| OCR Text |
Show Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Paraneoplastic Optic Neuropathy: Confirmation with Antibody to Optic Nerve and Hepatic Metastasis Thomas L. Slamovits, MD, Jerome B. Posner, MD, Diane L. Reidy, MD, Charles E. Thirkill, PhD, John L. Keltner, MD Abstract: A 68-year-old woman presented with bilateral visual loss as the only clinical manifestation of an occult pancreatic nonsecretory neuroendocrine tumor (NET). The suspected diagnosis of paraneoplastic optic neuropathy was confirmed using immunofluorescence assays to dem-onstrate the presence of antibodies in the patient's serum that reacted with antigen(s) in the optic nerve and in the pancreatic NET hepatic metastasis. Treatment of the under-lying cancer was followed by marked improvement in visual function. Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology 2013;33:21-25 doi: 10.1097/WNO.0b013e3182699b2a © 2012 by North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society Most paraneoplastic neurologic disorders are believed to be immune mediated and often cause symptoms before there is evidence of an underlying malignancy (1,2). Paraneoplastic optic neuropathy (PON) is a rare disorder usually characterized by optic disc edema and vitritis, accom-panied by other neurologic manifestations and associated with the collapsing response-mediating protein-5 (CRMP-5) autoantibody, also known as CV2 (3). We report a case of bilateral visual loss due to PON without vitritis and optic disc edema. The patient's serum contained an antibody that reacted to both optic nerve and the neuroendocrine tumor (NET). Treatment of the NET was followed by marked and sustained recovery of vision. CASE REPORT A 68-year-old computer programmer experienced sudden, painless visual loss in both eyes. Over several weeks, her vision deteriorated further and then stabilized. Initially she was able to read but that became increasingly more difficult as did recognizing faces. She denied any systemic or neurologic complaints and took no medications. She was known to be anemic (hemoglobin: 10.6 g/dL), but despite evaluation, the cause of the anemia was not determined. Two months after the onset of vision loss, visual acuity was 20/100 bilaterally. The patient was unable to recognize any of the Ishihara color plates, and there was a left relative afferent pupillary defect. Eye movements and anterior segment exam-ination were unremarkable, except for mild cataracts. Fundu-scopy was within normal limits (Fig. 1). Automated visual fields revealed central field loss bilaterally (Fig. 2A). There was no evidence of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) loss in either eye on optical coherence tomography (OCT), and macular OCT also was normal. Neurologic testing disclosed brisk reflexes, unsustained ankle clonus, and possible left Babinski sign. Initial evaluation was negative for tumor or other occult underlying infectious, inflammatory, or autoimmune abnormalities, including syphilis, sarcoidosis, and systemic lupus erythemematosus. Brain and orbital magnetic reso-nance imaging (MRI) without and with contrast and with fat suppression was normal. Total spine MRI also was unremarkable, as were cerebrospinal fluid studies. Full-field photopic and scotopic electroretinography was normal, but visual evoked potentials were abnormal in both Department of Ophthalmology, Neurology and Neurosurgery (TLS), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Neurology ( JBP), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Department of Medicine (DLR), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Ocular Immunology Laboratory (CET), Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California Davis, Davis, California; and Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Neurology and Neurosurgery (JLK), University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California. Dr C.E. Thirkill's laboratory is supported by a grant from Research to Prevent Blindness (RPB) and by a National Eye Institute (NEI) core Grant 1 P30 EY12756-06. The authors report no conflict of interest. Address correspondence to Thomas L. Slamovits, MD, 1250 Pelham Parkway South, Bronx, NY 10461; E-mail: tlslam@gmail.com Slamovits et al: J Neuro-Ophthalmol 2013; 33: 21-25 21 Original Contribution Copyright © North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. eyes. Paraneoplastic markers for CAR and CRMP-5 were negative, as were hematologic studies for Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and neuromyelitis optica. Western blot analysis was negative for anti-retinal antibodies but positive for anti-optic nerve antibodies using an extract of pig optic nerve, showing a reaction at approximately 70 KDa. Western blots and immunochemistry were performed in accordance with previously published protocols (4). Positron emission tomography showed multiple, low attenuation hepatic lesions, many of which had mildly increased uptake of fluorodeoxyglucose, suspicious for malignancy (standard uptake value range: 2.5-3.8). FIG. 1. Normal fundus appearance 2 months after the onset of bilateral vision loss. FIG. 2. Results of automated visual fields and optical coherence tomography at 2 months (A), 10 months (B), and 12 months (C) after the onset of vision loss. 22 Slamovits et al: J Neuro-Ophthalmol 2013; 33: 21-25 Original Contribution Copyright © North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. Abdominal MRI identified multiple rim-enhancing hepatic lesions (Fig. 3A), consistent with metastatic disease and a 2.5 · 2.4 cm area of parenchymal prominence in the tail of the pancreas (Fig. 3B). An octreotide scan demonstrated uptake in both the pancreatic and hepatic lesions (Fig. 3C). A liver biopsy confirmed a low-grade, well-differentiated neu-roendocrine neoplasm (Fig. 4). Tumor cells were positive for synaptophysin, chromogranin, and CD56 while negative for Hepar, CD34, and MCEA. The MIB-1 (KI-67) prolifer-ation rate was approximately 2%, and reticulin stain was negative. These findings supported the diagnosis of a nonfunc-tional (non-hormone secreting) pancreatic NET, metastatic to the liver. Tissue from the hepatic metastasis reacted with the patient's serum and with rabbit anti-optic nerve antisera; no immunoreactivity was found when normal liver tissue was exposed to the patient's serum and to rabbit anti-optic nerve antisera (Fig. 5). After right hepatic transarterial embolization, the patient was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) and subsequently with octreotide. Within weeks of starting the therapy, visual acuity gradually improved to 20/30 in each eye. Visual fields also improved (Fig. 2C), while OCT showed bitemporal RNFL loss (Figs. 2B & 2C). The patient was again able to drive and to use her computer. DISCUSSION While our understanding of paraneoplastic syndromes con-tinues to evolve (2,5), Graus et al (6) proposed the following definition: "a non-classical syndrome with onconeural anti-bodies (well-characterized or not) and cancer that develops within 5 years of diagnosis of the neurological disorder." Isolated PON is rare and usually occurs as a manifestation of a more widespread paraneoplastic syndrome, including cerebellar degeneration, cognitive changes, sensory neuropa-thy, and myelopathy (mimicking neuromyelitis optica). PON presents as acute or subacute, progressive, frequently bilateral painless loss of vision, and examination may reveal optic disc edema, inflammatory cells in the vitreous, and various visual field abnormalities including arcuate, altitudinal, or paracen-tral defects (7-10). Pathologic findings of PON include lym-phocytic infiltrations, usually with T cells, patchy loss of axons and myelin, and absence of tumor cells (3,11,12). FIG. 3. Abdominal imaging studies. Magnetic resonance imaging shows hepatic lesions (arrows) consistent with metastases (A) and a mass (arrow) in the tail of the pancreas (B). C. Octreotide scan reveals octreotide-avid lesions in the liver (long arrow) and pancreas (short arrow). FIG. 4. Liver biopsy shows characteristic trabecular pattern seen with neuroendocrine tumors (hematoxylin and eosin, ·40). Slamovits et al: J Neuro-Ophthalmol 2013; 33: 21-25 23 Original Contribution Copyright © North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. Most reported cases of PON have a serum antibody to a 62 KDa neuronal antigen termed CV2 and subsequently renamed CRMP-5 (13). Yu et al (14) described this paraneo-plastic immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibody, a neuronal cytoplasmic protein, a previously unknown 62 Kd member of the CRMP family. Since 1993, they have detected this antibody in 121 cases of paraneoplastic syndromes (14). Cross et al (3) described CRMP-5 IgG optic neuritis, and vitritis, associated with other neurologic abnormalities including altered mental status, cranial neuropathies, movement disor-ders, myelopathy, and peripheral neuropathy, and cerebellar and autonomic dysfunction. Margolin et al (15) described CRMP -5-positive PON and vitritis as the only clinical man-ifestation in a patient with small cell lung cancer. Lambrecht et al (16) reported a patient with a glucagon-secreting NET and vision loss presumed to be the result of bilateral optic neuropathy. However, electrodiagnostic and immunologic studies to rule out paraneoplastic retinopathy were not performed and the patient's evaluation, in contrast to ours, revealed secretion of endocrine markers. Our patient had several of the typical features of PON, including rapid onset visual loss, but the immunological findings in our patient are unique. Her serum anti-optic nerve antibodies (about 70 KDa on the Western blot) have not been reported previously in a paraneoplastic syndrome (5). Furthermore, these antibodies reacted both with her NET and optic nerve. We are not aware of any previous case of PON in which a disease producing antigen was looked for and found in the neoplasm. In patients with PON, treatment of the malignancy or immunosuppression usually fails to improve the optic neuropathy, although visual recovery, at times dramatic, as in our patient, has on occasion, been reported (1,11,12,17-19). The decision to choose embolization in treating our patient's NET was based on the dual blood supply of the liver. Tumors within the liver receive the majority of their blood supply via the hepatic artery, whereas the hepatic parenchyma receives about three quarters of its blood supply through the portal vein. Inducing vascular occlu-sion of the hepatic arterial supply can result in selective ischemia and necrosis of the tumor with relative preserva-tion of normal liver. This was followed by administration of IVIg and administration of octreotide. Two years after this therapeutic regimen, our patient retains normal vision. FIG. 5. Tumor immunochemistry. A. Specimen of patient's liver metastasis. Applying patient's serum, immunologically reactive metastatic cells (arrows) are visualized by the fluorescence of the fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled rabbit anti-human polyvalent immunoglobulins (Sigma product F4637). Many, but not all cellular components of the cancer react with the patient's antibodies (·200). B. Rabbit anti-optic nerve antisera reacting on a section of the patient's liver metastasis (arrows). Results are comparable with that seen with the patient's serum, visualized by indirect immunohistochemistry using FITC-conjugated goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G (Sigma product F-0382). C. Patient's serum on sections of normal human liver reveal no immunologic activity. D. Rabbit anti-optic nerve antisera on sectioned normal human liver shows no immunoreactivity. 24 Slamovits et al: J Neuro-Ophthalmol 2013; 33: 21-25 Original Contribution Copyright © North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. REFERENCES 1. Darnell RB, Posner JB. Paraneoplastic syndromes involving the nervous system. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1543-1554. 2. Darnell RB, Posner JB. Paraneoplastic Syndromes. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. 3. Cross SA, Salomao DR, Parisi JE, Kryzer TJ, Bradley EA, Mines JA, Lam BL. Paraneoplastic autoimmune optic neuritis with retinitis defined by CRMP-5-IgG. Ann Neurol. 2003;54: 38-50. 4. Querques G, Thirkill CE, Hagege H, Soubrane G, Souied EH. Choroidal neovascularization associated with cancer-associated retinopathy. Acta Ophthalmol. 2010;88:571-575. 5. Adamus G, Brown L, Schiffman J, Iannaccone A. Diversity in autoimmunity against retinal, neuronal, and axonal antigens in acquired neuro-retinopathy. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect. 2011;1:111-121. 6. Graus F, Delattre JY, Antoine JC, Dalmau J, Giometto B, Grisold W, Honnorat J, Smitt PS, Vedeler CH, Verschuuren JJ, Vincent A, Voltz R; for the Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndrome Euronetwork. Recommended diagnostic criteria for paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75:1135-1140. 7. Arés-Luque A, García-Tuñón LA, Saiz A, Cabezas BC, Hernández-Echebarría LE, Franco M, Toribio A, Tejada J, Graus F. Isolated paraneoplastic optic neuropathy associated with small-cell lung cancer and anti-CV2 antibodies. J Neurol. 2007;254:1131-1132. 8. Blumenthal D, Schochet S Jr, Gutmann L, Ellis B, Jaynes M, Dalmau J. Small-cell carcinoma of the lung presenting with paraneoplastic peripheral nerve microvasculitis and optic neuropathy. Muscle Nerve. 1998;21:1358-1359. 9. Boghen D, Sebag DM, Michaud J. Paraneoplastic optic neuritis and encephalomyelitis. Report of a case. Arch Neurol. 1988;45:353-356. 10. Calvert PC. A CR(I)MP in the optic nerve: recognition and implications of paraneoplastic optic neuropathy. J Neuroophthalmol. 2006;26:165-167. 11. Coppeto JR, Monteiro ML, Cannarozzi DB. Optic neuropathy associated with chronic lymphomatous meningitis. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1988;8:39-45. 12. De Santis G, Caniatti L, De Vito A, De Gennaro R, Granieri E, Tola MR. A possible paraneoplastic neuromyelitis optica associated with lung cancer. Neurol Sci. 2009;30:397-400. 13. Kennedy MJ, Eustace P, O'Briain DS, Daly PA. Paraneoplastic papilloedema in neuroblastoma. Postgrad Med J. 1987;63:873-876. 14. Yu Z, Kryzer TJ, Griesmann GE, Kim K, Benarroch EE, Lennon VA. CRMP-5 neuronal autoantibody: marker of lung cancer and thymoma-related autoimmunity. Ann Neurol. 2001;49:146-154. 15. Margolin EA, Flint A, Trobe JD. High-titer collapsin response-mediating protein-associated (CRMP-5) paraneoplastic optic neuropathy and vitritis as the only clinical manifestations in a patient with small cell lung carcinoma. J Neuroophthalmol. 2008;28:17-22. 16. Lambrecht ER, van der Loos TL, van der Eerden AH. Retrobulbar neuritis as the first sign of the glucagonoma syndrome. Int Ophthalmol. 1987;11:13-15. 17. Grunwald GB, Kornguth SE, Towfighi J, Sassani J, Simmonds MA, Housman CM, Papadopoulos N. Autoimmune basis for visual paraneoplastic syndrome in patients with small cell lung carcinoma. Retinal immune deposits and ablation of retinal ganglion cells. Cancer. 1987;60:780-786. 18. Hoh ST, Teh M, Chew SJ. Paraneoplastic optic neuropathy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma-report of a case. Singapore Med J. 1991;32:170-173. 19. Jarius S, Arnold S, Linke R, Noachtar S, Schlemmer M, Issels R, Voltz R. Long term survival in anti-Hu associated adult neuroblastoma. J Neurol Sci. 2009;284:205-208. Slamovits et al: J Neuro-Ophthalmol 2013; 33: 21-25 25 Original Contribution Copyright © North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. |
