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Show 2 92 I t i s n o t e x p o s e d , b u t i s b e l i e v e d t o b o r d e r t h e w e s t s i de o f t h e r a n g e as a s i n g l e f a u l t . In t h e L a k e s i d e R i d g e a r ea t h e f a u l t b r a n c h e s , w i t h t h e m a i n b r a n c h l o c a t e d b e t w e en G o s i u t e M o u n t a i n and L a k e s i d e R i d g e . This b r a n c h f i n a l ly d i s a p p e a r s u n d e r t h e l a k e b e d s a n d t h e G r e a t S a l t Lake n e ar L a k e s i d e . At t h i s p o i n t t h e f a u l t t r e n d s N. 40° E. The r e m a i n i n g two b r a n c h e s , b o r d e r i n g M i d d l e R i d g e and Cave R i d g e , a r e t o t h e e a s t of t h e m a i n b r a n c h . The s t r a t i g r a p h ic t h r o w of t h e L a k e s i d e and N o r t h L a k e s i d e f a u l t v a r i es t h r o u g h o u t i t s l e n g t h . P e r h a p s t h e maximum c a n be n o t ed n e a r t h e w e s t s i d e e x t e n s i o n of M o n a r c h Mine C a n y o n w h e re N o u n a n - S t . C h a r l e s s t r a t a a r e f o u n d o p p o s i t e M a n n i n g C a n y on F o r m a t i o n b e d s . The t h r o w a t t h i s l o c a t i o n i s b e l i e v ed t o be b e t w e e n 9 , 0 0 0 and 1 0 , 0 0 0 f e e t . From t h i s l o c a t i on n o r t h w a r d t h e d i s p l a c e m e n t d i m i n i s h e s r a p i d l y t o t he W r a t h a l l P a s s a r e a . At W r a t h a l l P a s s G r e a t B l u e F o r m a t i on b e d s on t h e e a s t s i d e of t h e f a u l t a r e f o u n d a d j a c e n t to O q u i r r h F o r m a t i o n U n i t 2 b e d s a n d i t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t t he d i s p l a c e m e n t i s a b o u t 5000 f e e t . The d i s p l a c e m e n t c o n t i n u es t o d i m i n s h f r o m W r a t h a l l P a s s n o r t h t o L a k e s i d e w h e r e i t may b e a s l i t t l e as 2000 f e e t. S o u t h of J e d M o u n t a i n , s e v e r a l f a u l t s , t r e n d i n g r o u g h ly p a r a l l e l t o t h e L a k e s i d e f a u l t , c u t t h r o u g h t h e i n t e r i o r of t h e r a n g e . The u p t h r o w n s i d e i s c o n s i s t e n t l y on t h e e a st s i d e of t h e s e f a u l t s and t h e s t r a t i g r a p h i c t h r o w r a n g es 2 9 3 f r om 200 t o 1 , 0 0 0 f e e t . S e v e r a l of t h e s e f a u l t s show l e ad a n d z i n c m i n e r a l i z a t i o n. S e v e r a l n o r t h - s o u t h t r e n d i n g n o r m a l f a u l t s a r e f o u nd o n J e d M o u n t a i n . The t h r o w of t h e s e f a u l t s i s n o t g r e a t. T h e u p t h r o w n s i d e i s c o n s i s t e n t l y on t h e w e s t s i d e of t he f a u l t s . The W r a t h a l l f a u l t i s an i n f e r r e d and c o m p l e t e l y b u r i ed f a u l t . East of P a r a l l e l R i d g e s s e v e r a l k n o l l s c o n t a i n i ng M i s s i s s i p p i a n , D e v o n i a n , and S i l u r i a n s t r a t a a r e f o u n d l y i ng i n n o r m a l r e l a t i o n t o one a n o t h e r . This s e c t i o n i s r e p e a t ed i n t h e P a r a l l e l R i d g e s ( s e e c r o s s - s e c t i o n G t o GT , Map 5 ) . The e a s t e r n m o s t e x p o s u r e s of t h e P a r a l l e l R i d g e s a r e o u t c r o p s of t h e U p p e r C a m b r i a n N o u n a n - S t . C h a r l e s F o r m a t i o ns a n d t h e w e s t e r n m o s t e x p o s u r e s of t h e k n o l l s t o t h e e a s t a re o u t c r o p s of t h e l o w e r G r e a t B l u e F o r m a t i o n . The s t r a t i g r a p h ic t h r o w on t h i s f a u l t i s t h e r e f o r e p r e s u m e d t o be a p p r o x i m a t e ly 6 , 0 0 0 f e e t . The f a u l t p r o b a b l y s t r i k e s N. 40° W. a n d c r o s s es t h e r a n g e t o j o i n t h e N o r t h L a k e s i d e f a u l t . In t h e o t h er d i r e c t i o n i t p r e s u m a b l y p a r a l l e l s t h e h i g h w a t e r s h o r e l i ne o f G r e a t S a l t L a k e . The W r a t h a l l f a u l t a l s o l i e s c o n c e n t r ic t o t h e N o r t h e r n U t a h H i g h l a n d dome. M i d d l e R i d g e and Cave R i d g e a r e r e p e a t e d s e c t i o n s of t he G r e a t B l u e F o r m a t i o n f o u n d in t h e n o r t h e r n end of t h e L a k e s i de M o u n t a i n s . The f a u l t s a r e b r a n c h e s of t h e N o r t h L a k e s i de 2 9 4 f a u l t , s t r i k e N. 30° E. and b e l o n g t o t h e p a r a l l e l s e t. The s t r a t i g r a p h i c d i s p l a c e m e n t i s b e l i e v e d t o b e i n e x c e ss o f 2 , 5 0 0 f e e t f o r t h e M i d d l e R i d g e f a u l t and i n e x c e s s of 5 0 0 f e e t f o r t h e Cave R i d g e f a u l t. S t r o n g k n o b M o u n t a i n i s a h i g h l y f a u l t e d s e g m e n t of t he L a k e s i d e M o u n t a i n s . F a u l t s y s t e m s t r e n d e a s t - w e s t and n o r t h - s o u t h . All t h e s e f a u l t s b u t two show d i s p l a c e m e n t s l e ss t h a n 200 f e e t . The f i r s t of t h e s e two t r e n d s n o r t h - s o u th a n d i s l o c a t e d j u s t e a s t of t h e m a i n k n o l l . It i s n ot w e l l e x p o s e d b u t O r d o v i c i a n r o c k on one s i d e and M i s s i s s i p p i an r o c k on t h e o t h e r a t t e s t t o i t s p r e s e n c e . The s e c o n d f a u l t, t r e n d i n g e a s t - w e s t , j o i n s t h e f i r s t on t h e w e s t e n d and d i s a p p e a r s u n d e r l a k e b e d s t o w a r d G r e a t S a l t L a k e . Upper M i s s i s s i p p i a n b e d s a r e i n f a u l t c o n t a c t w i t h t h e D e v o n i an S i m o n s o n D o l o m i t e. The s e c o n d s e t of f a u l t s a r e p o s i t i o n e d i n r a d i al f a s h i o n t o t h e N o r t h e r n U t a h H i g h l a n d dome and c u t a c r o ss t h e L a k e s i d e M o u n t a i n s a t i r r e g u l a r i n t e r v a l s . Some of t h e s e f a u l t s ( l i s t e d f r om s o u t h t o n o r t h ) i n c l u d e t h e C r a n er C a n y o n f a u l t , M o n a r c h Mine C a n y o n f a u l t , Well P a s s f a u l t, some s m a l l f a u l t s i n t h e v i c i n i t y of W r a t h a l l P a s s , and t he S a l l y f a u l t . Of t h e s e t h e S a l l y f a u l t i s t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t. I t c u t s a c r o s s t h e s o u t h e r n p o r t i o n of S a l l y M o u n t a i n . The n o r t h e r n b l o c k h a s gone up r e l a t i v e t o t h e s o u t h b l o c k and t h e s t r a t i g r a p h i c d i s p l a c e m e n t i s i n e x c e s s of 3 , 0 0 0 f e e t. T h e o t h e r f a u l t s have a much l o w e r amount of d i s p l a c e m e n t. 2 95 G r a s s y M o u n t a i n s y n c l i n o r i um T h e b e d s of t h e G r a s s y M o u n t a i n a r e a a r e t i g h t l y f o l d e d, o v e r t u r n e d , and b r o k e n by h i g h - a n g l e t h r u s t f a u l t s ( s ee f i g u r e 3 6 ) . The G r a s s y M o u n t a i n a r e a i s b e l i e v e d t o be a p o r t i o n of a l a r g e n o r t h - s o u t h t r e n d i n g s y n c l i n o r i um ( G r a s s y M o u n t a i n s y n c l i n o r i u m ) l o c a t e d b e t w e e n t h e Newf o u n d l a n d M o u n t a i n s and t h e L a k e s i d e M o u n t a i n s ( N o r t h e rn U t a h H i g h l a n d d o m e ) . The s y n c l i n o r i u m i s b e l i e v e d to e x t e n d n o r t h w a r d t o t h e T e r r a c e M o u n t a i n s , w h e r e T r i a s s ic r o c k s a r e e x p o s e d a l o n g i t s a x i s . This a x i s i s f o u nd a l o n g t h e w e s t e r n m a r g i n s of t h e G r a s s y M o u n t a i n s , w h e re t h e y o u n g e s t r o c k s ( G u a d a l u p i a n ) of t h e a r e a of s t u d y a re e x p o s e d . The a n t i c l i n a l s t r u c t u r e t o t h e e a s t of t h e Newf o u n d l a n d M o u n t a i n s i s n o t b e l i e v e d t o c o n t i n u e v e r y f ar s o u t h and l i m i t e d e x p o s u r e s of s t r a t a i n t h e s o u t h e r n p a rt o f t h e a r e a g i v e l i t t l e i n d i c a t i o n as t o t h e n a t u r e of t h e s t r u c t u r e . S i n c e m o s t of t h e e x p o s e d s t r a t a of t h e G r a s sy M o u n t a i n a r e a a r e on t h e e a s t l i m b of t h e s y n c l i n o r i um d i p s a r e g e n e r a l l y t o w a r d t h e w e s t . The b e d s s t r i k e i n a s i n u o u s , b u t r o u g h l y n o r t h - s o u t h d i r e c t i o n . The o u t l y i ng k n o l l s and a p p e n d a g e s of t h e m a i n b o d y of t h e G r a s sy M o u n t a i n s e x h i b i t some n o t a b l e e x c e p t i o n s . Dips a r e m o d e r a te t o s t e e p i n most p l a c e s and o v e r t u r n e d b e d s a r e l o c a l ly p r e s e n t . Between t h e m o u t h of B i g C a n y o n and G r a s s y P a s s, P L A T E 11 U p p e r l e f t: U p p e r r i g h t: L o w e r l e f t: Lower r i g h t: O b l i q u e a e r i a l v i e w of n o r t h e r n L a k e s i de M o u n t a i n s s h o w i n g w e s t f l a n k of N o r t h e rn U t a h H i g h l a n d dome. View l o o k i n g n o r t h. V e r t i c a l l i m e s t o n e l e d g e of O q u i r r h F o r m a t i on U n i t 1. Note h o r i z o n t a l o f f s e t. T w i s t e d G r a n d e u r L i m e s t o n e b e d s w e s t of G r a s s y R i d g e. Beds of O q u i r r h F o r m a t i o n U n i t 1 t w i s t i ng on t h e e a s t s i d e of t h e G r a s s y M o u n t a i n s. B e d s i n t h e f o r e g r o u n d a r e o v e r t u r n e d. V i e w l o o k i n g s o u t h. 2 96 t h e b e d s of G r a s s y R i d g e d i p m o d e r a t e l y (10 t o 40 d e g r e e s) s o u t h w a r d . The b e d s of Tank R i d g e d i p 15 t o 50 d e g r e e s to t h e s o u t h w e s t. O v e r t u r n e d s t r a t a: S e v e r a l i m p o r t a n t a r e a s of o v e r t u r n e d s t r a t a e x i s t in t h e G r a s s y M o u n t a i n s . All t h e e x p o s e d r o c k i n s e c t i o n s 14, 1 5 , 1 6 , 2 1 , 2 2 , 2 3 , 2 6 , 2 7 , and 28 i n T. 3 N . , R. 11 W. is o v e r t u r n e d . The o v e r t u r n i n g r a n g e s f r om n e a r v e r t i c a l p o s i t i on t o 25° f r o m t h e h o r i z o n t a l . The w r i t e r m e a s u r e d 1 1 , 0 0 0 f e et o f o v e r t u r n e d O q u i r r h a n d "Unnamed" s t r a t a i n t h i s a r e a . A n o r t h - s o u t h t r e n d i n g h i g h - a n g l e f a u l t d i v i d e s t h i s s e c t i on i n t o 8 , 0 0 0 - and 3 0 0 0 - f o o t b l o c k s . The o v e r t u r n e d b e d s s t r i ke N, 5° W, t o N, 15° E, t h r o u g h t h i s a r e a 0 The b e d s r e t u rn t o n o r m a l u n d e r German V a l l e y and i n t h e f e w o b s e r v a b le a r e a s n o r t h of t h e Box E l d e r C o u n t y - T o o e l e C o u n t y l i n e. At t h e s o u t h end of Tank R i d g e , n e a r D i a t o m G u l c h, a b o u t 1/2 s q u a r e m i l e of o v e r t u r n i n g i s e v i d e n t . P a r t i c i p a t i ng b e d s c o n s i s t m a i n l y of t h e O q u i r r h F o r m a t i o n U n i t 1. These b e d s a r e o v e r t u r n e d t o 45° f r om t h e h o r i z o n t a l. O t h e r s m a l l a r e a s of o v e r t u r n e d r o c k o c c u r i n t h e C a l i f o r n i a K n o l l s , Round M o u n t a i n , and i n t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t of G r a s s y R i d g e. 2 97 F o l d s : The G r a s s y M o u n t a i n a r e a c o n t a i n s s e v e r a l m o d e r a t e l y to t i g h t l y f o l d e d a n t i c l i n a l and s y n c l i n a l s t r u c t u r e s . The Round M o u n t a i n a n t i c l i n e i s a p a r t i a l l y o v e r t u r n e d s t r u c t u r e, w h o s e a x i s s t r i k e s N. 20° W, and r o u g h l y b i s e c t s Round Mount a i n . The b e d s h a v e m o d e r a t e (20 t o 4 0 ° ) d i p s on t h e e a st f l a n k and a r e s t e e p t o o v e r t u r n e d on t h e w e s t . The s o u t h w a rd e x t e n s i o n of t h e s t r u c t u r e i s b e l i e v e d t o c o n t i n u e f o r a c o n s i d e r a b l e d i s t a n c e. T h e n e a r v e r t i c a l and o v e r t u r n e d c o n d i t i o n of t h e r o c ks o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a K n o l l s seems t o i n d i c a t e t h e p r e s e n c e of a t i g h t s y n c l i n e a n d a n t i c l i n e t o t h e e a s t of t h e Round M o u n t a i n a n t i c l i n e ( s e e c r o s s - s e c t i o n F - F f , Map 5 ) . The G o s i u t e s y n c l i n e i s l o c a t e d n e a r t h e n o r t h e r n end o f t h e L a k e s i d e M o u n t a i n s a l o n g t h e e a s t e r n m a r g i n of t he G r a s s y M o u n t a i n s y n c l i n o r i u m . The a x i s of t h e s y n c l i ne d i v i d e s G o s i u t e M o u n t a i n i n a n o r t h - s o u t h d i r e c t i o n . Dips i n t o t h e a x i s a r e g e n t l e , a v e r a g i n g b e t w e e n 10 t o 20 d e g r e e s. T h e s t r a t a i n v o l v e d a r e a p o r t i o n of t h e O q u i r r h F o r m a t i o n. The s t r u c t u r e p l u n g e s v e r y g e n t l y (2 t o 3 ° ) t o t h e s o u t h. A N . 5° W. t r e n d i n g s y n c l i n a l s t r u c t u r e , p l u n g i ng g e n t l y t o t h e s o u t h i s l o c a t e d n e a r t h e e a s t f l a n k of The F i n g e r . Beds on b o t h f l a n k s d i p 30° t o w a r d i t s a x i s . The s t r u c t u r e i s i m p o r t a n t as i t p r e s e r v e d t h e y o u n g e s t P a l e o z o ic 2 9 8 s t r a t a of t h e a r e a from h a v i n g b e e n p r e m a t u r e l y r e m o v e d and i t s a x i s c o i n c i d e s t h e m a i n a x i s of t h e G r a s s y M o u n t a in s y n c l i n o r i u m . A t i g h t a n t i c l i n e i n v o l v i n g P a r k C i t y b e d s i s e x p o s ed o n t h e Thumb, The s t r u c t u r e s t r i k e s N. 55° E. The b e d s d ip 22 t o 70 d e g r e e s away f r om t h e a x i s of t h e c h e v r o n - t y pe a n t i c l i n e . The n o r t h end of G r a y b a c k M o u n t a i n e x h i b i ts t w o t i g h t a n t i c l i n e s , s e p a r a t e d by a s y n c l i n e . These s t r u c t u r es s t r i k e p a r a l l e l t o t h e Thumb a n t i c l i n a l a x i s . To t h e n o r t h e a s t t h e two a n t i c l i n a l a x e s c o n v e r g e , e l i m i n a t i n g t he s y n c l i n e . A t h i g h l y f o l d e d s y n c l i n e p r o b a b l y o c c u p i e s t h e l o w er p a r t of G r a s s y R i d g e and s t r i k e s p a r a l l e l t o t h e t r e n d of t h e r i d g e i t s e l f ( s e e s e c t i o n K- K f , Map 5 ) . F a u l t s : H i g h a n g l e t h r u s t f a u l t s a r e common i n t h e G r a s sy M o u n t a i n a r e a . P e r h a p s t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t f a u l t of t h is t y p e i s t h e C e d a r M o u n t a i n ( ? ) - C a l c i t e f a u l t . At t h e s o u th e n d of t h e G r a s s y R i d g e , b e d s b e l i e v e d t o be D e s m o i n e s and V i r g i l i a n i n age a r e t h r u s t f r om t h e w e s t u p o n U n i t 5 ( W o l f c a m p ) , of t h e O q u i r r h F o r m a t i o n . The t h r u s t seems t o be a c o n t i n u a t i o n of t h e C e d a r M o u n t a i n t h r u s t t o t he s o u t h . N o r t h of G r a s s y R i d g e t h e f a u l t d i s a p p e a r s u n d er 2 99 t h e l a k e b e d s of R i p p l e V a l l e y . The C a l c i t e t h r u s t a p p e a rs a t t h e s o u t h - c e n t r a l end of t h e m a i n mass of t h e G r a s sy M o u n t a i n s and c u t s a c r o s s t h e s o u t h e a s t c o r n e r of t h e r a n g e. T h e f a u l t i s b e l i e v e d t o be a c o n t i n u a t i o n of t h e C e d ar M o u n t a i n ( ? ) thrust f a u l t . A f t e r c r o s s i n g t h e r a n ge t h e C a l c i t e f a u l t i s l o s t u n d e r t h e l a k e b e d s of n o r t h e rn P u d d l e V a l l e y , t r e n d i n g N. 40° E. I t i s t h o u g h t t o c o n t i n ue n o r t h e a s t e r l y t o t h e W r a t h a l l P a s s a r e a s o u t h of t h e C a l i f o r n ia K n o l l s . P e n n s y l v a n i a n O q u i r r h u n i t s c r o p o u t n o r t h of t he e x t e n d e d t h r u s t f a u l t and y o u n g e s t P e r m i a n O q u i r r h u n i ts c r o p o u t i n t h e P u d d l e V a l l e y K n o l l s t o t h e s o u t h of i t. W e s t of t h e C e d a r M o u n t a i n ( ? ) - C a l c i t e t h r u s t f a u lt a n d p r o b a b l y p a r a l l e l t o i t , e x i s t s t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of a s e c o n d t h r u s t . It i s n o w h e r e e x p o s e d , b u t s e v e r a l m a n i f e s t a t i o n s i n d i c a t e i t s p r e s e n c e . A f ew v e r y i n c o n s p i c u o us o u t c r o p s of P a r k C i t y G r o u p s t r a t a a r e f o u n d i n v e r t i c a l p o s i t i o n a t a d i s t a n c e f r om t h e D e s m o i n e s b e d s e x p o s e d i n t he u p p e r p l a t e of t h e C e d a r M o u n t a i n ( ? ) t h r u s t t h a t i s t oo s h o r t t o a l l o w f o r t h e n o r m a l s e q u e n c e of b e d s t o a p p e a r. N e a r t h e s o u t h w e s t c o r n e r of t h e G r a s s y M o u n t a i n s , t he s t r i k e of t h e b e d s t o t h e w e s t of a s m a l l f a u l t s h i f t s to t h e s o u t h w e s t and t h e s t r i k e of t h e b e d s t o t h e e a s t of t h i s f a u l t s h i f t s t o t h e s o u t h e a s t p r i o r t o d i s a p p e a r i ng u n d e r t h e l a k e b e d s of R i p p l e V a l l e y . It i s t h o u g h t t h at t h i s a r e a m a r k s t h e i n i t i a t i o n of t h e t h r u s t and t h a t it 3 00 p a s s e s j u s t t o t h e e a s t of t h e i n c o n s p i c u o u s P a r k C i ty o u t c r o p s . It i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e t h a t G r a y b a ck M o u n t a i n p a r a l l e l s b o t h t h e R i p p l e V a l l e y t h r u s t and t he C e d a r M o u n t a i n ( ? ) t h r u s t. A h i g h - a n g l e t h r u s t f a u l t of r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l d i s p l a c e m e n t i s o b s e r v a b l e a l o n g t h e w e s t f l a n k of t h e G r a s sy M o u n t a i n s . "Unnamed" F o r m a t i o n s t r a t a a r e f o u n d on b o th s i d e s of t h e f a u l t . The b e d s t o t h e e a s t of t h e n o r t h - s o u th s t r i k i n g f a u l t d i p 50 t o 60 d e g r e e s t o t h e w e s t and t he o v e r t u r n e d b e d s on t h e w e s t s i d e d i p 85 d e g r e e s t o t h e e a s t. The F i n g e r f a u l t i s a n o t h e r t h r u s t i n w h i c h p a r t of t h e O q u i r r h F o r m a t i o n s e c t i o n i s t h r u s t u p o n P a r k C i ty s t r a t a . S c h w a g e r i n a s p . and T r i t i c i t e s sp„ f o u n d i n t he o v e r r i d i n g b l o c k d a t e t h e r o c k as b e i n g u p p e r m o s t Lower W o l f c a m p i n a g e . The f a u l t t r a c e i s a r c u a t e w h e r e i t can b e o b s e r v e d . The n o r t h e r n p o r t i o n d i s a p p e a r s u n d e r l a ke b e d s w i t h t h e t r a c e t r e n d i n g d u e n o r t h . The s o u t h e rn e x t e n s i o n d i s a p p e a r s u n d e r l a k e b e d s t r e n d i n g S. 45° W. The t h r u s t i n g seems t o h a v e c r u m p l e d t h e P a r k C i t y b e d s of t h e f o r e l a n d i n t o t h e t i g h t l y f o l d e d a n t i c l i n e s and s y n c l i n e s o b s e r v a b l e on t h e Thumb and t h e n o r t h e n d of G r a y - b a c k M o u n t a i n. S e v e r a l n o r t h - s o u t h t r e n d i n g f a u l t s a r e f o u n d i n t he c e n t e r of t h e r a n g e . These a r e b e l i e v e d t o be i m b r i c a te t h r u s t f a u l t s . Most of t h e l e s s i m p o r t a n t f a u l t s t h at 3 0 1 s t r i k e r o u g h l y p a r a l l e l t o t h e s t r a t a a r e of t h i s n a t u r e, A f ew n o r m a l f a u l t s r e l a t e d t o B a s i n and R a n g e f a u l t i ng a r e a l s o f o u n d i n t h e G r a s s y M o u n t a i n a r e a c Most of t h e se f a u l t s a r e o b s c u r e d by Lake B o n n e v i l l e d e p o s i t s so t h at l i t t l e c a n b e s a i d t o d e s c r i b e t h e m 0 They a r e p r o b a b ly l o c a t e d a l o n g t h e m a r g i n s of t h e r a n g e„ C o n c l u s i o n s I t c a n be s e e n t h a t t h e L a k e s i d e M o u n t a i n s s t r u c t u r al f e a t u r e s a r e m a i n l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e N o r t h e r n U t a h H i g h l a n d u p l i f t , and t h a t t h e G r a s s y M o u n t a i n s h a v e b e e n s h a p ed i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e f o l d i n g of t h e G r a s s y M o u n t a in s y n c l i n o r i u m 0 L a t e r B a s i n and Range f a u l t i n g i s p r e s u m ed t o h a v e r e a c t i v a t e d some of t h e f a u l t s i n i t i a t e d d u r i ng t h e e a r l i e r d i s t u r b a n c e s . Age r e l a t i o n s h i p s of t h e s t r u c t u r al f e a t u r e s of t h e n o r t h e r n L a k e s i d e - G r a s s y M o u n t a i n a r e a a re d i s c u s s e d i n t h e g e o l o g i c and s t r u c t u r a l h i s t o r y s e c t i o n. 3 02 G E O M O R P H O L O G Y G e n e r a l s t a t e m e nt The l a n d f o r m s of t h e n o r t h e r n L a k e s i d e - G r a s s y M o u n t a in a r e a c a n be d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e c a t e g o r i e s „ These a r e (1) t h e p r e - L a k e B o n n e v i l l e l a n d f o r m s , (2) t h o s e l a n d f o r ms c r e a t e d by L a k e B o n n e v i l l e , and ( 3 ) p o s t - B o n n e v i l l e l a n d - f o r m s . I t s h o u l d b e u n d e r s t o o d t h a t t h e l a n d f o r m s c r e a t ed by L a k e B o n n e v i l l e a n d by more r e c e n t p r o c e s s e s w e r e i n f l u e n c e d by t h e s t r u c t u r e s and l a n d f o r m s a l r e a d y p r e s e n t, P r e - L a k e B o n n e v i l l e f e a t u r es S e v e r a l e v e n t s h e l p e d t o s h a p e t h e l a n d f o r m s of t he a r e a p r i o r t o t h e a d v e n t of Lake B o n n e v i l l e . These e v e n ts i n c l u d e t h r u s t f a u l t i n g , u p l i f t of a b r o a d dome, v o l c a n i s m, a n d B a s i n a n d R a n g e f a u l t i n go L a k e s i d e M o u n t a i n s: T h e L a k e s i d e M o u n t a i n s show a good e x a m p l e of B a s i n and R a n g e b l o c k f a u l t i n g . P r e v i o u s l y t h e a r e a was a f f e c t e d by a d o m a l u p l i f t c e n t e r e d a t t h e p r e s e n t s i t e of t h e G r e a t S a lt L a k e . The f a u l t s i n i t i a t e d a t t h a t t i m e w e r e r e a c t i v a t e d by 3 0 3 t h e B a s i n and Range f a u l t i n g , , The r a n g e i s a t i l t e d f a u lt b l o c k , w i t h t h e m a j o r f a u l t on t h e w e s t s i d e 0 The c a n y o ns c u t d e e p l y i n t o t h e r a n g e f r om t h e e a s t s i d e , and no c a n y o ns o f i m p o r t a n c e a r e f o u n d o p e n i n g on t h e w e s t s i d e , L a k e s i de R i d g e , M i d d l e R i d g e , and C a v e R i d g e a c t as s e p a r a t e f a u l t - b l o c k r a n g e s n o r t h of S a l l y M o u n t a i n , In t h e c e n t r a l p a rt of t h e r a n g e t h i s f a u l t - b l o c k f e a t u r e i s n o t e v i d e n t . The m o u n t a i n r a n g e i s b e l i e v e d t o be i n t h e s u b - m a t u r e s t a g e of i t s e r o s i o n a l c y c l e0 G r a s s y M o u n t a i n s: The G r a s s y M o u n t a i n t o p o g r a p h y i s b u t s l i g h t l y m o d i f i ed by B a s i n and Range f a u l t i n g , This f a u l t i n g m e r e l y e l e v a t ed t h e a l r e a d y f o l d e d and f a u l t e d m o u n t a i n r a n g e , Most of t he k n o l l s and r i d g e s i n t h e v i c i n i t y c o n s i s t of e r o d e d s e g m e n ts o f t i g h t f o l d s . In g e n e r a l t h e d r a i n a g e p a t t e r n i s r a d i a l, b u t t h e a l t e r n a t i n g l y r e s i s t a n t and n o n - r e s i s t a n t s t r a ta o f some of t h e O q u i r r h F o r m a t i o n u n i t s h a v e m o d i f i e d t h is i n t o a q u a s i - r e c t a n g u l a r p a t t e r n . This i s e s p e c i a l l y w e ll d e v e l o p e d i n t h e a r e a n o r t h w e s t of M o r g a n C a n y o n. G r a y b a c k M o u n t a i n was c o m p l e t e l y c o v e r e d and t h e s u r f a c e m a t e r i a l w o r k e d o v e r by t h e Lake B o n n e v i l l e i n u n d a t i on t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o a p p r a i s e t h e p r e - L a k e B o n n e v i l l e l a n d f o r m . The f i s s u r e t h a t s u p p l i e d t he 3 0 4 l a v a , h o w e v e r , g a v e t h e p r e s e n t e l o n g a t e d s h a p e t o t h e mount a i n . P u d d l e V a l l e y: P u d d l e V a l l e y i s a c o m p l e t e l y e n c l o s e d s t r u c t u r a l b a s i n. E v e n t h o u g h m o s t of i t s g e o m o r p h i c f e a t u r e s r e f l e c t t h e Lake B o n n e v i l l e i n t e r i m , i t owes i t s e x i s t e n c e t o t h e f a u l t i n g of t h e s u r r o u n d i n g m o u n t a i n s . G i l b e r t ( 1 8 9 0 , p . 2 2 0 ) c o n c l u d es t h a t an a r i d c l i m a t e p r e v a i l e d p r i o r t o L a k e B o n n e v i l l e, p r e v e n t i n g e r o s i o n f r o m k e e p i n g u p w i t h t h e p r o g r e s s i ve f a u l t a c t i o n. L a k e B o n n e v i l l e f e a t u r es B o t h t h e G r a s s y M o u n t a i n s and L a k e s i d e M o u n t a i n s had b e e n w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d i n t h e i r p r e s e n t f o r m p r i o r t o Lake B o n n e v i l l e , w h i c h m e r e l y s u p p l i e d t h e " t r i m m i n g s . " The a f f e c t of t h e l a k e u p o n t h e s e two r a n g e s d i f f e r e d c o n s i d e r a b l y. T h i s was due t o t h e e x p o s e d r o c k t y p e of t h e r a n g e s . Those u n i t s , s u c h as t h e O q u i r r h F o r m a t i o n s u p p l y a b u n d a n t r u b b le w h i c h i s n e c e s s a r y t o c o n s t r u c t t h e Lake B o n n e v i l l e c o n s t r u c t i o n a l l a n d f o r m s so common i n t h e G r a s s y M o u n t a i n a r e a, On t h e o t h e r h a n d e r o s i o n a l l a n d f o r m s w e r e b e t t e r d e v e l o p ed i n t h e L a k e s i d e M o u n t a i n a r e a b e c a u s e of t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i cs o f t h e Lower P a l e z o i c r o c k s. P L A T E 12 U p p e r l e f t and r i g h t : E x t e r i o r and i n t e r i o r v i e w of L a k e s i d e Cave No. 3 c u t i n G r e at B l u e F o r m a t i o n. Lower l e f t : Small n a t u r a l b r i d g e c u t by L a k e B o n n e v i l l e, M i d d l e R i d g e , L a k e s i d e M o u n t a i n s. L o w e r r i g h t : T e r r a c e s of L a k e B o n n e v i l l e , G r a s s y R i d g e. V i e w l o o k i n g s o u t h. 3 05 B e a c h embankments a r e t h e m o s t common c o n s t r u c t i o n al L a k e B o n n e v i l l e l a n d f o r m s i n t h e G r a s s y M o u n t a i n s 0 They a p p e ar i n s t e p - l i k e t e r r a c e f a s h i o n i n many a r e a s . These e m b a n k m e n ts r e m a i n i n a r e m a r k a b l y f r e s h s t a t e of p r e s e r v a t i o n . The b e st e x a m p l e s a r e f o u n d i n t h e s o u t h e r n G r a s s y R i d g e a r e a , b ut many e x c e l l e n t e x a m p l e s a r e f o u n d t h r o u g h o u t t h e a r e a . The e m b a n k m e n t s a r e g e n e r a l l y f l a t t o p p e d a n d s t e e p - s i d e d , t h e ir m a i n c o n s t i t u e n t b e i n g g r a v e l . In c e r t a i n a r e a s a l o n g t he h i g h e s t ( B o n n e v i l l e ) l e v e l of Lake B o n n e v i l l e , t h e s e e n b a n k - m e n t s h a v e , i n e f f e c t , dammed o f f t h e c a n y o n d r a i n a g e s , b ut many of t h e s e dams h a v e b e e n b r e a c h e d by f l a s h f l o o d s. I n c e r t a i n a r e a s two e m b a n k m e n t s may c o n v e r g e t o c r e a te a h o l l o w b e t w e e n t h e m , G i l b e r t ( 1 8 9 0 , p , 55) c a l l e d t h e se V - s h a p e d o r l o o p e d e m b a n k m e n t s . Such a l o o p , i f n o t b r e a c h e d, h a s t h e f o rm of a c r a t e r r i m , t h e T , c r a t e r " o f t h e o r i g i n al l a g o o n r e m a i n i n g as an u n d r a i n e d h o l l o w . Many e x c e l l e nt e x a m p l e s of s u c h u n d r a i n e d h o l l o w s a r e s c a t t e r e d t h r o u g h t he G r a s s y M o u n t a i n a r e a . Some of t h e h o l l o w s a r e more t h a n 40 f e e t b e l o w t h e f l a t - t o p p e d e m b a n k m e n t s . U s u a l l y one s i d e of t h e d e p r e s s i o n i s made up of b e d r o c k . G i l b e r t ( 1 8 9 0 , p , 40) a t t r i b u t e s t h e m t o c o n v e r g i n g s h o r e c u r r e n t s , t h a t b u i l t up b e a c h e s d u r i n g a s l o w r i s e i n t h e l e v e l of t h e l a k e , B e c k w i th ( 1 9 5 0 , ppo 5 7 2 - 5 7 5 ) , i n r e f e r e n c e t o t h e o r i g i n of Cup B u t t e, a s i m i l a r l a n d f o r m i n a n o t h e r p a r t of t h e G r e a t B a s i n , e x p l a i ns P L A T E 13 U n d r a i n e d h o l l o w , G r a s s y R i d g e , l o o k i ng s o u t h t o t h e C e d a r M o u n t a i n s. S t e r e o p a i r of u n d r a i n e d h o l l o w , G r a s sy R i d g e . S e a c l i f f , G r a s s y R i d g e , l o o k i n g w e s t e r l y. A e r i a l v i e w of l o o p e d b a r , n o r t h w e s t e rn G r a s s y M o u n t a i n s . Note d e s e r t r i p p l e s in l o w e r l e f t h a n d c o r n e r of p h o t o. 3 06 t h e i r o r i g i n as f o l l o w si " T h e g e n e r a l d i r e c t i o n of t h e w i n d i n Lake B o n n e v i l l e t i m e s was f r om t h e s o u t h e r l y a r e a ; t he w a v e s a l m o s t f u l l y t r u n c a t e d the c o n e of t he b u t t e , b u t t h e h a r d ( q u a r t z i t e ) r o c k s on t h e e a st r i m r e s i s t e d wave a c t i o n , and t h a t b a r r i e r t u r n ed t h e w a t e r i n t o a c h u r n i n g , s w i r l i n g mass w h i ch b e g a n t o u n d e r c u t , and i n t i m e t h e s a u c e r - l i k e d e p r e s s i o n was g o u g e d o u t ; a l l t h e l i g h t , l o o s e m a t t er was c a r r i e d away a n d dumped o v e r t h e s i d e s ; and g r a d u a l l y t h e d e p r e s s i o n was w o r n f o r t y f e e t d e e p 0" G i l b e r t ' s e x p l a n a t i o n i s p r o b a b l y t h e m o s t f e a s i b l e„ T h r e e l o c a t i o n s of e x c e l l e n t l y p r e s e r v e d u n d r a i n e d h o l l ow a r e i n t h e NE% s e c t i o n 1 8 , Ta 1 N O J R, 10 W0 , n e a r t h e n o r th e n d of t h e G r a y b a c k M o u n t a i n , f o r m e d on v o l c a n i c s ; i n t he NW% s e c t i o n 10, T0 3 N c , R0 11 W0 , and i n t h e E% s e c t i on 1 8 , To 1 No, Ro 10 Wo The l a g o o n s a r e u s u a l l y f l o o r e d w i th l a k e c l a y so O t h e r c o n s t r u c t i o n a l forms i n c l u d e o f f s h o r e b a r s and s p i t s , w h i c h do n o t h a v e t h e v o l u m e of t h e e m b a n k m e n t s„ B a r r i e r b a r s a r e u s u a l l y f o u n d b e t w e e n two k n o l l s , or b e t w e e n t h e m a i n m o u n t a i n m a s s e s and a d j o i n i n g k n o l l s 0 The b e s t e x a m p l e of t h i s s o r t i s f o u n d b e t w e e n t h e w e s t s i d e of t h e G r a s s y M o u n t a i n s and The F i n g e r , T h i s b a r r i e r b a r is f u l l y one m i l e l o n g . The s p i t s and b a r s s e e m t o i n d i c a te t h a t t h e c u r r e n t s of Lake B o n n e v i l l e w e r e g e n e r a l l y from n o r t h t o s o u t h. L a k e B o n n e v i l l e a l g a e f o r m e d r e e f s on t h e s i d e s of P L A T E 14 U p p e r l e f t : Gravel e m b a n k m e n t s of Lake B o n n e v i l l e, G r a s s y R i d g e . View l o o k i n g s o u t h. U p p e r r i g h t : "S" s h a p e d b a r , B o n n e v i l l e l e v e l , G r a s sy R i d g e . View l o o k i n g s o u t h. Lower l e f t : Provo l e v e l , n o r t h e r n L a k e s i d e M o u n t a i n s. V i e w l o o k i n g s o u t h. Lower r i g h t : B o n n e v i l l e l e v e l , G r a s s y R i d g e . View l o o k i ng s o u t h . 307 p a r t i a l l y s u b m e r g e d k n o l l s and r i d g e s i n t h e L a k e s i de M o u n t a i n s as w e l l a s i n t h e G r a s s y M o u n t a i n s a r e a 0 This c a l c a r e o u s t r a v e r t i n e s o m e t i m e s c o m p l e t e l y b l a n k e t s the e x p o s e d s t r a t a of t h e l o w e r h i l l s . S i m i l a r r e e f s have b e en n o t e d i n f o r m a t i o n o f f s h o r e i n t h e p r e s e n t G r e a t S a l t Lake e a s t of L a k e s i d e , The p s e u d o m o r p h of c a l c i t e , known as t h i n o l i t e , i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h some of t h e r e e f s i n P u d d le V a l l e y 0 E r o s i o n a l Lake B o n n e v i l l e l a n d f o r m s a r e more common in t h e L a k e s i d e M o u n t a i n s a r e a „ Some e x c e l l e n t and p i c t u r e s q ue ______ 1 ) e x a m p l e s of s e a c l i f f s , s e a a r c h e s , s e a c a v e s , and t o m b o l os a r e t o be n o t e d i n t h e v i c i n i t y of L a k e s i d e „ These a re p r e s e n t i n many o t h e r l o c a t i o n s i n t h e a r e a , b u t a r e n o t as n u m e r o u s . Some of t h e s e a c a v e s h a v e b e e n u s e d by w a n d e r i ng G o s i u t e I n d i a n s as t e m p o r a r y s h e l t e r s i n p r e h i s t o r i c t i m e s. S i x c a v e s , i n w h i c h i n d i a n s had l i v e d , w e r e n o t e d d u r i n g t he c o u r s e of s t u d y. The B o n n e v i l l e and P r o v o l e v e l s a r e c l e a r l y d i s c e r n i b l e t h r o u g h o u t t h e a r e a . Wave c u t t e r r a c e s a r e more p r e v a l e n t i n t h e L a k e s i d e M o u n t a i n a r e a t h a n i n t h e G r a s s y M o u n t a in a r e a w h e r e wave b u i l t t e r r a c e s a r e t h e more common f e a t u r e. M e a s u r e m e n t s of t h e B o n n e v i l l e and P r o v o l e v e l s w e re made w i t h a P a u l i n - t y p e a l t i m e t e r a t s e v e r a l l o c a t i o n s in t h e n o r t h e r n L a k e s i d e - G r a s s y M o u n t a i n a r e a , The r e s u l t s a re 3 08 t a b u l a t e d b e l o w: B o n n e v i l l e l e v e l ( J e d M o u n t a i n ) : 5 , 3 8 4 f e e t a b o v e s e a l e v el B o n n e v i l l e l e v e l ( G r a s s y R i d g e ) : 5,387 f e e t a b o v e s e a l e v el T h e v e r t i c a l i n t e r v a l b e t w e e n t h e two l e v e l s i s b e t w e en 400 and 425 f e e t 0 These m e a s u r e m e n t s a r e c o n s i d e r e d t o be r e a s o n a b l y a c c u r a t e as t h e 5 4 0 0 - f o o t c o n t o u r l i n e of t he T o o e l e and B r i g h a m C i t y Army Map S e r v i c e t o p o g r a p h i c s h e e ts c l o s e l y f o l l o w s t h e B o n n e v i l l e l e v e l c o n f i g u r a t i o n as d o es t h e 5 0 0 0 - f o o t c o n t o u r l i n e f o r t h e P r o v o l e v e l . The n o r t h e rn L a k e s i d e - G r a s s y M o u n t a i n a r e a p r o b a b l y c o n t a i n s t h e h i g h e st s h o r e l i n e s i n t h e B o n n e v i l l e B a s i n ( s e e f i g u r e 39)„ I n t h e v a l l e y s f i n e s e d i m e n t s h a v e b u r i e d many i r r e g u l ar s u r f a c e s t h a t w e r e m o s t l i k e l y p r e s e n t and c r e a t e d a t y p i c a l ly f l a t l a k e b e d . The l a y e r of u n c o n s o l i d a t e d s e d i m e n t i s c o n s i d e r e d t o b e no t h i c k e r t h a n 1 , 0 0 0 f e e t i n any a r e a and is p r o b a b l y much t h i n n e r i n m o s t a r e a s. S i n c e t h e d i s a p p e a r a n c e of Lake B o n n e v i l l e a p a r a l l el d r a i n a g e p a t t e r n h a s d e v e l o p e d on t h e s l o p i n g B o n n e v i l le s e d i m e n t s . This p a r a l l e l g u l l y i n g i s e s p e c i a l l y n o t i c e a b le a r o u n d t h e G r a s s y M o u n t a i n s . The g r a v e l f i l l e d s t r e a m b e ds o f t h e i m p o r t a n t c a n y o n s h a v e b e e n i n c i s e d b e c a u s e of t he P r o v o l e v e l (Twin H i l ls P r o v o l e v e l (Well P a s s) 4 , 9 8 5 f e e t a b o v e s e a l e v el 4 , 9 6 2 f e e t above s e a l e v el P o s t - L a k e B o n n e v i l l e f e a t u r es 309 EXPLANATION Point where elevation of shoreline has been determined Lower number gives elevation of shoreline, in feet Outline of lake at Bonneville shoreline Surrounding* area patterned Contour showing present elevation of deformed shoreline Dashed where inferred. Interval 20 feet FIGURE 39 Wasatch fault MAP SHOWING DEFORMATION OF THE BONNEVILLE SHORELINE Modified from Crittenden (1963). 3 10 l o w e r i n g of b a s e l e v e l and t h e e n s u i n g i s o s t a t i c a d j u s t m e nt c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e d i s a p p e a r a n c e of t h e l a k e . T h e s e s t r e am b e d s a r e s t i l l o u t of e q u i l i b r i u m and s e v e r a l s t r e a m t e r r a c es a r e i n t h e p r o c e s s of f o r m a t i o n. O n l y a s m a l l amount o f e r o s i o n a l d e b r i s r e a c h e s t he v a l l e y f l a t and l i t t l e m o r e t h a n a t h i n v e n e e r i s b e l i e v ed t o h a v e b e e n d e p o s i t e d s i n c e t h e l a k e v a n i s h e d . Most of t he p r e s e n t day e r o s i o n i s done by f l a s h f l o o d s , w h i c h a r e r a re i n o c c u r r e n c e . When r a i n f a l l s , most of t h e w a t e r f l o w s downh i l l as s h e e t w a s h , u n t i l i t r e a c h e s t h e m o u n t a i n s u r r o u n d i ng g r a v e l s , w h e r e i t d i s a p p e a r s . Rain f a l l i n g on t h e p l a ya f l o o r o r on t h e v a l l e y f l a t c o l l e c t s i n p u d d l e s , f r om w h e n ce i t i s r a p i d l y r e m o v e d by e v a p o r a t i o n , l e a v i n g a m u d - c r a c k ed a r e a . S a n d d u n e s a r e common i n t h e n o r t h e r n L a k e s i d e - G r a s sy M o u n t a i n a r e a . Most of t h e d u n e s a r e i r r e g u l a r t o s u b - c r e s c e n t i c i n s h a p e . They v a r y i n c o m p o s i t i o n f r om p l a ce t o p l a c e . They a r e g e n e r a l l y f o u n d a g a i n s t t h e w e s t s i d e of a n o b s t r u c t i o n , s u c h as a r i d g e , or m o u n t a i n r a n g e , a l t h o u gh some a r e f o u n d i n p r o t e c t e d a r e a s on t h e top and on t h e l ee s i d e of t h e m o u n t a i n s . The p r e v a i l i n g w i n d s a r e f r o m t he w e s t o r s o u t h w e s t . A f ew d e p r e s s i o n s c r e a t e d by a b l a t i on a r e p r e s e n t i n t h e s a n d dune a r e a s. Wind a c t i o n s e e m s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r a f e w o t h e r f e a t u r es P L A T E 15 U p p e r l e f t : T r a v e r t i n e d e p o s i t s c o v e r i n g r o c k e x p o s u r es o n G r a s s y R i d g e. U p p e r r i g h t : A e r i a l v i e w of d e s e r t r i p p l e s i n R i p p le V a l l e y . Lower l e f t : Cemented L a k e B o n n e v i l l e g r a v e l d e p o s i t s, G r a s s y R i d g e . View l o o k i n g e a s t. Lower r i g h t : S i m i l a r c e m e n t e d g r a v e l d e p o s i t s n e a r p r e s e nt s h o r e l i n e of G r e a t S a l t L a k e . View l o o k i ng n o r t h . 3 1 1 f o u n d i n t h e a r e a . P e c u l i a r u n d e s c r i b e d forms a r e f o u n d on t h e l a k e f l a t of t h e G r e a t S a l t Lake D e s e r t . They c o n s i st o f more o r l e s s c i r c u l a r d e p r e s s i o n s w i t h f l a t b o t t o m s. T h e y a r e p o s s i b l y f o r m e d by a b l a t i o n . Other u n e x p l a i n a b le l i n e a r e l e m e n t s a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e s e f o r m s . Ives ( 1 9 4 6, p p . 4 9 2 - 5 0 1 ) d e s c r i b e d some p e c u l i a r c r e s c e n t i c v e g e t a t i o n - l e s s f e a t u r e s , w h i c h he named " d e s e r t r i p p l e s " . These a re common i n R i p p l e V a l l e y and o t h e r u n p r o t e c t e d a r e a s , These c r e s c e n t i c s w a t h e s a r e f r om 50 t o 200 f e e t i n l e n g t h and a re f o u n d w i t h t h e i r c o n c a v e s i d e s f a c i n g t h e p r e v a i l i n g w i n d. T h e y a r e c o n s t a n t l y i n t h e p r o c e s s of f o r m a t i o n as new o n es a r e f o u n d c u t t i n g a c r o s s o l d a b a n d o n e d r o a d s . The p r o c e ss o f t h e i r f o r m a t i o n has b e e n o b s e r v e d . W i n t e r snows a re p i l e d up i n t o c r e s c e n t i c d u n e s . U s u a l l y t h e r e i s n o t e n o u gh s n o w t o f i l l t h e i n t e r d u n e a r e a . This snow t h e n m e l t s and c o n t i n u i n g w i n d s b l o w o v e r t h e muddy p u d d l e s . These e v e n t u a l ly e v a p o r a t e , l e a v i n g a c r e s c e n t i c s h a p e d l i t t l e mound of s e d i m e n t a r o u n d t h e c o n v e x s i d e of t h e f o r m e r snow d u n e . The s a m e p r o c e s s r e p e a t s i t s e l f w i t h e a c h new r a i n o r snow u n t i l t h e r i p p l e h a s f o r m e d . Each r i p p l e i s a b o u t 1 t o 2 f e et w i d e and s l i g h t l y d e p r e s s e d i n c o m p a r i s o n w i t h t h e s u r r o u n d i ng l a n d due t o t h e r e m o v a l of s o i l and f i n e s , u s e d t o b u i l d t he s l i g h t r i s e i n f r o n t of i t. I n t h e v i c i n i t y of L a k e s i d e and a l o n g t h e h i g h - w a t e r s h o re 3 12 l i n e of G r e a t S a l t Lake l a r g e d e p o s i t s of o o l i t e a r e f o u n d, some of w h i c h assume d u n e f o r nu 3 1 3 G E O L O G I C AND S T R U C T U R AL H I S T O R Y C a m b r i a n The o l d e s t r o c k s e x p o s e d i n t h e n o r t h e r n L a k e s i d e - G r a s s y M o u n t a i n a r e a a r e C a m b r i a n i n a g e . Over 1 0 , 0 0 0 f e et o f C a m b r i a n s e d i m e n t s a r e b e l i e v e d t o h a v e b e e n d e p o s i t ed i n t h e a r e a . The L a k e s i d e M o u n t a i n s a r e a was l o c a t e d a l o ng t h e a x i s of t h e C a m b r i a n C o r d i l l e r a n m i o g e o s y n c l i n e , w h i ch p l u n g e d t o t h e s o u t h w e s t ( E a r d l e y , 1 9 6 2 , p . 6 5 ) . The a d v a n c i n g C a m b r i a n s e a s moved f r om s o u t h w e s t t o n o r t h e a s t a l o ng t r o u g h s p r o b a b l y f o r m e d d u r i n g L a t e P r e c a m b r i a n t i me ( C o h e n o u r , 1 9 5 9 , p . 9 4 ) . A d e p o s i t of s a n d , g r i t and c o n g l o m e r a t e m a r k e d t h e b e g i n n i n g of Lower C a m b r i a n t i m e. D u r i n g t h e M i d d l e C a m b r i a n , d e p o s i t i o n of s h a l e a l t e r n a t ed w i t h c a r b o n a t e s , p o s s i b l y i n d i c a t i n g s l i g h t d i s t u r b a n c e s in n e i g h b o r i n g a r e a s . The U p p e r C a m b r i a n i n t e r v a l was one e x c l u s i v e l y of c a r b o n a t e d e p o s i t i o n. O r d o v i c i a n C a r b o n a t e d e p o s i t i o n c o n t i n u e d i n t o t h e Lower O r d o v i c i a n, At t h i s t i m e t h e T o o e l e a r c h b e g a n t o come i n t o b e i n g w h i ch d i v i d e d t h e C a m b r i a n m i o g e o s y n c l i n e i n t o t h e N o r t h e r n U t ah 3 14 b a s i n t o t h e n o r t h and t h e I b e x b a s i n t o t h e s o u t h ( H i n t z e, 1 9 6 3 , p . 5 8 ) . The L a k e s i d e a r e a i s l o c a t e d j u s t t o t he n o r t h of t h e T o o e l e a r c h a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y d e p o s i t i o n i n t he s o u t h e r n p o r t i o n of t h e a r e a was c u r t a i l e d . A s h a l e - q u a r t z i te s e q u e n c e b e g a n t o be d e p o s i t e d n e a r t h e end of E a r l y O r d o v i c i an t i m e w h i c h c o n t i n u e d i n t o M i d d l e O r d o v i c i a n t i m e Q Much of t he a r e a u n d e r w e n t e r o s i o n i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e T o o e l e a r ch u p l i f t d u r i n g t h i s i n t e r v a l , P a r t of t h e Swan P e a k F o r m a t i on i s b e l i e v e d t o h a v e b e e n r e m o v e d a t t h i s t i m e , at l e a s t in t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t of t h e a r e a . C a r b o n a t e d e p o s i t i o n s e t in a g a i n w i t h t h e r e t u r n of t h e s e a d u r i n g U p p e r O r d o v i c i a n t i m e. The e f f e c t s of t h e T o o e l e a r c h s t i l l p e r s i s t e d f o r O r d o v i c i an s t r a t a t h i c k e n f r o m 1 , 6 6 6 f e e t i n t h e s o u t h e r n L a k e s i d e Moun^ t a i n s t o 3 , 0 9 4 f e e t i n t h e n o r t h e r n p a r t of t h e r a n g e0 S i l u r i a n S i l u r i a n r e p r e s e n t a t i o n i n t h e L a k e s i d e a r e a i s c o n f i n ed t o t h e L a k e t o w n D o l o m i t e , w h i c h i s b e l i e v e d t o be of M i d d le S i l u r i a n a g e . The L a k e t o w n a p p e a r s t o be c o n f o r m a b l e w i th b o t h t h e u n d e r l y i n g and o v e r l y i n g b e d s . If t h e Lower and U p p e r S i l u r i a n r o c k s a r e n o t p r e s e n t t h e s e c o n t a c t s r e p r e s e nt p a r a c o n f o r m i t i e s . Rush ( 1 9 6 3 , p . 63) h a s r e c e n t l y s u g g e s t ed e s s e n t i a l c o n t i n u i t y of d e p o s i t i o n i n t h e G r e a t B a s i n a r ea f r om O r d o v i c i a n t h r o u g h t o t h e D e v o n i a n , a t l e a s t f o r some p a r t s of t h e d e p o s i t i o n a l b a s i n . In a few a r e a s i n t h e G r e at 3 15 B a s i n U p p e r S i l u r i a n b r a c h i o p o d s h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d p r e s e n t i n t h e S i l u r i a n b e d s ( W a i t e , 1 9 5 6 , and C o h e n o u r , 1 9 5 9, p . 8 2 ) , To t h e w e s t of t h e L a k e s i d e M o u n t a i n s a r e a , i n t he N e w f o u n d l a n d and S i l v e r I s l a n d M o u n t a i n s , M i d d l e D e v o n i an r o c k r e s t s u n c o n f o r m a b l y u p o n t h e L a k e t o w n D o l o m i t e . The S i l u r i a n was m a r k e d by c a r b o n a t e d e p o s i t i o n , A s l i g h t ly t h i c k e r n o r t h e r n L a k e s i d e s e c t i o n s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e i n f l u e n ce o f t h e T o o e l e a r c h c o n t i n u e d i n t o S i l u r i a n t i m e . The t h i c k n e s s of t h e d e p o s i t s r a n g e s f r om 546 f e e t i n t h e s o u t h e rn L a k e s i d e M o u n t a i n s t o 653 f e e t i n t h e n o r t h e r n L a k e s i de M o u n t a i n s . D e v o n i a n T h e D e v o n i a n was m a r k e d by c r u s t a l u n r e s t i n t h e r e g i on s u r r o u n d i n g t h e L a k e s i d e a r e a . To t h e w e s t Lower D e v o n i an r o c k was n o t d e p o s i t e d , and t o t h e s o u t h e a s t t h e M i d d l e and U p p e r D e v o n i a n S t a n s b u r y d i s t u r b a n c e t o o k p l a c e ( S t o k e s and A r n o l d , 1 9 5 8 , p . 1 4 6 ) . The i n i t i a l e f f e c t s of t h e S t a n s b u ry d i s t u r b a n c e p r o b a b l y commenced i n Lower D e v o n i a n t i m e . This i n f o r m a t i o n p l u s t h e p r e s e n c e of f i s h r e m a i n s i n t h e b a s al D e v o n i a n d o l o m i t e s u g g e s t s a t i d a l f l a t and e s t u a r i n e e n v i r o n m e n t f o r much of t h e r e g i o n . This p o s s i b i l i t y was a l so i n d i c a t e d by C o h e n o u r ( 1 9 5 9 , p . 9 5 ). D u r i n g M i d d l e D e v o n i a n t i m e a t r o u g h a p p e a r e d t o t he 3 16 w e s t and n o r t h of t h e L a k e s i d e a r e a , w h i c h r e c e i v e d M i d d le a n d U p p e r D e v o n i a n s e d i m e n t i n e x c e s s of 4 , 0 0 0 f e e t ( R i g b y, 1 9 6 3 , p . 7 7 ) . Thus t h e L a k e s i d e a r e a was w e d g e d b e t w e e n t he t r o u g h t o t h e n o r t h w e s t and t h e S t a n s b u r y u p l i f t t o t h e s o u th e a s t . Only a f e w s a n d s t o n e , q u a r t z i t e , and o t h e r c l a s t ic b e d s m a r k t h e S t a n s b u r y u p l i f t i n t h e L a k e s i d e M o u n t a i n s and t h e D e v o n i a n i n t e r v a l was m a i n l y c a r b o n a t e . The t h i c k n e ss o f t h e D e v o n i a n s t r a t a v a r i e s f r o m 1 , 6 2 0 f e e t , i n t h e a r ea o f t h e L a k e s i d e M o u n t a i n s c l o s e s t t o t h e s i t e of t h e S t a n s b u r y u p l i f t , t o 2 , 4 6 2 f e e t i n t h e a r e a of t h e L a k e s i de M o u n t a i n s c l o s e s t t o t h e d e p o s i t i o n a l t r o u g h . The t r a n s i t i o n b e t w e e n D e v o n i a n a n d M i s s i s s i p p i a n s t r a t a a p p e a rs c o n f o r m a b l e . M i s s i s s i p p i a n M i s s i s s i p p i a n s e a s d e p o s i t e d more t h a n 7 , 0 0 0 f e e t of c a r b o n a t e s a n d e l a s t i c s i n t h e L a k e s i d e M o u n t a i n a r e a . The M i s s i s s i p p i a n was m a r k e d by u n r e s t i n N e v a d a ( A n t l e r o r o g e n y) o f w h i c h a p h a s e known a s t h e W e n d o v e r a r c h e x t e n d e d i n to n o r t h w e s t e r n U t a h ( E a r d l e y , 1 9 6 2 , p p . 7 1 - 7 2 ) . D u r i n g Lower M i s s i s s i p p i a n t i m e t h e s e a s s p r e a d d e p o s i t s r a t h e r e v e n ly t h r o u g h o u t m o s t of U t a h and i t s n e i g h b o r i n g a r e a s . These d e p o s i t s f o r m e d t h e M a d i s o n L i m e s t o n e o r i t s e q u i v a l e n t s. D u r i n g t h e U p p e r M i s s i s s i p p i a n a t r o u g h d e v e l o p e d b e t w e en t h e W e n d o v e r a r c h and t h e s h e l f e a s t of t h e W a s a t c h l i n e. 317 A f t e r d e p o s i t i o n of t h e D e s e r e t L i m e s t o n e , a f l o o d of e l a s t i c s w e r e d e p o s i t e d i n t h e t r o u g h (Humbug F o r m a t i o n ), p o s s i b l y f r om t h e a r e a of t h e W e n d o v e r a r c h . T h e r e a f t e r, t h e t r o u g h d e e p e n e d and c a r b o n a t e d e p o s i t i o n b e c a m e d o m i n a n t o n c e m o r e . Toward t h e l a t t e r p a r t of t h e G r e a t Blue i n t e r v a l an i n c r e a s e d amount of e l a s t i c s b e g a n t o a p p e a r. L i t t l e i s known c o n c e r n i n g t h e M a n n i n g C a n y o n F o r m a t i on d e p o s i t i o n i n t h e L a k e s i d e M o u n t a i n s a r e a . An i s o p a c h o us map o f t h e M a n n i n g C a n y o n ( M o y l e , 1 9 5 9 , p„ 62) i n d i c a t es t h a t i t s t h i c k n e s s may b e b e t w e e n 1 , 0 0 0 and 1 , 5 0 0 f e e t. I t i s n o t known i f M a n n i n g C a n y o n d e p o s i t i o n e x t e n d e d i n to P e n n s y l v a n i a n t i m e i n t h i s a r e a. P e n n s y l v a n i a n I n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e P e n n s y l v a n i a n i n t e r v a l of t he i m m e d i a t e l y s u r r o u n d i n g a r e a s i s l i m i t e d . In t h e G r a s sy M o u n t a i n s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 , 0 0 0 f e e t of r o c k a r e b e l i e v e d to h a v e b e e n d e p o s i t e d . F u s u l i n i d d e t e r m i n a t i o n s h a v e p r o v en t h e e x i s t e n c e of D e s m o i n e s and V i r g i l s t r a t a . U n l e ss M a n n i n g C a n y o n d e p o s i t i o n e x t e n d e d i n t o S p r i n g e r t i m e, a s i n d i c a t e d by M o y l e ( 1 9 5 9 , p p . 8 3 - 8 4 ) , no S p r i n g e r, M o r r o w , o r A t o k a r o c k s w e r e d e p o s i t e d i n t h e a r e a . Rigby ( 1 9 5 8 , p . 49) r e p o r t s an o v e r l a p r e l a t i o n a t t h e b a s e of t h e O q u i r r h F o r m a t i o n i n t h e S t a n s b u r y M o u n t a i n s . Toward t h e n o r t h e r n p a r t of t h e S t a n s b u r y M o u n t a i n s D e s m o i n es 3 18 r o c k i s ; f o u n d r e s t i n g u p o n t h e M a n n i n g C a n y o n , w h e r e a s in t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t of t h e r a n g e A t o k a and p o s s i b l e Morrow r o c k r e s t s u p o n t h e M a n n i n g C a n y o n F o r m a t i o n , No P e n n s y l v a n i a n r o c k was d e p o s i t e d i n t h e n o r t h w e s t e r l y l o c a t ed N e w f o u n d l a n d M o u n t a i n s o r i t was d e p o s i t e d and r e m o v ed p r i o r t o t h e end of Lower P e r m i a n t i m e ( P a d d o c k , 1 9 5 6 )0 T h e G r a s s y M o u n t a i n s a r e a a p p a r e n t l y e x i s t e d on t h e e d g e of a d e e p l y s u b s i d i n g b a s i n c e n t e r e d t o t h e s o u t h and e a s t. The d o m i n a n t l y c a r b o n a t e D e s m o i n e s U n i t 1, of t h e O q u i r rh F o r m a t i o n , was d e p o s i t e d u n c o n f o r m a b l y u p o n t h e M a n n i ng C a n y o n F o r m a t i o n . No M i s s o u r i r o c k was d e p o s i t e d i n t he G r a s s y a r e a . V i r g i l i a n r o c k s l i e p a r a c o n f o r m a b l y upon D e s m o i n e s s t r a t a . A f ew l o c a l c o n g l o m e r a t e s w e r e n o t ed i n t h e e l a s t i c s of t h e V i r g i l i a n s t r a t a , b u t d e p o s i t i on i s b e l i e v e d t o h a v e b e e n r e a s o n a b l y c o n t i n u o u s i n t o t he P e r m i a n . P e r m i a n T h e m o s t r a p i d l y s u b s i d i n g p a r t of t h e O q u i r r h b a s in s h i f t e d w e s t w a r d and p o s s i b l y n o r t h w a r d f r om c e n t r a l U t a h, a n d was p o s s i b l y l o c a t e d a l i t t l e to t h e e a s t of t h e C e d a r - G r a s s y - T e r r a c e M o u n t a i n r e g i o n . S l i g h t l y t o t h e w e s t an e m e r g e n t l a n d a r e a s u p p l i e d a f l o o d of e l a s t i c s d u r i n g t he e a r l y p a r t of t h e p e r i o d , i n c l u d i n g some c o n g l o m e r a t e s. D u r i n g W o l f c a m p t i m e 5 , 0 0 0 t o 6 , 0 0 0 f e e t of s t r a t a w e re 319 d e p o s i t e d . The s h o r e l i n e s h i f t e d e a s t w a r d l y i n t o t h e G r a s sy a r e a a t l e a s t o n c e d u r i n g W o l f c a m p i a n t i m e and t h e a r e a l ay e m e r g e n t f o r a s h o r t t i m e . S i l i c e o u s l i m e s t o n e s and d a rk c a l c a r e o u s s h a l e s g r a d u a l l y r e p l a c e d t h e s a n d s t o n e s and q u a r t z i t e s t h a t d o m i n a t e d t h e W o l f c a m p i a n s e d i m e n t s a t t he c l o s e of t h e e p o c h. The s h o r e l i n e t o t h e w e s t s h i f t e d e a s t w a r d o n c e more a t t h e b e g i n n i n g of L e o n a r d t i m e , A g a s t r o p o d r e e f and a s s o c i a t e d c o n g l o m e r a t e s show t h a t t h e s h o r e l i n e e x t e n d ed i n t o t h e G r a s s y a r e a . The i n t e r v a l l a s t e d b u t a s h o r t t i me a n d t h e e m e r g e n t l a n d m a s s t o t h e w e s t d i s a p p e a r e d . The n o r t h w e s t e r n U t a h O q u i r r h b a s i n c o n t i n u e d t o s u b s i d e a t a f a s t e r r a t e t h a n t h e s u r r o u n d i n g a r e a s . S i l i c e o u s l i m e s t o n e was t h e d o m i n a n t r o c k t y p e d e p o s i t e d . The s h o r e l i ne o f an e m e r g e n t l a n d m a s s i n t h e n o r t h e a s t e r n a r e a s of U t ah t r a n s g r e s s e d w e s t w a r d d e p o s i t i n g a s h e e t of s a n d i n i ts w a k e . The s h o r e l i n e e x t e n d e d t o t h e C e d a r - G r a s s y - T e r r a ce M o u n t a i n r e g i o n as a t t e s t e d by t h e i n t e r f i n g e r i n g of c r o s s - b e d d e d s a n d s t o n e s and q u a r t z i t e s w i t h c a r b o n a t e s i n t he "Unnamed" F o r m a t i o n . The e n t i r e a r e a was i n u n d a t e d i n l a t e st L e o n a r d t i m e and c h e r t y c a r b o n a t e s w e r e d e p o s i t e d . Before G u a d a l u p i a n t i m e had b e g u n o v e r 7 , 5 0 0 f e e t of L e o n a r d i an s e d i m e n t had b e e n d e p o s i t e d i n t h e a r e a of t h e G r a s s y Mount a i n s . G u a d a l u p i a n r o c k t o t a l i n g 2 , 1 3 9 f e e t h a v e b e e n m e a s u r ed 3 20 i n t h e G r a s s y M o u n t a i n s a r e a and an a d d i t i o n a l 500 f e e t a re b e l i e v e d t o h a v e b e e n r e m o v e d by e r o s i o n d u r i n g L a t e C r e t a c e o us o r T e r i t a r y t i m e , S t i f e l ( 1 9 6 4 , p e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n ) r e p o r t s a c o m p l e t e s e c t i o n of 2 , 4 7 2 f e e t f o r t h e G u a d a l u p i an i n t e r v a l i n t h e T e r r a c e M o u n t a i n s , P h o s p h a t i c l i m e s t o n e, c h e r t , and c a r b o n a t e d e p o s i t i o n c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e G u a d a l u p i an i n t e r v a l . This d e p o s i t i o n a l p a t t e r n i s w i d e s p r e a d t h r o u g h o u t n o r t h e r n U t a h ( W i l l i a m s , 1 9 6 3 , p p , 1 0 3 - 1 0 4 ). One of t h e t h i c k e s t P e r m i a n s e c t i o n s i n U t a h i s b e l i e v ed t o e x i s t i n t h e C e d a r - G r a s s y - T e r r a c e M o u n t a i n a r e a . Over 1 5 , 0 0 0 f e e t of r o c k w e r e d e p o s i t e d i n t h e G r a s s y M o u n t a i ns a r e a and t h e t h i c k n e s s seems v e r i f i e d by a s i m i l a r , i f not g r e a t e r , s e c t i o n r e p o r t e d from t h e T e r r a c e M o u n t a i n s ( S t i f e l, 1 9 6 4 , p e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n ). T r i a s s i c No T r i a s s i c r o c k was f o u n d e x p o s e d i n t h e G r a s s y Mount a i n r e g i o n . T r i a s s i c r o c k s h a v e b e e n r e c o r d e d i n t he C o n f u s i o n Range t o t h e s o u t h ( H o s e and R e p e n n i n g , 1 9 6 3 ), a n d i n t h e T e r r a c e M o u n t a i n s ( S t i f e l , 1 9 6 4 , p e r s o n a l communi c a t i o n ) , t o t h e n o r t h . A c c o r d i n g t o E a r d l e y ( 1 9 6 2 , p l a te 9 ) a T r i a s s i c d e p o s i t i o n a l t r o u g h e x i s t e d i n n o r t h e r n U t ah and s o u t h e r n I d a h o , and t h e w h o l e of U t a h r e c e i v e d f r o m 1 , 0 00 t o 8 , 0 0 0 f e e t of s e d i m e n t b u t i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t p a r t s of t h e l a t e P e n n s y l v a n i a n and P e r m i a n u p l i f t s p e r s i s t e d i n to 3 2 1 T r i a s s i c t i m e and t h a t t h e b a s i n s of T r i a s s i c d e p o s i t i on w e r e s e v e r a l , and l o n g and n a r r o w . I t i s a l s o p o s s i b le t h a t T r i a s s i c b e d s w e r e d e p o s i t e d i n t h e a r e a , o n l y t o be r e m o v e d by e r o s i o n d u r i n g a l a t e r p e r i o d. J u r a s s i c D u r i n g t h e L a t e T r i a s s i c and E a r l y J u r a s s i c i n t e r v a ls r a d i c a l c h a n g e s t o o k p l a c e w h i c h l e f t t h e n o r t h e r n L a k e s i d e - G r a s s y M o u n t a i n a r e a e m e r g e n t , n e v e r a g a i n t o s u b s i d e b e n e a th m a r i n e w a t e r s , E a r d l e y ( 1 9 6 2 , p l a t e 10) and S t o k e s ( 1 9 6 3, p . 120) n o t e t h e e x i s t e n c e of a g e a n t i c l i n e i n n o r t h w e s t e rn U t a h and e a s t e r n Nevada d u r i n g J u r a s s i c t i m e , J u r a s s ic e r o s i o n may h a v e r e m o v e d some of t h e p r e v i o u s l y d e p o s i t ed T r i a s s i c s e d i m e n t s. 322 C r e t a c e o u s and E a r l y T e r t i a ry The g e a n t i c l i n e t h a t a p p e a r e d d u r i n g J u r a s s i c t i m e b e g an t o r i s e i n E a r l y C r e t a c e o u s t i m e . This t r e n d c o n t i n u e d i n to L a t e C r e t a c e o u s t i m e , E a r d l e y ( 1 9 6 2 , p p Q 3 3 9 - 3 4 2 and 1 9 6 3, p p . 2 3 - 2 7 ) h a s l i s t e d t h e s e v e r a l p h a s e s of o r o g e n y t h a t t o ok p l a c e i n w e s t e r n U t a h d u r i n g t h e L a t e C r e t a c e o u s and E a r ly T e r t i a r y i n t e r v a l. The f i r s t i s t h e C o l o r a d o p h a s e o r C e d a r H i l l s o r o g e n y, w h i c h was m o s t i n t e n s e i n c e n t r a l U t a h . T h i s was f o l l o w ed b y t h e M o n t a n a p h a s e or E a r l y L a r a m i d e o r o g e n y w h i c h is m o s t e v i d e n t a l o n g t h e W a s a t c h l i n e f r om one end of U t ah t o t h e o t h e r and b e y o n d i n t o t h e n e i g h b o r i n g s t a t e s . Some o f t h e b r o a d f o l d s of t h e G r e a t B a s i n r a n g e s a r e b e l i e v ed t o h a v e b e e n f o r m e d d u r i n g t h e s e o r o g e n i e s as w e l l as s e v e r al m a j o r t h r u s t s p r e s e n t i n t h e W a s a t c h R a n g e. F o l l o w i n g t h e E a r l y L a r a m i d e o r o g e n y came t h e P a l e o c e ne p h a s e or t h e M i d - L a r a m i d e o r o g e n y . This o r o g e n y was s t r o n g er i n n o r t h e r n U t a h t h a n i n s o u t h e r n U t a h , The e a s t e r n G r e at B a s i n e x p e r i e n c e d r e n e w e d u p l i f t . The C o t t o n w o o d dome n e ar 3 23 S a l t L a k e C i t y and t h e e a s t - w e s t f o l d s i n t h e W a s a t c h Mount a i n s a r e c o n s i d e r e d t o h a v e b e e n f o r m e d a t t h i s t i m e. The E o c e n e p h a s e o r t h e L a t e L a r a m i d e o r o g e n y f o l l o w ed t h e d e p o s i t i o n of t h e K n i g h t C o n g l o m e r a t e , or i t s e q u i v a l e n t s , i n n o r t h e a s t e r n U t a h and d u r i n g w h i c h t h e s e r o c ks w e r e c a s t i n t o b r o a d f o l d s . The s i n g l e r i d g e of t h e W a s a t ch M o u n t a i n s n o r t h of S a l t Lake C i t y was f i r s t e s t a b l i s h e d as a b r o a d f o l d a t t h i s t i m e and was a c c o m p a n i e d by n o r m al f a u l t i n g , w h i c h p e r h a p s m a r k e d t h e b e g i n n i n g of B a s i n and R a n g e f a u l t i n g. U p l i f t of t h e N o r t h e r n U t a h H i g h l a n d and t h e t h r u s t i ng a n d f o l d i n g i n t h e G r a s s y M o u n t a i n s o c c u r e d d u r i n g one or m o r e of t h e s e o r o g e n i c p h a s e s . It i s d i f f i c u l t t o r e l a te t h e s e e v e n t s w i t h t h e a f o r e m e n t i o n e d p h a s e s f r om f i e ld e v i d e n c e . Inasmuch as t h e e a s t - w e s t f o l d s i n t h e W a s a t ch M o u n t a i n s i n t h e v i c i n i t y of S a l t Lake C i t y a r e c o n s i d e r ed t o h a v e o c c u r r e d d u r i n g t h e P a l e o c e n e p h a s e and s i n ce s t r u c t u r e s s u c h as t h i s a r e e x p e c t e d t o f o r m a l o n g t he p e r i p h e r y of a dome s u c h as t h e N o r t h e r n U t a h H i g h l a n d, i t i s t h o u g h t t h a t t h e u p l i f t of t h e dome o c c u r r e d d u r i ng M i d - L a r a m i d e t i m e . Maurer ( 1 9 6 4 , o r a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n ) had i n d i c a t e d t h e p r e s e n c e of a r e d c o n g l o m e r a t e u n d e r n e a t h a t h r u s t e d P e n n s y l v a n i a n s e c t i o n i n t h e C e d a r M o u n t a i n s. T h i s t h r u s t i s b e l i e v e d t o e x t e n d i n t o t h e G r a s s y M o u n t a in 3 24 a r e a and t h e r e f o r e r e l a t e d t o G r a s s y M o u n t a i n t h r u s t i n g and f o l d i n g o Rigby ( 1 9 5 8 , p 0 52) h a s r e p o r t e d t h e p r e s e n c e of a s i m i l a r r e d c o n g l o m e r a t e i n t h e S t a n s b u r y R a n g e , w h i ch was a s s i g n e d t o t h e N o r t h Horn? F o r m a t i o n „ He s t a t e s t h at i t i s r e l i a b l y d a t e d as E a r l i e s t T e r t i a r y f o r i t f o l l o w s t he m a j o r o r o g e n i c p u l s e s of t h e r e g i o n 0 He m e n t i o n s f u r t h er t h a t U p p e r P a l e o z o i c r o c k s a r e d o m i n a n t i n t h e c o n g l o m e r a t e, b u t t h a t m i n o r a m o u n t s of T i n t i c Q u a r t z i t e a r e p r e s e n t. T h i s e v i d e n c e m i g h t p o s s i b l y c o n f i r m t h e u p l i f t d a t e f or t h e N o r t h e r n U t a h H i g h l a n d dome i n a s m u c h a s t h e a r e a was e r o d e d t o t h e P r e c a m b r i a n c o r e . The p o s s i b i l i t y r e m a i n s, o f c o u r s e , t h a t t h e s o u r c e of t h e c o n g l o m e r a t e may h a ve b e e n e l s e w h e r e . Cbhenour ( 1 9 5 9 , p 0 97) n o t i c e d a s i m i l ar c o n g l o m e r a t e i n t h e S h e e p r o c k M o u n t a i n s , w h i c h he d a t e d as y o u n g e r t h a n L a t e C r e t a c e o u s , w h i c h w o u l d c o n f i r m t h e c o n c l u s i o n s of R i g b y . S i n c e t h e c o n g l o m e r a t e u n d e r l i e s t he t h r u s t i n g i n t h e C e d a r M o u n t a i n s , i t i s c o n c l u d e d t h a t t he t h r u s t i n g p o s t - d a t e s t h e N o r t h e r n U t a h H i g h l a n d u p l i f t or t h a t u p l i f t and t h r u s t i n g o c c u r r e d d u r i n g t h e same d e f o r m - a t i o n a l i n t e r v a l, I n s u m m a r y , t h e r e g i o n was u p l i f t e d , as was m o s t of w e s t e r n U t a h , d u r i n g C r e t a c e o u s t i m e . The N o r t h e r n U t ah H i g h l a n d dome was p r o b a b l y e l e v a t e d c o n s p i c u o u s l y above t h e s u r r o u n d i n g a r e a i n E a r l y T e r t i a r y t i m e 0 The r e g i o n al d i p of t h e s t r a t a i n t h e n o r t h e r n L a k e s i d e - G r a s s y M o u n t a in 3 25 a r e a r e f l e c t s t h e u p l i f t . Headward e r o d i n g s t r e a m s f r o m t he e a s t c a r r i e d much o f t h e e r o s i o n a l d e b r i s of t h e dome e a s t w a r d i n t o much l o w e r e l e v a t e d l a n d s i n t h a t d i r e c t i o n , , A c e r t a i n amount of t h e p r o d u c t s of e r o s i o n ( r e d c o n g l o m e r a te o f C e d a r a n d S t a n s b u r y M o u n t a i n s ) w e r e s c a t t e r e d i n a ll d i r e c t i o n s . C o n c e n t r i c and r a d i a l f a u l t s a p p e a r e d. S i m u l t a n e o u s w i t h t h e u p l i f t of t h e N o r t h e r n U t a h H i g h l a n d, t h e a n t i c l i n a l s t r u c t u r e e a s t of t h e N e w f o u n d l a n d Mount a i n s r o s e , c o m p r e s s i n g t h e t h i c k s e q u e n c e of s t r a t a of t h e G r a s s y M o u n t a i n a r e a b e t w e e n t h e t w o . The f o r c e s w e re g r e a t e n o u g h t o u p e n d many t h o u s a n d s of f e e t of P e r m i a n - P e n h s y l v a n i a n s t r a t a and o v e r t u r n t h e m . S t e e p e n i n g on t h e w e s t f l a n k of t h e dome and on t h e e a s t f l a n k of t he a n t i c l i n e may h a v e i n i t i a t e d g r a v i t y s l i d i n g i n t h e u p p er u n i t s , f o r m i n g t h e t i g h t f o l d s and h i g h - a n g l e t h r u s ts f o u n d i n t h e a r e a t o d a y . These s t r u c t u r e s , as t h e y may h a v e a p p e a r e d i n E a r l y T e r t i a r y t i m e , a r e i l l u s t r a t e d on f i g u r e 4 0. L a t e T e r t i a ry L a t e T e r t i a r y t i m e was m a r k e d by v o l c a n i c a c t i v i t y and B a s i n a n d Range f a u l t i n g . This t y p e of f a u l t i n g c o m p l e t e ly d e s t r o y e d t h e e r o d e d N o r t h e r n U t a h h i g h l a n d as a g e o m o r p h ic d o m e . Over 4 5 , 0 0 0 f e e t of r o c k h a d b e e n r e m o v e d f r o m t he h i g h l a n d p r i o r t o t h i s t i m e . B a s i n and R a n g e f a u l t i ng O-S-D-M p-e Triassic rocks Permian 8 Pennsylvonian Mississippian, Devonian, Silurian, Ordovician Cambrian rocks Precambrian rocks 113° 30 W. 113° 15' W. 113t>00' W. 112° 45' W 41° 45" N. 4I°30'N. 5 Miles (Along 41st Parallel) (See also figure 36, page 285) 41° 15 N. 4I°00*N, FIGURE 40'. EARLY TERTIARY PA LEO GEOLOGIC MAP AND CROSS SECTION, T E R R A C E - NEWFOUNDLAND - GRASSY - LAKESIDE MOUNTAINS AREA, UTAH. 327 r e a c t i v a t e d many of t h e f a u l t s i n i t i a t e d d u r i n g t h e L a r a m i de d e f o r m a t i o n . B a s i n and Range f a u l t i n g p r o b a b l y h a s c o n t i n u ed i n t o t h e P l e i s t o c e n e i n t h e L a k e s i d e and G r a s s y M o u n t a i ns a r e a . No e v i d e n c e f o r p o s t - L a k e B o n n e v i l l e f a u l t i n g has b e e n f o u n d . D u r i n g t h e L a t e T e r t i a r y t h e a r e a p r o b a b ly a p p e a r e d much as i t d o e s t o d a y . V o l c a n i c a c t i v i t y was p r o n o u n c e d d u r i n g t h i s i n t e r v a l t h r o u g h o u t w e s t e r n U t ah a n d t h e f i s s u r e - t y p e e r u p t i o n of G r a y b a c k M o u n t a i n o c c u r r ed a t t h i s t i m e . The l a v a s a r e p r e s u m e d t o h a v e f o l l o w e d a L a r a m i d e f a u l t , s i n c e i t p a r a l l e l s o t h e r L a r a m i d e f e a t u r e s. Q u a t e r n a r y D u r i n g t h e P l e i s t o c e n e t h e a r e a was a l m o s t e n t i r e l y s u b m e r g e d by L a k e B o n n e v i l l e . C u r r e n t s and w a v e s a t t a c k e d t he s h o r e l i n e s p r o d u c i n g a v a r i e t y of c o n s t r u c t i o n a l , as w e l l as e r o s i o n a l l a n d f o r m s t h a t c a n be o b s e r v e d t o d a y i n an e x c e l l e nt s t a t e of p r e s e r v a t i o n . I c e b e r g s on t h e l a k e l o d g e d a g a i n st t h e s h o r e l i n e s and d e p o s i t e d t h e i r l o a d s of s e d i m e n t i n a f ew l o c a t i o n s i n t h e L a k e s i d e M o u n t a i n s . The p r o b a b l e more h u m i d c l i m a t e t h a t a c c o m p a n i e d Lake B o n n e v i l l e s p e e d e d up e r o s i o n a l p r o c e s s e s i_n t h e h i g h e r h i l l s e s t a b l i s h i n g e q u i l i b r i u m a l o n g t h e s t i r e a m c o u r s e s . The l o w e r c a n y o n a r e as w e r e f i l l e d w i t h s t r e a m g r a v e l . With a r e t u r n t o a r i d c o n d i t i o n s t h e l a k e s l o w l y waned t o i t s p r e s e n t r e m n a n t , t he G r e a t S a l t L a k e , w h i c h now o c c u p i e s a b a s i n a t t h e f o r m er 3 28 s i t e of t h e N o r t h e r n U t a h h i g h l a n d dome0 At one t i m e Lake B o n n e v i l l e r e a c h e d an e l e v a t i o n of 1 , 1 8 5 f e e t above t he p r e s e n t l e v e l ( 4 , 2 0 0 f e e t ) of G r e a t S a l t Lake i n t h e a r e a. The d i s a p p e a r a n c e of Lake B o n n e v i l l e p u t t h e s t r e am c h a n n e l s o u t of e q u i l i b r i u m and t h e g r a v e l - f i l l e d l o w er c o u r s e s of t h e c a n y o n s w e r e i n c i s e d by f l a s h f l o o d s as w e l l as w e r e some of t h e g r a v e l s l e f t by L a k e B o n n e v i l l e„ G i l b e r t ( 1 8 9 0 , p p Q 3 4 0 - 3 9 2 ) , i n g r e a t l e n g t h y d i s c u s s ed t h e a p p a r e n t a n o m a l o u s l e v e l s f o u n d t h r o u g h o u t t h e f o r m er b a s i n of L a k e B o n n e v i l l e „ He p l o t t e d t h e e l e v a t i o n s of t he B o n n e v i l l e , P r o v o , and o t h e r l e v e l s t h r o u g h a l a r g e p a r t of t h e b a s i n and n o t e d t h a t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l s w e r e f o u n d n e ar t h e g e o g r a p h i c a l c e n t e r of o l d L a k e B o n n e v i l l e . He t h e r e f o re a s s u m e d t h a t u n l o a d i n g was c a u s i n g an e p e i r o g e n i c r i s e in t h e a r e a . The n o r t h e r n L a k e s i d e - G r a s s y M o u n t a i n a r e a is r o u g h l y l o c a t e d i n t h e c e n t e r of t h i s i s o s t a t i c a d j u s t m e n t, ( s e e f i g u r e 3 9 ) 0 His w o r k was s u b s t a n t i a t e d by C r i t t e n d en ( 1 9 6 3 ) and E a r d l e y ( 1 9 6 2 b , p . 9)„ E a r d l e y h a s f u r t h e r shown t h a t t h e s u r f a c e of some of t h e v a l l e y s h a v e b e e n e r o d ed a s r a p i d l y as t h e c r u s t h a s r i s e n and t h a t w i n d i s p e r h a ps t h e p r i m e m o v e r . E a r d l e y ( p 0 18) h a s f u r t h e r shown t h a t a s p i l l w a y e x i s t e d b e t w e e n S t r o n g k n o b M o u n t a i n and t h e L a k e s i d e M o u n t a i n s . This s p i l l w a y p r o v i d e d a c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e en t h e b a s i n of G r e a t S a l t Lake and t h e b a s i n of t h e G r e a t S a lt L a k e D e s e r t . E r o s i o n of t h e s p i l l w a y h a s n o t k e p t up w i th P L A T E 16 U p p e r l e f t : C a l c i t e v e i n , G r a s s y R i d g e. U p p e r r i g h t : Small a r c h c a r v e d by L a k e B o n n e v i l l e , c e n t r al L a k e s i d e M o u n t a i n s. Lower l e f t : Abandoned d r i l l i n g a p p a r a t u s , L a k e s h o r e O il C o . # 1 , u n s u r v e y e d s e c t i o n 1 2 , T. 5 N . , R. 9 W. Lower r i g h t : O o l i t e b a r on l a k e f l a t e a s t of c e n t r a l L a k e s i d e M o u n t a i n s, 3 29 t h e i s o s t a t i c a d j u s t m e n t s of u n l o a d i n g ,, F o r a c o n t i n u a t i o n of t h e h i s t o r y of t h e r e g i o n t he r e a d e r i s i n v i t e d t o t u r n t o p a g e 70 330 E C O N O M I C G E O L O GY L a k e s i d e m i n i n g d i s t r i c t L o c a t i o n : M o s t of t h e m i n e s of t h e L a k e s i d e m i n i n g d i s t r i c t are l o c a t e d i n t h e v i c i n i t y of M o n a r c h Mine C a n y o n , w h i c h is a p p r o x i m a t e l y 15 m i l e s n o r t h of t h e W e s t e r n P a c i f i c R a i l r o ad s i d i n g a t D e l l e e The m i n e s c a n be r e a c h e d by a f a i r d e s e rt r o a d t r a v e r s i n g a l o n g t h e e a s t s i d e of t h e L a k e s i d e M o u n t a i n s, A c c e s s t o t h i s r o a d f r o m U. S. Highway 4 0 - 5 0 i s g a i n e d a t t he T i m p i e or D e l l e r a i l r o a d c r o s s i n g ( s e e i n d e x map t o t h e Monarch M i n e , f i g u r e 4 1 ) . The m a j o r m i n e i s t h e M o n a r c h , w h i c h is l o c a t e d n e a r t h e h e a d of M o n a r c h Mine C a n y o n , a b o u t 2 1/2 m i l e s w e s t of an a b a n d o n e d h o m e s t e a d l o c a t e d a l o n g t he a f o r e m e n t i o n e d d e s e r t r o a d. H i s t o r y and p r o d u c t i o n: L e a d and s i l v e r was d i s c o v e r e d i n t h e L a k e s i d e M o u n t a i ns a b o u t 1870 a n d t h e L a k e s i d e m i n i n g d i s t r i c t was o r g a n i z ed M a r c h 2 5 , 1 8 7 1 ( B u t l e r , 1 9 2 0 , p D 4 8 8 ) . Very l i t t l e i s known a b o u t t h e p e r i o d b e t w e e n 1871 and 1 9 1 7 , e x c e p t t h a t t h e r e was some m i n i n g e x c i t e m e n t b e t w e e n 1 8 7 1 and 1 8 7 4 and t h a t a s m a ll 3 32 q u a n t i t y of o r e was s h i p p e d . A c t i v i t y was r e s u m e d and s e v e r a l c a r l o a d s of o r e w e r e s h i p p e d b e t w e e n 1917 and 1 9 2 4. T a b l e 2, p a g e 333 l i s t s p r o d u c t i o n f i g u r e s f o r t h e p e r i od 1 9 2 5 - 1 9 6 2 . P r o b a b l y a b o u t 2 0 , 0 0 0 t o 2 5 , 0 0 0 t o n s of o r e h a ve b e e n m i n e d a n d s h i p p e d s i n c e t h e d i s c o v e r y of t h e a r e a in 1 8 7 0 . D e v e l o p m e n t : T h e p r i n c i p a l w o r k i n g s of t h e L a k e s i d e d i s t r i c t a re t h o s e of t h e L a k e s i d e M o n a r c h M i n i n g Company, i n c l u d i n g t he M c B r i d e t u n n e l , W a t e r s t u n n e l , P l e n t i f u l No. 2 m i n e , and P r o s p e c t i n c l i n e . The l o c a t i o n of t h e s e w o r k i n g s a r e shown o n t h e map, f i g u r e 42„ A p l a n and l o n g i t u d i n a l s e c t i o n of some of t h e s e w o r k i n g s a r e shown on f i g u r e s 43 and 44 „ A m i l l was c o n s t r u c t e d i n 1937 t o p r o c e s s t h e low g r a de o x i d i z e d l e a d o r e , w h i c h was c l o s e d a f t e r 60 d a y s o p e r a t i o n. G e o l o g y : T h e c o u n t r y r o c k i s C a m b r i a n and O r d o v i c i a n i n a g e. F o r m a t i o n s i n v o l v e d i n c l u d e t h e Marjum F o r m a t i o n , Nounan- S t . C h a r l e s F o r m a t i o n s , and t h e G a r d e n C i t y F o r m a t i o n. The p a r t i c u l a r r o c k t y p e s i n c l u d e d o l o m i t e , l i m e s t o n e , and c a l c a r e o u s s h a l e e The m a i n o r e b o d i e s a r e l e n t i c u l ar s h o o t s as much as 40 f e e t t h i c k , w h i c h o c c u r m a i n l y i n t he 333 Table 2: PRODUCTION FIGURES, LAKESIDE MINING DISTRICT, 1925-1962 (Minerals Yearbook, U. S. Bureau of Mines, 1925-1962) Ore Producing f i ne o z s . l b s . Monetary Year ( s h o r t tons) Mines Gold S i l v e r Copper Lead Zinc Value 1925 154 1 59,877 ? 1926 ? 1 (1 carload of ore shipped) ? 1927 ? 1 ( s e v e r a l c a r l o a d s of ore shipped) ? 1928 ? 1 ( s e v e r a l c a r l o a d s of ore shipped) ? 1929 ? 2 (3 carloads of ore shipped) 1930 - - 0 (no shipments) ' $o 1931 ? 1 (1 carload of ore shipped) ? 1932 178 1 248 - - 65,255 -- $2,'027 1933 495 1 83.0 564 724 193,887 $7,500 1934 200 2 1.49 368 537 54,675 $2,356 1935- 6 237 3 0.60 249 313 78,950 - $3,384 1937 3,627 4 905 380 198,000 $12,428 1938 149 3 198 204 58,478 120,681 - - $2,838 1939 390 3 461 423 1940 3,034 3 1.00 2,160 3,000 665,080 $6,029 $35,164 1941 1,406 3 2.00 1,163 2,200 270,700 $16,587 1942 1,059 2 585 175,400 11,400 $13,228 1943 527 2 2.00 329 900 122,200 $9,586 1944 680 1 3.00 512 1,200 155,800 $13,095 1945 160 2 135 200 26,000 7,880 $3,164 1946 0 - $0 1947 29 1 31 6,000 4,300 $1,413 1948 164 1 - - 106 t 200 27,300 2,400 $5,340 1949- 1962: No production 12,489 93.09 8,014 10,281 2,278,283 25,960 $134,139 FIGURE 42: GEOLOGY OF MONARCH MINE CANYON AREA, SHOWING LOCATIONS OF MINE WORKINGS (See Figure 41 for index information) FOR CONTINUATION SEE AT RIGHT- 4 400 N 4 200 N 4 800 N NOTES DATA TAKEN FROM CO. DRWG. MADE AFTER SURVEY BY T3. W. CRANE, GEOLOGIST, ON AUG. 1930, AND JULY 1938. MAGNETIC VARIATION 17° 00.' FOR LONGITUDINAL SECTION SEE DRWG. NO. 1500-3.108-I. FIGURE 43 _80 120 SCALE OF FEET NOVEMBER 15, 1944. P l a n of U n d e r g r o u n d W o r k i n g s of M o n a r c h Mine, L a k e s i d e Mining District, T o o e l e C o u n t y , Utah 336 N. W. EJL. 5 300 S. E. 5 300 5 200 EL. 5 200 EL. 4 800 EL. 4 800 FIGURE 44 LONGITUDINAL SECTION AND ASSAYS. Line of Section N. 15° W. Looking N. E. SCALE OF FEET NOVEMBER 15, 1944. NOTES 1. DATA TAKEN FROM CO. DRWG. MADE AFTER SURVEY BY G.W. CRANE, GEOLOGIST, ON AUG. 1930, AND JULY I938f 2. FOR PLAN DRAWING SEE 1500 - 3.107-1. J500 - 3. 108 - I 337 f o o t w a l l s of t h e M o n a r c h and o t h e r f i s s u r e s , b u t a l s o in v e i n s a l o n g t h e f a u l t s ( H e y l , 1 9 6 3 , p p a 5 6 - 5 8 ) . The o re i s g e n e r a l l y b r e c c i a t e d . A f ew s m a l l r e p l a c e m e n t b o d i es h a v e b e e n f o u n d. O r e : M o s t of t h e o r e i s o x i d i z e d . Remnants of s u l f i d e ore e x i s t as l i t t l e b l e b s of g a l e n a and p e r h a p s some s p h a l e r i t e„ The m a i n m i n e r a l s a r e c e r u s i j t e , h e m i m o r p h i t e , s m i t h s o n i t e, a n d l i m o n i t e . Gangue m i n e r a l s i n c l u d e j a s p e r o i d , c a l c i t e, a n d a c i c u l a r a r a g o n i t e . U n d o u b t e d l y l a r g e r e s e r v e s of o re r e m a i n , b u t i t s r e p o r t e d l e a n n e s s i n s i l v e r make i t u n p r o f i t a b l e t o m i n e u n d e r t h e p r e s e n t m i n i n g c o n d i t i o n s . A n a l y s es o f h a n d s a m p l e s of o r e s from t h e L a k e s i d e d i s t r i c t a re t a b u l a t e d on p a g e 33 8. The r e m a i n d e r of t h e n o r t h e r n L a k e s i d e - G r a s s y M o u n t a in a r e a i s v e r y b a r r e n w i t h r e s p e c t t o m e t a l l i c m i n e r a l i z a t i o n. A s m a l l p i t was f o u n d a l o n g t h e t r a c e of a t h r u s t n e a r t he w e s t e r n f l a n k of t h e G r a s s y M o u n t a i n s c o n t a i n i n g a b r e c c i a t ed b l a c k c a r b o n a t e m a t e r i a l . A s a m p l e was e x a m i n e d by t h e U. S. B u r e a u of M i n e s and d e c l a r e d t o be c a l c i u m c a r b o n a t e , c o n t a i n i n g some m a n g a n e s e. 3 38 T a b l e 3 : ANALYSES OF HAND SAMPLES OF ORES FROM THE LAKESIDE DISTRICT ( A n a l y s t , D e a s o n a n d N i c h o l s , S a l t Lake C i t y , 1 9 5 5 - - f r o m H e y l , 1 9 6 3 , p p . 5 6 - 5 8) M c B r i d e t u n n el o x i d i z e d oxidized s i l i c e o u s iron-rich Prospect i n c l i ne C o n s t i t u e n t zinc-lead lead oxidized z i nc G o l d oz./ton 0.02 0.02 0,015 S i l v e r oz./ton 0.80 1.40 1.20 L e a d percent 5,1 18.9 5.5 Z i n c percent 17,2 5.9 32.9 S i l i c a percent 34.2 13.0 21.6 I r o n percent 15.6 38.5 3.2 C a r b o n a t e percent 23.9 14.5 25.2 P L A T E 17 U p p e r l e f t and l o w e r r i g h t : Ore s p e c i m e n s f r o m m i n e dumps i n t h e L a k e s i d e M i n i n g D i s t r i c t , U p p e r r i g h t : Abandoned m i l l , M o n a r c h Mine C a n y o n , l o o k i ng w e s t . Lower l e f t : Oblique a e r i a l v i e w of M o n a r c h Mine C a n y o n. V i e w l o o k i n g w e s t. M i d d l e r i g h t : J a s p e r o i d c o b b l e f r o m I n c l i n e p r o s p e c t dump, n a t u r a l s i z e. N o n - m e t a l l i c d e p o s i ts 3 39 S a n d a n d g r a v e l: A f ew s a n d and g r a v e l p i t s a r e c u r r e n t l y ( 1 9 6 4 ) b e i ng u s e d f o r r o a d c o n s t r u c t i o n by t h e U t a h S t a t e Road C o m m i s s i on a n d by t h e c o n t r a c t o r s f o r t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s A i r F o r c e s t a t ic t e s t i n s t a l l a t i o n . These p i t s a r e a l l l o c a t e d a l o n g t h e S a lt L a k e C i t y t o W e n d o v e r h i g h w a y , o r n e a r t h e L a k e s i d e r o a d n e ar t h e H i l l A i r F o r c e R a n g e . A f ew d e s e r t e d p i t s a r e f o u n d n e ar G r a y b a c k M o u n t a i n and t h e Thumb, h a v i n g b e e n u s e d t o c o n s t r u ct t h e Low f l i g h t s t r i p and o t h e r A i r F o r c e i n s t a l l a t i o n s . An e n o r m o u s amount of s a n d and g r a v e l e x i s t s w i t h i n t h e r e g i o n. D o l o m i t e : D o l o m i t e i s c u r r e n t l y b e i n g e x t r a c t e d c o m m e r c i a l l y from t h e s o u t h e r n L a k e s i d e M o u n t a i n s . The s o u r c e b e d s i n c l u de t h e F i s h H a v e n , L a k e t o w n , and W a t e r C a n y o n D o l o m i t e s and t he p r o d u c t i s one of h i g h p u r i t y and l o w s i l i c a ( M o r r i s , 1 9 6 4, p . 1 9 2 , and U t l e y , 1 9 5 8 , p p . 1 2 2 - 1 2 5 ) . O u t c r o p s of t h e a b o ve named f o r m a t i o n s e x t e n d i n t o t h e n o r t h e r n L a k e s i d e M o u n t a in a r e a . C r u s h e d r o c k: L a r g e r o c k q u a r r i e s e x i s t i n t h e v i c i n i t y of L a k e s i d e. The c r u s h e d r o c k was u s e d t o c o n s t r u c t a r a i l r o a d b e d a c r o ss r 3 40 t h e G r e a t S a l t L a k e . The q u a r r i e s h a v e b e e n o p e n e d i n to t h e G r e a t B l u e F o r m a t i o n. D i a t o m a c e o u s m a r l: D i a t o m a c e o u s m a r l d e p o s i t s a r e common t h r o u g h o u t t he n o r t h e r n L a k e s i d e - G r a s s y M o u n t a i n a r e a . M i c r o s c o p i c a n a l y s es o f s a m p l e s a r e shown i n T a b l e 4 a n d p h o t o m i c r o g r a p h s a re f o u n d on P l a t e 1 8 . Beds r a n g e up t o 20 f e e t i n t h i c k n e ss i n t h e D i a t o m G u l c h a r e a , w h e r e a s u r f a c e a r e a of o v e r 80 a c r e s of m a r l s c a n be f o u n d . Other l o c a t i o n s w i t h l a r g er a r e a l e x t e n t a r e f o u n d i n t h e a r e a , b u t t h e d e p o s i t s c o n t a i n more i m p u r i t i e s . D e p o s i t s of s m a l l a r e a l e x t e n t and l i m i t e d t h i c k n e s s , b u t c o n t a i n i n g l e s s i m p u r i t i e s , c a n be f o u n d i n many of t h e g u l l i e s and w a s h e s. Gypsum: Gypsum d u n e s l o c a t e d n e a r t h e w e s t e r n m a r g i n s of t he a r e a c o n t a i n up t o 607o g y p s um and c o u l d p o s s i b l y be u s ed a s a c o m m e r c i a l f e r t i l i z e r. O o l i t e : O o l i t e d u n e s a r e l o c a t e d i n t h e v i c i n i t y of L a k e s i de n e a r t h e S o u t h e r n P a c i f i c r a i l r o a d t r a c k s , O o l i t e s a re b e i n g u s e d f o r f l u x i n s m e l t i n g p r o c e s s e s n e a r S a l t Lake C i t y, 341 T a b l e 4: SUMMARY TABLE OF MICROSCOPIC ANALYSES OF DIATOMACEOUS MARL FROM NORTHERN LAKESIDE-GRASSY MOUNTAIN AREA, UTAH Sample Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 LB* % M a t e r i a l +0 . 1 mm 1 0 1 1 0 0 5 % M a t e r i a l - 0 . 1 mm to 0 . 0 1 mm 70 63 67 65 65 45 65 % M a t e r i a l - 0 , 0 1 mm 29 37 32 34 35 55 30 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 % D i a t o m i te 69 62 70 52 64 51 85 % C a r b o n a t es 20 15 14 39 30 40 - % Q u a r tz 7 7 12 3 4 5 10 % C l a y and other m i n e r a l s 4 16 4 6 2 4 5 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 % D i a t o m s Intact 48 41 45 17 37 7 30 N o . of S p e c i es R e c o g n i z ed 15 19 12 7 12 5 6 Dominant Shape of D i a t o m s S p i n d l e s h a p e d in a l l s a m p l es Sample 1 Bed 4 - 7 ' t h i c k SW s ec . 16, T. 3 N. , R. 10 W. Sample 2 Bed 6' t h i c k e a s t s l o p e of S a l l y M o u n t a in Sample 3 Bed 6' t h i c k S j s e c. 8, T. . 3 N . , R. 10 W. Sample 4 Bed 15' t h i c k SW s ec . 17, T. 3 N. , R. 10 w . Sample 5 Bed 8' t h i c k C S i sec s. 17, T. 3 N. , R. 10 w Sample 6 Bed 20' t h i c k NW s ec . 20, T. 3 N. , R. 10 w . LB* Lompoc Brick, i n f o r m a t i o n from Crawford ( 1 9 5 1 , p . 21 P e r c e n t a g e s are a s n e a r l y q u a n t i t a t i v e a s c a n be e s t i m a t e d u n d e r a p e t r o g r a p h i c m i c r o s c o p e w i t h o u t r e s o r t i n g to s t a t i s t i c a l c o u n t s w i t h a m e c h a n i c a l s t a g e. 3 42 T a b l e 5 : DIATOMACEOUS EARTH CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SAMPLE #4 ( B l a c k and D e a s o n , A n a l y s t) S x 0 2 54.0 A 1 2 0 3 2.0 F e 2 0 3 1.2 Ca O 22.0 M9 0 0.3 I g n i t i o n L o s s 20.0 T o t a l 9 9 . 5 P L A T E 18 U p p e r l e f t : Oolite b a r w e s t of L a k e s i de R e m a i n i n g p h o t o s : P h o t o m i c r o g r a p h s of d i a t o m s from D i a t o m G u l c h„ 3 4 3 A r a g o n i t e and o r n a m e n t a l s t o n e: An a t t e m p t h a s b e e n made t o q u a r r y a c i c u l a r a r a g o n i te a n d c a l c i t e n e a r t h e m o u t h of Big C a n y o n a l o n g t h e e a s t s i de o f t h e G r a s s y M o u n t a i n s . The r o c k i s f o u n d i n a v a r i e t y of c o l o r s ; w h i t e , p i n k , b r o w n , l a v e n d e r and r e d . A r a t h e r l a r ge v e i n of a r a g o n i t e or c a l c i t e , v a r . h o n e y o n y x , was f o u nd by t h e w r i t e r on The F i n g e r w i t h i n t h e H i l l A i r F o r c e R a n g e. The f i n e - g r a i n e d s a n d s t o n e s and some of t h e l i m e s t o n e s of U t a h 2 of t h e O q u i r r h F o r m a t i o n , b e t w e e n B i g C a n y o n and G r a s sy P e a k C a n y o n h a v e b e e n a f f e c t e d by Lie s e g a n g b a n d i n g ( w o n d e r - s t o n i n g ) , and m i g h t p o s s i b l y be u s e d as an o r n a m e n t a l b u i l d i ng s t o n e . P h o s p h a t e : L i m e s t o n e b e d s c o n t a i n i n g m i n o r a m o u n t s of p h o s p h a t e a re i n t h e Meade P e a k ( ? ) L i m e s t o n e i n t h e P a r k C i t y G r o u p . A n a l y s es h a v e shown t h a t b u t . 0 6 t o . 09?o P2O5 c a n be f o u n d i n t h e r o ck ( s e e t a b l e 6 b e l o w ) . S t i f e l ( 1 9 6 4 , o r a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n ) r e p o r ts p h o s p h a t i c s h a l e s i n t h e T e r r a c e M o u n t a i n s n o t f o u n d i n t he i n c o m p l e t e e x p o s u r e s i n The F i n g e r . The p h o s p h a t e p o t e n t i a l i t i e s of t h e a r e a a r e t h e r e f o r e n o t e n t i r e l y r u l e d o u t. O i l and g a s e x p l o r a t i on Two o i l w e l l s a r e known t o h a v e b e e n d r i l l e d i n t h e v i c i n i ty 3 44 T a b l e 6: ANALYSES OF PHOSPHATIC LIMESTONE ( B l a c k a n d D e a s o n , A n a l y s t) NW, S e c 7, T. 2 N . , R. 11 W. U n i t i 3 Top t o B o t t o m P2 0 5 Ca 3 P 2 °8 0 - 1 2 f e e t 0.09 0.19 12 - 25 f e e t 0.06 0.13 25 - 37 f e e t 0.06 0.13 37 - 50 f e e t 0.06 0.13 50 - 68 f e e t 0.09 0.19 U n i t 1 Top t o B o t t om 0 - 1 2 f e e t 0.09 0.19 12 - 25 f e e t 0.06 0.13 25 - 50 f e e t 0.06 0.13 50 - 1 0 0 f e e t 0.06 0.13 3 45 o f t h e L a k e s i d e M o u n t a i n s . An u n k n o w n o p e r a t o r d r i l l e d 800 f e e t b e f o r e a b a n d o n i n g h i s e f f o r t s i n t h e S t r o n g k n o b a r e a, T. 6 N . , R. 10 W, a r o u n d t h e t u r n of t h e c e n t u r y . The s e c o n d w e l l i s l o c a t e d i n t h e SW% of u n s u r v e y e d s e c t i o n 1 2, T. 5 No, R, 9 W. I t was d r i l l e d i n 1926 o r 1927 by t he L a k e s h o r e O i l Company n e a r t h e s h o r e s of G r e a t S a l t Lake t o a d e p t h of 1 , 2 0 0 f e e t . Both w e l l s w e r e d r y h o l e s. G r o u n d w a t er S i n c e no s u r f a c e w a t e r i s a v a i l a b l e w i t h i n t h e n o r t h e rn L a k e s i d e - G r a s s y M o u n t a i n a r e a , g r o u n d w a t e r b e c o m e s t h e o n ly m e a n s of s u p p o r t i n g s t o c k and w i l d l i f e . S e v e r a l w a t e r w e l ls h a v e b e e n d r i l l e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e a r e a , and t h e s e m u s t be p u m p e d . The w a t e r f r om t h e s e w e l l s i s u s e d m a i n l y by c a t t l e men and s h e e p h e r d e r s t o w a t e r t h e i r l i v e s t o c k . I n f o r m a t i on i n r e g a r d t o p u r i t y i s n o t a v a i l a b l e , b u t s t o c k m e n i n d i c a te t h e w a t e r h a s a s t r o n g s a l i n e t a s t e , w h i c h w o u l d i n d i c a te t h e p r e s e n c e of a t l e a s t 1 , 0 0 0 ppm. d i s s o l v e d s o l i d s . The s m a l l w a t e r s h e d a r e a s of t h e G r a s s y M o u n t a i n s and t h e L a k e s i d e M o u n t a i n s p r e c l u d e s the p o s s i b i l i t y of o b t a i n i n g t he l a r g e a m o u n t s of g r o u n d w a t e r n e c e s s a r y to s u s t a i n a g r i c u l t u r e. P r e s e n t u s e and p o s s i b l e f u t u r e d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e a r ea The p r e s e n t u s e of t h e a r e a i s e x t r e m e l y l i m i t e d . The m o s t i m p o r t a n t u s e c o n s t i t u t e s t h e s h e e p and c a t t l e g r a z i n g, 3 46 w h i c h i s c a r r i e d on f r om November 1 t o May 1 of e a c h y e a r. The U. S. A i r F o r c e u s e d p a r t of t h e a r e a a s a b o m b i n g, s t r a f i n g , and r o c k e t r y r a n g e . A c t i v i t i e s c o n n e c t e d w i th t h e o p e r a t i o n of r a i l r o a d s and h i g h w a y s c o n s t i t u t e m i n or u s a g e of t h e a r e a. The U. S. A i r F o r c e h a s r e c e n t l y ( 1 9 6 3 ) b e g u n c o n s t r u c t i o n of a s t a t i c t e s t i n g f a c i l i t y i n t h e H i l l A i r F o r ce R a n g e , t h u s i n c r e a s i n g t h e i r u s e of t h e a r e a. At p r e s e n t no p r o f o u n d i n c r e a s e i n t h e u s e of t h e a r ea s e e m s p r o b a b l e . Some a d d e d u s e may come t h r o u g h d e v e l o p m e nt of t h e r e s o u r c e s and r e c r e a t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s of n e a r b y G r e at S a l t L a k e . A r e v o l u t i o n a r y w a t e r m a n a g e m e n t p l a n f o r t he S t a t e of U t a h came t o l i g h t i n 1962 t h a t i n c l u d e d u s i ng P u d d l e ( S i n k ) V a l l e y as a s t o r a g e r e s e r v o i r . The p l an ( M a h o n e y , 1962) c a l l s f o r a m a j o r c a n a l s y s t e m t o move w a t e r f r o m U t a h Lake t o P u d d l e V a l l e y . The p u r p o s e i s to p r o v i d e a d e e p e r s t o r a g e b a s i n t o c u r t a i l e v a p o r a t i o n . The w a t e r w o u l d be u s e d t o i r r i g a t e and d e v e l o p S k u l l V a l l e y. T h e e n c l o s i n g s i d e s of P u d d l e V a l l e y a r e c o m p l e t e to t he 4 , 5 5 0 f o o t c o n t o u r and c o u l d s t o r e up t o 8 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 a c re f e e t of w a t e r . This p r o p o s e d r e s e r v o i r h a s a l r e a d y b e en named t h e D e s e r e t R e s e r v o i r. 347 B I B L I O G R A P H Y A n d e r s o n , B„ G . , 1 9 5 8 , S t a n s b u r y T s s u r v e y of t h e i n l a n d s e a: U t a h H i s t o r i c a l Q u a r t e r l y , v . 2 6 , n o . 1, p 6 5 - 8 1. B a k e r , A. A . , 1 9 4 7 , S t r a t i g r a p h y of t h e W a s a t c h M o u n t a i n s in t h e v i c i n i t y of P r o v o , U t a h ; U . S . G e o l . S u r v e y, O i l and Gas I n v . P r e l i m . C h a r t 3 0. B a k e r , A. A . , H u d d l e , J . W., and K i n n e y , D. W., 1 9 4 9 , P a l e o z o ic g e o l o g y of n o r t h a n d w e s t s i d e s of U i n t a B a s i n , U t a h: Am. A s s o c . P e t r o l e u m G e o l o g i s t s B u l l . , v . 3 3 , n o . 7, p . 1 1 6 1 - 1 1 9 7. B a k e r , 0. E „ , and o t h e r s , 1 9 3 6 , A t l a s of A m e r i c a n a g r i c u l t u r e: U. So G o v e r n m e n t P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. B a n c r o f t , H. H . , 1 8 8 9 , H i s t o r y of U t a h , 1 5 4 0 - 1 8 8 6 , v . 26 of t h e w o r k s of B a n c r o f t : H i s t o r y P u b l i s h i n g C o . , San F r a n c i s c o . B e c k w i t h , E. Ge , 1 8 5 5 , R e p o r t of e x p l o r a t i o n s of a r o u t e f or t h e P a c i f i c R a i l r o a d n e a r t h e 4 1 s t p a r a l l e l : U. S. P a c i f i c RR. E x p l . R e p t 2 , s e c . 2 , 4 1 s t p a r . p 1 - 2 0. B i s s e l l , H. J . , 1 9 3 6 , P e n n s y l v a n i a n s t r a t i g r a p h y i n t h e s o u t h e rn W a s a t c h M o u n t a i n s , U t a h : Iowa A c a d . S c i . P r o c , v . 4 3 , p . 2 3 9 - 2 4 3. B i s s e l l , H. J . , 1 9 5 9 , S t r a t i g r a p h y of t h e s o u t h e r n O q u i r rh M o u n t a i n s , P e n n s y l v a n i a n S y s t e m : U t a h G e o l . S o c. G u i d e b o o k n o . 1 4 , p . 9 3 - 1 2 7. B i s s e l l , H. J . , 1 9 5 9 a , S t r a t i g r a p h y of t h e F i v e m i l e P a ss a n d n o r t h B o u l t e r M o u n t a i n s q u a d r a n g l e s : U t ah G e o l . S o c . G u i d e b o o k No. 1 4 , p . 1 2 8 - 1 8 2. B u t l e r , B. S . , L o u g h l i n , G. F . , H e i k e s , V. C , and o t h e r s , 1 9 2 0 , The o r e d e p o s i t s of U t a h : U . S . G e o l. S u r v e y P r o f . P a p e r 1 1 1 . C a l k i n s , F. C , and B u t l e r , B. S . , 1 9 4 3 , G e o l o g y and o re d e p o s i t s of t h e C o t t o n w o o d - A m e r i c a n F o r k a r e a, U t a h : U. S. G e o l . P r o f . P a p e r 2 0 1 . 3 48 C h r i s t i a n s e n , F. Wc , 1 9 6 3 , C a m b r i a n r o c k s of U t a h : Utah G e o l o and M i n e r a l o g 0 S u r v e y , B u l l 0 54, P a p e r 6, p . 4 5 - 4 90 C o h e n o u r , RQ E , , 1 9 5 9 , G e o l o g y of t h e S h e e p r o c k M o u n t a i n s, T o o e l e a n d J u a b C o u n t i e s , U t a h : Utah Geolo and M i n e r a l o g 0 S u r v e y , B u l l 0 6 3. C r a w f o r d , A„ L 0 , 1 9 5 1 , D i a t o m a c e o u s e a r t h n e a r B r y ce C a n y o n N a t i o n a l P a r k , U t a h : U t a h G e o l o and Min-e r a l o g o S u r v e y C i r c u l a r n o e 38„ C r i t t e n d e n , M0 D G , S h a r p , Bc J o , C a l k i n s , FD C 0 , 1 9 5 2, G e o l o g y of t h e W a s a t c h M o u n t a i n s e a s t of S a lt L a k e C i t y , P a r l e y s C a n y o n t o T r a v e r s e R a n g e: U t a h G e o l o S o c Q G u i d e b o o k n o , 8, p 1 - 3 7. C r i t t e n d e n , M, D 0 , 1 9 6 3 , New d a t a on t h e i s o s t a t i c d e f o r m a t i o n of Lake B o n n e v i l l e : UQ SD G e o l 0 S u r v, P r o j o P a p e r 4 5 4 - Ee C r o f t , Mo Go, 1 9 5 6 , G e o l o g y of t h e n o r t h e r n O n a q u i M o u n t a i n s, T o o e l e and J u a b C o u n t i e s , U t a h : B r i g h a m Young U n i v . Mo So t h e s i s„ D e i s s , C h a r l e s , 1 9 3 8 , C a m b r i a n f o r m a t i o n s and s e c t i o n s in p a r t of t h e C o r d i l l e r a n , t r o u g h : G e o l , S o c0 A m e r i c a B u l l , , vD 4 9 , p , 1 0 6 7 - 1 1 6 8o D u n c a n , H e l e n , 1 9 5 2 , i n G e o l o g y of t h e c e n t r a l W a s a t ch M o u n t a i n s , U t a h : U t a h G e o l 0 S o c 0 G u i d e b o o k n o0 8 , p 8-9o E a r d l e y , A. J 0 , 1 9 3 3 , S t r o n g r e l i e f b e f o r e b l o c k f a u l t i ng i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e W a s a t c h M o u n t a i n s , U t a h: J o u r , G e o l o g y , v , 4 1 , p , 2 4 3 - 2 6 7, E a r d l e y , A. J , , 1 9 3 9 , S t r u c t u r e of t h e W a s a t c h - G r e a t B a s in r e g i o n : G e o l e S o c , A m e r i c a B u l l , , v , 5 0 , p 1 2 7 7 - 1 3 1 0 o E a r d l e y , A, J „ , 1 9 6 2 , S t r u c t u r a l e v o l u t i o n of N o r t h A m e r i c a, 2 n d e d i t i o n : New Y o r k , H a r p e r and Row, E a r d l e y , A, J , , 1 9 6 2 a , G l a u b e r f s s a l t bed w e s t of P r o m o n t o ry P o i n t , G r e a t S a l t L a k e : Utah Geolo and M i n e r a l o g. S u r v e y S p e c i a l S t u d i e s 1, 349 E a r d l e y , A„ J o , 1 9 6 2 b , Gypsum d u n e s and e v a p o r i t e h i s t o r y of t h e G r e a t S a l t Lake D e s e r t : U t a h Geolo and M i n e r a l og S u r v e y S p e c i a l S t u d i e s 2. E a r d l e y , A. J 0 , 1 9 6 3 , S t r u c t u r a l e v o l u t i o n of U t a h : Utah G e o l o and M i n e r a l o g . S u r v e y B u l l e , 54, P a p e r 3, p . 1 9 - 2 90 G i l b e r t , GQ K0 , and H o w e l l , E, E», 1 8 7 5 , R e p o r t on t h e g e o l o gy o f p o r t i o n s of N e v a d a , U t a h , C a l i f o r n i a , and A r i z o na U0 S0 Geog. S u r v e y W0 1 0 0 t h M e r i d i a n ( W h e e l e r ) 3, P o 1 7 - 1 8 7„ G i l b e r t , Gc K0 , 1 8 8 5 , The t o p o g r a p h i c f e a t u r e s of l a k e s h o r e s: U0 S 0 Geolo S u r v e y 5 t h A n n u a l R e p o r t , p . 6 9 - 1 2 3. G i l b e r t , G. K„, 1 8 9 0 , Lake B o n n e v i l l e : U. S. G e o l . S u r v ey M o n o g r a p h 1 0 G i l l u l y , J a m e s , 1 9 3 2 , G e o l o g y and o r e d e p o s i t s of t h e S t o c k t o n and F a i r f i e l d q u a d r a n g l e s , U t a h : U. S. G e o l. S u r v e y P r o f . P a p e r 1 7 3. G r a n g e r , A. E 0 , and S h a r p . B. J . , 1 9 5 3 , S t r a t i g r a p h y of t he W a s a t c h Range n e a r S a l t Lake C i t y , U t a h : U. S. G e o l o S u r v e y C i r c u l a r 2 9 6. H a l l , J a m e s , 1 8 5 2 , G e o l o g y and p a l e o n t o l o g y , i n S t a n s b u r y, H o w a r d , 1 8 5 2 , E x p l a and S u r v e y of t h e v a l l e y of t h e G r e a t S a l t Lake p . 4 0 1 - 4 1 4 : Am. J o u r . S c . 65 ( 2 s o 1 5 ) , p . 1 2 6 - 1 2 8. H e y l , A. V . , 1 9 6 3 , O x i d i z e d z i n c d e p o s i t s of t h e U n i t ed S t a t e s , p a r t 2, U t a h : U. S. G e o l . S u r v e y B u l l. 1 1 3 5 - B , p . 5 6 - 5 8. H i n t z e , L. F 0 , 1 9 4 9 , O r d o v i c i a n S y s t e m of U t a h : Utah G e o l. a n d M i n e r a l o g . Survey O i l and Gas P o s s i b i l i t i es o f U t a h , p . 3 8 - 5 4. H i n t z e , L0 F 0 , 1 9 5 1 , Lower O r d o v i c i a n d e t a i l e d s t r a t i g r a p h ic s e c t i o n s f o r w e s t e r n U t a h : Utah G e o l . and M i n e r a l og S u r v e y B u l l . 39. H i n t z e , L0 F c , 1 9 6 3 , Summary of O r d o v i c i a n s t r a t i g r a p h y of U t a h : Utah G e o l o and M i n e r a l o g . S u r v e y B u l l. 5 4 , P a p e r 7, p p . 5 1 - 6 1. 350 H o s e , R0 KQ , and R e p e n n i n g , Cc A . , 1 9 5 9 , S t r a t i g r a p h y of P e n n s y l v a n i a n , P e r m i a n , and Lower T r i a s s i c r o c ks o f C o n f u s i o n R a n g e , w e s t - c e n t r a l U t a h : Am0 A s s o c o P e t r o l e u m G e o l o g i s t s B u l l o , v Q 4 3 , p 0 2 1 6 7 - 2 1 9 6 , H o s e , Ro Koj and R e p e n n i n g , CQ A o p 1 9 6 3 , G e o l o g i c map and s e c t i o n s of t h e Cowboy P a s s NW q u a d r a n g l e , Conf u s i o n R a n g e , M i l l a r d C o u n t y , U t a h : U0 S0 G e o l0 S u r v e y M i s c e l l a n e o u s Geolo InVo Map 1 - 3 7 80 I v e s , Ro L 0 , 1 9 4 6 , D e s e r t r i p p l e s : Am0 J o u r 0 S c 0 244 p Q 4 9 2 - 5 0 1o K i n g , C l a r e n c e , 1 8 7 6 , Map 3 : U0 SQ G e o l 0 E x p l o of t h e 4 0 th P a r a l l e l 0 K i n g , C l a r e n c e , and o t h e r s , 1 8 7 8 , S y s t e m a t i c g e o l o g y : UQ S0 G e o l 0 E x p l 0 4 0 t h P a r a l l e l , vQ 1 a n d 2Q Kb°ppen, W0 , 1 9 3 1 , G r u n d r i s s d e r K l i m a k u n d e : W a l t e r de G r u y t e r Company, B e r l i n0 L e e , Wo T o , and o t h e r s , 1 9 1 6 , O v e r l a n d r o u t e g u i d e b o o k : U0 S G e o l o S u r v e y B u l l 0 , 6 1 2 , p 0 1 5 2. L i n d g r e n , W a l d e m a r , and L o u g h l i n , C0 F u , 1 9 1 9 , G e o l o g y and o r e d e p o s i t s of t h e T i n t i c m i n i n g d i s t r i c t , U t a h: U0 So Geolo S u r v e y P r o f o P a p e r 1 7 70 L o c h m a n - B a l k , C h r i s t i n a and W i l s o n , J0 E0 , 1 9 5 8 , C a m b r i an b i o s t r a t i g r a p h y i n N o r t h A m e r i c a : J o u r0 P a l e o n t o l o g y , vQ 3 2 , n o 0 2, p p c 3 1 2 - 3 5 0e M a h o n e y , J» Ro, 1 9 6 2 , The n a v i g a b l e l a k e s of t h e B o n n e v i l le B a s i n - - t h e i r f u l l p o t e n t i a l u n d e r e f f e c t i ve w a t e r m a n a g e m e n t : S a l t Lake C i t y , U t a h , U n i v0 o f U t a h B u r e a u of E c o n o m i c and B u s i n e s s R e s e a r c h„ M a u r e r , R o b e r t , 1 9 6 4 , o r a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n„ M c K e l v e y , V, E 0 , W i l l i a m s , J Q S 0 , S h e l d o n , R0 P 0 , C r e s s m an J o Ro, C h e n e y , T„ M0 , and S w a n s o n , RD W0 , 1956 Summary d e s c r i p t i o n s of P h o s p h o r i a , P a r k C i ty a n d S h e d h o r n F o r m a t i o n s i n w e s t e r n p h o s p h a te f i e l d , AmQ A s s o c „ P e t r o l e u m G e o l o g i s t s B u l l 0 ? v . 40, noo 1 2 , p 0 2 8 2 6 - 2 8 6 30 3 9 3 5 1 M a r b u t , C. F „ , 1 9 3 1 , S o i l Map of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s : in A t l a s of A m e r i c a n a g r i c u l t u r e , U n i t e d S t a t es G o v e r n m e n t P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , W a s h i n g t o n D0 C 0, 1 9 3 6 . M i l l e r , D0 E 0 , 1 9 4 9 , G r e a t S a l t Lake p a s t and p r e s e n t : S a lt L a k e C i t y , U t a h , B o o k c r a f t I n cc M i l l e r , D0 E 0 , 1 9 5 8 , D o n n e r p a r t y : P a c i f i c H i s t o r i c a l R e v i e w, v„ 2 7 , no o 1„ M o r r i s , Hc T o s 1 9 5 7 , G e n e r a l g e o l o g y of t h e e a s t T i n t ic M o u n t a i n s , U t a h : Utah G e o l 0 S o c 0 G u i d e b o o k n o0 1 2 , p p 0 1-56o M o r r i s , Hc T D , 1 9 6 4 , L i m e s t o n e and D o l o m i t e i n M i n e r a l and W a t e r R e s o u r c e s of U t a h : Utah G e o l o and M i n e r a l og S u r v e y B u l l „ 7 3 , p 0 1 8 8 - 1 9 40 M o y l e , Ro WQ , 1 9 5 9 , M i s s i s s i p p i a n and P e n n s y l v a n i a n r o c k s, M a n n i n g C a n y o n S h a l e : U t a h G e o l 0 S o c 0 G u i d e b o o k n o0 1 4 , p 0 5 9 - 9 2. N o l a n , To B c , 1 9 3 5 , The Gold H i l l m i n i n g d i s t r i c t , U t a h: U0 So Geolo S u r v e y P r o f o P a p e r 177„ N o l a n , T0 B Q , M e r r i a m , C0 W0 , and W i l l i a m s , J Q S c , 1 9 5 6, The s t r a t i g r a p h i c s e c t i o n i n t h e v i c i n i t y of E u r e k a , N e v a d a : U0 SQ G e o l 0 S u r v e y P r o f . P a p e r 276„ N y g r e e n , P. W0 , 1 9 5 8 , The O q u i r r h F o r m a t i o n , s t r a t i g r a p hy o f t h e l o w e r p o r t i o n i n t h e t y p e a r e a and n e ar L o g a n , U t a h . U t a h G e o l 0 and M i n e r a l o g 0 S u r v e y B u l l 0, 6 1 . O l s o n , R. Ho, 1 9 6 0 , G e o l o g y of t h e P r o m o n t o r y R a n g e , U t a h: U n i v . of U t a h PhQ D0 t h e s i s, Osmond, J . C 0 , J r . , 1 9 5 4 , D o l o m i t e s i n S i l u r i a n and D e v o n i an o f e a s t - c e n t r a l N e v a d a : Am0 A s s o c . 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