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Title	Low Emission Burner Techniques
Creator	Martin, Dr. Richard T.; Deller, Jim Ph.D.
Publisher	Digitized by J. Willard Marriott Library, University of Utah
Date	1996
Spatial Coverage	presented at Baltimore, Maryland
Abstract	The reduction of NOx emissions from fired equipment has been driven by environmental regulations for over a quarter of a century. During that time period, various techniques have been developed to achieve the sometimes mandatory reductions. These techniques include the use of a variety of "low NOx" burner designs, staged combustion techniques, flue gas recirculation, and post treatment of the combustion products. Most, if not all of the burner designs and staged combustion techniques reduce the temperature of combustion which, in turn, decreases the thermal NOx. Flue gas recirculation adds mass to the combustion zone which suppresses the combustion temperature which reduces NOx emissions. The effect of steam injection into the combustion zone either mixed with the fuel or the combustion air on NOx reduction is well documented. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the use of certain "low combustion temperature fuels" to reduce thermal NOx formation. These fuels are usually by-products of plant processes that can, in addition to reducing the generated thermal NOx, provide greater operating flexibility by reducing the impact of excess air on NOx generation. Correlations are presented that characterize the reduction in thermal NOx emissions that result from the use of the low combustion temperature fuels. Additional correlations and detailed discussion are presented that provide insight on the effect of excess air in combination with these fuels.
Type	Text
Format	application/pdf
Language	eng
Rights	This material may be protected by copyright. Permission required for use in any form. For further information please contact the American Flame Research Committee.
Conversion Specifications	Original scanned with Canon EOS-1Ds Mark II, 16.7 megapixel digital camera and saved as 400 ppi uncompressed TIFF, 16 bit depth.
Scanning Technician	Cliodhna Davis
ARK	ark:/87278/s6vx0k3z
Setname	uu_afrc
ID	11770
Reference URL	https://collections.lib.utah.edu/ark:/87278/s6vx0k3z

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Title	Page 4
Format	application/pdf
OCR Text	Show varying the adiabatic flame temperature and stoichiometric air levels on NOx emissions in combination. The application of these techniques for NOx control have to be considered in conjunction with practical considerations such as the flammability limits of the combustion gas mixture, which provides guidance as to the maximum extent to which these techniques can reasonably be applied. Theoretically generated flammability limits and empirical data can be combined to develop suitable operational guidelines. By extrapolating data relating the NOx emissions to theoretical flame temperature and combustion excess air levels for a known fuel gas for a subject combustion unit it is theoretically possible to apply the guidelines developed here to estimate the minimum NOx emissions possible by utilizing a low heat release fuel. IV. Source of Data - Description of Equipment The data considered in this paper was obtained from a series of burner trials carried out on the #3 Callidus test furnace situated at the Callidus burner research facility in Beggs, Oklahoma. The heat extraction from the #3 furnace was controlled during the trials to simulate the operating conditions of process heaters. Experience has shown that combustion characteristics demonstrated ]D these furnaces are a good representation of field performance. The fuel gas flow rates were measured using an orifice plate system for each component of the fuel gas blend. Combustion flue gases are drawn from the stack, dried using a refrigeration technique and then analyzed for NO/N02 using a chemiluminescent analyzer, for O2 by infrared and chemical cell and for CO by infrared and chemical cell. The furnace box temperature is monitored by a thermocouple situated near the exit of the radiant section. All gas analyzers are calibrated before use. 4
Setname	uu_afrc
ID	11746
Reference URL	https://collections.lib.utah.edu/ark:/87278/s6vx0k3z/11746