British navy at war

An account of British naval operations during World War I, including descriptions of battles, use of submarines, and blockades and bombardments. Includes appendix of badges of rank in the Royal Navy and a list of German colonial possessions surrendered to the Allies since August 1914. "The real story of what the British Navy has done in the present war, including full and graphic descriptions of the Jutland Sea Fight and other engagements great and small, as well as an illuminating account of the submarine. The author was given every facility for gathering this information, and his book is as authentic as it is thrilling." Relatively unknown today, British poet and historian William Macneile Dixon was a popular writer in the first half of the twentieth century. Includes fold-out maps and charts, some in color.

. 1.! .1v .J .«n. 5. t .. ... I)... . . u. a... n'. A‘I§r¢<svlbcnovv 1. LN"... :3}; x 1;.va ‘ I . UNIVERSITY OF UTAH LIBRARY CLASS ®4O,9l BOOK DGZ‘ THE GIFT OF D YIoh n HWLdtSQC: THE BRITISH NAVY AT WAR. Tm; BRITISH NAVY AT WAR By W. MACNEILE DIXON, Professor in the University of Glasgow EUR!) NELSON. BOSTON Aral) NEW YORK : HOUGHTON MIFFLEN 1917 COM PANY CONTENTS. Page Chapter I. ,, ll. The War at Sea New Problems. German Tactics. The First Phase The Heligoland Action. 5 11 Germany's Fleet in Being. I'or '1" number of descriptiVe quotations ' ‘ ‘ in the H . indebted to the correspondcnu i am fullmxin") p'r‘es t 3-. _ ‘ . a}: (.(,1m.._.1.; Uf The Times. and to articles 111 the Cornha 1 who" "1.,g‘-,‘.:,ie‘; I h-we also to ackngwledgc am. . ‘1 "5,111.". ~ ., mm bust ihanks hermissmn to use plans 01 ' _ ,, ,- HI. 1:18 Ocelfin'iattifiesl‘l orone . {'3 ~ ,7 I\ . " 11...! 1e 421 K am 19 8 es. J V . l‘tarthSea-Battles lhe Dogger Bank. 31 Jutland. _ 1h , b t , n S ‘dne‘u Falklands Rattle and the engagement 0 " ee y ' and Emden which appeared in The Times. 1' ,, ‘ VI. , ,, \ II. 1. D. \l' N \ Ezubmarmes . 49 Work of Blockade and Bombardment . . . . Single 59 Ship Actions Sailors and Seamanship. ,, VIII. Bridging the Seas... ,, Navies and Armies What the British for the World. IX. , l‘he Submarine Menace. British Submarines 67 76 .. Navy 85 has done Appendix I. Badges of Rank in the Royal Navy Appendix II. German Colonial Possession s sur- rendered to the Allies since August, 1914 92 ILIUS STRATIONS. ["I'rUI/I'x/Wz'uc Lord Nelson ._ _ . Admiral Sir (;.(‘.\.(). John Jollimc, (J.C.I§., . .- . ()/'/)1L\'1/1'/'1l‘("1‘ l, :2 'Admirnl Sir David Bonny, K.C.V'.()., I).S,0. K.C.B., M1111 of the World showing Ocean Battles and Germany's lost Colonial Possessiom ,. 8 ,. E :11 llcligoland Portraits of Admirals Craddock 11nd Sturdee,21nd of Commodore Tyrwhitt and Connnnnder Horton ., .31) Battle of the Falkland Isles (plan) ,, .284 Firing 2.1 Salvo .. L28 Map of the North Sea ,2 3.0 luttle of Jutland (plan) ,. f7 llntleshins forming into Line ahead in 11111 columns .. . ,, 40 R13211-‘xd111i111 the Hon 11 L. A. Hood ), 44 8111111121121110 C. 3.4 returning to port ,, 4-5? 1- 52 ,, 52'" ,, {'3 Looking; through the Periscope of a Sulnnarinc .. 2‘1 Sulnntn‘ino'a Formnost Torpedo Tubes M1111 of the D411‘dg‘anolles A Battleship Bombarding Ll:1nellles (oast the Dar, 6‘5 l11231101110111l1L2111L2L111I..M ‘x SSydney .1111] {In Fma'en (plan)... ,, 5'29 .\ 121011111132, D1"). Dock " '73 S12111inels ol' the Empire: Naval Guns ,, BU? It... The British Navy at VVar., CHAPTER I . THE WAR AT SEA AND ITS NEW PROBLEMS. German Tactics. At the outbreak of war Britain was not altogether unprepared : she was superior to her enemy on the sea. But she was none the less faced by grave anxieties. The days of Trafalgar, her last great naval engagement, lay far in the past, and, however glorious her sea traditions, victories a hundred years ago afford no guarantee of Victories in the present. Empires majestic as her own, founded, as it had once seemed, upon rock-Assyria, Greece, Tyre, Carthage, Rome itself-had gone down into the dust, and who could affirm that Britain's hour had not struck? Britons indeed were confident that even if fortune proved a fickle jade, the Fates themselves might shrink from the resistance of the grim old lion of the sea. They were conscious, too, that it was a splendid quarrel in which to win or lose, a quarrel great as " ever the sword had pleaded or trumpet had proclaimed," and that if their country's day were done, a noble cause would at least make noble the last chapter of her history. Still no prophet could forecast the issue Russell, Saul/1m r\l)\lll{.v\l. SlR JOHN R, ,lizLLICOE, G.C.B., G.C.V.O. 5 'Il'lll', lil‘tl'l‘lSll NAVY AT WAR. THE WAR AT SEA. scenes of the struggle or attempt to picture the coming of the imperial drama. Since Nelson's day, if not all, almost all the renditions of warfare on the sea had been trz'tnal'nrincd. Problems hardly yet stated confronted the B: itisE; ~.'-;;ti':ralv. Wood and rope and sail had been replaced by attei and steam. The speed of ships, th‘e range of guns, the defensive armour, the offensive other flags, to hunt down Germany‘s swift commerce raiders at large in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, to weapons. all. was rt (fllz‘tilgt‘tl. A single gun from a superdreadnonght tame-1y discharges a greater weight of metal in a single shot than the whole broadside of 100 guns on Nelson‘s tiag‘ship. 'l'he fleets opposed to them, upon which Germany hall expended $300,000,000, were morrnvw: next to their awn the most powerful in the world. mnimsed of the must formidable modern vessels. {‘t; : ii‘i‘t‘tl with ex ery engine of destruction the wit of man u aw devise and manned by experienced, skilled and conduct vast operations in the Eastern Mediterranean ; all this and more-40 cover the transport of soldiers, literally in millions, from Canada, from India, from Australia, from Britain to every zone of war, France, Egypt,Turkey; and of munitions and supplies not alone for these but for her allies to Russian and Italian ports. A never-ending procession of troopships, munition ships, passenger ships, merchant ships, Whole armies coming and going upon the seven seas-ninety-two transports conveyed the Indian, thirty-two the Canadian troops, how many have crossed from Britain to France, from France to Britain or down the busy street of the Mediterranean since August, 1914 P-and all these with hardly a thought of Germany and the second most powerful navy every built! "I consider," said Admiral Hornby, " that I have re» the sever-en. Science had almost exhausted itself in 1neir construction, Her adversary was certainly wt l‘e (chpNQtll Naval warfare, too, is full of command of the sea when I am able to tell my xii, l"- any point Without fear of interference." is. ';".== than/:4 ear" battle, a single mistake on the , v cm. i :ii‘t‘ thlll‘lll'dlf‘v might eliminate Britain‘s ‘ ' -., a second might spell her ; . of Sir John Jellicoe lay a ' maxiwt, beyond all argument, that , :Hm ‘ I 2. [ting \‘elson himself, had ever borne, ' ‘3‘»? I. - ‘ 3' '; l: ‘ nitude of the operations which 4..-; was utterly without precedent, l with, the German High Seas 3 \r Lim‘i ed. and in any case, and at all '1. .u .«i 4,.:.< 1; ., l, remain it, but at the same time l" ‘ ~' ' ‘ t :wzriczi contingencies, to establish :1 "rim t‘~"=‘l§‘¢- to keep an eye on vessels under (I Government that they can move an expedition to Such is Sir John Jellicoe's position to-day. Consider now the scale of these early operations. It is unheard of, fabulous, unimaginable, the miracle not that inevitable mistakes were made but that this stupendous thing was possible at all in the face of such opposition as Germany, putting forth all her strength, was prepared to offer and did offer. Hardly then can one say that the great glory of Britain's achievement in this war is to be found in the spectacular events, the hours of actual battle, thrilling though they be, rather is it to be found in three invisible things, 7 I)/r/mxi/1' /‘(I-'Zt' ‘5 - 'l‘lll' l'f-Rl'l‘lh‘ll NAVY .v\'l' WAR. tic, u superu the organisation that supported so gigan which the structure, the resourceful skill with solxetl and and altogether nm‘cl problems were met unthe superb spirit, which burnt tllltl burns like an en seam sh Briti the of ts breas quenchnhle finite. in the. themsc-h'es. fmtid all the changes Since Drake‘s nmy or Nelson's day that remained unchnnged. You Very properly point out that in respect of some of these nt madertnl;ingls Great Britain had the support of galla n. and powerful allies, France, Italy, Russia, Japa It en, is true tiiltl to these zillies. no one, least of all Englishm these Yet e. prais on and rati will deny unstintcti mimi nations will themselves acknowledge that in the major operations, end at the point of chiefest hazard, the new»: centre of the North See. and the English Channel, the strain has rested wholly 0n the Grand Fleet and izs auxiliaries. What now is the outstanding fact of the whole nmti‘i mt: which governs all others and gives its character to the sittmtimi from first to last? It is the unwilling and tacit, but the ftzii acceptance by Germany, with all the strategy and tactics involved in the admission, of her naval inferiority. Before a blow was struck she. accepted the position of the weaker power, framed her plans and made her (i. nositions in the light of it. That estimate of the position was just, wise, intelligible and the iiiensures which tic-wed from it logical and beyond criticism. The repourings in the German Press, the inability of Germmt admirals after prolonged 21ml. anxious; searches. to discover the British fleet, the joyful imnouncements of Victory, the flags, and compliments and speeches had all no doubt their calculated value" 8 ADMIRAL SIR DAVID BEATTY. K.C.B., K.C.V.O.. D.SO THE WAR AT SEA. Make Befiu'e is a good game and Germans play it well. liut the high iayal ('(mimand, Admirals V01] Schec-r and you Schipper, have no illusions, they know where Sir David Beatty is to he found on any day and a any hour. But they know, too, that a living dog is better than a dead lion, and a fleet afloat than a fleet submerged. Inferiority, unless the gods directly intervene, spells ruin in a great engagement, and Germany has put her trust, and she was right, in harassing tactics, in attempts to deal unexpected blows, in efforts to reduce the indisputable superiority of her foe by submarine attacks, to lure pursuing squadrons into mine fields or cut off scouting cruisers by concentrations of superior strength. The‘; are the tactics of the weaker power; they lead to small, they may lead, with assistance of fortune, to considerable successes. They fail only in one particular, they cannot compass a Victory. The situation which within twenty-four hours the British Navy established remains unchanged the situation to-day. A single sentence covers it ; the British ships, whether men of war or merchantmen, are upon the sea, the German in their ports. Nowhere perhaps was the supreme significance of their inconspicuous, their silent presence and pressure immediately realised. Guileless men were heard to ask the question " What is the British Navy doing? " For nany months neither in German nor among neutral states did uninstructed opinion clearly perceive that the key of the whole European situation, military as well as naval, lay in the keeping of that invisible fleet, that the great arc of the Allies' communications from North to South, vital to all their efforts, depended upon its 9 Tll'li BRITISH NAVY AT "AR. . . it was, that efficiency and upon its efficiency alone, end the 1n ined l dest ‘ stee too, the hand of en circlim‘; CHAPTER II. strength and to strangle by its unremitting}, pressure the resources of the Central l'mvers. ted blow in its Working, sea power must, in a protrac struggle. prove decisive. Ifknon‘ we summarise the work of the British Navy in the present war. tour hetulings will suffice :~- 1. Battle, either with the enemy's Grand Fleet m with subrfidiarf; squadrons or commerce raiders. 2. Blockade, including the capture of enema merchant ships on the high seas. 3. Bombardment, or assistance in combined nay-a" and military operations. 4. Bridging the Seas,keeping open, that is, a secur; The Heligoland Action. Germany '3 Fleet in Being. With her Grand Fleet sentenced to inactivity within its canals and land-locked harbours, her merchant navy captured or driven from the seas-7 over half a million tons of German shipping was captured in the first month of hostilities, in two months over a million tonsiGer- many was already in evil case. Samoa taken by the New Zealand expedition and Neu Pommern in the Bismarck Archipelago by an Australian were early line of communications behind the league-loo", lost to her, the wireless stations in Togoland, South- battle from of the Allied Armies. West Africa, the Caroline Islands, in the Pacific, and All its moltitudinous activities may I) , ranged unde; this THE FIRST PHASE. eonmrehemire scheme. Each in itself German New Guinea, all went the way of her stricken raiders. came In August, 1914, Germany had numerous fast vessels of course, \itidl‘j: before the riveted gaze of the worhi only as scene sweet. ied scene in the amazing drama 'i‘he- opening phase of the struggle, for the most pai<‘<'i7lille(l to minor mentions in the North Sea‘pre liminary sin-p5. oi . wntem‘ting boxers who spar for a position and an opei‘ting‘;~~\\*as mainly an on the ocean routes, but she could not maintain them. Like the hundred-handed giant of the 01d fables, the British Navy, bestriding the world, destroyed them in their far-separated hunting-grounds. Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse was the first victim, sunk by affair of Highflyer off the Cape Verde Islands, on August: 30th, \uhmarines and wines. Some stirring events, however lit-lune to the first months of war, the chief of these the anion oti‘ lleligol" l on August 28th, the Battle in? throne}, and the ca 1914. Next Cap Trafalgar, after a duel with Carmania, went down in the South Atlantic on September 14th. Spreewald was captured in the same month by Berwick 'ment which may be said to hat in the North Atlantic. Then it was Emden's turn, tone down the rh ruin on the first aet- the Battle of tin" by far the most successful raider, whose skilful handling l5alldand isles. under Von Muller aroused considerable admiration ll WAR. THE BRITISH NAVY A'l‘ just despntched his tunin Britain. The Kaiser bad den 0n " its (mm/slim antulntions tn the town of lim n the end came and in the Indian Ocean " whe Sydney elf the t t was battered to :1 wreck by . On December 8H: Keelingis on November 10th into Sturdee w Spee‘s powerful squadron run disposed of Sr" Falklands. and that day‘s fighting zig. ()n 7" Leip and g harst, Gneisenan, Jiirnber destroy: ‘ was n 14th of the fallen-inf; year Dresde .lunn Fernandez by Kent and Glasgow. Prinz seas, reti: Friederich, no longer able to keep the e on .-‘\.pr3' Newport News and was interned ther Ifarésruze's {site renmins unknown, she van? the w navasiblv in :1 storm. and ceased to trouble 211:" elf hers mmmeree. Kbnigsberg run and hid trees an a tropical African forest, but perished .‘viii river. under the guns of monit< in r .lnly litrl 5. and the game v "as at an end. See t stan assi m no the send . euld f 2 int»; {be I" 1 :ree. After the Falklands ber‘ guerr'e (fir: {‘OZU‘S‘: cellupsed and before five month tt mm the s, n;:l~.en but (ftrmxziy‘s zone of naval warfare vas res; 2n the b.2111 and the North Sen, except for the on , "ere end there in bursts of brief 2: at t‘lll‘IIltLL ‘t of the war she had, however, one in this»; «art; hid stntrtlitiil .ne: we against \ ‘ar vessels, which bshrxrply tn tlte cutentien of Britain and the Wt general the de‘stflttffix'e power of this venomous . emit. k single submarine under V011 \Vt‘t:" £1011 disposed within lndfam-l10ur 0f the cruisers, Abe. fiir, Hogue and Cressy, ships of considerable value 1: "ugh 12 I80 ISO I40" IZO° I00" 50° 60" 4o" 20" 0‘ ,, 7," 20° 406 506 50° 100° _:l'HE DESTRUCTION or GERMAN CCMME'RCE RAIDERS '20: I400 ' GERMAN COLONIAL POSSESSIONS SURRENDERED TO THE ALLIES SINCE AUGUST I9I4. THE BRITISH N" Y .\'I' \\'.\R. - in Britain. The Kaiser hml just Ilespmt'litwl hix gramlations to the town «If linulen on " its (hnlitt the Indian Ocean " \\'Ilt‘ll the and (Ame 1|!lll was buttered to a \Vret‘l; by Sydney oil~ thv t Keeling‘s on Nmemht‘r 10th. 011 December Sm Spee‘s powerful sqtmth‘mi ran intG Sturdee Falklands, and that tin} '\ lighting: disposed of Sr' .. . I horst, Gnet‘senau,NttranI-g and Leipzig. ()II 3 14th of the following year Dresden was destroy Juan Fernandez by Kent LI Glasgow. Prinz EEK/g. I Inn- :m‘hl ~ht| Im\-III a; . V\\ II- 0 R T H ‘ W" NpRTE EA TLANTI E ' ' Th "If file! Friederich, no longer table In LL‘CD the seas. reti: \ k M E R I C A J tn kdfi Prinz 5'95, friederic (:3 > U ""9"" AP" ,'9'5 Newport News and mix inttmetl there on Ami" "ill. Karisruhe's fine r-gnLIins unknown, she \xmi: ‘ AI. possibly in :I Harm. Illlki CLtlht'II to trouble the w commen'e. Kfinigsberg rm and hid herself :m‘it 'v trees of It tropit'ttl .\Il'it n fore". but perished t7 x in the Rufigi Ther. t 'er the guns of monitw July llth. 1915. and tin E. me \V'th» at an end. . Soon. , TWP": 0‘ "NC" Altu‘ the Falklands hattlv I». ' I ‘0 -‘ ' . J1 m the Baltic and the NW! ‘I‘l ©O 20° w EQUATOR P A C I F I C > E ‘0 Kan/gsberlg S OUTHW ME RI CA I XKap Trafalétr r , » , , - - ~ 75959 95 ICQPBLCB‘E'! _______ - A , , . w- - . A _ __ _____ _. _ _ _ A _ ""k SFEE- 4 (9," _ "IS"hmfil‘im‘S here and the-1c in bursts of brief guth 41;. In ‘his 931']! part of the \\ (if she had. however. one LI 1‘ nndstartltngsttccczs I‘Si'dlnSI"31‘VCSSQIS,V\‘hiCIlI)I‘(IIH."lI o ' sharply 10 the attcminn of Britain and the "(II‘IU Ill I ~‘ A I of thzs I \enomous . I.‘eneral "10 .dCSlluLtne [Imxu t} .II» », I 40* . Dresden X Sunk III-arch [4,,19/5 and Cressy, ships of umstderable value thotlhh 12 A w - \ c 60° 40° 3 I I I I I l I I q‘ I I I I l (D Togo/and surrendered ta Brmsh and French I é 55/770" , I" ~ I) u , Arch/pelago @ GEmma/wk » " " halo/non ~ " , ls/ands 6/ . man New Guinea and DecB ' [3/4 20 u , , Aug 26 LEI/4 , ' ' ' surrendered Cog/‘10:): 9 German sou", Wes: Afr/ca , H u. H Darn eSrSalaam K , n w u ® amerun Ivo formal surrendet; but. German Governor and Ifiops rem/led Into Spams/7 Terr/cozy , ' o 0° 0 o o v 20 4o 60 so I00 Q . 80° ' I T L A N TII C Scharnhorst Sunk I .-_._._ $5M Nurnberg L A » _8IPAIg_ , I ,l3/5 "H - i 7 7 ~ ,. , { 1 J" . I For the comp/e" If" or" German Co/nn/a/ P , assesslons surrendered co the All/es smce o the outbreak of war see A endix 60 0 PD 1 IBO 160° I40" I20° 100° I destrg ed S 0 U T ' 3:3" A smgle submarine under Von \Vedtlinuh lsPosed within h'IlI-qnmuur (If the Cruisere t x. _ V I, Aboulvir H H0 ue V . .r, ' g _ W C E A V " - ~ - M .1: '. ~ O . '3 Bf) ‘__--‘ :Eé A \/~'/ ' 0° lic (Iver Germany‘s 7mm- uf nzntxl warfare was restr. __________________ "(7 ' I WKa/serWL-e-M ["7 ; Suns" Iggy/914 , guerre de course cullupsul and before five months \- _ I t' -11_ except for the 0pm A _ u . since the l'zltlIerlanIl L'IIIIILI ~tntl Ilium no nssisxamwu IIc greater (iernmn Chlnnigs Iva-gun to fall like ripe "Ulll from the shaken trctn mat______I__I 2/- Aug 29" '9" Sept.2/ ' Sept ‘ '9" 241/314 ' July 3,1915 , S 9p c ‘ 4, /9/6 Feb EJQIS o I?0 l40° l60° o so 150° TH!" Hill'l'lfiéll .\.'.\\‘Y .\'l‘ WAR. THE FIRST PI iASE. beyond all! 1" Visited, summe‘ and winter, i wt .md (heart mists, Itiniildllflll on that grey reel: alums outwith. and in nar time friend is ofn the shadow, and hammer, hammer, hammer at it till n :7 \i'iv distinguishable from too. L. ‘ei true Kort" haul hazy weather with the "lw :H. ' oi whith- ('Iiit' hears so often, the action'i * ,. ;._ 3: :1', "v'Q-‘fioland, ceded by Low " w; : ' Men converted by th. ll‘uvily fortified o ‘, armed with eleve: s n threattuingt wedge deep int (tens the " wet triangle" hehin German Xaval ports, providt :23ng for warships, a harhou' .-ri:.1. I cit-stroyers or Zeppelins an ' Mr signals. The Bight itse , u. . i'_rl‘l=;".‘ll miles in width, throngE ~ vegels from the Elbe boun: 2e British Admi ‘al arrange the saucy Arethusa stealinj ' Grey 5‘. *a-dogs, the destroyers ..itclies appear in the mist cue-my or British? A feV the guns open fire"‘ Who; goo yards mark the forwariguisli cruiser spoke," says 0w. by "t ‘ sharp crack that hurt the ears ' .: boom of the bursting shell. l in: the inferno of noise thin ‘ it was a fight in the dark wher " ‘ brother fared and when iz E i: to malt»: out the opposing gre} it at eyes ached and smarted, and the breath whistied through lips parched with the amid, stifling fumes of picric acid. " Another German cruiser came up and, ranging by her partner, added to the rain of shells bursting around and upon the struggling Arethusa till, with all save one of her guns silenced, she stood out of the fight for a moment to regain breath. Neither of the enemy's cruisers followed, for hoth had had all they wanted. Fifty-five strenuous minutes, then, with the wreckage cleared away, the wounded carried helm ' 2 nd her guns again fit for action, the Arethusa came back for more. Into the haze she steamed, seeking her old opponents, found them, and redoubled her previous efforts. A very few minutes sufficed this time. One of the cruisers burst into flame, the otaer was visibly sinking." To understand such an affair as this, we must have some acquuiitauce with the aims and plans of the attacking squadron. Naturally, however, the British But one perceives Admiralty has not disclosed them. of a raid or nature the ing in clearly enough that someth y enemy d, whereb reconnaissance in force w‘ s intende neighthe g in light cruisers and destroyers scoutin bourhood of {{elig‘oland might be cut off from their base and destroyed. If supgorted by heavier vessels speediné to their rescue, Sir David Beatty's battle cruisers were prepared to deal with them. These tactics, old as the game of war itself, obtrude them- selves in every phase of the lIorth Sea operations, German and English. You bait your t‘ap with a small vessel or two, a larger squadron in wait to pounce upon 15 "19/1";in mg; I". TH}? BRITMH NH'Y :\'i‘ "KR. pursumwz. The mu‘m‘s' i'yinfun'ea 0r l‘L‘iil'OS mxrgin‘; mum's. mm M‘ mg}, w‘iiéril. Hui lend 1",) :1 11:4? the air": \‘uiw Hawk: 3;: [luck number {Midi mer :\ Wide oxiw n ‘ " . I 1 .. i ' ~ xxiazv-t‘. mes usuauhztid isziztw .swl 0i ' Tnio "red u: (my: me ii me 111-', "are engaged, disum‘»; :T'Cd. IL, 4%?» 7‘ 111‘s: (H's-iii = s, or cruiz‘cx‘ cruiser. (L; ' .. micmptaxi unsusa‘egs ully t0 cembz‘ds end Lian, Invincibfe', ‘ji speed, " ii)" making it eye ziu' arrimfi 0f :E2e g ZEQ'IUKECI', QL H? the heim," Ll\(?f(i1;10 ( torpeiia 5.10:9, {and the ovei‘wiuv fur)» (i‘ = :o the nearest shelter. am officer, 4‘ just befezw, v ‘_ , know at the time my waa. l: mgr-9 imgms‘iibic to recognise her, as (5.57;, mil) my; {Milena} ,w.‘ it, the stump of one mm? M xx he'fijii"? an fire. . . . Ialso saw the 1130. up by the Whole batfie a nlsx', Lf' 5' ":~;e awed; than the M'ainz, ' ; Lung}: :Eirs van, on) Indiy on fire that she was 21' aimi mmpicm'rj.' erneiepcd in smoi'e " m, HIV AL‘iiéfli] \1 ‘ has to Germany 0 (‘1 mi av u dc:,-_m3c:‘e, and perhaps 1w; mic} ; 112'; : 135‘.» losses Were sixtyunine. m, lii‘r'mix A an»; inuuh‘eds, rescued by the ban \»\‘:1:1\'3‘H.Hi\‘} " «nui mi mil Tirpitz himself. . , ‘V . p 1M~ \\'.s‘~, 1m puiun in which the destroyer L .3 11m mus; m mu: e Um; her due Shar e of glory, an JLIHV 11 hit- «i Ui‘ikiki Hm‘ .my 102%», H of Iieiigoland r0 torpzzi M, 16 It 'l'\\'() V] [C \V S ()l" llliIJGOLANI). Tl iii FIRS'I‘ PHASE. fortune held. the cruisers lying in the harbour under the eleven-inch guns. sunk 2,1 fleet. The shells fired at her might have ‘fl'iien 021]}; one torpedo was left, and one round of mmmmitiom she thought it time away! to come AS she SVV'OPt round, 2‘. she‘tl killed her rom- nmnder and three othe s but the lieutenant tool; charge and brought her proudly home. shame the heroes of the :mcien Thus men tO-day tales. This smart and (lashing little action in the dim weather illuatrates man}: of the features of modern nmnl warfare. Fought at the utmost SPCCd of the vessels engaged. at perhaim the distance of 11 couple of miles. or, if between l.ir;.':er whips, of as much as eight or ten‘ to find and keep the range in :1 modern engagement shot proVitlt-s :1 (lose-21 problems. fall‘s short and and "correct the left. But to the right; Your first you "lengthen" and ~vour second times too for or to you iLu'e your "ln‘at‘lget " and the third or fourth should find the target. I'nhnmiily 21 turn of the wheel and the enemy sheers to port or starboard. altering; her distance, and the range again to he found. has 'l‘hese darting: salt-apes. mining": with the rapidity of fast trains, have no mind to he (‘llliglll and hehl under lire. (‘onsttmt :Ii:1z;1$3§;izi<_i mule:- lire, turning away. that is, :1. point or [M‘t‘ilttl‘f-I, two points, woen the enemy ilitS fouml the Hinge, i; now :1 teatime of all naval engagements. Remember, too, that the gun is i.:.:7tl upon 11 mxithozit g plulf'orm ‘v'y'ilit‘il, in the chop or roll of the SCJ, Lil)!lt"\‘\ with its motion, and that to " spot " the shell, itx F;l)l:l‘~,il if short or on-r, umid the xtzrf t‘hurnetl by the uintl :m-tl the opponin: \L‘Sstl'x 333t‘x‘tl into Mupettml 17 Mam, in 'tl‘. (‘Hfit‘llllul Till? llRl'i‘iHli N." Y :\'l‘ WAR. M to did?» try (minty; La 5.. "vi it .mil stitoke, or hoth, (' v: meson/i. i.- l"i'_ ,3 .2, 1.1;.1_3,;~.§:»,g is ,‘l'i icy, .» if the pom}; a"! 13m;- aim-s the :sd\'nnt.:;:e ;-, _: CHAPTER Ill. ~ your own Stil' """"L:‘3'l‘:.‘. of it lml? L. . 4 . L position is free tires the gun sis; OCEAN Coronel. BATTLES. The Falklands. . , ‘ L ‘ ‘7t ' THE M p, mm: A», 3 ‘~ . 7 The presence of swift enemy cruisers 0n the ocean w. :‘i‘zqm :‘i 31227.: and, pince in all New ‘ L r Jul little. ‘ :3; 37315 Victory." , 1 . weenient between ‘ l‘f‘;‘,71‘t?3‘3. routes constituted indisputably the gravest danger to the, trading and passender vessels of the Alliance. Great Britain, therefore, whose shipping trade ., threeqinrters of the whole world‘s was particularly exposed to hem y losses from raiders. found herself ‘nlled upon to police. and none will call it an easy matter, all the waters under hem. en. from litist to \Vest and from pole to pole. Mimi, in J. v 22;" -::~: encouragement to flute _ t L 1 z. L 2 -:‘ ‘ < ‘ o 5 m L \ nit-:5; lights off the enemi 71:: the German caution, nor i l'ei‘whttt alterimtiveisoz‘ ». 1%.? ‘~ - " 7 2' ‘~u,i'::‘"vit;: stiiiedheres t0 the E1 .ii,-,L‘7.1Lji{ '5 an alert and threaten "Werstrilte. keeps thewezzg L ;. 1. ji,,:: Ft. r p- :1 mince, if it cannot GOSH" . >?:‘:,2in and distract from Ct? L ., siior but fettcred forces .\ few days before the outbreak of war. a nicely indeed nmnieln're. .\dmiral Vt)" Spec in command of the (lermim fleet in hina disappeared into the ocean silences. For some time his movements remained a mystery but his ships were soon to he heard of. Once a scat he detached from his squadron Emden, who set about her work in the Indian seas. Leipzig and Niirnberg, who sailed for the West (‘oast of America, .md with his more powerful \‘essels. Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, himself made haste, to the Pacific. Raids on British mercliantmen had always formed part of the (.‘ermnn scheme of nm al \\';11‘,tlntl great hopes were entertained oi its success. Despite the size of her own fleet aind the assistance admirably rendered by her allies, Britain‘s necessities at home made it impossible to spare immediately scores of iessels for service in pursuing; the raiders, and not until mischief enough i‘) rill i il, 1": "WW l :\i\‘\'Y [\II‘ \\A\ R . ("Dustin/1.1g: 20. had been v. retrain, were the hunters successful in wiring and Mriltinsi with their quarry. By in ‘nns ()l urinan tf‘.nlet'& who found means men in \ 'nr time to 8% :re for him the necessary fuel? Von Spee renewed his 3 :pplies 2::in It-gw'. his: bunkers full of con]. Finally he e" £th a wneemrntien of tire cruisers with 2‘.‘ attlant lt nan: iztzperntire in British interests th‘ Von hint-it‘s, eztrtmr should L15? speedily as possible c cut "im't \" were present in that are; ') ac(wmmlieh "‘he‘; consisted of .‘1 riiral ti‘radclm‘k's Squflill‘i‘f‘t of three armoured ship: Good Hope, hit: turgiaftip, Monmouth, and Glasgoti'm the im 1'41 :mm' a lz‘w‘f'n. ('ruiser capable of 23 knots ‘ 101d": 9'2 inch guns of an old ‘7"1 r s‘emm‘mrj,‘ battery of sixteen :‘ <‘i *eed, Horn. veh; 11:41:}, [‘12 "with, COINBIODORE TYR\\'HITT. email speed carried n0 hem; 11'»; \H- a x 1 l.'I‘.-C()M.\[\NI)ER NIAX K. HORTON. _:3ns, hm i"r~vwrwt: (2-inch weapons ; Glasgow, 2: water \l""'l. \‘.; ~ tint. t'nrmhly armed with two 6-ine‘ . ms. t ' i w? ‘ m fighting value against v1.1, fps: (m i w t ' «hi the cruisers, and C» 17118, Wryhnied four 12-inch weapo; was ‘ "* i ‘ i ‘ -" 3‘ .‘ '17" 73c squadron. Against the t; man i ' fore, Craddeek was well pr! ared, t‘r‘ztirtier in addition Scharnhors and ‘ homily armoured ships e. _ 1 , l l'l l\‘ 1w t) V first; :zt'} I" , l ' M Vt «I'M/mm; 1;, (ring nest style, his case was 1‘»:"GUS- i'ere be borne in mind ; t}: first 1 firm is not sufficient to 2111-: 1 its 5:?" 352,0 and pattern must xii be would that 6-inch guns on tha- awer ‘l‘v‘ 3‘ "11"" "4 "w 7-. w‘r'ritd by GoodHope and Mei"..'><-';€Ifhi It'll H 1!, Mud/mu. 20 ADMIRAL SIR C. CRADI)()CK. VICE-ADMIRAL SIR FREDERICK (I. l). S'l‘l RDICI-l. THE OCEAN BATTLES . may proye of little service in a horny sea. 'l‘here is no doubt the British Admiralty had ainieties about (‘raddorku recognised the danger in which he stood, and to meet it sent Canopus to strengthen him. hit this ship, men had sh‘ arriyed in time. could haye brought with her no addition to his fighting strength. Modern actions are fought at high speed. and Canopus, built in 1899, was probably capable of no more than 15 knots. llerlameness saved her,and ata laterdate debarred her from any share in the Falkland Battle. During the whole period of her cruise she remained a negligible quantity. In defence of the British i-‘idmiralty it must be remembered that the war was still in its earliest stage, the new and splendid vessels since added to the nayy not yet in commission,and the need in home waters imperatiye for an unquestionable superiority against the German High Seas Fleet, whirl) might on any day or hour make its appearance in force. There the chief danger lay, and to detach powerful units for operations; in the far seas appeared at the moment too risky a policy. So the scales of fate descended against i‘ulniiral L‘raddoek, who, sailing North from the Horn, on Sunday, November lst, ran with his three cruisers into You Spee's squadron of live. olf ('orouel. on the tom-.1 (hill. of It was an exil day. an angry gale risinti, and a heavy sea already running}, with a prospect of Worse. l"i\e o‘clock in the afternoon found the British Admiral, who signalled Canopus, still far to the South, " i am going to engage enemy nowfi‘ straining; on a paralltl course with the German lleei and distant from it about twelxe miles. ()n sighting; the iritish, \un Hpee had 21 T] I IE OCEAN BATTLES. 'l‘lll‘, lilii'i‘lfs‘ll NAVY AT \VAR. shifted his helm. maxim; l‘t:l".ltl to the South and tit in tow-lids the Mill land, 'i‘llt‘ \‘t't‘i‘tlilt‘t‘ itltl .21}: muddy "wt st} aitti was now oi the rildest, the wins.‘ , lmost hurricane lorry. the melting: drawing in as in through the storm amid ‘tlQS and the roar of fur, is of foam over the ph: 1 me: I I r; ‘ll‘S skilful manna:m u:e.;.i.2ous coast {gave him ah . . » . .7\ .. , sum vessels hardl)~ Via, :in': lvlt: iil‘iti made a poor target for the Eng. ;jllll.-. his efieitiies were silhouetted in the last level r of an :ttiiTvi‘j-c wins-gt. New," was naval battle foo ' (Lam .. " fl ements, or in sue" Printing sky, the high "sing gale and thundeq' 9-inchers was 760 lbs., and that the British 6-inch weapons, on their lower platforms, could do little in the seas that ran that (layiwere the deeisire factors. indeed the British gunners, since they could not " spot " the fall of their shells, tired, for want of a better target, at the flashes of the German guns. No attempt at rescue appears to have been made. The sun had already "id orgy of hat Willy. fibre ten minutes '2, . broadside Monmouth sta 0: E and iii flame". She strum wily to receive more shattt- fire, too, was aflame and oi. t "Ton had lasted three-qua: and , "Xplosien signalled her ' ‘ ,3‘,<‘1‘(,‘lilélll a drifting wreck, ansr»: for him a brief t‘art't‘r. said, made it 5o resounding a Britain, not easily worsted or caught nappit‘ag'), on her Nor can he himself ha‘. e had any illu- sions in pondering that day's work for the Fatherland, splendid as it was. lie foresaw clearly t'iiough de- struction threaten him, that at no di: :mt date he must join his gallant enemy in a sailor's grate. lie made. llt)‘»\‘t"vtri‘. the lit-bl Use of his tune, and for sew-ml weeks; hvfict‘a‘d on the trade routes oi the South. Then ditlit'ulties of t‘(|;llili,.;, tor these illl‘i‘t'Jxx'tl with e\ery 2, \ 22 it is hlow against the British tleet could not he suffered with impunity It was soon to he countered with a still tiert‘er bullet. But he had secured for himself a name and fame in the annals of the sea. He had "on the first, and probably the last, of German naval \trtorics against the proudest of his rountt‘y's foes .n 'Ih-fil'w. ' V ' i-li' another half-hour. Thor . .. ‘ - . : 7' w. :c was gate. The good Ct}? ‘ " " L wweral times wort the Han '; dust a sharply defined is {was}: guns threw a broadsi; 1: reply from Good Hope's. weather, \on Spec?» \it'tory was complete, but destiny had native element. 1 the Glasgow, her sides rent by shells, made her best speed south to join and warn Canopus. tit-(reed l set, i npossihle. Boats could not he launched but lines and huoys from the vesSels themselves might have had srme surress. We cannot tt-ll. Nothing"), at least was done, and not a soul of the sixteen hundred men aboard the two British ships sun i\ ed the battle. The unarmourt‘d THE BRITISH NAVY AT WAR. "11.1.1; ".11 "hyggh‘ 11111111 him to the 5111313911113, 11mg» 1;01915511111111! iSILUHIS , "here his 1111115115: had 1031:": been {arose-011111111 dreaded by the little ruiuny. 1 . 11y 4 Ehv 1111111 to 03'1‘1‘11033‘01‘ the feeble def;"11105 111115 «vs 115;I r" wiziim 1111,1113111 ensilx defended (2011112111 base 11-:1‘ for ‘NV‘NC‘BLE 3:11:11‘ 111111; (1111111911 his 11111111. The prmnis ing nm‘o Pi" ,, 111181 11111111113; for he, sailed straigh t 111:: she .. 1 ‘ 1111111117. 111111:4 NFLEK‘BLE New CARNARVON The 111<11111111 1110 news of Cradduck's defeat revvhcd "5 "‘0" 1111111111171. fit"; 11141111111113 nude 2111 unhesitz‘tinki and (-11 if: 11,,~1,‘i_~zin=1: h111‘1ii3 13301113'.:-f(111‘ hours e111)sed "are Yi‘ 1111.1 31111211,. 1111110111111, :1 1 "' Ah 1011 :"ble ‘1‘01:111 l'TL‘d 1113 i ' i 1 I I" quiniiyu emceeded while the u11c011=_,o11s draw W By nine O'clock (3719179211011 11‘1e1:11 111 7 "1" (‘J i 1. 1 ‘ ‘ 'u‘ H ‘ ihe British were possié‘ (E1311 111L137 had reckoned. 1 1? Ti 111:1:111‘ 111011-11, 1he3‘ made the >111‘111 howeOVCI‘ did Von Spe 11W? the strength of the Opposing 1' "-1" 1111111. 11110319111111", 1119,11 heh ad anticipated. 171.1 :" in A? " ‘ :3 a 11151e11211‘i10u1‘03e1 theprojectingi .Its. ‘~ skewed off and waited for the , (‘01:1 : Z"E5609"" PM the ""ETI‘LFI‘UHI 21: hidden behind the 121:1; :md 31'1'11‘11'111 111ge and Canopus 1'1 r "1513‘ 12311119 uhhgingl 1' appeared on the he ,1111. ‘ X/ ' "'3 \ \x i / 7 "a "/ r '1; ‘ I 1/ X 2115601.‘ if 011 invitativ; /> I"I "L‘AL 1 1 141 nKnuim‘: .111121111 011 smiled, and 011 Dece111he‘ \ 1111151] 811111151? ‘2‘1‘11ed (1i1‘11e Falklan ds with : \L‘awk-a. which 1'11‘1111‘:11 the battle cruioers Inuit um; frzfiexibin 'i‘heg‘ were to 002‘1 there and ‘i , Liih 1‘ 1113114; 5.1311331 for .011 Spee. But ' he sawed, (1 1:11' 11121111111 10 his 0111 4219 1111 and the 211"H‘sht (1f the British 52.11013. The very 111? i fl ' MES" 7" L5 i :11, v 3 ‘1‘ "(V L r" 57 g (I 7‘ [Aid]. .1‘ 1""? U "1. 6 Q. ‘ JV] ~77?» \ 3 {7 \‘ BR'S'OL‘N‘ACEUU"‘A 'V Dhn‘bL‘M‘ b} 'PANSPORYS 24 BATTLE OF _THE FALKLANDISLE-S W' TI ll". ()(fli AN BA'I‘TLlCS. threatening? Ile waited and y'atched, nor guessed that ere the sun had set. his fighting days would he done. Then the British began to emerge. First came the smaller ships, Glasgow and Kent, and after them the hattle-cruisers but shroud-ed in smoke. When it cleared a little the German Admiral saw that only speed, if speed indeed availed, couid help him. lie turned, and. before that menacing ar ‘ny. fled under fuii steam to the East. The weather offered a remnrnable contrast to that in which the battle off Coronel hnd been ft'HIQlli, for on this December morning sunshine flooded the calm sea and the breeze was light. When the chase finally settled down the rival tleets were within about twelre miles of each other, and in View of the inhabitants of Port Stanley for about two hours. The British made no great haste, for the issues were not in doubt. All hands were piped to dinner as usual. and time yas even allowed for a smoke before Sturdee decided to close with the enemy. 'l‘hen under the peaceful heaven the sleuth hounds stretched themselyes on the course that could only end in death. The prospect of imminent nction hardly at all disturbs the routine of a British warship. She is always prepared and in fighting trim. i‘:\t‘t‘j.' man on board knows exactly what is required of him, and from the call of the bugle to "Action Stations," till the whole tremtndous machine is wot-Lin}; at its highest tension and prepared to hurl itself upon the enemy hardly lixe minutes is required. \‘t'ntertigiht doors and portholes are closed, woodwork thrown overboard, inflammable gear stowed and the men at 25 Tllli BRITISH NAVY AT \VAR. . _ quarters ll] a few X , monunts. x C . THE OCEAN BATTLES. M Jhen the ship 5115 deserted for all the crew are behind armour. strange as it may seem, hardly more than fetwj tittv men out of seven or eight: hundred on bout xv: a u nrship are actual witnesses of a modern engagenw in the toretup ere stationed the observation oth: : >rs who " spot " the all of the shells and signal rm: Hes to the tlifie‘cnt batteries, in the conning tower captain. the imii "Em", and a few other officers men. ()n the, decks hoses are laid spouting water Let-p down lire ; in the depths, to which you descen: uni‘row, almost perpendicular, steel ladders, are cnuit‘tt'ci‘s. the men at the ammunition hoists, the pnnne and lk'l'.‘ ' ph men, and all the mighty machi Ht t‘tltllllt's, hits, pumps, torpedoes, shells with w «in; inn of {twice in L1 warship is crowded. 3. plum-d L3 t as ,Eiushin long ago wrote, " as i ' 'ience, commonsense, foretho: <~' twin-mum} philosnpiiy, self-control, habits of <, ,nn‘ . t tintroughnwrought handiwork, ‘. .; «.‘cmet‘lts, careless courage, c; a: , W2; :.=_cceptance of the judgmt <3 i ,\ "up; he put into a. space three bu *. . ll 12': 3)} mm; broad." in (J, 21,3}. recanted away Scharnhorsi Von Spee‘s attendant colliers. The battle thus re- solved itself into a main and sever al subsidiary actions. Firing, as they ran, Gneisenau and Schar nhorst, about two o'clock. changed course to the South -East. By three the battle was at its height, Infle xible engaging Scharnhorst, Invincible, Sturdee‘s flagship, Gneisenau, and it was clear that the German vesse ls were already receiving severe punishment. ()utranged by the British their return lire was almo st negligible. .\t times a shell would cause a large hole to appear in Scharnhorst‘s side. " throntih whic h could be seen a dull red glow of flame." u very glimpse of the pit. Soon her masts and funnel; went m or the side by four o‘clock in :1 great cloud of smolte and steam she vanished vith her entire crew. The pursu it of Gneisentzu con- tinued and made attempts at rescue impossible. Later on, about five o‘clock. under the concentrated tire of the British cruisers she could do no more, turned over at first slowly, showim'; tlc men gathering}, on her side, and then like her unha ppy consort, in a great burst of steam and smoke. her stern high in the air, plunged to the ocean depths. 'l‘ownrds the end of the actio n, reports one of her survhinQ oilicers, one could not get along: the upper tl‘ct‘l; as there was practically none left. " Nearly every : one o'clock Admiral Sturdee sigt. man on the upper deck had been killed , all the guns were ' tn: 1] n _ . «t t'w‘; gee enemy." Almost it t ‘ , .1 1 . st their chances of escapt tun ' 1m. c z; .. »:‘.cll the German line and, dret, u wines as they went, scat. l" "W " MHz. w i at once by Glasgow. Ken. ('o/‘mc:..r:'£ 9' , A. i..:.1 already been detache d to d< out of action, and one turret had been thrown bodily owrbodrd by .Z-Aiuch lydditc shell. ioth their engines n 2t; were broken up and they had :1 lire in the after part of the ship. They would probubl}. haw had many more tires, but our shells striking}, the water near the ship sent up columns of water which ht'lll on putting out the 27 THE BRITISH NAVY AT WAR. The spouts of water sent up by our shell», hitting the outer near them went up as high again :5 their c ~91" the feel." about 300 in Higwmpg prolmhlj.‘ in; ' tre She tire Shell by killed were men 's Gncisentm \wut tlthE]. ()ne Germ-an oi‘rice ‘ at least has 31- quarrel with fortune. The turret in which he stood w», struck tires. mil there ms no other survivor. He joined due crew til .mmher gun and the same thing littppcw-tl. He 2.2:] to still another gun station and a third shell sitsposed of that. While he was at work with a fourth gun the the icy ship snul; and, after over an hour's exposure \Ytlltjl‘, he was picked up. Some men are sum 73' born llllt'lt‘l‘ 2t lucky star! The work of saving the ht'.'1'i\‘Ol‘S, smdred wen, including}; the Capt; in, rescued from the i: 5 water. [ i tctx-tiihiu as it may seem, these men expettv ; to be Lllitl exhibited astonishment Math treated. How little the l Msltiinl and her sea t‘adition! "wltt‘i‘. and deli-c Germ-a; s ville: Glasgow pursuing Leipzig receii when ,..:ow of about a o‘clrwt; it ‘fi‘ti‘leSS message that the main i gale was ‘l :w Goring-tn cruiser, already severel; -tmllet., I '4 _ 1 . when l L‘:,,:ltwl1.:1 ilV-JLHCY, very gallautly till 9 o‘es‘n . ‘21:. w». of; iitpt‘d‘t‘eti with all hands, sate li-»_ »._,.i'i'it:‘c1‘b .'..l x ml Incl) picked up by the Victor. \Hwtl aimile combat, the most stirring, thunk-SE and tit‘w-l equal of tall in this engagement, took plat: Meth'et‘ll Ittlli intsl ht ‘nberg, which had a knot gram speed thiu the British cruiser. The story is hen: térld ill ll‘n‘ \‘mI'L‘w-t ml the Kent‘s Captain. 28 " It ms: ,2 single A llll :u.:il.:hle heats swung out, and nearly two FIRING the anytime. at once oegan, lines and buoys wet-t altt'own, SALVO. timttinai " like 11 great patch of brown seamtvtl " 0n THE OCEAN BATTLES . ship action," he wrote, " as no other ship was in sight at the time. action The chase commenced at noon and the at, 5 pant .\fter a sharp action, commenced during; which Kent was struck by the enemy‘s shell no less than thirty-lire times, Niirnberg sank at 7.26 p.111. " Niirnberg‘ is a faster ship than Kent, but I appealed to the engineers and stokers to do all in their power to catch her and finely they responded to my appeal. The Kent went faster and faster until she was going 25 knots. more than a knot faster than she had ever been before. The enemy got nearer and nearer until at last she got. within range of our guns. Soon Kent's shell began to fall thick and fast around her and she y'as struck many time till she was in flames. The enemy continued tiring their guns until the ship w as sinking, and as she sank below the surface some brave men on her quarter deck were waving the (.‘erman ensign. No sooner had she sunk than the Kent‘s tnen displayed the same zeal and activity in endeaVouring to save life as they had done in lighting the ship. Boats were hastily repaired and lowered by men eagerly Volunteering; to help. Untortunately the s "a was rough and the water may cold, so we only succeeded in picking up twelve men, of whom lire subsequently died." 'l‘lws, then, in its various episodes the Falkland lsles was fought and won. the Battle ot A crushing and decisiye blow had been struck, but two (.‘erman ships, Prinz Eitel Friederich, an armed liner, and Dresden, a light cruiser, had made their escape and were still at large in the Pacific. dealt with. They, too, had to be For some months longer they ‘coutrived 29 B CHAPTER 1V. NORTH SEA BATTLES. The Dogger Bank.' Jutland. The swift cruiser raids on the East Coast of England served a double purpose. They wounded British while they heartened German homes. They had, however, a military as well as a political objectn" to entice," said a German sailor who was present, " the British fleet out of port." "In the first place," he remarked, " our small cruisers, which were packed full of mines, had strewn the local waters with them. . . . In the second place we had shown the Englishman who is always boasting of his command of the sea that he cannot protect his own coast. . . . In the third place we have given the inhabitants of England. and especially the people of Yarmouth. a thorough fright." These then were the aims, illustrating clearly enough German tactics and German psychology. In the first raid on Yarmouth, on November 3rd, 1914, the attacking vessels were invisible from the shore in the autumnal haze and were too distant and too frightened themselves to do much damage ; in the second, on December 16th, the casualties were heavy in IIartlepool, Whitby and Scarborough; many women and children were slaughtered and churches and houses wrecked, firing: being}, quite indiscriminate and at the a venture. Once more in the mist the German vessels, retiring at full speed, escaped their pursuers. The third was planned but intercepted. 31 82 THE BRITISH NAVY AT WAR. NORTH SEA BATTLES . On January 24th, 1915, Admiral Beattv's patrolling s, squadron siahted a German fleet of four battle wttiser . and s accompanied bv (a number of ligiht cruiscr nt destroyers, making for the English coast ant? dista Without hesita"~n the from it about thirty miles. for their best p: at fled Germans turned and high as her mast head. and Derflitnger. ahead of her, was in hardly better case. Some hundreds of grateful survivors were picked up by the British from Bliicher's crew. one of whom is reported to have said, " On land we can beat you, but here. no." Despite the German tales not a single British vessel failed to return and A erim chase and a running, fight ensued. s The disposition of the German guns, for their essel the casualties were very few. are more hxavily armed for flight than for 'gr‘msuit, under such a sustained dellule of some advantage, while the Btuish in brim: to bear only their bow own. and could the rear upon the luckless Germans. home. (gave, imagination cannot picture the condition of a vessel shells as crashed Read the account given them we. not broadsides upon the escaping raiders. flaring the ereater part of the engagement only the Toding British ships, Lion and Tiger came within rewtvnable ranQe of the enemy. It should be borne in not? that in a Qene‘al engagement, however desirable i. "av be for the superior force to close with the enemy 1 thus ensure his destruction, a complete overlap in: :3 first be established by superior speed. Until that is Sinained the enemy screen of destroyers thwart any i» 't‘ll attempt by dropping mines, the line of which cannot safely be crossed to secure a close range. ".ith the by one of Bliicher‘s survivors. " Shots cattle slowly at tirst. They tell ahead and over, raising vast columns of water; now they fell astern and The British guns were ranging. spouts crept nearer and nearer. short. 'l‘hose deadly water- The men on watched them with a strange fascination. pitched close to the ship and a vast Soon deck one watery pillar, a hundred metres high one of them atlirmcd. fell lashing on the deck. ging‘s Ios / The range had been found. Dunn aber " \‘ow the shells came thick and fast with a horrible droning; hum. .\t once they did terrible execution. great ships racing, at thirty miles an hour, one ‘1'1211‘V'015 'lhe electric plant was soon destroyed, and the that the range could be kept at all, yet the *re was deztdly. The unhappy Bliicher, a great iii. 3' plutttlctl in a darkness that could be felt. ‘ You could not see your hand before your nose, t said one. Down Ship below tlt't‘l\\ there was horror and confusion, mintiled ship but slower than her colleagues, fell out shockingly mangled, and was torpedoed out o?" : ziStE‘IlCG with gasping shouts and moans as the shells plunged thtouoh the decks. it} Arethzm. The. rest fled on. It was only later. when the range Favoured it: t'trtune. \iitlllt'llt‘ti. that their trajectory flattened and they tore, tor :l l'lt‘li}‘ shot disabled one of Lion's feed t2 teatht-d in n‘telancholy straits their own tra?‘ ‘49. the." holes in the ship's side and raked her decks. Which forbade further pursuit, but when his seen the lhe\ came dropping from the skit-s. the decks. time». \‘lll'fi‘ mounting on Seydlitz, the next 'l'hey penetrated 'l‘ht-y bored their way even to the slokel-old. line, :15 3‘5 32 \t lirst fields. l: I; THE BRITISH NAVY AT WAR. NORTH SEA BATTLES . Sow vi', the set on fire. The coal in the bunkers was " The Bliicher had run her course. burned merrii. . In bunkers were half empty the fire oil and sprnr ad it the the engine-room a shell licked up "aims around in flames of blue and green, scarring its it. :tark and blaring where it fell. Men huddled together :1nd on:m the ht soug s shell the but . compartments tltt't‘v (hath had a rich harvest. sion "‘ l‘he terrific air-pressure resulting from ex" «inds . tht on on essi in a confined space. left a deep impr m, oi the men of the. Bliicher. The air, it would .».-:\e roars through every opening"; and tears its way r virug'h All loose or insecure fittirr are vycry weak spot. transformed into moving instruments of destw *tion. She \ "as lagging lame, and with the steering: {par gone was beginning: slowly to circle. It was seen that she was doomed. The hell that rang: the men to church parade each Sunday was tolled. those who were able assembled on deck. helping as well as they could their wounded comrades. Some had to creep out through shot holes. They gathered in groups on deck awaiting the end. were given for the Bliicher. and three more Kaiser. Cheers for the ‘ Die Wacht am Rhein' was sung, and per- mission given to leave the ship. already gone. liut some of them had The British ships were now silent, but .\ cruiser their torpedoes had done their deadly work. floors and destroyers were at hand to rescue the survivors. hcnd ootw ‘rd like tinplates, and through it all the ' odies The wounded Blucher settled down, turned wearily over, of men are whirled about like dead leaves in a winter . . . hlast.to he battered to death against the iron 9.3.: and disappeared in a swirl of water." ‘lpen doors hang: to, and jambmand Closed iros where "' In one of the engine-roomsiit was the I‘OOl't This action time pause to Germany. Licking: her wounds and nursing unhappy memories she decided to lhc high Velocity engines for ventilation and ":rrced that thought were ~..=.t workimen were picked up tct‘t‘ilitlc Lzzftdruck, like the whirl-drift at a street . winter, of raiding and to spread for Britain less costly lures. and [warned to a horrible death amidst the my. Winery. serious result, was, indeed. made in .\pril. 1916~ a half- there were other horrors too fearful to recoor . " it it was zimialling below deck, it was nu» 2" than .tppdllifl". above. The Blucher was under til" fire of hour‘s friendly cull : so many aitips. Even the little destroyers juJ‘rDQI‘ed fort-go for a time the pleasures and political advantages halt-hearted attempt on Lowestolt. which Sir John .lellicoe had would A little have prelerred a longer \isit. but in these matters Germany presumes a rigid etiquette. Hf raids great and small it may be obseryed that ht-t . ‘ It was one continuous explosion,' said 2; runner. 'l he ship heeled ore ‘ as the broadsides struck :i, then Vii-mud he" wit. rocking like a cradle. Gun c. , > s were they are the only actiyities, no great things, left to the Herman n.t\y, powerful as it is. Other and better M» destined that stokers had to be requisi . ned t0 dECkS ‘1‘") immhmition. Men lay flat for safety. to protect, no mines to sweep, no transports or wide presented a tangled mass of scrap iron. choose its own hour, dash out at night or in fog, tire 34 . . occupations. indeed, it has none, no mercantile marine c‘xlt‘nt of coast to guard. 35 .\ raiding: squadron ls l can THE BRITISH NAVY A'I‘ WAR. ill anything it may chance to see, trawler o7 fisher or warship, enemy or neutral, mu! \,"\pi‘c.\‘i speed, 0:" these trivial trader, ,, earn at :lt‘lliL‘H‘l'i‘u'J. is it pussfihlu that so tji‘Q'Ji n fleet, delmrred from ; it other undertakings, can really be proud P (‘nme now in} that stern and decisiVe coniiiag, which climbed, M: it. were, the naval situation. the 7‘ (tie of Jutland, in respect of all particulars that male battle ermt, the nmgnitnde of the forces engaged. iii: .t‘nle of the experutions 11nd. the significance of the re: 1-), the fiercest clash of fleets since 'l‘rafalgur. Fun" '1 on a summer‘s day, the: eve of the glorious " first - June," so thmous in the annals of the British navy, it s. . spares in lmnliy single feature with any navel at :fict in history. tz'fl'v‘pi perhaps with that mino ‘ activ 2 in the High: oi lit li ohm-l. which in some fashion it r: , ""nbles. lot like that ._ was a far-flung and disperse: :ries of conflict», ;1 L‘i-‘Silillg of ships in mist and dark \1 or in pntthtw ot'xnurt-lired light. At extreme rant: , <1 avoid I'm- (in til}; I urwdo attacks, the great warVeSSt (: xtriliided tun h Hills 1' maid haze and smoke screens, be? 3 rm (In was when pressed withdrew fr' , which sight- ‘\"« iilltlt‘ii Ml drifted out of the scene {uni 12m in doubt ; destroyers dashed to and if!" «i [LEM " chips, the flames licking; :5kang 331‘ im" mu: i‘w .i hmnlred "feet aloft, loomed up for a fen: As "was anticiz‘ :‘flment5 we "the mil; in mugs}; in the mist. "2"»; their (J‘l‘ilwllik pm their trust chieflyintorpedo' . (Sweasil.V "limit «unlike, approaching, difficult to (lit/w against I‘vlil in: \a \MVM. 'i‘hroughout destroyers oz; path sides WIN"! a n‘ 'nihcent and conspicuous " huwm " antics of a naval action. 36 :af‘t, the But so numerous , k LONDON \ 6‘ \s ‘ A19 MI A A‘ AA‘\ \\ ZBELGIUM K ''''' ' THE HOOK HOLLA ND -‘ \\D . THE NAZE +\ 4‘ HM! 5 FRANce*"g CAL/us": ‘. 106 MILES BANK THAMES I? DOVER ) i ENGUSH CHANNEL o SOUTHAMPTON YARMOUTH HARW‘CH ., _‘ 60 ‘WIES I DQGGER 45K) .-... \ LOW ESTOFT ‘\\\ \ \ SCARBOROUGH TBY ENGLAND 0 W \ m ‘ ‘ [with/NV { . LFITH‘J F, /\ ‘ J 3 ABFPDEEN/ ORKNEY l5 43; SHETLAND 0 I5 ?" NFWL"‘"*"‘ Kr) {W \ 1 ‘ w. \ ‘ v \ i v 0 SCALE OF MILES so ;-------,-__. SKAGERRAC 100 NORTH SEA BATTLES were the vessels engaged and so dim the weather that a certain confusion inseparable from the conditions reigned the entire day. Indubitahly a lime-impot hfnr opportunity had come to the British. the German fleet had actually emerged in strength and "upon an enterprise." Yet emerged only to withdraw, to tantalise, and, if possible, to lure into fatal areas the pursuing foe. The annoyance which Neison suffered from the French Admiral Latouche Treyille. who used " to play bo-peep in and out of Toulon, like a mouse at the edge of her hole," as the British Admiral expressed it. was the lot also of Sir John Jellicoe. Yon Itichecr repea ts the tactics of Latouche. Ilis orders were, no doubt, the same. to show the " greatest rircumspection." to risk nothing. But this " fettered and timid " warfa re, as a French writer once complained. must alwa ys fail. The chief hope and aim of the, British fleet in the prese nt \y or has been the same as Nelson's, to compel a decisive engagement ; the aim of the enemy's fleet to awid one. it perfectly legitimate and perfectiy intelligib le policy, with which no one can quarrel. Hermany consistently refuses all actions except on :hosen ground at her own front door, where railt‘ can, Mien the odds are against her, withdraw her altips immediately within her protected ports. and slam the nor in the face of her antagonist. 'l‘here only \\ tll she light. within a few miles of her own coast, in shallow Hers suitable for the operation of under water craft, vnxi in the immediate neighbourhood of her mm mine - {Mix llad Nelson been alive to-daj,‘ he, could have dom- H m more than the British Admirals imH‘ done 37 ntler . THE BRITISH NAVY AT WAR NORTH SEA BATTLES. erms. Certainty battle to the unwillingenemyon his ownt cruiser squadron that the enemy was out and in force. she \xtlishes.1l:tt{t{:i takes only as much of the war as all‘t 1t "1:1."ka takes the whole, everywhere and .\ seaplane scout went aloft and confirmed the signals. German battle cruisers were in sight, but falling back ti: si‘lLin‘5 peatetllv Sir David Beatty has facet: upon probably still stronger forces. To engag e or not to engage was hardly Beatty's problem. Shoul d he with its attendant risks. Repeatedly VVIEhfl ts ((i "m; 1t 1:: . .If .0 squadron he appeared withln Sight ).{L to own his from s defences. four hundred mile at‘heax 31 tI 1d he could engage the Germans even hIS' teet:I-,t1_-;t‘d himself. " cling to them as longas on Lit Kill g hold." in an entangling and detainin acti an overw he- Hg l7‘it‘et might reach him in time to secure virtorv. admitted more he do more ttm‘ts? "hat was his hope. And let it be it} the hope was not fulfilled. At Jutlant mite took the risks isome say unwisely, in: Vii-1y than contain the German navy useless~ ; its he incurred the inevitable losses, the 01am t-‘n itr h lit't'l arrived in time to strike a shattermr olow Tran ‘tttt failed to administer the coup de grace. ttillx sxtittwthise with his feelings," wrote Si .ttohn .lv-ll‘iwtn " when the evening mist and fadim tight iohlwd the Flt-m of that complete victory for w: . 't he nut in lilti'llYl'tfai, and for which the vessels in company with him had stt‘iven so hard." 'lu lltttlt‘l‘Mililitl, even in a measure, this . it'e‘irtense ("l‘llit I. Haw must bear in mind that the British hrand . t it» t t1'NIv‘T"it‘.lHl-lll.lt‘lliCOO, was on May 30th .tt stat. to the north of Sir David Beatty's battle 1' (losers. at all cost pursue, encounter and detai n the foe or, avoiding more than a mere exchange of shots, conti nue on his course to join Admiral Jellicoe P Faint heart never won a great decision. He chose the heroic , the British way, and determined to force the battle " to engage the enemy in sight." We may, perhaps. best understand the action if we divide it into three stages, .it pursuit, (b) retreat, (c) again pursuit ; the first, that in which Beatty was engaged with the enemy 's tmttle cruisers falling back upon their main fleet, which Listed about an hour, from 3.48 when the opening shots "ere fired till the German High Seas Fleet showed twelf at 4.38. At this point Beatty swung round to draw the enemy towards Jellicoe approachin g from the worth, and the second stage of the battle began in which the British were heavily engaged with a greatly super ior turn, in fact, the whole German navy. They had, howWar. the assistance of the fifth Battle Squadron under tutti Thomas, four powerful battleships which had ‘ie tip during the first phase, fired a few shots at t t extreme range of about twelve miles and took the it. at tire of Von Scheer's battleships. Steaming north wiltt, on tlw Alt-t. hating completed his sweep from the w, nth to rejoin the Commander- .ti'ned I] t hicf. "‘llt'" the int lit"? which led to it cannot be 2 dis- ‘-_ ‘l‘tl it t 11-: pass at once to the encounter itsel .xlt‘JUl much with the heavy ships. This stage of the action lasted about an hour or more, when about six o'clock .Iellicoe came in sight five miles to the north, in.‘ the third phase began. Beatty towards the end 'tu‘tt»tt:\t two liettttv received signals from 38 1152‘" instead of south Beatty slackened speed to keep 39 Oj'f‘csilc raga 4n. of the scrozni stage had drawn ahead of than anemy, pruSsins; in upon andcurving round his line, ;. .5 now drove straight across it to the east, Closing ti range CI abb, \ DUI/55!". THE BRITISH NAVY AT WAR. to 12,000 yards, with two objects, first to l?" at: the lending: German ships under concentrated sI and 13m thc [out was snatched from the Briti» grasp. lt tam alum} amen o'clock and the evening; ' 011E211t nit‘r it lib.) um». Mirth Sea haze behind whicl- tzd hi5 . Von Scheer turned and flea :or his 1"" ‘f . " Ural mm: was necessary," wrote M»; John u». n 'xt‘mvlw : ('i‘w Wham. to insure that our own ships nuwwmlttn m entail} tessels." we not By half-past mght or 11""? tom-UNHE all was over, save for Uh. Ut‘itiSh thiNltutt't‘ marks, which lasted far into the ty‘rkness. (-11 the scattered and fleeing enemy. 40 Only ivy-.1 hours IN 'l‘\\'() INTO LINE AHEAD twaterly COSHNG It was a HLUIIUHY‘C Which enabled the Third Battle , s‘uiser :a‘qthuron. in adVance of Jellicoe, under Admit" rlood, to join at once in the battle, and assist in " cm mling up " the head of the German line. l he supreme moment had come. Jellicoe's 5;: t fleet was in line behind lloods bearing down on Von :' \ oer in nwrwm-imim: force. By beautiful handling ti; mritish meso enacted. the junction of his fleets * very thing rm conditions. There still remains in in» warm: 0 much of, lllt.‘ splendid pageantry of old, whicz' 1 land oymmmns is 21pm.- beyond recall. " The gram sight I luv» mm seen." wrote an officer in the fleck '* was 1hr («ism at our battle line-miles of it fading in: . mist-~ «than; up their positions like clock-work and thv , belchill‘si WW txl‘iuil whects of fire and clouds of stoke." li\'l"lL!.SllU'S and complete their destruction. COLURINS. swam! to allow a clear space for Jellicoe to coax ~ down NORTH SEA BATTLES. of a misty daylight had been left to Sir John Jellicoe to accomplish his task. Then came night, and in the night the shattered and shaken Germans creptmone is not quite clear by what routemthrough their mine fields to the blessed security of protected harbours. Had the weather been different-well who knows whether in that case the German Fleet would have put to sea? Now as ever in naval warfare commanders must choose conditions the most favourable to their designs. The British Admiral remained on the scene of the battle, picking up survivors from some of the smaller craft till after mid-day (1.15 p.m.) on June lst. On that day not one German ship was in sight on a sea strewn with the tangled and shape less wreckage of proud vessels, the melancholy litter of war. l‘erhaps Jutland, inconclusive as it seemed, may wt be judged by the world the true crisis of the struggle. While Germany, after her manner, poured forth to the sceptical world tidings of amaz ing victory, Britain, too, after her manner, said little save bluntly to record her losses, and later published merely the reports of the Admirals engaged. They are very plain and matter of fact, ill ;.:.1, these documents without So they can be recommended to the atten tion of seekers after truth. Fm lovers of romance, of course, lll'.‘ German versions will afford brighter reading. "are, however, is the unofficial account of a Midship- nm: on board one of the battleships :m " We were all as cheery as Punch when actio n was wonded off. The battle cruisers, which, by the way, \x H t‘ first sighted by your eldest son, who went without his tea to look out in the foretop, were away on the bow, 41 THE BRITISH NAVY AT WAR. NORTH SEA BATTLES. firing like blazes, and doing a colossal turn at Speed, I expect they were very pleased to see us. tleet put itacross them properly. he battle We personah . strafed a large battleship, which we left badly bent, -. ad very much on tire. They fired stink shells at 1.5., which fortunately burst some distance away. 'l‘hr‘ looked a," it tin; ,tiueh horrible. We engaged a ZW'E». which shout-ti an inclination to become pally. Elilnk it thought we were Germans. Altogether it x; . s some stunt. ~* has, you were right, I was up in the fe- - op and saw the whole show. I told you I was seven" .~=i hours up there, did'nt I? Simply bristling with glasses, t‘t'\‘t.l‘.'t‘t‘.‘1. respirators, ear-protectors, and ‘ * wit-nets. I {Milt-iii. imagine. anything more intensel} 'z‘amatic gunetion with the battle cruis.; -.-. They tittjieattei on the starboard bow going a ti. "sendous stated and tiring like blazes at an enemy we '~..=uld not . :‘ iii en het'ore we opened first the colossai - rise was tel; d-«airuing. The Grand Fleet opened .19. We .lU t1 by strafing one of the "Kaisv »- " that ' just Visible on the horizon, snug hell a" than our in r. ' The whole High Sea Fleet we»: firing w. ill; must extraordinary sensation I lv .=w to be , it in the foretop gazing at a com; .tratively . i .7» twig oi sea. when suddenly about fin ' .1mense :' .. .t‘t'l" about 100 feet high shoot up ‘ - if frOm we. :iilti bits of shell go rattling do": x: Itm'. w; ) into the With a noise like an express . ain. the great flashes about as many miles away, and then for fifteen seconds or so you reflect that there is about two tons of sudden death hurtling towards you. Then with a sigh of relief the splashes rise up all six of them away on the starboard bow. 0n the other hand, there is a most savage exultation in thing at another ship. " You hear the order ‘ Fire!' the foretop gets up and hits you in the face, an enormous yellow cloud of tordite smoke-the charge weighs 2,000 lbsr rises up and blows away just as the gentleman with the stop- watch says ‘ Time ! ' and then you see the splashes go up. perhaps between you and the enemy, behind the enemy perhaps, or, if you are lucky. a great flash hrmks out on the enemy, and when the smoke has rolled '.t\\ 123' you just have time to see that she is well and truly bl wing before the next salvo goes off. Iliad the extreme satisfaction of seeing the Li'ltzow get a salvo which most have caused her furiously to sink. There are minor side-shows, too, which contribute greatly to the. excitement. " We also discharged our large pieces at the Rostock, hot she was getting such a thin time from somebody else Ill." we refrained from pressing the question. IIer 11min mast and after-funnel had gone. She was quite stationary, and badly on fire. We sighted submarines, two in number, and also large numbers of enemy de~\tz m ers, one of which we soundly stral‘ed. :n in t. that it gave up the ghost. So soundly, . p: opt-ii) . go :«xtsrt-eching overhead and fall a i -t1[ amile " Well, when I climbed down from the t'oi'etop lute 111.1: night I was as black as a nigger, very tired. and as this uttm > «tie at you. hungry as a hunter, I having missed my tea. You watch the enem; wing Six 42 43 I wish THE BRITISH NAVY AT WAR. ()fz/msife page H- you could have seen the state we were in hvm'een the decks. Water everywhere, chairs, stools 1‘:‘1iiat0rs, tin baths. hoots, shoes. clothes, hooks,one every conceivable article, chucked all OVer the place. ‘tfx'e didn't care. a fig, because we all thought of ‘ Der 'l‘v" ‘ on the morrow which we all expected. Destroyers find light cruisers were attacking like fury all night. "111d when I got up at the bugle ‘ Action ! ' at two $1.111. felt as if I had slept about three and :1 half minutes. M about three 21.111. we sighted a Zepp. which was 1'8r111ro usly fired at It made ofiC ‘quam celerrime.‘ wiz3 11103115 quicl; with 21clvital Q. " Look now a little more closely at the 111 .1 its and episodes of this engagement. Picture 21 1,1 2 'std hazy sea and spread over an immense area the flee" "1'? larger ships surrounded by screens of light ctwrwrs and destroyers furiously engaged in encounte rs of" "H -:ir 0WD» bottles within the greater battle, and one -1"(\s how entirely this action lacks the classic simplit‘ft of SUCH ('llf3aQt‘lUt‘lflS as the Nile 01" Trafa lgar. Bu? 0 main mmemcr‘x 18?re t-learenouf‘ih. The heat iest lo: ~ «: of the 111ish "Cl e sustained in the ea-rli er of thet " 2113115 in the I1"" "flies when the efficiency of the?" Eiinnery H I"‘"7‘""FUN reduced under punishment " do ours \V: 1x 1111i1111i11ed througho ut. " Hardly W2: =-:=tt§' in :11 lion hefme he lost two battle cruisers‘ , 1 {n11 gratzgable "'71 Queen Mary Later Invincible, the t "81‘"? 0f iilt‘ Til1'1 1] ( flit-901‘ Souadron "'(‘Uf d0" ;1_ Htltvti ‘2 110 13311 11101521}; his \1 f3" in .1 most lilxpil‘illg manner worthy of H.\\ 1] dllt‘t'fihn'fi U ()nc 1t1lllllfll Ships in"; "31-1-5113 iiileiiti 1]]avnote <11 Il'l‘llil in a modern action. here tvgp if‘ 2‘1"" :71,ii‘tllllle5 First that t! ‘ Ultm.‘ 44 l I11 n1 11)\lIl{AL THE HON. HORACE L. A. "001), (1.13., .\I.V'.()., l).\‘.t). NORTH SEA BATTLES . fire is concentrated on the leading ship which can hardly escape punishment, and second that his fast smaller craft continually present on your engaged how discharge torpedoes and drop mines if you attempt to close him. Three armoured cruisers and eight destroyers shared the fate of the larger vessels. The German losses, on a conservative estimate, were still more severe, especially when " the head of their line was crumpled up, leaving battleships as targets for the majority of our battle cruisers." The enemy constantly " turned away " in the last stage and under cover of smoke screens endeavoured to avoid the withering 15-inch gun fire, but at: least four or five lmttleships and battle cruisers, as many light cruisers. six: or eight destroyers were finally lost, probably twenty vessels in all and 10,000 men. Throughout that day of thunderous "or the des- troyers dashed t0 the torpedo attacks on the great ships, careless of the heart-slimming deiugie of shells, utterly careless of life and youth, and all else save the mighty business in hand, :md when nis‘zht' put tut end in the Lllzire of to the uncanny main action, continued darkness, scarchlights or some wounded vessel. the under the spouting: their work momentary flames from And all the while the um‘utlled \ea appeared, we are told, like a marble surface when the searchlights swept it, and moving; there the de\t1‘o_x'ers looked like venomous insects " hhu'lc. as; t'wlu‘odcheS on a floor." Never in the proud lll>ltlt‘_\ of he: zl‘.t\'f.' have English sailors fought 1.» ith more inspiriue ti.t‘~il, more Sllperb intrepidit}: " 'lflr Hkll'l'i‘l' ""5 perfectly wonderful," wrote one young; ol'llrer to his 45 THE BRITISH NAVY AT WAR. NORTH SEA BA'l‘TLES. home " He, never left the bridge for a minute for line shortly after deployment, under a heavy fire, twenty-four hours, and was either on the bridge or in the chart house the whole time we were out. and I‘ve never seen anybody so cool and unruffled. He stood there sucking his pipe as if nothing out of the ordinary were happening." 0r again " alittle British destroyer, her midships rent by a great shell meant for a battle cruiser. exuding steam from every pore, able to go ahead but not to steer, coming down diagonally across our line. unable to get out of anybody's way; like to he rammed by any one of a dozen ships ; her syren whimpering ‘Let me through, make way! '; her new which was returned by the only gun left in action." So ended the Battle of Jutland. But this, you mav naturally say, is very different from the German story. There is no denying it, the discrepancy exists. Make the most liberal allowance for national prejudices and you cannot harmonise the versions. Which, then, are we to believe? There are no independent witnesses that can be summoned into court. How can one decide between statements so conflicting? There is one way and one. way only. Victories, like everything else. in the world. have results ; a tree is known by its fruits. If, fallen in aft, dressed in life belts, ready for her linal indee». l , therefore, the Germans won, as they claim, a great plunger and cheering wildly as it might have been an enthusiastic crowd when the King passes. Perirtttly Magnificent! " " Sir David Beatty," said the (ammander-in-Chief, " showed all his fine qualitits of victor} rithey were certainly first in the held with the gallant have, . course, the Kaiser's assurances to his insole, and t'r‘: is of great importance, But t in: also leadership, firm determination and correct strzitegical insight." " The conduct of officers and men throughout the day and night was entirely htfmnd praise. No word of mine can do them justice. (I 1 all sides it is reported to me that the glorious traditions of the past were most worthily upheld. I cannot adequn t ely express the pride with which the spirit of the fleet tilled me." Who will venture to add to that testimony ! Let us say only that Nelson twultl l1:l\e hem proud to command such men. Nor did the British refuse their tribute to a courageous. foe. ‘l'hey .. fought." said Sir John Jellicoe, " with the news, and, lest there should be any mistake in the matter. made the announcement at express sired-~how, ' 1 announcement apart, do we know of it .9 We announce that the British blockade would no longer harass Germany P Oddly enough it was not mentioned and sitaz: the battle has become much more stringent. Do thz‘tlan merchantmen now go to sea? None are to be and on any water-way except as bcfore in the Baltic. 0n the other hand, let us ponder these farts. Immcttmtely after the engagement the great naVal port, ""haven, was sealed with seven seals, so that no German could look upon his victorious ships. Britain proclaimed her losses, Germany concealed her gallantry that was expected of them. We pai‘tit‘iz.,trly admired the conduct of those on board a disabled wound-2. (Vernian light cruiser, which passed down the British And meanwhile, steadily and without even Il'lOillififliHI‘y 46 Later sheédiscovered that she had accidentally In her innate overlooked the loss of a few trifling vessels. 47 . THE BRITISH NAVY AT WAR and liners pursued, interruption. British merchantmen neys ; r accustomed jour as they had hitherto pursued,thei the hundred thousand. of the transport of soldiers by artillery, heavy artillery, supplies by the million ton, of Channel, the Mediterby the shipload proceeded in the Oceans. If these ranean. the Indian and Atlantic how magnificent results are p0ssihle after " defeat," " One enquies for must he the fruits of " victory. y are very disaprnintthem without much success. The s. ing in fruit these paper tree 48 CHAPTER V. SUBMARINES. The Submarine Menace. The Work of British Submarines. The submarine is not a German invention. Nearl} Pt uz'l'. a hundred and fifty years ago, in 1774, an lénglishmnn named i‘my was drowned at Plymouth While emwi‘r mentinfj; with an under-water boat of his own ianuimi. "VI 0 Ameriraz‘i engineers, like Bushnell and Fulton. did mun» than an; others to perfect the type and an funcriixiiu Holland. first solved in a practical fashion the problem : of subrwrine navigation. l E 8‘ IIRIAIRINI- (‘. v , 1. His vessel was; so Miami; thought oi in England that the construrtinn Hi" Himw‘s: was ai mire begun, and since 1901 Sllhnlm‘im'x le formed part of the British navy. Exactly 2‘5 Mi? :an problem: a! flight in the air Germany did nu wig; Liv-c. she foilmsed the ideas of brighte‘ and qillt 1‘. ‘1' 1mm)». ller exirurts laughed when Britain first midwl liii‘fvl‘ boats to her fleet, but anxiety followed premi iii": haugh- ter, and i' '5: 1906 she awoke to the obvious in: 111.1; Hm, had a nuure, especially as the weapon ol' the wash; naval pix-5' ,r. At the beginning of hostilities (.‘ermr-m had primarily in commission 40 such vessels. . 3-3 Hun" Britain". a-U or 70. Even in this region of anal z ms nu whh 2'. he prides herself she was ink-rim: \m‘l nu one will wny that the deeds of German submai m; s ?I,<\ e tilled on tars, while little has been heard ui Ui‘iiillil‘fi' doings 1- "-‘dlth the sea. The reason is um far In «vi-k, The Spl,)l'il"llllan'8 bag will be large if game he (drill), 49 SUBMARINES. THE BRITISH NAVY AT WAR» and if he fire at every living thing he may chocre to See. it will be correspondingly small if his aim t~ =o bring down only the rarely met and dangerous animals and permit the rest to pass unharmed. On all {1: seas of all the world passenger, trading and flSillil.' vessels, lint- after line. pursue their lawful enterpris-ss under the British ting. There is no scarcity of gar» for the hunter and no great glory in the sport for. at: ‘ neutral ships and on the busy streets of the sea, one Ct"? It hardly discharge a torpedo in any direction withot" striking something that floats. " A week or two ago ‘ wrote a ' ' rounted voyager in the North Sea in October, 1914, 1!! one time from one point forty-seven vesse ~ tramps. travt lers, drifters, all in full View, and I took. tr :‘ountol sailing; craft or of vessels hull down in tin offing." All '- te open Not one of these was a German ship. to the attack of German raiders, while for t' British in view. submarine commander not a single target vt \'t ho then need feel surprise that vastly mot :. Les been ilt'.ilti oi Germany than Britain in this for"- z war? But sonic-thing has still to be added. Pre" 'inti 11* on must the grand traditions and noble Chixa‘ .‘ ofthc mt. which are. indeed, in so large a men me, her trottiviti, 'iritain takes anxious care for th~ WVOS of W) WM s and the shedding of innocent blood v s newt twtn 1m toilile, l'or Germany no meaninw ‘I;it‘ht" 1" Iht \I‘it‘lltilti and moving history of ship tttl seaet-‘nnlt ot the fellowship among mariners of .tl 'éttlltillM - t the hunmnity that distinguishes the true 5", not the ttottotttul‘lt: code of chivalry to which his ull~ iittt‘c b itlt' .tnd l>_\ which he is proudly bound. ,it : Inn trading or military Sh= machines tire for V man}, dishaving freed herself from the noble restraint that tinguishes the seafaring nations, profits by her " free- dom." Of this "liberty " the world must judge. " Things are what they are and the consequences of them will be what they will be." Meanwhile the spectacular glory is all her own and no Britain desires to contest her claim to it. One must allow that Germany's submarines achieved certain legitimate successes against warships. more especially in the early days, but these did nothing to .tlter the balance of naval power, and her great and less glorious campaign has been against defenceless vessels. Why has she devoted such energy and attention to submarine warfare P For no other reason than despair of doing anything else upon the seas. " ()n anti after February 18th (1915) every enemy ship found in the war region will be destroyed," she announced, " with- out its being always possible to warn the crew or passengers of the dangers threatening," Before that date. indeed, vessels like pr'tlt‘llt't'. Cruachan httd been But the world refused to believe that tltctt had really come to this, that a great nation was pre- pared iii pursuit of her purpose to slay hotit friends tmd chi-titties, t0 outrage and SO cultivate the tespct't .tnd adsttzration of humanity. They were driven to revise 11%le estimate of what indeed was possible illllttllu HIt‘iKttur». On May 7th came the greatest tttot‘ul \htlt'k utilisation had ever receiwd, and the black hortot .. it seemed to eclipse the last hopes of illltllllll kind» \ great passenger liner. unartttetl, a mere tlotttin; hotel crowded with innocent titt‘mt‘llgt‘l s, many 51 50 Ben sunk. tor the sake, one supposes, of a little pretitttinary . THE BRITISH NAVY AT WAR mangled by a Get-man of them Amerierzne, deliberately 1,200 Victimq of tnrpmln,, mnk in q‘ few minutes with mt Germany lilnw. felon received the new; with the (rt-mien imtul applause. with thanksgiving t0 of divine proof l signa a (mm for my: tint this; .wdetnnm? Riit‘ml 'I'ht (Iffit't'l'K of the Germany navy," said "I 100.7 in \lnrsltzill um Bielwrstein, at the Hague the ‘nlt'tt‘lQSl ‘W‘ it with :1 high wire ixx'ill always fulfil in unwrittrvtt law ttl."1ll"t‘ the duties which flow from the of humanity and Civilisation." St) the llerr iltai‘nn tune. \1,Il‘&llilll \‘Htl l'yielwrsteinl A high voice. 21 hiill: lw in nk; renmi A single wurd . lll‘,"ll iwrwnaeel .wth lefty and I» tltiu agreeable finilOUnCt'tl‘wlil " l.l1%i'(tfli(l" 'mw iwiitt extreme at importance must how- be tl‘llllltl\l‘~(‘tl, 'l‘he Bl‘llléull declaration of fwmdllffi .tlvulm» Hmtt‘nhzt'h'l followed the German attempt in «Mr: r In r rim! by the submarine attack on tmders, gros' ‘I ulti‘ . tltruttafih "he represents; Britain as the She ‘tie", Camt'n ation hrswlt initiated the starv , ml t-tv m l :11 Britain‘s vulnerable spot. the ‘~{ll‘[l‘_\ \‘(m Tirpitz declared I‘1 lit ht‘ ~I \ l'nélzmtl " and the German rm TIMING ut a N‘tw tlvtlt‘ Feliruznfiyl915 : the Britlxl‘v , WWN‘ it it ll~l wattle. in \lJttll mt the same 3‘ "81‘. .tu For tlw itetx meaning: in these days, C(H‘l‘Wll the 1m amule :ttwimpliehment 0f the it ill~ll M \mi l ml. higher than the inn-it .ittlvltit "1 "" \‘H'tvlvlwitflltle skill with ué uh mu~ liltt‘\l‘t‘(‘lt'tl and fiercely tirixmt tmrk 52 HIROUGH THE PICRISCOI'IC 0F \ SUBMARINES. Figure to yourself the task. Remember the number oi poSSllllL‘ \irtims on the. crowded writers, the extent of the sens themselves, with their innumerable altltl hidden memlt‘s of approach, the invisibility ol' the shark-like {09. the swift and stealthy advance from any (punter. the destructive character of his weapon. imagine defending yourself in the dark from a blow pinch may be struck at any moment and from any direction. Well may Von Tirpitz and his followers have believed that all precautions would be vain, and that the submarine ruthlessly employed must bring the lulled foe to her knees. Resolutely wielded it seemed impossible thut it should Mil. Yet fail it did, and failed because. with that deep instinct for the sea and all that pertains to it. British sn'i lors devised a hundred measures, so lllgt‘lilttllra. so resourceful, so unforeseen, that Illlilll‘t‘l‘fi of the merciless. raiders vanished with their crews. licnhtlt‘ss with fierce energy Germany continues to timid and dispatch others, doubtless her Victims lime l‘it'vtt numerous and will be more numerous still. let fierce .mtl fast though she send them one lllll‘tll} think-t thin the British Empire will be sunk by li)i‘ll‘\‘tll>i"$, toiled in the narrow seas, foiled in the rider \‘S'lllt‘l‘fi of the .‘tlediterrttnettn, Germany has now (‘KiClltll‘Ll her openi- tions to the still wider Atlantic. She will tithe her toll UlSllllet‘.f.:. hundreds more will be done to death, inn it will all pt ore a delusion and then will trot nt- ilit‘ rm lion-t 111%. " 'l he gods," said a Roman, " tit-Wt tontx-rn th‘lnSehti's with the protection of the innocent but will} with the punishment of the guilty.' ' litll‘ ll c Eitlltt' ol' \ictory Germany bade farewell to honour and lliillllll} and generusity, and like the great Apostate Angel 53 THE BRITISH NAVY AT WAR SUBMARINES. declared " livil, be thou my Good ! " And t he end The terrible aceuxi' 2 finger what will he left to her P of humanity ever pointing to the llideotta , word innocent heights of women and children, to: "ending: and detent'eless fishermen and holiday-malt;"-~ nonmmlmtants. eitizens of friendly states, oi .teutral t‘nuutries all murdered. Germany will yet. fancy. desire with a great longing to blot this mail some other « hapters she has written out of the ww w \ book of reutmtiliram'e and she will not be able. "hat a burden tor a people to bear till 13W and at time .' \oi all your tears wash out a word of i- mum - it") -['et'tl. "‘ll W1 \e.as:tti;1hting vess el the submarine its» ,1 t "Hi disappointing. So slow a craft. . ~uh- ‘m i 'Iitlt' (an equal the speed of a surface ship . 9 v-W‘ "" ""‘ WU of a destroyer which, travellut 1"" t '1‘ that. ran rover consid erably over a nu‘ "luv .t "illttilullllt‘ takes to dive and ram it e‘w ""1" in! felon the surface. illllli in <l_»\ "-"ltlhh to We! "31"" ii" strange monster is carry out Millie of the manoeuvres whic h look so simple when the rhart is spread out on a tabl e and looked dim u Ipon in the quiet solitude of a well- lit study," We know what German submarines have, or hm e not. tchieved since August, 1914. Turn now to the Ulilt'l' ~ide of the account and contrast the work of ltritish fitters and men in these vessels whic h haw ei‘. en so «range illlti unexampled a characte r to the hat at war of w hen the periseope is submet the work," says Admiral Bacon, " let him sit down under 'U-dd)'. J"- whom This teat . , the Blind alwah i whom: Illl lti'tt';t)\ itself in smooth water by t: 1. my. rim] .uttmts the unwelcome attention M drops a bomb which shatters and sink s it, has already been performed by a British airman otf tiiddelkerke on November 28th, 1915. The etfectiye handling. too, of this weapon, especial ly against swift armed vessels, is not easily learnt. " If anyone wishes to appreciate some of the difficult ies of submarine 'tlS chart in ridges to represent waves, and then try to s. against Wllitflh of we "M itllllltlt'lilll\§ of a weapon, if supported 2 , ""7"" ll) unconscious enemy at a great depth, remains poised above it, waits for the rise, and then in perteet security .1. chart of the Channel suspended from the ceiling. let him punch a hole through it, and above the hole place a piece of looking glass inclined at 45 tit-ti, let him further imagine his chair and glas s moving shim n ,_ 3 its the efl‘ei‘t of tide. Let him occasion ally till the mom with steam to represent mist. Let him finally erumpi 4‘. lhe moving finger writes, and having \2 \lot es on. nor all your piet y nor wit t an lure it back to cancel half a line. 'l in Lusitania, one thi nks, will ave nge het~ i)('\]llit its widely adve rtised activities at"; ‘ .tlll‘illL‘ (uh-tireless ship visible far below the surface. Prob ably in the future its greatest enemy will be the airship wlti ch discerns the " WL "Hi = "i3 Nt eessarily it was very different work, (lii‘t‘ t ted :\t'lusivel} against the military strength of the ( eutral i'wwers. The Trade," as it is called in the iii'liislt my. ("feta ,; field to adventurous spirits, and it‘s doings 314W: been many and astounding, but uuzulxt t‘tisi-«l. 1")ngbci(tlt‘ Germany's, British submarin es rt (Neil "H: 54 55 THE BRITISH NAVY AT WAR. Atlantic ; but their Chief centres of operatiwtts‘the war zones of the North Sea and the Dardanellt-s \‘Qave to their commanders more varied and exciting": problems than ocean cruising. Take a few remarks ""011 the lotjhooks. " Spray froze as it struck nndbrid: tecame :l mass of ice. Experienced cons iderable difu. why in keeping the conning tower hatch free from ice. Found it newt-ssnry to keep a man continuously employed on this work. Bridge screen immovabl e. ice screen six inches thick on it" Telegraphs froz en." " Hum] a noisi- similar to grounding. Knowing this It he imt-ossihle in the water in which the boat then v anme up to twenty feet to investigate, and obserxn‘ is large l HM") firming: for the only cha nneL divine for your ili-U with no certainty that the depth is sufficient to t'll‘dhh' ion to ww‘npt the how of :1 ramm ing enemg. Misti": rim tmition for 1: shot at hos tile craft. \‘t mini it" tt it to llt‘t‘l moment after firing " till tit- torpedo , t.llllittll#i}‘ rising again to ascertnj': WWWm w: 4H"H'PillltiV\iihL‘Xt1‘3 1119113910[UilVUiki Kim)" it. w for you you nre amply lil‘initi‘ with tl‘u tit IMHJH" Ht wt mmnore in which are concentrated «win; .tmt Mimi hunted :1! the seli'snnu- ' News Vol: hue the stoppage of engines 56 ‘,l"_‘" "i «w it" :‘l ll mm! l‘URLBIt/il \ sonuwhzit trying; life, one jud ges, and indeed. with hetween keeping a "Ma ther eye ( m-n for (lt‘*~ll(l:\tl'\. scraping"; along the bot tom to Mr? 3 mines. tit.'\H'.\i H'ttllitit‘ \mk Qtlt rid of after a series of (‘t'7‘77'liiC1iif‘ti ‘il‘iHll'iHlK'M lthl‘l {1t 1 mint- preceding the periscope at a distance ~‘f about tncnt} feet. which was apparently hung» ::‘ hy its moorings to the port hydroplane." That mt‘ticular SUBMARINES. desperately required, hitches in your electric apparatus, defects in machinery, leaks in the tanks, entanglement in nets and wires, exasperation when your well-directed torpedo fails to explode, and all the minor ills of life in a " box fttll of tricks," where the air as well as the food is always " tinned," and oil exudes from 0\'k‘t‘}' corner and joint and fitting. The Sea of Marmora provided even more varied fare. hourly thrills of the finest quality: For here the game was complicated by a system of nets and wires of fabulous and fascinating intricacy. running; beyond computation, while shor e batteries .mtl even "horsemen on the Cliffs," not to speak «ti patrolling tugs and dhows, let loose their artillery 'l‘ttt-twtln boats Shepherded you, sweeping trawl-its Limmlly attempted to encircle you with netst (Wt-11 .tt me time " the men in a small steamboat leaning (Htst‘ tt mt to catch hold of the top of the peris t‘tttw." .‘t \‘t‘tttttlu! scene and a busy life in the neig hlmutltmttl M tt-tt~tttntinttnlel And when at the end of Illl‘t'i‘ \\ t tilts m *th Ulihis gentle artofsinking enemies. :ttter lmint: tum-dbl) one of your periscopes by a well-aim ed shot t't‘ttttt tt bit; L'un. or bumping along the bottom in it new» ltd-u, twitching the compass while the current with H)!" \essel (Ii‘ your coffin-t0 and fro. you twitt- it "Hit- tespittnttttl reposee ~you find it " in the t't‘i‘tll't" of the Nat v‘iMarntntn," that shady untilletl garden t‘rl titt‘ t t \L 50 mm the tale as told by thes e mm: L H! itt‘t'm I‘M. llltlt‘t‘tl,wt the curious public, but in lilt'lt in 3 twin. int the hettt ;» information of " My lttl‘t!\, " ‘11 mt \tllltt1.tll'». "Nil " business " was, of course. iii." wt 2:: i-swm Wt. the hurrying of transports and 57 lltllllliltttl «that». tt.t- THE BRITISH NAVY AT WAR. destruction of hattleships like the Barbarossa wr the ubiquitous Qunboats. Passenger steamers then f lways \pm‘fll, hospital ships went unmolested, 2171:? when dhnws laden with military stores had to he even ml. the crews were " towed in shore and given «suits. lm‘f :md rum and water, as they were rathv' wet." 'lhv link has proved a more hono urable 6w than , i ms master the German, he both offers and 2‘: CHAPTER \ [. ~ nosed tires iniirtmis-s. One is not surprised to hear thai 1:: these illkf‘K the) par ted from our humane commander-x " with many ewwressions of goodwill." BLOCKADE AND BOMB ARD rim NT. What are Germany' s views on hlovkade .9 " \\ llnm'm‘ is engaged in war, ' ' sai d Caprivi. the Ge rman ( ‘hzmcellor. in the Reichstag, " Wishes to obt ain his (lll'j‘t ‘fiil and if he he \ igorous he will em ploy eve ry lili_‘1lll\‘f()0 lll:illl it. In a naval war the cuttin g off of an enemy‘s fill mi lieu is one of those means. No one can foreeo ii. Ami, really. is it anything more th an is done on {and 3' If during the siege of Paris some one had equipped a tr ain with foodstuffs for the Pa risians the train woul d simply lam-e Exactly the same thin g ha ppem at sea. If someone equipped a ship to been stopped. supply ihe v». "Allis [If ll". unem} then the othe r side would try In (Klf‘llll'i‘ Mime supplies. even if they consisted only of 33w ? "YIN?" lllil raw material indispen sable for the enema "s inilu». ii‘ii \. In such conduct I should see :r'wwlrir'cli' no barbarft'j' ,or any difference from the me: U‘~I."T""~. Kiri-'4‘" in a war on land." Balm" the war these were (.‘emmnffiu j‘l'lllll‘l~‘\, quite simply and unequivocably enum'm wi. llHi 'M llh‘l‘i‘ .my nu a! to expand them. If she no lwny If‘pt‘m of these principles one understands i1. Vg‘lf‘dl‘": Illilhe min-h less pleasant to suffer than m iellli: ilm there M‘Allds her declaration, Inuke iii ii hm wi- :il. \Vith "m principles of blockade, hum-wry l" 1:: m?! "1"." I" fret concerned. It fulfils (In; (mm. .m h In it, sti _tching‘ a great net from ,‘wlvm r: «H'llll‘ ‘zu'vi Ireland M the Mediterranean, a, net with m: slim -4 59 THE BRITISH NAVY A'l‘ WAR. BLOCKADE AND BOMB ARDMENT. (lose that the fish. howm er dexterous and einsin .t-zmes ltI lost theie at last. in the early months sqlldtlt‘ttil did the netting. but by degrees old : tniser >hip\ w re embantied tot, swifter steamers and li;:l= wait I t‘ but "('iull'tlllt; tor the most part their old crews, met: . =2 had mounting; guns. commanded by a naval harm lllt‘ll "Huffll 1' (mt! seinnanship in widely \‘211‘}‘lt‘1j-.; hook. ‘t'or -»ztml-aftet‘, trading or iislfine 'tni; .i pied nutrii‘ime nation breeds this h indida tin ships they manned if rave t "i an). liitth'l! : ds of them of may shape and rig. tram ‘ ~ ruli- m a gross litets. hing; «.imnith 2 s with yachts, dri'iters with ti ,o " ‘e. ith ltihlttt‘ l)();ilI‘-. the true democrat_:y of the :niwmin} all this while on its " Sill‘tlilt,t ,iiil‘ we: lilt h.n.d. northern storms " had its ()\'.'E'L innit» dignified oreupations . Ines 'l he minute if: s in no less rii'i} t-t‘t lm Ilzetl. iit<,-iiioti\;1diiig; ships; have their rules and in. .lttlh Almil .mui hold ionelitr Vigil. Fo ‘ thirty ot . \l.'_\" iii‘ oi h awn-ti keeps the seas. through all the iIt; .tideti .Hiti l‘lt int as in times of peace with n ,,». mitt .md dangersofabittet'war. i); ., in iii the ‘xlxlt'§-~, the} toss on their neat} t, t . i .. mini oi the outer meshes for you i it you pass. one line of ships i‘.‘=‘1‘1. t. tum . . ‘1 . oi t 'l‘hen (\lll ring into the darkness." And this onh the iigtt tih‘ .ind ward," for when the sus pet‘ted shin ix- stopped ,md one out of every eight of the m was allemttiittt‘ to run the llltlt,‘kil(l(}*~tl]€re remained the mullilthlitwu: lt'lt‘lxN In he detected, the false manife stos. the hollow spurs hid the endless and unheard of expedient» \Vt'lk‘ intercepted by the Norma tor mo hours‘ sleep. and then. for a change, fro m the West, with rain 1" th \ time . This morning it did tur n out fine, but it has ill": set in a howling easterly gal e with snow. . . L 'l‘h x orietest look-out must he kep t at all times. 11-; with thti mne'h seas that are going now, a submarine's he t‘is‘t‘ope( takes a bit of spotting, likewi se a floatino mine " th~ watchers " hanging on to the rigging; in hlindinil r in: with seas drenching over the m for four hours at ‘l tiih ~ pee hollow bottoms, stuffed with contraband. the copper lxeels. the cotton in flour barrel s and the ruhher in t‘oil‘ee "42%, so that only a kind of second -sight could tll\itte \o it went and still goes, and none sunt- , .ui .l tisherman, " wet through ‘ hardly be launched and the spray fr eezes on the I i de k ck A" . through the long winter nights wof no rthern latitudes in blinding" sleet and rain. "We have, inst crawled into port again," wrote an officer; "what ife-lrful weather it has been, nothing but gale s . rain and sno ‘ w, \\ ith rough seas. HTwof nights out of the last four were terrible . . ere orth 1 ~ " '~ have been one incessant Qal ‘7 ees , lof . iei i fin lin"iig es lit it om It "‘9 the‘"? Last" t .‘ti \ii the lst to the let of Sei" . it my: l‘tH‘tll) hours, and keep on dons; .io not. [slim high, blow low, rain, hail or snow. Boardino su . picious vessels, too, in heavy weathe r, when bottle» \\t ;L\' t .tnd working on deck for at it mow. 'i right. submarines, we have to go thr ough it." , \it‘th .il li‘l 2.tlit\‘7 those who mow the sea can farm 21 pic ture or imagine """i‘VHQ "1 . . l‘llt‘ht.‘ (it'tfiln It"""lPUSlx ‘1" "1" "MI " ‘V V toil ‘and strain _ c. ‘ 4.1)0dltl "n \orthern With Southern t'ltttles and than their nu".' , lsxhlti barrier across the waters. The sea, it ion 60 61 t‘ THE BRITISH NAVY AT WAR. would traffic with her, demands a vigilance such as no landsman dreams of, but here you have men who to the vigilance 0f the mariner have added that of the scout, who to the sailor's task have added the sentry's. and on an element whose moods are in ceaseless change‘ to-day bright as the heavens, to-morrow murky as the pit. To this rough duty in Northern seas what tireater mntrast than that other in Southern, the naval bombard- ment of the Dardanelles P How broad and various the support {given by the British fleet to the Allies can thus he judfied. Separated each from the other by some thousands of miles. the one fleet spread over leagues of oeean, kept. every ship, its lonely watch, while the bomhartlim'z vessels‘ concentrated in imposing strength. attempted to force a passage through a channel. the most DfH'l‘t'l'lllll} protected in the world. Unsuccesslttlly. it is true, hut in the grand manner of the old and vanished days when war had still something of romance. and was lesx the hideous thing it has become. \\ e have here at least a standard by whith tn nuntshre the doings of Britain on the sea. l-‘or remember the attempt upon the Dardnnelles. with all the strength and energy displayed in it, must he thought of as no more than a minor episode in the "will ml the navy, not in any way vital to the areal ivue. lt n :ts not the first nor even the second union: the tttslw :tll-Iltetl to it. For while, first and ehiet, the great \wkelx under the (‘mnmandot‘-in-(‘hief paralymd the .u tixitim oi the "little German nmy, While. \t'tutltl in illllmll.tlltv. the etnising patrols held all the mm" "1 .ntiunet and exit to the German ports, still ,nmthei ""1 "l area! battleships remained free to mmlml (12 BLOCKADE AND BOMBARDMENT. so daring an Dartlanelles. adventure as the attempt upon the Nor was this alL for, whe n the un:;up« cou ported fleet ld do no more, another llt‘l'tllt‘ under- taking was planned upo n which lortune beguilingly smiled-the landing on the historic beache s of Gallipoli. Take, first, the attempt of the ships upon the Str aits. In the light of failure no doubt it must be writte u down a military folly. Ships agai nst forts had long been held a futile and unequal cont est. But it was not the torts that saved Constantinople. In the narrow gulf le ailing to the Sea of Marmora no less than eight min e tiehts zig‘zag‘ged their venomo us coils across the chan nel. The strong, unchanging curren t of the D ardanelle s. flowing stea dily south, carried with it all floating}, mines droppe d in the upper reaches. Tor pedo tubes 1 "tinged on the shore discharged their miss iles half way across the Straits. Before warships could enter these wat ers it lane had to be swept and kept. Daily, tlli‘reture. the minesweepers steamed ahe ad of the tleet to Hear (hr necessary channel. But whe n thus engaged the) hemme the target of innumerable and hidden nuns. seclud ed among the rocks, in gullies and ruins and hehind thishoulders of the hills, in eVeI‘y fold of the lklllll\t‘1l [)t‘ To " spot " these shy, reti ring; batteries "as ul mur w imperative, but when spotted they \‘1tIIiNltt'tl to wine other coign 0f vantage, equa lly~ lllt‘tllhptt‘llnlM, and I'nntinued to rain fire upo n the mineswet-pem. 'l‘hv warships poured cataract s of shell along the slim e» and among the slopes , the se a trembled and the earth quaked. Amid the deva stating uproar the ll'.l\'.lt‘t\ ‘Wept 21ml grappled and dest royed thedisemered mines, 63 ‘-' THE BRITISH NAVY AT WAR. 'ed them others Were but almost as fast as they remm . that \Clllillttl llmtetl (ltmn to {ill theét‘ places. Ships Bouvet and tun fur in support nf the sweepers, like were alleys «It Triumph. pet‘tkltetl: the \x'atet‘xt‘113‘5 death. Progress indeed made. was but pl‘tltt‘t‘k~ the :thztntinn- Al Ll um ttm hem j". :mti wisxlum decreed nuxnt Hi the original plan. l'hete remained mmther way. An army lzttttlet‘, m1 ow neck t»? lmtl. the peninsula might Prue‘s the narr the tninexntetwtx rletnmlixh the h.ttterlea and free, Could that lzt t‘wtzt. from their (lestruetit'e fire. yet force 11 tmxmet might it \mx thought the ships zti‘h Within appt‘o llllH the ht'mazlet‘ waters and After long: um: mm mnee at the 'l'tn‘ltihh capital. "he. might tun delay. the attempt was; "hide. hwn e.s\il§ 2: :tc‘etlmplixhetl month or twn em‘tht \Rtllll‘e'tj z" ltzttl lllll‘t'n‘xt‘tl ltmtr hy hour in difficulty. nxt'tttl gtnul time at the t‘ttt‘ning danger the Turks er (tfiztun-t 9m(mllipull. Ll natural t‘ut'tt'esx. into :2 pusition ;tltle "-llkn‘fllht \‘téth consuming energy. in 9-11th m el till \ utt\ llellM‘tltl". the} \Hll‘httl with pick and shm x twwll teenw ';plt mding §.tttl(>1:‘tuumit‘ntnntttntling:tlt An intrentmhit title pit Ht' 5.11m emplacement. kit w t u tlm Let nl l‘Jlllt‘tl "ire run up and down and ;;lxllw«. ‘<lltl(lll'tl tn the there and netted the mt manta ut the hemh itself. Then when all t'." t: xh tnult‘. tlu "9.x dune they :mttitetl the Bt‘iti mm m‘ ent regim ‘, ‘.lI‘lll_\ nu full tt-nlnlent‘e that lttmt (Ill tlmt [H'lllll‘~lll;l and ling. lx'" \H mute e\.tt'.t<tt'elin;tr} \enttn‘e than 1lll\ lnnlme an ;: 11:1lxttl heuch within puint-hlun‘n. r.:".. ‘the nth ntmlet‘n ttt‘ettt‘ma can he read in ln--.t~! ()4 BLOCKADE AND BOMBARDMENT. fable. It was a landing of troops upon a foreign shore thousands of miles from home, hundreds from any naVal base. Without absolute comman d of the sea it could not have been so much as thought of. Men, guns. food. ammunition, even water had to be conx' eyed in ships and disembarked under the eyes of a hostile army, warned, armed, alert and behind almo st impregnable defences. To conceive the preposterous thing was itself a kind of sublime folly; to attempt it almost an incredible madness ; to accomplish it, simply and plain ly stated, a feat divine. Though a thousand pens in the future essay the task no justice in words can ex'er be done to the courage and determination of the men who made good that landing. Put aside ff r a moment the indi sputable fact that the whole gigantic undertaking: achiewd in a sense nothing whatever. View it only as an exploit, a martial achievement, and it takes rank as the most amazing feat of arms the world has cwr seen or is like to see. That at least remains, and as that, and no less than that, with the full price of human life and treasure Expcnded, it goes upon the record immortal as the soul of man. And nothing Could be more iittint; than that an accomplishment which dims the glory of all pl‘t‘\l(llls martial deeds, which marks the highest point of cour age and resolution reached by Britain in all her wars, shou ld have been carried through by British, lrish and t olonial troops, representatives of the whole limpire under the guidance and protecting guard of the British tleet. At Lemnos, for the more than Homeric endeamnr on Homer'slsea, lay an assemblage or sliippint; such a» no harbour had ever held. Within sight of l'ro} the} mine 65 THE BRITISH NAVY AT WAR. in the Classic waters ring'ctt ijtizttitlxgll; 1 went .illiissit‘ hillsand waited for the (lay, a great -.'t:i:11t.;‘tc..t.fi;bt :1 11m line of black transports. cron dcd "11 "0.1?" H". tiim'er of modern youth. allld.l)e.\:0n(i then .m {mwmm CtIAPit‘t-JR 111, "m" hnimnr mouth, the long. protecting gunsztiileg1 hints of the warships. ;.mi<i tt'tnptsiS 11f cheering, as the ant tors 5 1m" ‘ 1 lil( 11111'1'11121 'l‘hett‘adition of tlte is no not-d to tell again the stoxy o £0111." mm 1% stupendous uproar of the hombardtneni. 1d}? ".mpmfl. (ii/7v with it staggered as they wallte 1'1) "1g;n:‘uim ii‘ the hmtts and on the huilet-torn slung‘t. l‘n'fig w 1',l|tt)(i of the landings and all the SUhRthCIH‘1LW‘; "Hm k" ' 11111111111 must. They will be told and tttt .1; 1m: iiiiilxi'ltln1d lusts. And now that all IS over, "it 1.. .1 ., tiHNt‘tl. he lllllt' water rippling}, undisturbed ‘1‘. :111'..51i;l. )1 .1 .s 1111111 nith :1 tempest of sh annel. non 1.1:1m1u‘ m 11.1-1. the armies and the ships 'Vntlttlrha:‘1nK-.r;.1 "N?" 1.1111 1s 11111111 the unstv of human life. the 1.1.11 .. -, V. '1 ‘itiftituit‘qil "M" " 1 i1("l m. 1011:1111; the prothgnl expendntn L 111 . Laps pt! should there V 1s111'c (1 .113 rtltlfiy ' . . . . 11 4 1111! '1 M l ‘ ' Hl 1 Ill‘l"ll'lill t‘t'Qrt't11mldisappointtntnt H I I 1\1 Ill .1i llltll . I V‘ \t'l i 111 ' it!‘. (till ll I Fill‘dt‘f‘ _ ll tilllt‘ , i‘ ~ llp\\2lld 80 4.Uld lIlUllidCd ‘) ll I (it llH‘ti lilt‘ tittt't' ‘ And ‘ ‘0 iltl L" , . ( ,..15i1‘\‘:1it" 1 1 111 . ttittiilt'ktlt‘lltit)l1]Q$;li1(‘l]]()It 111111.11 11.1. in n1) , .1 --.. ,. 1 11.1 'I ("ti - 1 ‘L'HlJ' u." H‘ 111;" 10181 Sailors and Seaman ship. " t It 1 by." \('k\(‘l\ played them to the Greet E;1<:::1<;111:i.ml' ll'lt SINGLE SHIP AC TIONS. ()n Apr1124th:he3 :18" {gm MM [ I." N } \ H? (ill ..,. ""and tlmun "‘\ «11.111111 «1 lws .11111111L'1 the rotlxs ‘1 - ‘l ; Etlitfltw . I " ., w "11111 .. *. ll\'\t‘l t thtmh U I11111<1t tht-V lirttish 1.111 I M l 1' " i. 1 1'\ ‘tlil' ~‘1tl, 11111 mi tin» world ' s timtthltss Btitish 111111 is 1111 1'11 {mottr of close fighting, Stern and decisiw. in whi ch llt‘I‘ s11 11111111 11111-11 t from the mere machines the} h ltltilt‘ 11111 ("\I‘i 1\ their old accustomed unsurpassed l1111l1'l11m tl. In \Ilt'il encounters, they fan cy, their Sillt‘ must imint‘ihh p:emil. But the ran ge of 11101111111 Films ltzts thrust the combatants far at) mt \titlt‘ttetl 1111119 .11 .111 1111 111» 1111» «.1;1ps between the shi ps engaged. .1111! 11.11.11 :tt‘titms are now less con tests bemoan 1111111 111151 1111111111111 111111 mtstmlons, who bel ch destruction 111 t‘iz' it Itiltt‘t .H l11\5 Qrent spaces of int ervening SH] \1-1 the 1111111111 111" terest stil l clings and will alum s 111111- 11) 1111- 11.11111". 111 intitlents in which so me [()ll( 11 «at 11 1*‘1'111-«111117'111 pttlnm llppt‘diS some spiritual (1111111117 Hi spit-mini 1111 1111 ; 111‘ imint'ihle devotion shm vim: thmnqh 11111 *~‘I!l iit".s‘ smoltr alas h of giant Indtllltlt‘lV H.111 111111" 11111. the iuti'tlh arena of modetn htttle to H111! S, more 11111 t , tit 111 11‘}! [)t‘V'iiLtlis thtmin \I hit it this huntm element is 1111 sit e lsll'» 1111111111! :-\.1 1:1» it‘d". obscured bv the mifihti 11min 11'1 l1.111.llt-~. .llll :1 l "1011' tttention than then 1111111 11"» illttntllJHtt‘ 11.1% rants. ()0 \tltt‘ t‘t- 11111‘ 1111?. the untonquertble humz t spitit still 111.1»1111 nt' li‘xt‘ii thout'11 the heavens thentselwi' he Hut. \111 \1'1111l1' 1 ship LitllUII For this reason are I‘t'nlt‘llllN'l't‘ti \lltil f.111m11~. I U7 1; THE BRITISH NAVY AT WAR. peake. engagements as that of Shannon and Chesa ago, with their for instance, fought a hundred years respects such all in " , enges old world chivalry of chall N KEELING ISLAND punctilious preas a Qentleman might write," their first shot. liminaries. their courtesies of offering the h once whic and all the rest of the ancient graces Furies the h htimztnised war; now a business in whic many «I» let loose the passions that, by comparison. than more ly hard seem es battl of the old world the were glory or fame h whic friendly tournaments in of point the e wher , duels only stakes. (H such naval l"(".l(l we ry, victo than t honour was no less importan perhaps no longer. but duels there have been, of which liVeliest the that between Sydney and Emden excited en betwe interest, though others, like the engagement ant(furmunt'a and Cap Trafalgar, both armed merch the of tions condi the duced repro y own more nearl tlitlt‘l" and better time. mlm ()n ‘lth \‘owmher, 1914, Sydney steering for (‘olo east of thain thc Indian Ocean, about 50 miles to the warship ge Stran age, mess ess kwths. picked up a wirel on but ofl entrance. It was the last the Cocos stati from part)" ng time to send hefore it German landi ‘ii. t'llt'llL Iizmlen tlt'\ll‘tl}t*tl the installation, but it was Lillti ds \ltt l int: i nurse at once Sydney made for the islan ‘\i‘,lilll'li lilt in two hours later. l0,500 V33 In a few minutes. Emticn. lilt' lone-sought ‘Illti elusiVe raider. herself nppettt‘ttl Q» :oui .l \\l'it'tllll\‘ sight. She cmne out at great speed w t‘ozii the in times e Thre lire. ng lost no time in openi ol the tirst «\t‘lttmges she hulletl the British ship pint \ Mt Sldmgve lot‘t'nmst range tinder was shot to tttl ,tltt-t control platiorm wrecked and n cordite tire \tm ()8 ENGAGEMENT BETWEEN "M4,?- SIDNEY; 'ng EMDEN SINGLE SHIP ACTIONS. Thus Emden drew first bloo d but the damage was not serious, and then came Syd ney's turn. pm the rest of the engagement she gave all and took none. Til-tilt} speed is what the weather gage was in .\e lson‘s time. The faster vessel in a modern action keeps what distance she pleases, chooses the range, selects the position She will. Racing at twe nty-fire or twenty-sh knots, thirty miles an hour, Syd ney hurled broadside after broadside, first from port, then from starlmard. then again from port, round afte r round of smashing fire from all her guns at little mor e than five or six thousand yards from her enemy. In the hour and forty minutes the fight lasted she covered titty-sh titties of sea. The German's case was pite ous and without hope. About 11.20, steaming at nearly toent} knots, and finding no way of escape, she threw hersel f. with .1 terrific crash, which killed the helmsman, on the \‘llUtt‘ of the North Keeling, and 19.3 there :1 liztmi na "reek. more than a hundred and twenty of her crew .lil't‘.lti_\ dead, and the rest with shocking wound. or (Ll/(Ki not that deluge of shell. No one who \\ ent on bond ENNICH remains in love with war, for all sickened at the stem. Nothing to please was there, only tang-led l:t.l\\t 's ot iron, bent and torn, or human bodies shattered beyond recognition. One is not surprised to hear th.tt lilt‘ti' mas no cheering on Sydney when she nude (‘olontho harbour with her cargo of wounded and \lll‘»l‘tnl\ That touch of British humanity \Vhieh nould lt.t\e Lyme to Nelson's heart, was not a little Llplil‘t‘tiJlt‘t ii} i the German prisoners. Carmania and Cap Trafalgar \Vet'e tot- hettet man ilt'tl. There the British Victory "as t'.tirl_\ "on it} \llpx‘lltil 0‘) THE BRITISH NAVY AT WAR. SINGLE SHIP ACTIONS. skill and seamanship. and owed nothing to engine power or I'D-Ct e vs eight of guns. If anything Cap Trafalgar hail who thus abandoned the ship wer e picked up h)' the colliers in attendance. Many things happen in the Nort h Sea of which the world. including the Germans. is ignor ant. There. are the advantage in arn'iament, but failed to make the lies? use of it. One hears. and it touches the chord ef romance. that Carmania‘s crew were all for laying alongside the enemy and boarding With cutlasses after the anvient fashion of their forefathers, but the Captain saw a better way. Firing a single unaimed shot as a kumtnons to surrender he \ '38 met by a full broadside of the German sluns. But the surprise failed. for the aim was defectit \ and the shells flew over the British «hip. For the first quatter of an hour the Cernim {tied four or the shots to the Carmania's one. a rapid comings and goings, full of surprising: interest. foreseen and unforeseen incidents, titanic labours and cheerful hutnours. A corner of the. veil lifts at times to dis- close a little history like this. ;\ fast British squadron is out on an adventure, no matt er what. Two or three hundred miles from home. exact locality not stated, but Within, let us say, thirty miles of tiernmm the adventure is about to be launc hed. when inside1 five minutes, with that incredible peme rsin\thieh hut net'xons fusilade. to which the deadly answer were in the hunt of deliherate. methodical pounding of (up Trafalgar!" hull. No wild shooting was there. \Zm (purring: his ship with meat dexterity so as te pi i '1 .tlwai s only his how or stern. the smallest ta ‘Qet. ene'n}. .tlltl t-tttllltlfi‘i‘iml lli-‘v fill‘t‘ or 9ft 2‘1"" "‘ 'i‘ llthlltill demanded. within twenty mintues the Pot i t .tpmin out ntJttet‘E. «lean out of doubt. The t.) ; rt \tIIHiH d hoot \tetlt to stern and the flames sprt. ‘3 l l: hailttoinzi. Then she lietltotttiht herself of tligzln. . the moment we past. An ominous list to Klfixd‘ on .thihli apparent and slowly increased ti‘? 't‘ l‘tllltt'l\ tlidllh the sea. 'l‘wo dull explosions felw llt'l \li'tll llltttt'lllttl high ahme the waves. and text ttlosl t‘np Trafalgar hade good-hye to the .tml \.:lli\llt'ti in NW ‘~\\ltlltl§;‘, eddies. Iltr tYl'tt distinguishes these eaters, a yellow to: of you must have, and in the perilous turni ng motetnents which followed some Were missed. Ship groin-t1 tor Ship. and, seeking blindly in narroii' circle». .1 (it"slt'tm et that h.:d lost touch found herself elem under the llt'\\\ of a cruiser. The ineiitahle Crash t'olhmetl. "f straining desperate search failed to lot 14' her. \t member, passed before she \‘i‘.1\ had croVsded into the heats. rt» 70 .nnt instantly the recoiling ships lost ‘»ll.§l‘t m" l :tl: oito: [here was time to see and heir. nothint; these the damaged destroyer notonl} disntoearetl in the .I.n lint-s she could not anywhere he hauntl. Hour .tt'tet lltlltl tttwtt utt‘dtzuu thought for their li‘ies than let \I t hoot ol ninth the) early relinquished. liel‘ote we] \lllit the}. t‘l1\ densny blots out every ship from tilt‘l‘) ‘ other. how any landsman guess how mantrm‘ring sitiuals he to he made in such a case unknown to the t'Ht‘llH 7 They must be made. Shrieking sirens :ltlH‘l ‘ltH‘ \otn affairs, wireless shouts to every (it't‘mzm shit); on! station that you are in the neighhonrh otid. Yet shawls \ Whole day and half the night, in (.etnmu \\.net ~t It" it retoiettd, and til Offns: ‘/ "‘Ilgf 73. what a plight! Her crumpled bows "had fallen nfi into the seat so that from another ship one could look right into he" and see her storerooms and other com- purtments. whilst the muzzle of her foremost gun. at m‘rl3nm‘y times twent§~ feet or so back from her hows. now protruded over the ‘ front ‘ of the ship like ;1 tree ont-QrowinQ from a cliff. The men‘s living spaces tiz‘ht forwtrd had retired to the bottom of the North Vat. :md the waves were rollan in unhindered against the (‘Hpst'ttn entidne. anchor rhoin lockers and foremost men deelgs." But she was still afloat! ()ne trust} bulkhead held. You cannot, tow a Ship by the hows it she has no hows. She must be towed somehow lmt midently otherwise. You cannot launch QM 1| htm'ser :thtmrtl for the Sea is too hem'y. «It ten-rtsh work followed. Cnslts were a hunt tr- Six httttt's towed tmst the \xtwlt with uires attached till one was pielaed Int. lmt t‘\t't'_\‘ hnwser parted soon after it was made t-stt l‘htvn, lllll'lfil-Mh hours utter the nt‘t‘ident. to the .n't'wt‘t- tutniment sum of wind. hem y sens and at (‘ttllt‘lt' :1 storms. tlrml}; grappled to :1 cruiser. she \‘r t~ ltl nttzght three hundred miles or so into :1 British hurl-w" 'l‘here you hme stutntttttsltip. lll 111" ‘lt‘tt'tut'fit (tl :tll wars in which stemners lush lmrn (,tptttted h} \t,‘.l]ll.tl‘.0t~. nirships by (lt‘Sll‘U_\t'l‘ =' «\‘m h stthmtn ittes lune been destroyed by tlll't‘l‘.!ll .ttwi Htltnttt .ttt.ttl\ed ttotn nhme In their tnut‘hint-z‘lit‘» t't- . .tm \‘tllltltl \t't‘ll"< possible. We hme sumn-ti toil "1 »t*-tttttt'~htttvttts 't‘ \wll us lwrrm‘s and the tliuh?» ‘1' tutu m'n llll.i,'ill ttimt .t"\' outdone. "3‘" \ttsttl (nttt‘.x:‘;e. 1llltl ‘ t"~ "WW .HH hunter surprise us. they seem L.I.Ithe tunsst'~~-itttt not 01 Hm), single \-\t~eptinn;tl mt: 9f1}; gm"; ‘ THE BRITISH NAVY AT WAR. SINGLE SHIP ACTIONS. but of the race itself. For wherever she may have failed Britain Of a surety has not failed in men. there be anything upon which humanity .\nd if can con- gratulate itself in these days of insensate destruction there stands first and pre-eminent the revelation of amazing courage and endurance not to he matche d in any previous record. The men of to-day. n‘tcasure them by What standard you will, outshine in their achievements the men of all previous times. The virtues on Which Homer proudly dwells in his heroes look pale beside the Virtues of the soldier in the ranks, the simple merchant seaman, the volunteer from the desk in service afloat 0r ashore. Hector and \chilles must yield pride of place to more splendid e\empluts. For if hateful inhumanity has degraded snme men to the level of the brute, superb self (it‘Vstiltm hits no less certainly raised Others to angelic heights. The world will not easily forget the fortitude of the Captain and Commander of Formidablc, lest in the Channel on that terrible New Year‘s day ut‘ 1013, the unshaken Loxley, a typical litigut'e, standing to the last on the forehridge of his sinking ship, with his uhl tert it‘l Bruce by his side, smoking; a t'ienrette uurutilt-tl .h it in harbour, while he directed the launching «it the boats " Steady men, keep cool and he British." not forgetting" in his last words praise of the lieuteuhm who had got the boats smartly ;l\‘.';l} " l on llzne dumH‘I‘S \vell, Simmonds." Worthy of his tilttre in liltxtory, too, was William l‘illur, Ill.!"l"l' It" the smm l. Providence, who, with his little t't-evt ht three Lllltl 1m *‘llllt‘enlice lad, saved seventy men ol' li'ozrmiduble itt Ih.tt "8ng gale by sheer pluck and M‘tllltditslltp at uhhh 73 THIC BRITISH NAVY AT \VAR. SINGLE SHIP ACTIONS. only his fellows can rightly judge ,u beyond all praise ‘ said the offirer in charge of the rescued cutter. true sea-dog breed, before whose magnificenc e the glory of kings and princes withers mm} , ()f adventurous gallants many a one and hold mariners the tales will be told when men hare time to take their Pro- vidence herself running: for shelter had been forced tt~ hem e to. so tireat \ 'as the weight of wind, when rieht under her lee she sighted the ship's boat riding" to it sea anchor and smothered in foam. the men hailing breath and write, tales from .lat'fa and lieirout. from the Persian Gulf, from Dar-es-Salam and thrtlu. of hard to keep her afloat. " Captain Pillar swung}, the Providence clear. The crew. with almost superhuman the relief-ships struggling up the Tigris and the heroic sacrifices of men like Cooltson. of the winters in Nttth rtlorts. took another reef in the mainsail and set the harbour under the fire oft-inch gate; of the fighti ng on Nyassa or Lake Tanganyika, Where two llritish motor - storm] jih. for until that had been done it would hmt heet] disastrous to hm e attempted a rescue. Mean" hilt the rntter drifted towards them. although at times. boats captured the armed steamer Kirierrnt .tttet an action lasting ten minutes. of the great trtttil :jun transported seven hundred miles to the \ietit‘ of (i.lt‘t!.l. in the Cameroons, one hundred and sixty tnLIt-s up the the). lost sight of her in the heavy sea. Clark t‘lintht-ti the llfi't'jilltj and presently dist‘m‘ered her hra‘titu: t‘w "lttl tn inst ttt leeward of his boat. The Captain deridt t; to mhr Lt ttt-t'iltl‘tts mantemre in such weathtr Kit? t tht HUM? has liahle to one way. Four times did f7», 1;.tll mt utnm'ltsmen seek to glet a rope to the (two: l.tt h «limit \\.1\ more ditlh‘ult than the last, but in tin Ind thex ltltlttlllt't'i a good herth on the port tart... " null \\.ttp \mu thttmn and (fought by the .'~.*ll> I he: lllt'\ ttt.:t‘i!' last round the stern of the raps-tun ‘t'Hiil v-tt .ll ultill flit' «utter was hauled to a berth .tt ‘»tt i n [he \tn p was brought round to the letsitlt t'. tilt tutti-t l-ttttmltt up It) the lee quarter. 'l'l'wt: ‘ Niger. four hundred up the Retnte l‘lH‘t‘. of the htorLint; of the Rufigi, bysinkine the routateitner, .Vrtrhritltg't'. t0 imprison Konigsberg, under the tire of ll‘..l\lttl\ .tl Short range, of the destrttt‘tiott of the (ta-rnmn tn monitors as she lay hid in the ham];- utth branches lashed to her tnztsts as .t tlisgttw, ot armed guards on board hloelettle rnttntz» in thitl. Weather, of landimis on the :ixrlnt mm to ttll It‘h'i'l‘aphs and *ailways. ot‘ the \mth set It I\\]t'l\ far from their proper homes relltth; Jet! wittltit‘WH‘: along in the for "-twl H‘i '1 In uh ‘- tttmtl on hoard :lntt eu'n new tit [\eoe‘m, Hi the It‘lllllll‘," tux; boats dragging rows of lighters from \l.tht to the he .2 (tan tl «i l~~~in:; l‘lt‘ll as the seas wrrt won tit" l\ ‘tt t .‘t mow- The l't‘Nt'llt's from the t r to l‘lt ‘tlltt: mt thvti minutes to at‘t‘oiztt't-l l'l.‘ tht M "*t «if :i‘k storm lot ele\et1 lthIt‘ lheir place in the history of the N") i" "l" ‘ " "~" " " to.t Inn: 1.... s certain reasons for its pride. we "Illil it mt totttmuotvxl). engulfed in liltll .e ('yt‘ladesfithe thousand undone tiles, Li" ot‘xthtth h n.- It is a very proud seriiee the thinkh \.l‘\_\ .'tlti ht '.t i'lll.il' and his mates are rt more picturesque or \\here 1" "lie to loo" M tet'ord thou the rt-mtintlt‘ history of this close-knit brotherhood of the son: 74 75 BRIDGING THE SEAS. had perhaps forgotten, that it is not by virtue of their fighting navy that the British are a maritime people. hut by virtue of an instinct amounting"; to genius, rooted CHAPTER VIII. BRIDGING THE SEAS. There are, navies and navies. The Old and fighting British navy, whose representatives keep the seas to-dav against the King‘s enemies, has been heard of ottee or twice during the present war, but for the most part preserves a certain aristocratic and dignified aloolnexx from the public glaze. There is, however, another and an older run} which comes and goes under the eves o‘ all. as it has done anytime these three or four centurit~ K. in a very ancient and unmatched experience of shipping and the sea. The Grand Fleet is only the child of this service which was already old before the word " Admiralty " was first employed, which made its own voyages and fought its own battles since Columhm discovered America, and before even that considerable event. These travel-worn ships form the solid bridge across which flow in unbroken tiles the men and supplies to the British and the Allied fronts. Picture 21 great railroad which has for its mtn'n line a track four or five thousand miles in length. curving from Archangel in Russia to ,\le\,ttitlt't.t On its six or eight thousand ships, to prove that lattnlmtl in Egypt, is t )ld l-Lttaiand still , the lilizahcthan mariner has court 1.. coasts of Norway, of the British Isles, of I'Ltttre. of Portugal, of Spain, of Italy, of (,‘reece. l'itttntfrom this immense arc of communication ht ,tnch lines lite n;‘;-.tin. who tool; war very much as he tool-t ttentr. tttn‘ont'ernedl),in his day's work. Needless to so i." a track which touches on its wit) the other nation on earth could have produced, eithrt in longer still, diverging to America, to .\l‘rit';t, to lttditt. number s or qualitv. for no other nation possessed tltt st knitting the ports of the world together in one \,t\l railway system. That railroad system, with its t‘ltLilltt‘x and rolling stock, its stations and junctions. ll\ t'nvl lllt'l'l. bt ed to the stat IllltI the risks of the sea, born \\ in :r the all is salt. who, undeterred by the hazards wt not. whit h was none of their employ, answered their .t ,;-,,_ It i "x {All .;s lt‘. [lit old \rmada days. From the ( hint u and Intli.tn «on the} cattle. from the Pacific and \tlnwrx trade routes. ltottt \\lt.tlin;3, it might he,(t1‘tlu \v\\‘ loundlttnd ll\llll‘t'."s," "l(>tllltl\ or the Hugger Hank .iun thousand otltcrt s and write two hundred thousand tiit, stores and offices, over which run daily and ItlL;llll\ lllt‘ Wagon-loads of food, munitions. stores tor .t «lo/Mt countries at v ‘ar with the (‘eutral Powers. h .1 mil: tl-Hl of British ships. To dislocate, to littl‘.ll)\t‘ it (.th tn tut would willingly give a thousand millions, ill] the scales would then descend in her llnour .nnt m ("U be hers. lt‘or consider the t'ttll"~l"lH‘ """ ‘" "Ul‘l‘ll 1h" (IT-HM fleet. to hatrol the \‘JIK'IHWU\ ~ 3. induhitably "ML: lot the (ik'l man mines, to carry the :tt‘ttlftw- in, .t "\HMHH'. lllltl, incidentally, to show the world, who: ll Ul‘ interruption in that stream of tt‘utllc. Ill‘ll.1ltlliv'tv'll on the brink of starvation, her troops in l5r.tntt-. ll] 70 77 THIS BRITISH NAVY AT WAR. BRIDGING 'I‘IIE SEAS. Egypt , in Salonica, cut oh" without food, without ammuni- of the means of supplying their factories and military tion, unable to return to their homes. transport, WOUId soon be at the mercy of their adVerysaries." But for this fleet that bridges the seas Britain could not send or use a single soldier anywhere save in defence of her own shores. India, Australia, Canada, all her dependencies would be cut off from the Mother Country, the bonds of Iimpire immediately dissolved. Some little importance then may be attached to this matter of bridging the waterways. and some admiration extended towards the men who do it and the manner of the doing. If you ask what have the Allies gained, take this eyidence of a French writer in Le Temps : "If at the beginning of the war we were enabled to complete the equipment of our army with a rapidity which has not been one of the least surprises oi the German stall. we owe it to the fleet which has Qiyen us the mastery oi the seas. "'0 were short of horses. They were brought from Argentina end (‘anada. We were short of wool and of raw material for our metal industries. We applied to the stock- breeders of Aust ~alia. Lancashire sent us her cottons and cloth. the Black Country its steel. And now that the consumption of meat threatens to imperil our sttpplicoi lixe Mock. we are enabled to avoid the danger by the importation of tron-n cargoes. For the present situation the master} of the sea is not only an advantage but a necessity. In \ith of the fact that the greater pth (4 our coal area is imaded by the enemy the low ol lllv On this command of the sea rests, then, the whole military structure of the Alliance . t opposes to (Jermany and her friends not the strength of a group of nations, each fighting its own battle, separate and apart, but the strength of a fede ration so intimately knit together as to form a single united power which has behind it the inexhaustible reso urces of the "firm. Thus the British navy rivets the Great \lliance by operations on a scale hardly iniaei able , onerations whose breadth and scope beggar all description, since they span the Globe itself. fire for the men and the spirit in which they work, let hin Wail on .1 battleship, 21 tramp, a liner or a trawler, the Brit ish sailor is alwax s the same, much as he has been sinc e the world first took his measure in Elizabeth‘s days . "Like the old sailors ofthe Queen and the Queen‘s old xtt‘or \ " .\ 21‘ lat simplicity is his quality. with amnething of the child's unearthly \x'ittsdom added, and a Llysses-like cunning in the hour of necess ity, .m N‘QIiC simplicity almost like :he saintr-C, looking things in the face, so that to that line t‘.tt'clt‘\\lle\.\ '-"~"~'i‘."[l1i!if;',, all enterprises. lax/1rd»; fortunes, xiii!)- "Teck, if it come, or battle. are but the litt‘ttlt‘n'x ot‘ command of the sea by ingland would imolye more thri: her mm capitalation. She indeed would be forced to capitulatc through starvation. But France lllstl and "Che‘lliei‘ed day, and his part mere!) to " to r}, on " '31 the path of routine and duty and the hononvxthle Itudition ofhis calling. Klanilesll};l1i\;H'e.~cnt basin-w 1» epic and the making of epic. it" he knew ll, ‘icl not her ne" ally. Italy. being», deprived of coal and, then-ton. "Whit: it he grasps things, as the epic paladins .tl\x.t\ \ 78 79 THE BRITISH NAVY AT WAR. grasp them, by the matter-of-fact, not the heroic, handle. What better stories have the poets to tell than that 0f Captain l'arslow. a Briton if ever there was one. \tn‘m. refusing to surrender, saved his Ship in a submarine attaek at the cost of his; own life? Mortall}~ wounded as he stand on the bridge. the Wheel was taken from the divine father‘s hand by his son, the second man: Knocked (lt)"'n by the cnneussiun (if a shell that gallant sun Hf a gallant father still held to his; post and stem t .l the \essel elea . ()r liaVe they anything better to rel 2'4 than the tale of the Ortega and Captain Douglas Kinm 1". who. when pursued by a German cruiser of vastly ermw spt‘Otl. t'alled uptm his engineers and strikers: in" British effort and dmve his Vessel under full steam. u a trifle more. into the uncharted waters nf .\'el~.r'*' Straits. " a veritable nightmare for mu‘igattirs." narrtmest and ugliest of channels. walled lij.‘ L‘ltmt ~ tilifis. lnistlintl with reefs. rnelgs‘. twerf'tlls and unit" 7~ lllltlllull\ll1l('ll.ll_\ the mert‘)‘ uf (ind and his Hm; tl mi llt' piluted his ship in safety and gave an e\;tmple ti unt'ltl Hi what stunt hearts can do. It is stttli V‘ (,ei'man} suppuses she «an intimidate! 'lhtvse are hut epiwdes in the lung roll tit her- \un \till tind others in the quite peaeelul Ut'tlllw' tut ininesueepintz. nt‘ the seareh tnr mines " lush" tln mu) «alls it that the impartial German ln tiip :tn enttn). peilmps a friend. an audit .‘ .tlltl it "Littevs nut uliith. 'tll tit‘t'tipntiun lilt' t.lii.ms :tinl setlwts .tltet a quiet life. (Ht thilmstness :lltlllt‘ :t thutssztnd ships ;:nd {Hunts-n Ill ltshetmtn use wt lt.t\e lit-en litttteii.itil ninstdlltl) lhttsuns. MM Mi enuaUL-tl. .. \\;is lab lrlmxn BRIDGING THE SEAS. his trawler, escaped with his life and umlistnrlwd continued to command his group of sweepers. On that day near Christmas time they New up eight and dragged up Six other mines. While. RS incidents within the passage of ten ertmded minutes. his own Ship and another were dnnmgied by endosions and a third destroyed! Read that short chapter of North Sea history and add this. for a better kntm- ledsie of these paths of peace. from the letter of .m officer : " Things began to more tutpidl} ne". 'l'here was a Constant str‘am of reports mining frmn itint‘ti H‘Iine ahead. Sir '. ‘Mine mt the part he". Sir ', alongside-I .md mt lmvktm; ‘There is one. Sir, right mer the bridge I saw :1 mine :thent tun feet heltm the surfttee and so Close that we enuld with :t boat hook. hue tnut‘hwti it \t‘ter .m hmxt' .H Int V . . sighted the minesweeperx. "hitil h.nl .tilt-Jth «int-ti \wrk." "He may judge of these \Hl'lh Ne.» .htiimtu. mm the ret‘nrd 0f :1 Single lieutenzmt n! the \tn .1 lb \t'l \e "‘hn. besides attending; m cht'!‘ INJHHN, tit"\ii¢'\t‘\i hm} IIfI\ UI‘ IIIIIM‘S. I\\il'\‘ tli‘tt‘u‘ II" .!I\ iii}lll\lii\t‘ (it-mun 'l‘uuhe, attacked .xn eqlmil} .,1(,|m.;,\t~Attiwizir mice rescued 21 Britixh \t‘tlpitil‘t' tIEHl I"\\|‘kl H mm \tfet}; rescued in June the t‘t'en t-t' it Int palm-d H N» 1"! t \1\It't'n men, also the men wt .1 mmlt ttthx \M‘H" "1-!"1.‘ assisted twu Manners HIJ' NM": twenLV-fnur th-- at .‘ml tit-en mum]. "its", it: wanted"! .mixieti nnnther steamer. it-utml tits-v 't ‘r' I'w't I tinned trnwier. tmn-d n til\‘.i‘iv'ti ltm, s,‘ t r» t.... "iv! vmivvd in Amiued a rescuing Norwegian the ;~_:\\\'¥I.;!'!‘~ \lt'JlIh't, HI :3: rewind \tttrttttw‘ WM!"- 1"" '1 ill. BRITISH ,‘I U V ,\'I V. \R. ml" I :1 ml "10H ST".H"€I‘ ( 7 l‘ (f ‘3 E H BRIDGING "Nil 5?. \N. which whn 1711121111 in the {GHQ Rx‘i‘iLN m" imul lunlw I‘w \ HIM" lnlzi the central nwmnw. 11w yia xiii: i-i m" ,. lurpwlnm] 21ml ivu‘uvrl luv tji, Sump (12%} it "ill all. l'ui- (hrufiir‘la l: 1 ; 1AM mulling 11-min} xx ill \="',-‘-. hefnro our eyes PM" lll("\'l1£'\ii(lllllll("1.1741111 :h: iy'xixiini nffln 'Ml ‘l‘ ( 4 I (l"" l wall (-1 i=.v,\i('_'.iiml mm xii VV'll4r‘l‘ l,\\._ ",i7f(;"i‘ Viz-.114"- iv His Qimlw. liminu ll'x‘\l(-.ii¢li,‘* ~ziirili:\t(n.a ‘lu 71 Mk; (I'llllllllll (L: x innllvl‘aser‘m-lv YIHKIi ‘l Luna Hi?" Aliuui' l: ill? m ‘Y ,i ‘2 \«lc, n ~ 175?! r-\\v 1.1"" {Hi-{w A ‘R‘glw A l,',!ili",‘t"ii'"~| Kl" 14v 1? ‘iv.-l._Hi1_ Elm 11 71H _\n . i '. i l. Y 7" i l 1‘ l l: ‘l' T ‘ r [H i " .Y ll il‘.1\\\v » Hi i \ ‘ I it- eq‘: il \ucmss. the gmw 1'f'-‘:Z ,4 x \ \ Anni-m umlisturiuwl ‘- .Nrmm .zx well in tn, '* tl i . mmi "w \llill l‘t‘i‘Ilii Anni «NIL I » -~ ‘.\ R'. r - '. t lip 4?. 90‘ mar , - hu‘lli‘ml. l‘ltl 17"." 7 . - i in ‘ \ 9‘ ii, ni'llm mu ‘ inn». ' loll '- Mimi?- v ".azi\-i'ci'n_l im 3" ' 1 . ill l T‘l . ' w [» 1,2" ' l.l\' ‘ mil ‘1 . , "ll: ‘ . . "i '.\1 Ell‘lll‘H-n mm i . x. :I‘ \- ‘ 1 '7 x i‘ " W ‘ . ~1ii‘m n \ i . H . I'MIHHL: w ' " .l r' l i x l ll! ,1 \ \ til 1M \ \1 lll‘l£l\lll21 <:f 1 . .‘xrinus; snark m1 ~t~" ‘miliuzi W iv.,f‘" 1" r .l 12‘ lit" ilil :- i "1:31,\ W- fl" m. naval l)<)l‘.1l‘:li‘(l§1?\_‘fi» ..; gm In l‘wimin‘s gullmii .il; 1‘." lh‘flfil‘.‘ llot‘t She ((H‘nll‘fli .7 A In IL: \‘il.n l 1 l\ Vll v ', i {V 1‘ I 1. 1075: navy was omi'izx‘tm A; .2113: {s "' m i ‘13 i \w '1' Tl‘ IVY‘l-Gl‘ mm \L."r. lull mi limini'lwl w 'i f‘ trim‘llm!‘ with the pz'csni'wiiun «4' im‘ '\‘~k'l'\=,‘.'\\ :: n'. V 3 "\ \ Elm - ,. ..u. it: auxiliaries (luring [lime iw‘vlll »,:i ,. Let us' first recall the Lia Ilmt‘ hwiilm "1:" 1mm . {It‘ll Hf Britain anal hm‘ duwmivnrim fi'utn imxxp 4, J/ miml in i‘l'ilw" ".1th ,enal 1m! lli\ {I'll lll'v l " 1f ii be possible in. ,1 quip Tllli BRITISH NAVY AT WAR. thousands uf Cormans overseas prevented from lulu-1'1: hvr minim. hvr "in-lo" and (ruling statimm (m: ‘1'? CHAP'l‘lCR IX. tho world and lwr ("ml/min] empire. that off frrm: hhril' nf lwr dreams. cut 21ml umlx aml'fi" .\ "1:. NAVIES AND ARMIES. l'uilwrlaml uml ln'ranht ll('l[1l('K\l_\‘ m the ground, \thn all ll‘ll\ link burn pusw-(l in a mmmt-nl on Il‘w nmlls'r rmt'rwll Hull (vi/rmmn‘x imprrnr llu xwill "mild rmicw dub f' now he nhxolutx; law mus-HT Hf rho \Vnrld. 'l‘hmc'. lbr‘H'H} sun-(l. )«lu What the British Navy has done for the World. but for tho lfi'x‘fi hmc the rm‘tml v? Hi ilikh ll.l‘\ 7‘ K \x'wrk. 4m "(lllQVUannl In \Vllll‘ll \Vr \‘ ,. thing is more natural than in mmmrv tlw pullry of a naval with that Of a milimr} sun, ilw .lcmls ~f nm'ics with those of :irn'aim. \m! if "ilk":‘l lw w‘nh parul with Germany. the iritixl: \'.1\ \ \\ili1 llfr‘ l .m :u m 2(‘llllnllllnk in 4mm "ill lmrk hm‘l‘ \xilh an in army. two questions ichimhh lmw Ur". «Gm hm: "HMV (1008 a naval I‘ll\\\'r dill}? l‘mxm .\ 'lt‘i:lll\ luwuhlmvmnt power? " and second, "Mix WW «2 meat tim ln» lrm mum in! lull :z[\1~1ui.eliv-11. but In "llll'h mm -‘ .«ml .ltlmii.llinn. \n \(Hllll\l_‘.l‘l m pmx'crlul an instrument 0f tnxmm A ll ;;'\- u .1! lm mil-1m UK PHI" llH‘ nughu thing: mltim \u' {timid thx I.HI \(.1 hikl (lllmlv \xill t‘lllll lint :‘ nmwlux m in! gm n ll llm w x mm} l'l.1< (, liiilnin ll.l\ :nflmtimik. (.mnmnx Hut s‘m' ik A _i-uli‘rll\ Illlk" .lml Ilu Mulliwl lwn z . .l\ in llu‘ 1;" .ll .th "ill l"ll1 ‘nmnlism ' that is. an) lvxx' (If A kl.ll?,'_l‘i m 1"" \LH ill than militarism :‘1! 'l‘o :mmn-r {NW «N i \z-1 m \w 4H~:\' 20 l" history, and llislm'}, :mmnix it €712‘~ wwl‘ l'nlilw military strength max ll \tt=:»'l‘ 3 m l-"w pw‘uli‘n'ity \Hll uuzm in luv you may cull n i-n-H .l l». llnim Hm! I! Iv\‘.ll cannot enslave, cannot subfamily whom it is directed. Simi- (in ,wupfl‘ wgwuwl \.ll.:,:;\ ,. l lmll tln- Persian pmwx‘ liw'lw lmxr mil-w: l l 1.. w x 'l ,- "f "Mi". Whoronx All'llllkx lxz‘w um" imll‘mm-nts of tyranny, Hm 99v :1 .t \i-r'u, :1 ('msnr. u \llwlw'fl "3 '5" 31m"! V l» l "1‘ "' lwrm \lilh oxumplm ul'ulwlv g‘wgmlm w: , n. 1' ~ mm 1""! 1W hostile :u‘mim. nmu, 7W l' H‘-‘ i‘.‘ ilhflllc "mics. A nul‘y ('umml mlrr'fwr "If/I 1"" mternulcconomyofunystutr,"11}leAll/murmurum» ltS rilligion or government. ll minus (mum; of things mcnun .uid ill \lzw‘» 55 v; ilv , v, ill TH}; BRITISH \ \V3 \T \\ \R. N‘\\Hi\ \‘VD ‘\R‘\1HM\. (limb rmnm‘,air7\. wuxrx Liri‘uk. o-z' 1'.1\\ nefinn'x IJ‘I‘-:~,' thz- \VI‘kr‘ vf EMU (unqu-z _ "mg," 14m; 1,; v 131‘ RV'IfgjwrnRJ rum-E 113:» 1:71'17.' .ah‘mdmL «- ziifil 1M «.1 "w :71 x 1 /;g 1‘ 2., I * 7w R" V ‘ ~ "#41:", «M, i 1 , w p: ,5.‘ " , "va: j :- .Z‘ i230» 7~ Ill)f:‘i€fldi}' u .:‘:-,'. \ ' . *\\:vq Ev. n L,‘ ; {Va-72:15 _-\ \Ew‘ L :-,w .m , - .. m V", Wham": ‘iuw ‘ Ewan IMHO been him; "ifl‘in nanny; nt‘ l"!:';I-.\7: fiiufln' Hwy {CH Ehix .‘.x‘ 13.1 -;‘ - .‘ .: \m 1H; «,,<i‘;"". THJFHM'HI. hau- :(‘ai it :‘n' -. z-«imhwnx 1M" .i‘»z1y(‘r\lt[;‘ 1mm. 1;.11.‘ In «.H 9. ,{4 ‘ ‘1‘. <., :I my. ., "‘1 ‘. » ‘ \ W 1' ,‘ *rnnl. .117 w? »~ .I ' ‘1" I -. . . H .\ ‘. and \"I‘*:.? ' ‘ " this Eil‘iLH'h 'l SLHVN‘" :rlhi‘. 't' :41. , ‘.\ .luinvdlh "I" ‘ ' ' 't; ‘ ‘ . x Uh." l' REL‘ V.m~\\piuz‘imx.;m, 1‘1""; . "v i]: IUHE‘ " " , , ,' A! !.1I \ ‘ "YEN-'1- lil<)nrr71<rwfi;z‘c , path: ~ ‘ :l I !\ . " Pm: 32" ‘ ' \ugwr-M iv" ~‘th ~W ,_ 1' ' ' ~ m 1 ~ ‘ ‘u ‘ th‘xfi‘lfih'? "LEN "J? h m \ » rm‘ xwm under but , " ‘ !i ‘v'IZ. <" '. Hat-d‘wero(iwrn'xlnj. (in J u- :_ UNA! a H \:7«ld<‘-Q\ .1i1}'nm‘ be; H H f‘ .H'sdw" "‘A ‘3 ‘4' "f ‘ ‘ 1‘ ,‘ V ,‘N -«"‘, ' i‘ C , '. \. v ‘. 'i':‘.' if » iv HM '1‘ 7' J , ‘ 1": ?' r‘ I a '- ;v Y V‘. '\ - (lkiffll'l'fll‘f ' 1,1? i4 "l".‘(3 ,.,. .‘r , M ' . ;~ mqu .,‘ 3 unix "' L» : w-‘H' ,: '11us ; ‘7. H' ‘. M MJYHI ,4;»,}Ht1‘i,- .:mi ,5 5.1.11' (m at». "2" ht'é'r' wxh :wmwhw : ‘t‘ 11‘ . V \M. m \ :EYiIl‘iOS? Ilumirmis‘nui;':«~x;\1:x;\"jam"\HHMMJ.r.‘ -_=_ 1:1-1 :: ‘: 7'. ‘ thxh fin};' l-"3.x; t.".» m ,, fmi‘huurx inf V. z-L-,_i- 'x "1 ‘, ‘ . «n.1rwuam 1w flu" ‘ \ V‘~-' 1‘. . .r‘ ' ,r ' ‘rnmI'I‘mfw, MR!" » w :t]e:xm1. "1:911?le \{ut‘ugn 3:." 191"" :, Eiiul‘ind-S .‘;\‘Hlflli"\ :‘r Er""i\E-. In (it HH l-‘u i, ‘V‘. , " , ‘ p1» NAVIES AND ARM IF 5. THE BRITISH NAVY AT WAR. (H rnmny horer dismur and proclaim r'm- nhumirmtw: Hf 1121\AI {van-r 'J'hz Qr‘vdH-Kt hf .Hllhflfifik". \dmi: ‘x1.xi1;:n.nw1awaiudiud Im'flishtlimhnn‘ifiimrnx" \mlyixnn. Mid" .: diffinm Kiev. ' hv inktém‘t" in. .m " 'c‘ntnn'JHV fur "m 1 ,7 "far mrzhinlw itx \hnrw '\m! if i3i!l.a1'|i‘;1}‘ ;4;\1h,-;'~i21< kt: AS In 1' Hm; in r\‘ ' t Mix I‘m "I'VE/.1 I‘m-My. })('(.111K( :1 h now. v :" (If ixxr t «Innirx "am \t 1‘ Mt 12,411. 1mm" 7 in Harv Hf'ThiixL tn «:9 nut H. ‘H MLIHH 1{ 1M Hum"! n! Ilu nmthm mummy. imlqwl‘uf :md \(11-Ljnwxniru; Kinks frw in nmnld .ss Hwy. 1hr full " \‘Hfixf' JUAN! (my. «ltkrihixs. limit \mi inmm " (.n n 1w ""QflthflVHH‘rihk‘M‘d ii!~!v'f‘\.!x1.l«ivts‘wt I‘Wi Hi"\fi‘flS\\'01\‘l1HI.li\\,e_\\In: . 5‘ }\\.H‘.§ w llu H.111U‘» 4r? l:.\\‘ th.,.ill!L \. «me 1" \lmw-h 1‘u1u‘." Um .wu: In I'm [Mt ‘ In Ilm'x‘ ‘x"ilv¢YP1tver‘lri ".2th "I "'.H.' 7}, imz‘qu [H 1|" \..‘I «11 ‘14 ‘ IH|.H| II :1H\ 1H H‘L!';:1‘.1\Yrr\.11!}I\ Hr\'\(~l "‘1an .Hil‘Wa'y .1! 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'l 1 XIX V \ ( I]: Iu'wl"' (' 1' 7 \\ > \‘Hl'uhxp ‘l)!‘ ‘ I ‘ (‘lml _\' ( : l 1": ) xi , ~ ' ‘nu" \, l yup H ' ‘ . ‘ : ‘1H'Il\‘ Ivy:\t u I ‘ ' l " I . ' ‘ .\ . m» . Ill'll? H' n: I ' ' ' ‘ , ' ‘".I\\. _ III‘HY ‘ 4 ‘ , W11"; ‘HIJ'U/‘I tum/w. ‘ J1 annmmlu' \uuuxl, I'll I, III!!! (II I‘ll I. ,i'Ul/l ‘ [0/ I} I'll! ,. uI (III; .ln/r'rm -(‘ "I ///L‘ mm\Iug/nhcr, mum/u I‘m I); HI/I (kin/)L‘l‘. final/1.1111,"; I [\JIi‘scr l-mmau. LUI'Ill/L'IITI wmrquL-r ml] \m cmhcr, I'll «I, illlcllnxlxnul. .‘surrc/ldcl' Hindu-(I lly \mu MM! 1/ n1 Svplc-mhur, _\u/I‘L'H(/(‘1‘.'-l!ll fic'fllt ' ‘nlhcr, 1"] 4. \urrvmlu I‘ll/I finrruulcrul an 'HI! Jul}. [0/5. I'll/J \ [nu/ml [cm/(mp of ly/H‘mu'}. l'Hh. L‘\\;j"'-nr1 n" (/u‘ l'xt)l.'ll(‘(l MINI I'M "rm! [hut w" Hum. \m'tlr lumn‘run. In [Ar/1 I'vhruur}. f1 \ u r run/v. ml In'rnmn Ilmcllmr mlgt. gnu/mug in (Iu‘ Iicld A, Ivvvw,"' 'lv. 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