seconds. The topic is Capecchi's winning of the General Motors Corporation's Alfred P. Sloan Jr. Prize for Outstanding Basic Science Contrib... | Transgenic mice; Gene targeting; Cancer - Research - Awards; Capecchi, Mario R.; Science - Awards - United States; Television broadcasting of news | 1994-06-14 |
77 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Location and function of retroviral and SV40 sequences that enhance biochemical transformation after microinjection of DNA. | Biochemical transformation of thymidine-kinase-deficient (TK-) mouse L cells is enhanced 20 to 40 fold when microinjected plasmid DNA contains regions of the genomes of Rous sarcoma virus or simian virus 40 in addition to the complete herpes simplex virus tk gene, irrespective of the orientation and... | Animals; Base Sequence; Genes, Viral; Plasmids; Thymidine Kinase | 1983-07-01 |
78 |
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Thomas, Kirk R.; Capecchi, Mario R. | Location of crossovers during gene targeting with insertion and replacement vectors. | Gene targeting was used to introduce nonselectable genetic changes into chromosomal loci in mouse embryo-derived stem cells. The nonselectable markers were linked to a selectable marker in both insertion- and replacement-type vectors, and the transfer of the two elements to the Hprt locus was assaye... | Genetic Vectors; Molecular Sequence Data; Restriction Mapping | 1993-04 |
79 |
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Thomas, Kirk R.; Capecchi, Mario R. | Maintenance of functional equivalence during paralogous Hox gene evolution. | Biological diversity is driven mainly by gene duplication followed by mutation and selection. This divergence in either regulatory or protein-coding sequences can result in quite different biological functions for even closely related genes. This concept is exemplified by the mammalian Hox gene comp... | Alleles; Animals; Cervical Vertebrae; Embryo; Genetic Complementation Test; Homeodomain Proteins; Homozygote; Mice | 2000-02-10 |
80 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Male fertility is dependent on dipeptidase activity of testis ACE. | Testis angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is an isozyme exclusively expressed by developing sperm. This protein has only a single catalytic domain containing the HEXXH consensus-site motif typical of zinc metallopeptidases. The exact role of testis ACE is unknown, but male mice lacking the protein ... | Amino Acid Motifs; Blotting, Western; Catalytic Domain; Comparative Study; Isoenzymes; Protein Structure, Tertiary | 2005-11-11 |
81 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Measurement of suppressor transfer RNA activity. | Transfer RNA (tRNA) suppression of nonsense mutations in prokaryotic systems has been widely used to study the structure and function of different prokaryotic genes. Through genetic engineering techniques, it is now possible to introduce suppressor (Su+) tRNA molecules into mammalian cells. A quanti... | Animals; Cells, Cultured; Eukaryotic Cells; Genes, Viral; Mice; Orthomyxoviridae; Peptide Chain Termination, Translational; Protein Biosynthesis | 1983-08-26 |
82 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Mice with targeted disruptions in the paralogous genes hoxa-3 and hoxd-3 reveal synergistic interactions. | The Hox genes encode transcription factors which mediate the formation of the mammalian body plan along the anteroposterior and appendicular axes. Paralogous Hox genes within the separate linkage groups are closely related with respect to DNA sequence and expression, suggesting that they could have ... | Animals; Atlas; Homozygote; Mice; Models, Genetic | 1994-07-28 |
83 |
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Eichwald, Ernst; Capecchi, Mario R.; Thomas, Kirk R. | Mouse model for the delta F508 allele of cystic fibrosis | The most common cause of cystic fibrosis is a mutation that deletes phenylalanine 508 in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). The delta F508 protein is misprocessed and degraded rather than traveling to the apical membrane. We used a novel strategy to introduce the delta F508 ... | Digestive System; Disease Models, Animal; Electrolytes; Mice, Inbred C57BL | 1995-10 |
84 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | N-formylmethionyl-sRNA as the initiator of protein synthesis. | A bizarre fast about Nterminal groups of bacterial proteins. Instead of a random mixture, that the great majority of N-terminal groups were either methionine or alanine. This finding suggested that methionine and alanine constituted start signals for the initiation of polypeptide chains. Alternative... | Electrophoresis; Formates; In Vitro; Methionine | 1966-01-01 |
85 |
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| National Medals of Science and Technology Awards (2001) Ceremony and Banquet, held June 13, 2002 | This 51 minutes, 5 seconds video is divided into two parts: the first part is a film introducing the award winners and their achievements; the second is the presentation of the actual awards by George W. Bush, President of the United States. Medal winners were: Mario R. Capecchi for his pioneering... | Molecular genetics; Gene targeting; Transgenic mice; Gene expression; Genetic engineering; Capecchi, Mario R.; Science - Awards - United States; Awards presentations | 2002 |
86 |
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Thomas, Kirk R.; Capecchi, Mario R. | Nonreciprocal exchanges of information between DNA duplexes coinjected into mammalian. cell nuclei | We have examined the mechanism of homologous recombination between plasmid molecules coinjected into cultured mammalian cells. Cell lines containing recombinant DNA molecules were obtained by selecting for the reconstruction of a functional Neor gene from two plasmids that bear different amber mutat... | Animals; Cells, Cultured; DNA Restriction Enzymes; Kinetics | 1985-01 |
87 |
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Gesteland, Raymond F.; Atkins, John F. | Origin and destiny of adenovirus proteins | Lytic infection of human cells by adenovirus proceeds by a temporal expression of genes. Classically two phases have been defined: an early phase, which includes events occurring before the onset of DNA synthesis (8 hours), and a late phase, including events whose existence depends on the onset of... | Protein Biosynthesis; DNA, Viral; Adenoviridae; RNA, Viral; Time Factors | 1975 |
88 |
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Rogers, Alan R.; Jorde, Lynn B. | Origins and affinities of modern humans: a comparison of mitochondrial and nuclear genetic data | To test hypotheses about the origin of modern humans, we analyzed mtDNA sequences, 30 nuclear restriction-site polymorphisms (RSPs), and 30 tetranucleotide short tandem repeat (STR) polymorphisms in 243 Africans, Asians, and Europeans. An evolutionary tree based on mtDNA displays deep African branch... | Base Sequence; Variation (Genetics); Base Sequence | 1995 |
89 |
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Gesteland, Raymond F.; Atkins, John F.; Baranov, Pavel V. | P-site tRNA is a crucial initiator of ribosomal frameshifting | The expression of some genes requires a high proportion of ribosomes to shift at a specific site into one of the two alternative frames. This utilized frameshifting provides a unique tool for studying reading frame control. Peptidyl-tRNA slippage has been invoked to explain many cases of programmed ... | Translation; Recoding; Kinetic Model; Frameshifting; Ribosome | 2004 |
90 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Paralogous mouse Hox genes, Hoxa9, Hoxb9, and Hoxd9, function together to control development of the mammary gland in response to pregnancy. | Although the role of Hox genes in patterning the mammalian body plan has been studied extensively during embryonic and fetal development, relatively little is known concerning Hox gene function in adult animals. Analysis of mice with mutant Hoxa9, Hoxb9, and Hoxd9 genes shows that these paralogous g... | Embryonic and Fetal Development; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Genotype; Mice, Knockout | 1999-01 |
91 |
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Gesteland, Raymond F. | Pattern of protein synthesis in monkey cells infected by simian virus 40 | After infection of several permanent monkey cell lines by simian virus 40 (SV40), four additional protein bands can be detected by simple sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of whole-cell extracts. These bands appear only after the onset of viral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) syn... | Monkeys; Simian virus 40; Peptides; DNA, Viral/biosynthesis | 1972 |
92 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Patterns of integration of DNA microinjected into cultured mammalian cells: evidence for homologous recombination between injected plasmid DNA molecules. | We examined the fate of DNA microinjected into nuclei of cultured mammalian cells. The sequence composition and the physical form of the vector carrying the selectable gene affected the efficiency of DNA-mediated transformation. Introduction of sequences near the simian virus 40 origin of DNA replic... | Base Sequence; Cell Line; Genes, Viral; Genetic Vectors; Mice; Microinjections | 1982-11 |
93 |
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Hansen, Mark S.; Coffin, Cheryl M.; Capecchi, Mario R. | Pax3:Fkhr interferes with embryonic Pax3 and Pax7 function: implications for alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma cell of origin. | To investigate the role of the translocation-associated gene Pax3:Fkhr in alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas, we generated a Cre-mediated conditional knock-in of Pax3:Fkhr into the mouse Pax3 locus. Exploring embryonic tumor cell origins, we replaced a Pax3 allele with Pax3:Fkhr throughout its expression do... | Neuroprogenitor; Embryogenesis | 2004-11-01 |
94 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Polypeptide chain termination in vitro: isolation of a release factor. | The growing polypeptide chain remains bound to the ribosome-messenger RNA complex through the sRNA carrying the last amino acid incorporated into the polypeptide chain.' On completion of the polypeptide chain a mechanism must exist for releasing it from the protein-synthesizing machinery. To date, m... | Carbon Isotopes; Phenylalanine; Proteins | 1967-09-01 |
95 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Polypetide chain termination. Purification of the release factors, R1 and R2, from Escherichia coli. | We have extensively purified the release factors RI and Rz from Escherichia coli. These proteins can each mediate polypeptide chain termination. The physiological substrate for this reaction is a completed polypeptide chain in a peptidyl- transfer RNA-messenger RNA-ribosome complex. The reaction con... | Acrylates; Detergents | 1971-02-25 |
96 |
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Gesteland, Raymond F.; Atkins, John F.; Felden, Brice; McCutcheon, John P. | Probing the structure of the Escherichia coli 10Sa RNA (tmRNA) | The conformation of the Escherichia coli 10Sa RNA (tmRNA) in solution was investigated using chemical and enzymatic probes. Single- and double-stranded domains were identified by hydrolysis of tmRNA in imidazole buffer and by lead(II)-induced cleavages. Ribonucleases T1 and S1 were used to map unpai... | Covariation; Pseudoknot; Structural Probing; 10Sa RNA; tmRNA | 1997 |
97 |
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Gesteland, Raymond F. | Processing of adenovirus 2-induced proteins | Analysis of (35)S-methionine-labeled extracts of adenovirus 2-infected KB cells revealed 22 virus-induced polypeptide components. Most proteins of the virion were easily detected in extracts of whole cells labeled for short periods between 15 and 30 h after infection; however, several virion compone... | Adenoviridae; Viral Proteins; Protein Precursors; Methionine; Mouth Neoplasms | 1973 |
98 |
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Gesteland, Raymond F.; Ivanov, Ivaylo P.; Atkins, John F. | Programmed frameshifting in the synthesis of mammalian antizyme is +1 in mammals, predominantly +1 in fission yeast but "2 in budding yeast | The coding sequence for mammalian ornithine decarboxylase antizyme is in two different partially overlapping reading frames with no independent ribosome entry to the second ORF. Immediately before the stop codon of the first ORF, a proportion of ribosomes undergo a quadruplet translocation event t... | Antizyme; Frameshifting; Ornithine decarboxylase antizyme; Recoding; S. pombe | 1998 |
99 |
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Gussin, Gary N.; Capecchi, Mario R. | Protein synthesis directed by DNA phage messengers. | Even through the amino acids corresponding to most of the 64 nucleotide triplets are now known, several important aspects of the genetic code are not yet fully understood. In particular we need more knowledge about the "punctuation marks" of the code-for example, the signals necessary for the initia... | Carbon Isotopes; Escherichia coli; Genetic Code; Methionine | 1967-09-01 |
100 |
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Capecchi, Mario R. | Purification and characterization of mouse hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. | Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPR transferase) (EC 2.4.2.8) has been purified approximately 4500-fold to apparent homogeneity from mouse liver. The procedure involves the use of affinity chromatography and was designed to be readily adaptable to small scale isolations. The enzyme ... | Buffers; Centrifugation, Density Gradient; Chromatography, Affinity; Chromatography, Gel; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel | 1975-01-31 |