OCR Text |
Show and surface tension of the test fuels were measured because equipment was available and all three were needed for calculations involved with atomization. The kinematic viscosity and higher heating value for the fuels were obtained by standards as set forth by ASTM. Kinematic viscosity was measured according to ASTM D445 using Cannon-Fenscke routine viscometers. The higher heating values for liquid fuels at constant volume were measured according to ASTM D240. Both an adiabatic and isothermal plain jacket oxygen bomb calorimeter were used to measure the heating value for the pure fuels, and consistent results were obtained. Due to the high evaporation rate of MEK and Dioxalane, a volatile fuel sample holder was used. The higher heating value for the blends was found using the mole fraction determined from volume fractions. The lower heating value was calculated from the higher heating value by the use of the combustion equation along with a necessary assumption for the hydrocarbon content of SFO. The density of the fuels was measured using the principle of buoyancy. A stainless steel buoy of known volume and mass was submerged into the fuel and weighed by use of a beam balance. The temperature of the fuel was measured because of its influence on density. The drop weight method (22) was used to measure the surface tension of the fuels in air at room temperature. The equipment used consisted of a buret with a special ground removable tip (23), a beaker, and a beam balance. The tip was ground such that the surface was flat with sharp edges. The tip was installed on the buret, and the flow was regulated to no less than twenty seconds between drops. A clean beaker was weighed and placed under the buret to collect drops. A minimum of ten drops was collected, the beaker was weighed and the volume per drop and mass of fuel were found. A correction factor to account for non-ideal behavior was obtained (22). * From these data, the surface tension was determined. *See Appendix A for details. -17- |