OCR Text |
Show gas concentrations. The analytical methods were proven to be valid and repeatable over a wide range of flame shapes while alternating the fuel from natural gas, to light distillate number 2 oil, to heavy residual oil. The analytical method of flame shaping simultaneously provides low emissions, increased stability over the entire operating range, improved burner and boiler cleanliness and life, and gentle light off on all fuels. These analytical methods have been applied to dozens of burners in the past eighteen months. All of these are in successful operation with accurate flame fits and with low emissions. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to thank his many colleagues at Peabody Engineering Corporation and at its sister company, Hamworthy Combustion Engineering, Limited, for their generous support, their many valuable collaborations and their long hours of testing, all of which proved to be invaluable. REFERENCES [1]. Hu, A.S., McVey, J.B., Rosfjord, T.J., Schlein, B.C., and Snyder, T.S., Emission and Performance of a Lean-P remixed Gas Fuel Injection System for Aeroderivative Gas Turbine Engines, Transactions of the A S M E , Vol. 118, Jan 1996, pp 38-45. [2]. Nakamura, T., Smart, J.P., and Van de Kamp, W.L., The effects of fuel/air mixing on NOx reduction and heat-transfer in high-temperature gas-fired glass-melting furnaces, Journal of the Institute of Energy, Mar 1996, 69, pp 39-50. [3]. Miyasato, M.M., Samuelsen,G.S., Modeling and Velocity Measurements at the Burner Throat: The Relationship in a Model Industrial, Natural Gas Fired Burner, American Flame Research Committee International Symposium, Sept 1996. [4]. Holdeman, J.D., Lai, M.C., Smith, C.E., and Talpallikar, M.V., CFD Analysis of Jet Mixing in Low NOx Flametube Combustors, 91-GT-217, A S ME International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress, June 1991. [5]. Quan, V., Marble, F.E., and Kliegel, J.R, Nitric Oxide Formation in Turbulent Diffusion Flames, 14th Symposium on Combustion, Aug 1972. [6]. Nimmo, W., Richardson, J., and Hampartsoumian, E., The effect of fuel-nitrogen functionality on the formation of NO, HCN, and NH3 in practical liquid-fuel flames. Journal of the Institute of Energy, Dec 1995, 68, pp 170-177. [7]. Fenimore, C.P., Chemistry in Premixed Flames, The Macmillan Company, N e w York, 1964, ppl 1-59. [8]. Dearden, L.M., Massingham, J.D., Pourkashanian, M., Wild, P.N., Williams, A., and Yap, L.T., Controlling NOx emissions from high-temperature air-preheat burners with air-staging, Journal of the Institute of Energy, Mar 1996, 69, pp 23-30. [9]. Vogt, R.L., Advanced Flame Shaping Technology. A B M A , Industrial Boiler Conference, Sept 97. [10]. Carter, P., Goodfellow, J., and Saimbi, M., The design of staged combustion low NOx regenerative burner, British Gas pic, Coleshill Combustion Center, Sept 1990. |