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Show P h o t o E s s ay PALEOINDIAN POINT TYPES OF NORTHERN UTAH Dann J. Russell, Promontory/Tubaduka Chapter, Utah Statewide Archaeological Society, 2581 W. 5000 S., Roy, UT 84067 Mark E. Stuart, Promontory/Tubaduka Chapter, Utah Statewide Archaeological Society, 2054 E. 6550 S., Uinta, UT 84405 Northern Utah residents have recovered a wide variety of Paleoindian and Paleoarchaic point types that belong to periods ranging from over 12,000 to 7000 B.P. or later. Some of these points have been documented individually (Russell 1993), but a collective grouping to describe and provide general provenience for them (Figure 1), as well as to present good-quality photographs seems appropriate. We organize the descriptions and photographs by point type, beginning with the earliest, and by the locality of finds. All of the specimens reported here were found on the surface. None of the sites or individual specimens is dated, either directly or through site context. However, age ranges are known for the types based on dates from sites in other regions, especially the Plains, and we report those age ranges in radiocarbon years (Pitblado 2003:Chapter 5). We also include descriptions and photographs of some unknown types in the hope that better documentation of variability in what may be early points may improve the typologies. Figure 1. Map of Localities. m 9 Salt Lake City UTAH ARCHAEOLOGY 15(1)2002 pp. 49-66 49 50 UTAH ARCHAEOLOGY 2002 CLOVIS POINTS (12,000 TO 10,900 B.P.) Clovis points are named for a site where they were first examined in 1932 near Clovis, New Mexico, and represent the oldest easily identifiable American culture. Clovis people hunted mammoth and bison. The typical Clovis point is leaf shaped, with parallel or slightly convex sides, a concave base, and ground basal edges. An easily identifiable feature is the flute, a large channel flake scar on both sides beginning at the base and extending upward, rarely exceeding half the length (Smith 2002:1). cm Clovis point from locality a. This point is made of grayish brown chert similar to that from the Green River area. The concave base has shallow flutes on both sides and is heavily ground one-half the way up the blade. The tip was reworked on the left portion of the blade. It was found at the edge of a plowed field overlooking the Bear River near Hampton Ford. Located near Collinston, Hampton Ford was a major crossing of the Bear River for many years, which perhaps was used prehistorically. The dimensions are 8.3 cm long and 3.1 cm wide. PHOTO ESSAY 51 FOLSOM POINTS (10,800 TO 10,500 B.P.) Folsom points are named after a bison kill site near Folsom, New Mexico that was discovered in 1926 by George McJunkin (Bostrom 2002:7). Folsom points are generally leaf shaped and smaller than Clovis points. The sides are parallel to convex, the base is concave, and they exhibit some basal edge grinding. Most are extremely thin, having pressure flaked retouched edges, and channel flutes on both sides running from the base to the tip. b ] cm Folsom point from locality b. This Folsom midsection was found in the Cherry Creek area north of the Little Sahara Sand Dune Recreational Area. The material is an extremely fine, light tan chert, and has a glossy appearance that suggests heat-treating. It is very thin and shows a high quality of workmanship. The flutes may have extended from the base to the tip on both sides. The dimensions are 2.5 cm long by 2.2 cm wide. 52 UTAH ARCHAEOLOGY 2002 HASKETT POINTS (10,500 TO 9350 B.P.) B. Robert Butler named Haskett points after Parley Haskett, who discovered them at a site alongside a secondary road leading to a lake in Power County, southeastern Idaho (Butler 1978:64; Russell 1993:79). There are two varieties of Haskett points. Type I Haskett points are broadest and thickest near the tip, which accounts for only one-third of the total point length. The stem, which accounts for the other two-thirds of the point, tapers in, and down to a thin and rounded end. The edges of the stem are usually heavily ground. Type II Haskett points are much longer than Type I, and are broadest and thickest midway from the tip to the base. The edges are uniformly excurvate and ground near the basal end. Both types exhibit broad, collateral flaking patterns. Haskett points from localities c and d. The point from locality c, near Snowville, appears to be a typical Type I Haskett. It has broad collateral flaking scars, a heavily ground stem, and is the thickest in the one-third of its length from the tip. It is constructed of high quality jet-black obsidian. The base is missing. The dimensions are 11.4 cm long and 2.7 cm wide at the widest point. The remaining six points and basal fragments are from locality d, north of Kelton. Several of these were reported and illustrated with pen and ink drawings in Utah Archaeology (Russell 1993:79). All are typical Type I Haskett points. The material for all specimens except the one on the far right is high quality obsidian. The non-obsidian specimen is made from an olive green chert. All show evidence of basal edge grinding. The specimen shown second from the left was missing its base when originally recovered, but the base was found and the pieces glued together for a photograph. Only a small nick on the lower left remains missing. This reconstructed Haskett is 9.7 cm long and 2.7 cm wide at its widest point. The specimen also shows evidence of re-sharpening, compared to the specimen to its left from locality c. PHOTO ESSAY 53 AGATE BASIN POINTS (10,500 TO 9600 B.P.) F. H. Roberts named this type after specimens found at the Agate Basin site in 1916. Agate Basin points are long and slender with parallel or slightly convex sides. Bases can be convex, concave, or straight. In cross section, these points are lenticular in both length and width. They exhibit collateral flaking. Edges are ground from one-fourth to one-half the length beginning at the base (Roberts 1962:90). cm Agate Basin points from localities e, f, and g. The point from locality e was found during a period of extremely low water level on the North Fork Arm of Pineview Reservoir above Ogden. Made from cream-colored quartzite, the lower one-third of its basal edge is heavily ground. It exhibits beautiful collateral flaking and is 10.5 cm long by 2.4 cm wide. The point from locality f was found in the Pilot Range in eastern Nevada. It is made of light brown and tan chert. The base is heavily ground with the tip showing definite reworking. The sides are slightly convex and in cross section, it is lenticular in both length and width. The collateral flaking is broad and random. The dimensions are 8.5 cm long and 2.5 cm wide. Locality g is in the Ant Flats area of Monte Cristo in Cache County. This point is made from a creamy white chert similar to that found at an extensive lithic quarry site located near the East Fork of the Little Bear River. One side is badly weathered, obscuring the collateral flaking that is more evident on the other side. The base is concave and is ground one-third of the way up. Several other bases similar to this have been found in the same area. The dimensions are 7.1 cm long and 1.5 cm wide. 54 UTAH ARCHAEOLOGY 2002 HELL GAP POINTS (10,450 TO 9350 B.P.) The Hell Gap point type is named for a site near Guernsey, Wyoming. Very similar to Type I Haskett points, the edges are always incurvate from the base to a point about two-thirds of the way to the tip. The last one-third of the point is the widest and the points typically have a blunt tip. There is no regular flaking pattern and the flakes feather out in the middle of a lenticular cross section. Like Agate Basin points, the base can be convex, straight, or concave. Basal edge grinding can extend over 50 percent of the edge (Pitblado2003:89). h cm Hell Gap point from locality h. This point was reportedly found at a low water level in the Antelope Flats area at Flaming Gorge Reservoir. It is made from a pinkish-brown fine-grained quartzite and shows evidence of basal edge grinding. The widest point is approximately two-thirds of the distance from the base to the tip. It is thinner than a Haskett point, and lenticular in cross section. The tip is somewhat blunt and the base is straight to slightly concave. The flaking pattern is collateral and shallow, with no identifiable median ridge. The dimensions are 9.9 cm long and 2.8 cm wide at its widest point. PHOTO ESSAY 55 BIRCH CREEK POINTS (11,000 TO 7200 B.P.) Birch Creek points derive their name from the Birch Creek Valley in Idaho. They contain a short tip section, a long, parallel-edged basal section that is heavily ground, and a broad, flat, slightly oblique base. The entire point has broad collateral flaking scars which feather at the midline on both faces so that the point has a smooth lenticular cross section lacking a median ridge (Butler 1978:62-64). ] cm Birch Creek point from locality i. This point was found in the vicinity of Connor Spring in the Blue Springs Hills north of the Great Salt Lake. It is made from gem quality red chert with occasional streaks of blue. It has collateral flaking, and is heavily ground; so much so, that it appears to be stemmed, and could possibly be taken as a Type I Scottsbluff point. Because of its smooth lenticular cross section, which lacks a median ridge, here it is classified as a Birch Creek point. It is 5.3 cm long and 1.5 cm wide. 56 UTAH ARCHAEOLOGY 2002 ALBERTA POINTS (9900 TO 8600 B.P.) There is no type-site for Alberta points. The name was suggested by H. Marie Wormington to describe several surface finds in Alberta and Saskatchewan (Wormington 1957:134). This style of point was first found in situ at the Hell Gap site in Wyoming. Wormington also observed that Alberta points," are commonly found in sites that yield Scottsbluff points, and they resemble them sufficiently that it seems probable that there is some close relationship" (Wormington 1957:134). The points exhibit collateral to transverse parallel flaking, a short stem with parallel sides, abrupt shoulders, a lenticular to diamond-shaped cross section, and a somewhat blunted tip. sis?- ^4 ] cm Alberta points from localities j and i. The Alberta point on the left from locality j appears to have been sharpened several times and was finally discarded. Found in the Blue Creek area near Thiokol, it is made out of a yellow-orange agate. It has collateral flaking, a short stem with parallel sides, abrupt shoulders, and a blunted tip (probably due to the re-sharpening). It is 5.7 cm long and 3.0 cm wide. The large point in the center was also found in the Blue Creek area. It was in two pieces and was glued for photography. The joint is visible, and runs from the lower left shoulder to the upper right midsection. It is reported that the break was modern, but the specimen also shows some prehistoric damage near its somewhat blunted tip. The stem is short, parallel sided, and with the typically abrupt shoulders. Made from a light creamy tan chert, the dimensions are 9.5 cm long and 2.7 cm wide at its widest. The point on the right is from locality i, the Connor Spring area, where the point was found along the Gilbert shoreline of Lake Bonneville/Great Salt Lake. It is made from yellow-red agate and shows a collateral flaking pattern. Although smaller than the other specimens, the stem is heavily ground and exhibits very abrupt shoulders. The dimensions are 4.6 cm long and 1.9 cm wide. PHOTO ESSAY 57 GREAT BASIN STEMMED POINTS (10,700 TO 7550 B.P.) Great Basin Stemmed points cover a wide variety of Late Pleistocene-Holocene point forms across the west. Tuohy and Layton (1977:2) introduced the term and they wrote, 'a convenient, stop-gap taxonomic device has been concocted (by two of us) to assist in our hour of need.. .We decided to assign all of the early stemmed point forms.. .to a newly coined 'Great Basin Stemmed Series' of projectile points." These points are highly variable, ranging in size from small to large, with random to collateral flaking patterns. They contain a basal stem, usually long, with parallel to convergent sides, and shoulders that are smooth to abrupt. m m cm Great Basin Stemmed points from localities k, I, and m. The point on the left is from locality k, near Grouse Creek. Made from black ignimbrite, and is weathered. The base is ground, and the tip shows signs of an impact fracture. This point has the characteristics of a Lake Mojave point, a type defined by Charles Amsden (1937) from terraces bordering Lake Mohave in southeastern California. Lake Mohave points are often lozenge-shaped, with long contracting stems and rounded bases (Heizer and Hester 1978:12). The base of this specimen is somewhat straight, however, with some basal thinning as found in Pinto Basin points. Thus, it may be of the "Lake Mohave-Pinto" tradition (Heizer and Hester 1978:13). The dimensions are 3.9 cm long and 2.2 cm wide. The point from locality I was found in a dune field along the Gilbert Shoreline of Lake Bonneville/Great Salt Lake, near the sinks of Dove Creek and Muddy Creek southwest of Park Valley. It is made from black ignimbrite and is badly weathered. The tip was resharpened, probably several times, and the stemmed base is heavily ground. Other than lacking a rounded stem, it has the general appearance and flaking pattern of a Lind Coulee point (Pitblado 2003:92-97). The dimensions are 4.6 cm long and 3.4 cm wide. The tip shown second from right is from locality m, where it was found in an eroded dune field near Hogup Cave. It is made from moderately glossy ignimbrite. It is fairly thin and may be produced from a large secondary flake instead of a bifacial preform. Only the uppermost portion of a stem remains, but it shows basal grinding. A type cannot be assigned, but if it is similar to the point to its right, it could be a Cougar Mountain or Parman point (Pitblado 2003:92-97). The dimensions are 4.2 cm long and 2.2 cm wide. The base shown on the far right was also found in locality m. It is made of the same ignimbrite, but exhibits a higher quality of craftsmanship. It has a uniform, convex cross section, and pronounced basal grinding. It may be a Cougar Mountain or Parman point (Pitblado 2003:92-97). The dimensions are 2.8 cm long and 1.9 cm wide. 58 UTAH ARCHAEOLOGY 2002 EDEN POINTS (9500 TO 8200 B.P.) Eden point types are part of the Cody Complex, but are narrower and that lack the prominent stem of a Scottsbluff point (Wormington 1957:267. The type locality for Eden points is the Finley Site, named after O. M. Finley, and located near Eden, Wyoming. Any insets that define a stem are most likely the result of basal grinding. Flaking patterns are usually collateral to transverse, creating a pronounced median ridge that is often diamond-shaped. ] cm Eden points from localities d and k. The tip fragment is from locality d, north of Kelton, where it was found in an alkaline wash surrounded by greasewood and short sagebrush. The material is high quality, glassy, transluscent obsidian similar to that found near Malad, Idaho. It has a definite median ridge, a cross section approaching a diamond shape, and well-defined parallel transverse flaking scars. The dimensions are 4.5 cm long by 1.2 cm wide at the break. The point on the right is from locality k in the Grouse Creek Mountains. Made from black ignimbrite, it is narrow, shows both transverse and oblique parallel flaking with a prominent median ridge, and a cross section that is diamond shaped. The base has been snapped, but there are signs of basal grinding. The dimensions are 6.9 cm long and 2.1 cm wide. PHOTO ESSAY 59 SCOTTSBLUFF POINTS (9400 TO 8300 B.P.) Scottsbluff points take their name from the type-site, the Scottsbluff Bison Quarry in western Nebraska (Pitblado 2003:81). Wormington found points at this site and designated them "Type I" specimens (Wormington 1957:137). Type I Scottsbluff points have triangular or parallel-sided blades, small shoulders, and broad stems. Flaking patterns range from transverse parallel to irregular, and cross sections are thick ovals. Basal edge grinding is common. Type II Scottsbluff points are similar to Type I, but exhibit wider triangular blades, thinner, lenticular cross sections, and well-defined shoulders. m ] cm Scottsbluff points from localities f, d, and m. The point from locality f was found in the foothills of the Pilot Range in eastern Nevada. It appears to be a Type I Scottsbluff due to its broad stem and small shoulders. It is made from a high quality olive green chert. Some reworking is suggested. The dimensions are 5.2 cm long and 2.1 cm wide at the base. The point from locality d, north of Kelton, was found in a dune field mixed with greasewood and short sagebrush. It appears to be a Type II Scottsbluff because of its thin, lenticular cross section, smaller stem, and defined shoulders. The material resembles a brown, marbled chert found in western Wyoming. The glossy appearance suggests this material was heat-treated. The dimensions are 4.3 cm long and 1.8 cm wide. The basal fragment is from locality m, and was found in the same dune field near Hogup Cave as the Great Basin Stemmed points shown above. It appears to be a Type II Scottsbluff because of its defined shoulders. It is made from basalt and is basally ground. The dimensions are 2.4 cm long and 1.9 cm wide at the base. 60 UTAH ARCHAEOLOGY 2002 JIMMY ALLEN AND FREDERICK POINTS (9350 TO 7900 B.P.) Jimmy Allen and Frederick points are distinct because of their oblique flaking pattern, and parallel to slightly divergent basal sides (Pitblado 2003:112). Named for the James Allen site in eastern Wyoming, Jimmy Allen points are lanceolate in shape, and have a uniform, lenticular cross section, with thin, sharp, regular edges. The lateral edges are usually parallel at mid-section and a deeply pronounced concave base. The basal corners are rounded and the flaking pattern is parallel oblique (Mulloy 1959:114). The Hell Gap site in Wyoming is the type site for the Frederick point (Pitblado 2003:112). Characteristics of the Frederick point are the same as the Jimmy Allen, except that the concave base is not as pronounced. n o m ] cm Jimmy Allen and Frederick points from localities n, o, m and h. The basal fragment at the left was found in locality n, the Monte Cristo area of northeastern Weber County. Made from white quartzite, it has the deep concave base typical of a Jimmy Allen point that forms prominent ears. It was ground and exhibits fine parallel oblique flaking. The dimensions are 2.7 cm long and 2.0 cm wide. The basal fragment from locality o was found at the head of Echo Canyon near Castle Rock. Classified here as a Frederick point, it has parallel oblique flaking, and a slightly concave, ground base. It is made from a tiger chert similar to that found in southwestern Wyoming. The dimensions are 2.8 cm long and 2.4 cm wide. The fragment from locality m is from same area near Hogup Cave as the Great Basin Stemmed and Scottsbluff points above. It is also made of basalt. It is classified as a Frederick point because of its concave base and parallel oblique flaking pattern. It shows evidence of basal edge grinding. The dimensions are 2.6 cm long and 2.1 cm wide. The fragment from locality h was found on the alkaline salt flats of the Harold Crane Wildlife Management Area northwest of Ogden. The point was near an oxbow of an old creek channel, possibly associated with the mouths of the Bear River or Willard Creek. Made out of ignimbrite, it does not show any evidence of grinding; perhaps it was broken during the manufacturing process and never finished with grinding. It has a concave base with parallel oblique flaking, hence is classified as a Frederick point. The dimensions are 2.7 cm long and 2.3 cm wide. The crescent shown in a later section of this article was found only several feet away. PHOTO ESSAY 51 ANGOSTURA POINTS (9700 TO 7550 B.P.) Angostura points are named after the Angostura Reservoir near Hot Springs, South Dakota. Originally known as "Yumas", they are long and slim with a straight, or slightly concave base. These points are often stemless, and grinding typically occurs on the sides, not on the basal edges. The flaking pattern is usually parallel oblique, with long, narrow, shallow scars running from upper left to lower right (Russell 1962:82; Pitblado 2003:113). ] cm Angostura point from locality d. This midsection fragment was found near a slightly elevated mound covered with greasewood and sagebrush northwest of Kelton. The material is a tan and brown chert similar to that found near the fresh water springs in the Liberty to Avon divide area between Ogden Valley and Cache Valley. The midsection has a symmetrical lenticular cross section and excellent parallel oblique flaking scars running from upper left to lower right. The dimensions are 4.1 cm long by 1.8 cm wide. 62 UTAH ARCHAEOLOGY 2002 LOVELL CONSTRICTED POINTS (9350 TO 7700 B.P.) The Lovell Constricted point type was proposed by W. M. Husted to describe lanceolate points that are medium to large, with lenticular cross sections, and convergent toward the base (Pitblado 2003:100). The points are crudely flaked, from parallel to oblique, or even randomly. The bases are slightly concave, ground, and have pronounced stems that give them a "waisted" appearance. They are similar to a Pryor Stemmed point except that their edges are not beveled, and they lack a parallelogram shaped cross section (Pitblado 2003:99). n cm Lovell Constricted point from locality n. This point was in a lithic scatter in the Monte Cristo area. It is made of a gray-olive green chert similar to that used for other points found in northwestern Utah. The point is heavily weathered, almost obliterating the collateral to random flaking pattern. It is lenticular in cross section, convergent towards the base, with no apparent edge beveling. The base is slightly concave, stemmed, and ground. The dimensions are 8.1 cm long by 2.2 cm wide. PHOTO ESSAY 63 CRESCENTS (9000 TO 7000 B.P.) Crescents are found along the margins of ancient lake beds in the Great Basin and the Mohave Desert, often in association with other Paleoindian and Paleoarchaic stone artifacts. At the Sunshine Well locality in eastern Nevada, crescents were part of assemblages dating between 7,000 to over 9,000 B.P. (Hutchinson 1988:303). These flaked tools are crescent or half moon in shape. Also known as Great Basin Transverse points, the wear patterns often seen in the center concavity once suggested a specific use: "crescent-like arrowheads or bolt-heads, with a broad hollowed edge, were used in hunting in the Middle Ages, and some are preserved in museums. The Roman Emperor Commodus is related to have shown his skill in archery by beheading the ostrich when at full speed with crescent-headed arrows" (Heizer and Hester 1978:15). Crescents are highly variable, and wear frequently occurs on both the concave and convex edges. Sometimes the ends are tanged or spurred and thought to be hafted, sickle-like knives. Crescents were thus most likely a form of chipped stone tool that could be employed for multiple purposes (Hutchinson 1988:315-316). ] cm Crescents from localities I, a, and h. The crescent from locality I was found in a sand dune field near the sinks of Grouse Creek. It is made from high quality yellowish-gold agate with a dark stripe. The dimensions are 4.9 cm long and 1.6 cm wide. This crescent from locality a was found in the same area as the Clovis point shown above, near the Hampton Ford on the Bear River. It is made from brownish-black chert similar to that found in the Green River, Wyoming area. Both ends show use-wear as possible gravers. The dimensions are 4.1 cm long and 1.6 cm wide. The crescent from locality h was found in association with the Frederick point shown above. As previously stated, both were found near an old creek channel, possibly associated with the present day Bear River or Willard Creek. It is made from an opaque black ignimbrite. The dimensions are 4.0 cm long by 1.4 cm at its widest point. 64 UTAH ARCHAEOLOGY 2002 UNKNOWN POINTS Many Paleoindian and Paleoarchaic points do not readily fit into known types. These points often have characteristics of several different types, or vary too much from any known type, and thus avoid typing simply because they are so unusual. The following points are from localities that yield some of the other early points shown here, but could not be grouped into any known type. They may be similar in age to the early types from these areas, and we show them here with the hope that as more unusual specimens are reported, a typology might be constructed. cm cm Lanceolate points from localities i and d. The point from locality i was found along the Gilbert Shoreline of Lake Bonneville/Great Salt Lake, near Connor Spring. It is made of black obsidian and has a slightly ground base. The tip was reworked and the entire blade shows signs of several resharpenings. It may be of the Western Pluvial Lakes Tradition (Willig, Aikens, and Fagan 1988:408). It is 5.6 cm long and 2.3 cm wide. The point from locality d near Kelton, was found only three meters away from Scottsbluff point shown above. The material appears to be a marbled tan and brown chert similar to that found near Cedar Hills, Wyoming, in the Flaming Gorge area. The appearance is dull, lacking the glossiness often associated with heat-treating. The tip appears to be missing and basal grinding is pronounced. Perhaps it was refurbished for use as a point, or a drill. The dimensions are 4.3 cm long by 1.4 cm wide at the base. Fluted point from locality d. This point was found in the Wildcat Hills area near Kelton, and in some respects resembles a Windust point (Pitblado 2003:102). It has definite flutes on both sides with pressure flake scars intruding into the flute. This may indicate that it is a reworked remnant of a Clovis base. It has an incurvate cutting edge and is made of high quality, opaque, black obsidian. The dimensions are 5.6 cm long and 3.0 cm wide. PHOTO ESSAY 65 DISCUSSION According to David G. Anderson and Michael K. Faught (2002:3), . . . comparatively little is known about Paleoindian settlement and occupation in many parts of the New World. A number of sites have been excavated and many Paleoindian artifacts have been documented on local scales. When such data are compiled in larger frameworks, however, they can tell us important things. Fluted and other lanceolate projectile points are currently the most unambiguous diagnostic indicators of Paleoindian occupation. Information about their occurrence is one way, short of excavation and absolute dating procedures, that we can estimate the extent and magnitude of these early occupations. By recording information about Paleoindian projectile points, including enough descriptive data to recognize subtypes or varieties, we should eventually accumulate enough information to document local Paleoindian settlement patterns, and changes in these patterns over time. Equally important, we may come to better recognize landform types or specific sites where undisturbed assemblages may occur. The specimens shown here suggest the wide variety of Paleoindian occupation in northern Utah. Most western states contain vast public lands, and these represent a potentially large resource to the archaeological community. We hope that by demonstrating the presence of widespread Paleoindian cultural resources in Utah, archaeologists, as well as state and federal agencies, will give greater attention to documenting and studying the Utah record of the earliest period of human occupation in the Americas. 2002 from: http://www.anthro.fsu.edu/ research/paleo/paleoind.html. Bostrom, P. A. 2002 Time Line Index for Stone Age Artifacts. Retrieved November 11,2002 from: http://www.lithiccastinglab.com. Butler, B.R. 1978 A Guide to Understanding Idaho Archaeology, 3rd ed., The Upper Snake and Salmon River Country. Idaho State Historic Preservation Office, Boise. Heizer, R. F., and T. R. Hester 1978 Great Basin Projectile Points: Forms and Chronology. Ballena Press, Socorro, New Mexico. Mulloy, W. 1959 The James Allen Site Near Laramie, Wyoming. American Antiquity 25(1): 112- 116. Pitblado, B.L. 2003 Late Paleoindian Occupation of the Southern Rocky Mountains: Early Holocene Projectile Points and Land Use in the High Country. University Press of Colorado, Boulder. Roberts, F. H. H. 1962 1961 Excavations at Agate Basin, Wyoming. Plains Anthropologist 7:89-91. Russell, D. J. 1993 Running Antelope: A Paleoindian Site in Northern Utah. Utah Archaeology 6:79- 85. REFERENCES CITED Amsden, C. E. 1937 The Lake Mohave Artifacts. In The Archaeology of Pleistocene Lake Mohave: A Symposium. Southwest Museum Papers, No. 11, pp. 51-97. Los Angeles. Anderson, D.G., and M. K. Faught 2002 North American Paleoindian Projectile Point Database. Retrieved November, Russell, V.Y 1962 Indian Artifacts. Johnson Publishing Company, Boulder Colorado. Smith, C.R. 2002 Clovis Complex. Retrieved November 9, 2002 from: http://www.cabrillo.cc.ca.us/ ~crsmith/clo vis .html. Tuohy, D. R., and T. N. Layton 1976 Towards the Establishment of a New Series of Great Basin Projectile Points. Nevada Archaeological Survey Reporter 66 UTAH ARCHAEOLOGY 2002 10(6): 1-5. Willig, J. A., C. M. Aikens, and J. L. Fagan 1988 Early Human Occupation in Far Western North America: The Clovis-Archaic Interface. Nevada State Museum Anthropological Papers, No. 21, Carson City. Wormington, H. M. 1957 Ancient Man in North America. Denver Museum of Natural History Popular Series No. 4. |
