Miscellaneous

AO_Misc1970_Part5

ROOMS FOR MEETING AND SLEEPING CHAPARRAL ROOM Another attractive meeting room ... accommodates 60. EXECUTIVE SUITE Beautiful private rooms with two king size beds and color TV. Open onto Conference Room. CONFERENCE ROOM Ideal for sales meetings, demonstrations and parties of 100. Ten adjoining Executive Suites. 202 rooms, all equipped with air conditioning, tub-shower combination, 24-hour phone service, TV and background music. SINGLE UNITS Queen size beds, modern and comfortable. TWIN UNITS Two queen size beds with the elegance of Spanish decor. New twin units with colored TV, all in Spanish decor. The Convention Center is centrally located on the Ponderosa I nn grounds, overlooking the gardens, patio & pool. Four individual rooms open into a spacious convention hall. Each room is fully equipped. CONVENTION CENTER OF THE WEST I daho's largest and finest co nvention and market center in the heart of re I ntermountain West. \ EATl RES AND FACTS 220' by 70', full size. CANADA MONTANA WYOMING COLORAD Denver Four 35' by 57' individual rooms. 1,500 seating capacity. Conference te lephones and variable lighting. Complete air temperature control. Modern sound system and portab le stage. 12' wide merchandise access door. Beautifully carpeted and decorated. Individual room service bars. 34' x 57' tiled dance and display floor. The 200' x 14' front foyer provides space for pre-meeting assembly, regis­tration or just re laxing. NORTH DAKOTA Bismark SOUTH DAKOTA NEBRASKA The Convention Center Kitchen serves 400 expertly prepared hot steak dinners in just sixteen minutes. BONANZA LOUNGE AND PATIO Sparkling entertainment and dancing six nights a week. Stroll through the picturesque gardens and patio near the swimming pool. GIFT SHOP BARBER SHOP J8)~ SHOP LA AllO Nine holes of exceptional par 3 challenge. Two heated pools - perfect for fun -in-the-sun . • I . !'CB:D:E:RCSA I I ~ The Ponderosa I nn is famous for its pleasant atmosphere and warm hospitality. Whether for business or pleasure, you'll come back again and again. r , 4 ! - ~~ -1 " J -1 1 ' I j I I I I I . '. \ -'\ " . \\ '>\ I· '. " . .. J I J c ..... '1 " ':;:' ~ -+ t " , i I I i i ! ! ! 1 I I j Ii I: I ! ~ , ; I! I I! I , Ii I· I· I, I . I J I I , , I -- ( ~ " cJ ~ .J ( \ - t'"' " ~1 ~ .,," . I \ ~ \. , , ----H------::o--~~}~:l ~ //; .,;,,, .t ""'fA. /J.."c4_ ~ b.J? - .. )r h1tc-i!Le~~J _ rfi--:t:..a.~ - -cL~7._6~ __ JCs / ph~~~~~~-T---------- , t.", - -- ij - . ~-. ---- fl, r w-6 J/( , 1 N T E R M 0 U N TAl N SKI 1 N S T R U C TOR S ASS 0 CIA T ION PROPOSED BUDGET FOR THE YEAR 1970-71 INC 0 M E Dues Exam Fees Clinics Registration Fees Fall Seminar Pin Sales Late Payment--Fines Miscellaneous DIS BUR S E MEN T S: Administration: Executive Secretary Office--Supp1ies Postage Telephone Printing Insurance Professional Fees Nisce11aneous Certification Clinic Newsletter Board of Directors Fall Seminar Travel and Miscellaneous Business Expenses Committees Contingencies (Actual) 1969-70 $ 6,320 , 1,894 !<; $ $ 1,070 .:L'i> 486 240 307 1,032 ,;1.1 74 250 413 $ 3,872 2,470 1,110 588 26 320 4 12,732 3,872 2,334 1,056 540 731 752 1,333 2,114 o,10 $ 12,732 :J--0' .4 '7 ~ 0 ) ,~D S?-'iC'tl ON 3~OS-:" PAP~ / '" ;t~ (PiP 2 ... ' '" $ 12,732 jJrllM $ 12,732 (Proposed) 1970-71 $ 6,670 3,600 2,500 1,500 976 r 30 200 J 24 47:1 /, 2, , ie, 1£) , ~" $ 15,500 $ 15,500 $ 1,250 500 320 325 1,200 75 250 150 I- S/ $ 4,070 ·Q4 7 3 T7 _<;,0 J, q i.;:1-z-.. I''if''; O/) b i . /.Y' q 4,070 :u./ 3,600 1,500 J 700 '3 1l if 750 7; 5·1" 1,2001d62 aO 600 2,080 1,000 3lig'j :/Gd6 ?JfXl 2.00 $ 15,500 $ 15,500 C'LIN!t Oo,,'C Alp-fi 6b1.., ;ZSo J,~ I.S.I.A. PROPOSED BUDGET 1970-71 BASIS OF PROJECTIONS: INCOME: 1. Dues: 35 new members = $350.00 2. Certification: 120 candidates at $30 = $3,600.00 3. Registration: Members processed 1969-70 111 Registered--passed for Associate - 57 Remaining Registered 54 New Registered (120 candidates, 7510 for Associate = 90 Registered) Re-Registered 54 New Registered 90 144 at $10 = $1,440.00 DISBURSEMENTS: 1. Executive Secretary 1969-70 401 members at $1 111 Registered at $1 74 Exam Applications at $2 + + + $1,070.00 Executive Secretary's Salary + 2. Possible Postage Increase 1969-70: $240 1970-71: $320 1970-71 35 at $1 = $ 29 at $1 = 46 at $2 = $ $156.00 = $ = 35.00 29.00 92.00 156.00 1,226.00 $+ 80.00 PARK CITY '·JEST SKI ~C:'100L OUTLl:l!!: BOD .l1,UTRV • DIRECTOR LlIP,,'lY 13iIJER.J\SS'T DIR. Gel'lerlli outti'le foraH classes which must be given £lt the oollinntng of aU close 1.- Proper introduction and learn students names. CoHect one tfcl<ot from overvonc 2. i!:Qui pment check and 'tuming 3. Terminologv e:itpiainfng those terms oertlnent to the clllss ievel vou're teachlnt 4. Harm.up e~{erctses 5. Fn1.Hng 6. Objective in ever" lesson: Learning to sId through sld school must be 5afe, Fun and :];xpeditious. 7. 'J(1TE: j\,U, ~aneuvers and exercises must be done stnticaUv FIRST, then moving. Stresn hand and body position for proper Height distribution and balunce. Cl.J~.ss /) BEGINNER. Objecti va: Safet" and control through a sn~1piow turn from fllUine. :r. '·j.;·~',~:tng-fon1~lrd and back~'1ard #~"~ t :e' i. lirlg-stuttc tUld movttrte; f~'i1s; t"1troduce aids for getting up. 3. Step turns .• pic- turns O~l Hut: and on sUght incHne 4. SlOH' s'-wtirt~ tun,,;; on the fint 5. Side stepplng_on nnt al1d incline adding rhvthm~ 6. Stratght running-~-1ith stC!) turns out of the fl1H~~ll! 7. Straight snO'l:-1piO'l:'Y 3. SnOt·rplO'l:-T stop <). Sn0'l:7pimr c~tnge.up 10. SnO'tvpll.m-1 turn. st:'lrting euch turn from stlltic position in faU"n'''' 11. Introduce i'itv.l:tte iI, this clltss t·rhBn closs size and students abiHtv lvarrent Demonstrllte • Ltn!,ed SnO'l:-1plOt-1 Turns 60r CLass B. 1. Revien step turns on incHne, side stepping, straight snmvplOl'I, stop, and fui 'i. ine sn0'l:1piolv turns. 2. 'Linked sn0'l:1piO'l:.y turns 3. K{ct< Turn on fiat 4. Traverse e)~ercises _ tvorl<lng 17ith uide stance tOl-mrds normOll traverse. Demonstrllte ::;tem Christie for Clnss C Ci..J~$S C Objacttw: Fluid steered turns and l3eginning ~tarn Chrt stie 1. Review 1 tnt::ad sl:1m,rpi.o17 turns nnd trtlverse e;;tercises. 2. Stenrning eW!rcises • static nnd moving 3. C:temturn. sing~e turns from fuHine 4. Linked Stem Turns 5. Side slip - uth I1m'crous npproHchcs. DonOt rush over this too quicld,v. 6. Upht.H Christie 7. SnOlmim-7 christie from snO'l:V'T>i.~l traverse and Hork t~1Urds the faU ine R. Begtnnin~ stem christie turn iJemonstrate Stem Christie turn for Class 1) CLilSS D tibjectf.ve g /~clvtlnced ~ten Christie l~ith good contro~ over variable terrnin 1. nevteu side sU p3 ~md Bogtnning 9t01'1 Christie 2. Snm:rplOll chr! etta ui th po~e phmt .. do not te':1ch poie piant until sld s are ciosing in the f<1Hlne 3. Snov7pimJ christie Hith no~e p~nnd using sH:::;ht incUnc ulth btu''!!,!; in raUine 4. Stem Chrlstie turn vrith potel> c~ose in the fuiJ.ine uith arlvontl.lgeous mogulS Strive for proper ~rerght trtmsfer, dou-up-dm-m, Dnd good bodv position. 5. Long rndius Stem Christie _ ciosing sl.~is before faU-ine. CUSS:: Objective: i"orm a h:1sis for more advw:1cec'! slciing 1. Rcvieu long rHdius Stem Chrtstie .. c~osing before faUine ~..rith pote p.lHnt. 2. Christie from fa~Hne .. v1ith poi.e pinnt cmphClsizing unl1eighting. 3. Fan - using tcrrn'in to best udvantage 4. Long rndius Pnrn1\.cli. Turn t·:rith poU,e p'Umt : .. ~.. ~knte turn - tong rtlditls(poie pi.~~nt optional) 6. Long nldius puraHe~ turn uto pole phmt 7. Shorten rlldiHS of tnrn to contro'i speed CL/iSS f Cbjective: ~mphm;i>;ln::; turnin~ vurintions f.n aU types of terrain 1. ~evte~·1 edge controt, er~:phHslzine n£lturLll body !)osition LInd timing. 2. Foot Sl1{velD 3. Stllnding PuruHei turns uith vurintions (~·7ith poli.es) 4. Compieted Cerved Turns 5. Stngte sId cOlOp[etcd cllrved turno 6. Suck-em_ups. Tight rnrHus turns in fllUinc minimizing upper bod" movement, concentr~lting 011 f~t!id !OHer bodv. 7. Suck-em.ups- 'vith short po~es for bailmce, ~tren.'5th, tltdng and a feeUng of I.etti11g iegs ~·10rl.~ under bod~'. F:J~JDm CL;l,SS j'DV·',·lCJ':') Ti~C~:1;lIQTJ;;; CL/i~S SKI l;:STmS ,;:1)) T)HCK SKtD1G CT.I"SS 'C,.';iC1iP:G 6 1') RJiClnc;; CLM'!~ 1. The Object in Skiing: ~{:"'''':I.--';; l~e, fun, rA l..<tJtd t,lon and safety. In order to ski, ono must go downhill-­can't. !=;'-' ;:,craight. The r·clf'ore, V110 lIDl",t; {'ILL'll, r<,th IlT"dY.<;. The A. T. is an easy and natural 'TJ.Tay to ski. The A. T. Tr16 feel is really aiapted for the recreation skier. 3. True Fall Line, The instructor viII ask, "If a basket ball is dropped on the side of the hill, where llTill it run?" "Down the hill, II will be the anST~Ter. "Class, the ball will travel down the least line of resistance due to the gravitational forces pulling it. 'Your ski tips T"rill seek and travel down· tho fall line in the same manner." 4. Imaginary Fall: The instructor picks the direction in whick a student will travel, say, across the hill, for example: No matter what direction is picked, a turn still is done in relation to the fall line. Make the student aware of this relation­ship. 5. Ba.sic 130dy Position: A. A body position must be kept at all times on any degree of slopa. This position will aid a student to understand when to lean out away from the slope if it is explained how this change compares relationship between towers and trees. Look at tho towers, use your poles to illustrate and use poles as gauges, to adjti~t your proper angUlation. 1. Do a l\Talk through demonstration to illustrate proper body positions throughout a turn. B. Your body follows your head--your arms and hands come next, keep thom out away from your body in order to lot the rest of th9 body "rork undorneath. C. Your body is divided into divisions. 1. Mid-line - right through middle of th0 nose, umbilicus, use the hand to trace aid line. Standing across the hill ••• Say - right side, left side, inside, outside, uphill, downhill. From now on do not bring the outside hand across the midline, explain why. TERl\lINOLOGY (Continued) Page 2 D. Your body is divided in half at the half, and upper half. Explain how from the upper half and visa versa. 6. Courtesy and Control: waist, use pole to illustrate. L01.Jor your lower half can move separately A. ~~en skiing watch out for the other skier. B. If you run into the back of a skier, "Your "Fi'ault". C. A11rJays look uphill before you start off, oven holp your instructors watch, for they are intent on teaching you, and might miss someone coming. D. Have finesse in taking a class on the lift Hhen having to cut into line. -:, "~Xg (even plastic bottom skis) Always keep your skis "Taxed for tho different SnO'tlT conditions; when th3Y ,~.re slick, they turn eaSiGl~. 8. Ie _ ;,'our skis in ~ood sl~?:E2~:sPGcially ..Y.9uT_1;linding and safety straps • .:U .'._;'" _ '11 ,g(~t out of ad ,iustm3nt. laarninq; and Fun: -.')-~ i S have fun - make it fun - no matter what the probl::ll'ns are; give them ., good class, safolyll i ; i ; \ i Intermountain General Outline--Division Activities Y~trix I. Competition A. Alpine 1. General a. Number of competitors Senior A men 53 Senior A women 14 Senior B men 46 by classification Total 700 Senior B women 13 Junior Expert A boys 44 Junior Expert B boys 59 Junior Expert girls 23 Intermediate boys 133 Intermediate girls 39 Novice boys 138 Novice girls 53 Peewee boys 57 Peewee girls 20 Veterans men 4 women 1 b. Classification charges $10.00 c. Number of co:r:rpet it ians, by event 4;:-=ii!ii (1) Senior and Expert =~~-~ SL 3 GS 5 DH 2 (2) Peewee, Novice, Intermediate SL 6 GS 9 DH 4 d. Divisional Alpine budget (in dollars and as a % of the total budget) Alpine budget (classification fees and sanction fees) = approximately $11,000.00 or 5~~ 2. Program a. Operating chief of Alpine program (1) Chairman of Competition Committee b. Divisional coaching structure (1) No paid coaches; primarily from racing schools c. Make-up of divisional team (1) Junior National team probably best representative-- 10 men, 7 women d. Activities of divisional team (1) Junior National participation B. 2 3. Logistical a. Race scheduling and sanction, USSA and non-USSA calendar events, who schedules and how? (1) Alpine competition committee, during annual convention and throughout the summer b. Compilation and processing of results , (1) Results forewarded to national office by sponser of event (2) Processing by division--computerized. Results sent to division by race sponsor. The division then produces new result, score, and seed sheets. c. Seeding lists (1) Produce new division lists after each race. President, Executive Director, Computer Programmer responsible for list. d. Certification and education of officials, number and category* (1) Timers, Starters (*Now in the process of (2) Chief of course compiling a listing) (3) Referee (4) Technical delegate (5) Course setter Nordic 1. General a. Number of competitors, by classification Male--Junior I 12 Total 60 Junior II 5 Junior III 20 Junior IV 7 Female--Junior I 4 Junior II 2 Junior III 4 Junior IV 6 b. Classification charges $10.00 c. Number of Competitions, by event (1) Jumping 3 (2) Cross-country 8 d. Nordic division budget (in dollars and as a % of the total budget) ~ (1) Nordic classification fees and sanction fees = approximately $900.00 or 4.5% 2. Program a. Operating chief on Nordic pro~ram (1) Chairman of Competitions Committee b. Divisional coaching structure (1) No paid coaches; from Nordic clubs, volunteer. c. Make-up of divisional team (1) Junior National team--best representative d. Activities of Divisional Team (1) Junior National p3rticipation 3. Logistical a. Competition scheduling and sanction (for USSA and non-US SA calendar events; wbo schedules and when?) (1) Alpine Competitions Committee, during the Annual Convention, and throughout the summer b. Compilation and processing of results (1) Event sponsor responsible for dissemination of results. c. Certification and education of officials; number by category II. Recreation A. Public Lands 1. General a. Limited involvement B. Discount Benefits 1. General a. Who has operational responsibility for benefit activity (1) Board of Directors, Executive Director b. Budget (in dollars and as a % of the total budget) 3 (1) Approximately $3,000.00 or 15% (printing--coupon book) 2. Program a. Define discount benefits by category (1) Ski Lift (a) Major area participation with discounts on passes (2) Ski Travel (a) Package plans--Tahoe, Sun Valley (3) Ski Retail (a) Discounts from many major ski shops (4) Other (a) Discounts on Lodging (b) II on lie ssons (c) II on Food (d) " on Entertainment b. What is the total dollar benefit per member? (1) Approximately $180.00 c. How are benefits packaged, distributed? (1) Coupon Book (2) With membership d. Approximate percent fulfillment--15% e. Who makes and maintains prime contracts? 4 (1) Board of Directors, Presidents, Executive Director c. Student Skiing 1. General a. Is there a student program? (1) Sponsored by .the University of Utah 2. Program a. Qualifications, Number of participants (1) University student, 1,000. approximately D. Ski Touring 1. General a. Who has operational responsibility for the program (staff or volunteer) (1) Volunteer b. Budget (1) NA 2. Programs a. Define divisional programs other than USSA DME (1) NA E. Proficiency Tests 1. NA F. Style Skiing 1. General a. Operational responsibility (1) Sponsor b. Budget (1) NA 2. Programs a. How many contests? (1) Two scheduled b. How many participants? (1) NA c. What rules and regulations~ (1) Criteria determined by sponsor d. Regional sponsors (1) National companies (2) Resorts G. Ski Week--NA III. Membership A. Categories 1. Classification and rates per classification a. General blanket fee--one membership program 2. Membership per classification a. Same 3. What data is available from the division on: a. Zip--Yes b. Age--Competitors only c. Sex--Yes d. Marital status--No e. Length of Membership--No f. Frequency of Farticipation--Competitors only g. Insurance Benefits--Yes B. Promotion 1. General a. Operational responsibility (staff or volunteer) (1) Staff and Volunteer b. Budget--in dollars and as a % of total budget (1) NA 2. Programs a. Clubs % of total membership 8~~ % of 100% clubs NA % of partial clubs 88% 5 (1) (2 ) (3) (4) Promotional nrograms for recruitment and renewals (5 ) (6) (a) Membership drives sponsored by division and clubs Media used (a) Direct mail (b) Personal appearance (c) Media Promotiunal timetable (a) Pre-season and throughout season (7) Tie-ins, sponsors and other cooperatives (a) l,imited (8) Five-year growth analysis 6 (a) Past--Sporadic--too many changes in director~ office location; Internal conflicts (9) Volume potential from clubs (a) Substantial b. Individuals (1) % of total membership 12% (2)'Approximate turnover annuallY--NA (3) Five-year growth analysis (a) Dependant upon how the benefits are made available (4) Volume potential (a) Substantial (5) Promotional programs, inducements (including renewals) (a) Direct mailings (6) Tie-ins, sponsors and other cooperatives (a) Limited (7) Media used (a) Direct mail (8) Promotional timetable (a) Pre-season and seasonal C. Processing 1. General a. Operational Responsibility (staff or volunteer) (1) Staff b. Budget (dollar and % of total budget) (1) Approximately $300.00 or 1.5% c. Volume processed (month by month)--approximately 400 d. Cost per member--approx. $.30 2. Programs a. Made of processing (review of total system from receipt of application to monthly reporting) (1) Receipt (2) Processing--typing, filing, mailing list, (3) Return b. Average return time (receipt of application to mailing of card) (1) Three to four days c. Average number of list users per year (1) Two d. Fulfillment of promotional material (1) NA e. Average fulfillment time (1) NA f. Mechanics of membership reporting to USSA (1) General correspondence D. Communications 1. General a. Type of Newsletter--NA b. Number of issues annually--NA c. Operational responsibility--staff d. Expense budget--NA e. Income budget--NA f. Editorial sources--NA g. Printer sources--NA 2. Programs a. Merchandising (1) Fins--Intermountain pins (2) Posters--NA (3) Patches--Intermountain patch (4) Premiums--NA (5) Sale of logo--NA b. Fund Raising--general program (1) Raffles--NA (2) Division Fund-raising appeals (3) Foundation and large individual gifts raised through divisional efforts--NA 7 I N T E R M 0 U N T A I N s r: I INS T Rue TOR S ASS 0 C I A T ION TECHNICAL COORDINATING COlIHI'fTEE POLICY PURPOSE; To provide the Association and its members with an up to date and current analysis of regional, national, and International ski teaching techniques, ski mechanics, and ski methodology. To interpret to the membership changes, modifications, or abbreviations of the American Ski Technique and to make recommendations to the appropriate committees or Board of Directors changes in the Association's Certification Policy regarding technique or method­ology. To communicate through technical papers, visual presenta­tions, and on the hill demonstrations the mechanics of siding and comparisons and interpretation of various national techniques. To keep abreast of the changes and advancements in ski equipment, and when appropriate, advise and inform the membership. ORGANIZATION: Chairman Assistant Chairman Certification Chairman remonstration Team Chairman Clinic Committee Chairman In order to insure complete communication from the Technical Committee to the Certification Committee, the Technical Chairman will be a "standing" member of the Certification Committee. ACTIVITIES AND FUNCTIONS: Chairman: In order to keep abreast of all facets of skiing, the Chairman or his appointed representative should attend and participate in as many regional, national, and International clinics, seminars, and conventions, etc. as possible. Reports should be submitted to the member­ship regarding these activities. Clinics and Seminars: The Committee, when appropriate, should participate in the Association's clinics and annual Spring Clinic utilizing the Demonstration Team to demonstrate new techniques, interpretations of present techniques, ski mechanics, and/or methodology, or whatever. 2 Communication: Through the Association's Newsletter, movies, or ski shows. the Committee should attempt to explain to the membership or general public the mechanics of skiing. N.A.S.l.C.--P.S.I.A.: Depending on the agenda, the Committee Chairman along with the Demonstration T(;!am should attend and participate. The Chairman should report to the members the activities, the Committee's interpretation, and its analysis and recommendations of these activities. GENERtl.L OBJECTIVES FOR 1970-11 SEASON: 1. Certification: In cooperation with the Certification Committee, determine if beyond "Class F" maneuvers and methodology should be required and incorporated in the examination. A. Avalment, serpentine. B. Off trail skiing, etc. C. Broader testing of ski mechanics in the exam. 2. Attend N.A.S.l.C. 3. Interpret and distribute information on 9th Interski. 4. Analyze the R.M.S.I.A. technical manual, and make an analysis and recommendations to the Board of Directors and Certification Committee. 5. Based on #4 above, does I.S.I.A. need its own manual? 6. Prepare a Technical Coordinating Committee Policy for December presentation to the Board of Directors. SKIING IMPROVEMENT QUESTIONNAIRE We're trying to get some personal opinions so we can learn how our skiing facilities appear to you, the customer. This particular set of questions focuses mainly on ski instruction. Please consider the following list of words descriptive of ski lessons and instructors. Indicate how you feel about ski instruction by placing an X above the short line which best rep­resents your opinion. The closer to one end of the scale you check, the more that word expresses how you see instruction. For example, suppose you check as follows: a waste of time _,'_,_: ____ : ___ : ____ : ____ very valuable You would be indicating you didn't think much of ski instruction. First, please think of ski instruction as you feel it now exists at Utah resorts. That is, tell me what you would expect to 1-3 find if you signed up for instruction this week. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 J.' 14 15 1 "/ . , boring expensive mature instructors long lift lines much verbal instruction fun competent instructors very helpful short duration much skiing little personal attention tense little demonstration easy ---.· --.-.- --.-.- --..- -.-.- --- ----··- ---.. - ----..- ----..- ---..- --- ---··- --..- ---.. - -.. - ---..- --- ----··- --..- --.. - ---..- ----..- --- ---·- ---.. ----..- --..- --..- --- ---··- --.. ---..- ---..- --..- --- --··- --.. ---.. - -.. - ---.. ---- ---··- --..- --..- --.. - ---..- -- ---·· ---.. ---.. - --..- ---.. - -- ---·· ----..- --..- ---..- --..- - ---·· - --..- --..- --.. ---.. -- --··- -..- --..- --.. - ---..- -- ---··- --..- --.. ----..- -..- - ----··- --..- -..- --.. - ---..- --- exciting inexpensive immature instructors short lift lines little verbal instruction work incompetent instructors useless long duration much standing around much personal attention relaxed much demonstration difficult 18-19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34-35 36 Considering ski instruction as it now exists, with no change in the programs, how many lessons do you expect to take in the next year? lessons. Next, please think of how you would like ski instruction to be, considering the facilities available and the cost of running an instruction program. What would be your ideal--but practical--in­struction program? boring expensive mature instructors long lift lines much verbal instruction fun competent instructors very helpful short duration much skiing little personal attention tense little demonstration easy -----.... -----... - -... --.... ----... - -- --.... --.... --.... -----.... ---.... ---- ---.... ---.... --.... ----.... ----.... ----- ---.... ---.... ---.... --.... ----- .... --- ----- .... ---.... ---.... -----.... ---.... --- ---.... ---... -.-.-.-... - --.... ---.... --- ---.... ---.... ----.... ----- .... ---.... ---- -----.... ---.... ----.... ----.... ----.... --- ---.... ---.... ----.... ---.... ---.... --- ---.... ----.... ---.... --.... ----.... --- ---.... ---.... --.... ---.... ---.... --- ----.... --.... --.... -----.... ---.... --- ---.... ----.... ----.... ---.... ---.... ---- ----..- ---..- ---.. - ---- exciting inexpensive immature instructors short lift lines little verbal instruction work incompetent instructors useless long duration much standing around much personal attention relaxed much demonstration difficult If ski instruction were actually the way you'd like to see it, how many lessons would you take in the next year? lessons. Let's assume for a minute that ski instruction does have some appeal to you, no matter how little it may be. For example, it the price were low enougll, maybe you'd take an occasional lesson. If so: 1. Would the lesson be: group individual -2- .- 37 38-39 40-41 42-43 44-4~) 46-47 48-49 50-51 52-53 54-55 56-57 58-59 60-61 62-63 64-65 66-6'1 68-69 70-71 2. How long would you like each session to last? (Check one) one hour two hours half day full day l-J"OW please consider the following types of lessons. How many lessons would you take in the next year for each price listed. (Answer all 5 in eacn category): 1. Two Hour Group: 2. All day Group Lesson (4 hours): 3. One Hour Private Lesson: __ $1 ___ $4 ___ $6 ___ $2 ___ $5 ___ $8 ___ $3 ___ $4 ___ $5 ___ $6 ___ $7 ___ $8 ___ $10 ___ $12 ___ $14 Suppose you had decided just today to take ski instruction. Assume that none of your friends or relatives knows anything about lessons. Where would you expect to find information about instruction? Radio Lift ticket window ~:ewspaper Ski Lodge Ski School Friend and neighbors Ski shop Other What would be the _._ most important thing .. you'd like to find out about instruction? Cost Technique taught (French, Austrian, American) Quality of instruction Size of ,~lass Length of lesson Other -3- 80 1.-3 4 5 6-7 8-9 10 11 Finally, some questions about you to help us classify your ar,s\<,'ers. 1 • City ot residence: 2 • Male Fenta le 3 • A(]e: 4. Nar;\e tLe one area you have skied most this season. :, • \ame tile one run you have skied most this seasor;. 6. What's your Lest estimate of your skiing experience in terrTtS ot total lifetirc,e nurnber of days you 'vebeen skiing? less than :: 5 to 9 10 to 19 20 to 49 50 1:0 100 ovc:c 100 7. Please indicate lessons you can recall having taken. 12 If none, check here 13-14 15 County or '0je\vspaper 16 3ponsored Plan 17-18 Church, Club, Ski Shop, 19 et'~ . Sponsored Program 20 ~~on-Group Sponsored 21-22 Lessons at the Ski Area 23 24 I'rivate Instruc.'tiori at the Ski Areas 25-26 27 28 29-30 80 Number of Lessons 'l'hank you Calendar Year or Years (e.g., 1965) very much for Area surveyed -4- How Would You Rate the Experience? (Circle a ~umber) bad fine 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 J 1 2 3 4 5 your help! 1. Member Certification Policy for Alpine Ski Coaches Intermountain Division Ski Coaches Association 1969 - 70 A. Paid up dues in IS./\. Coaches Association. B. Paid up dues in 1SA. ~jembership enti tIes anyone to all the educational benefits of the Association. A member will recieve all mailings and information as a part of the Divisional and National coaches mailing lists. Members will also be able to and encouraged to attend all clinics and meetings of the Association and will have full voting privileges. 11. Associate Ski Coach ( Minimum age: 18 Years old) A •• Pass written coach's examination. B. One year coaching experience ( full or part time). C. Attendance at at least one official National or Divisional coaches clinic within the last year. D. Up to date Advanced First Aid card. E. Score of 12 points out of a possible 20 in Downhill, Slalom and Giant Slalom Skiing situations: oral, course setting and equip­ment examinations; and other appropriate examinations pertinent to coaching decided at the discretion of the Certification Commi­ttee. F. Racing background as approved by the Certification Committee. 111. Certified Coach ( Hinimum age: 21 years old ) A. Pass written coach's examination. B. TWo years coaching experience ( full or part time ). C. Attendance at at least one official National or Divisional coaches clinic ~er year for each of the last two years. D. Up to date Advanced First Aid Card. E. Fully certified ski instructor with current paid up membership in any divisional ski instructors association in PS1A. F. Score of 16 points average out of a possible 20 in Downhill, Slalom and Giant Slalom skiing situations; oral, course setting and equipment examinations; and other appropriate examinations pertinent to coaching decided at the descretion of the Certifi­cation Committee. Page Two G. Racing background as approved by the Certification Committee. Other Standards One pin will be given as a symbol of certification after the Certified Coach or Associate Ski Coach phase of the examination has been passed. Continuing Membership Requirements 1. Paid up dues in ISA Division Ski Coaches Association. 2. Paid up dues in ISA Division -- U. S. S. A. 3. Attendance at at least one official Divisional or National coaches clinic per year ( Associate Ski Coach and Certified Coach only). 4. Current Advanced First Aid Card ( Associate Ski Coach and Certified Coach only ). 5. Paid up membership 1n ISlA or any other divisional certified ski instructors association ( Certified Coach only). Certificates will be pn!sented to clinic participants and attending coaches meeting requirements. All persons in attendance will receive certification of attendance for the May 1, 2, 3 Alta, Utah clinic. ----------- © 1970 Introduction This manual is prepared by the Technical Committee of the Rocky Mountain Ski Instructors Association. It describes the demonstration forms of all the re­quired ski maneuvers and explains technical terms and mechanics. The ability to understand, verbal­ize and execute the contents of this manual will be a requirement for all RMSIA members. The maneu­vers are based on the recent developments of all leading tech­niques, the human anatomy, the laws of physics, and the improve­ments in modern skiing equipment. The goal is a practicaL rationaL and efficient method of skiing. This manual is not a complete guide for all aspects of skiing. It caters to the experienced skier and the ski instructor. However, we do want to establish a definitive guide so all candidates and examiners will have the same information as a basis for ski instructor certifica­tion. We constantly seek ways to raise the professional competence of our instructors; consequently it is necessary for them to be capable of adapting to advances in ski technique. Copyright © 1970 Rocky Mountain Ski Instructors Association \ .\ , ~~. ".;,..~ '\ "oJ' '~""\~'~~ rJ '..' ;~.... ....... '..... :;.~ : ". .. .. ~. .''. .~~.' ~..-... ~ .... ,.....,', -, ':~ '-. .", ~~,., ... t', Basic Principles The American Technique is founded upon seven basic principles: NATURAL POSITIONING " ... is the relation of the human anatomy to balance on skis." The body weight during all phases of skiing is carried with the minimum necessary strain on the muscles. The lack of natural movement tires beginners or uncoordinated persons quickly. In the earlier stages of skiing, rigorous move­ments in the upper body should be avoided since this upsets the skier's balance. When the skier becomes more secure in his balance, he can try extreme movements. "Dynamic Balance" is an advanced form of balance which might be described as a con­tinuous, planned game with unbalance. Racers violate this principle in an effort to go faster, assuming body positions that are aerodynamic or that contribute in other ways to acceleration, but that are not necessarily physiolog­ically natural. Forward and backward lean are natural balancing movements in changing snow conditions and terrain. TOTAL MOTION " ... implies that muscle action is the product of the entire body. Body motion should be continuous throughout the maneuver." In the learning process, certain complex movements may have to be taught in separate compo­nents, which then are brought together in the complete maneuver. Continuous motion does not imply that one and the same motion has to last throughout the entire maneuver, but rather that the body is never locked in any position and one motion is followed smoothly by another. The proper application of total motion will produce a smooth and elegant image of skiing, which will also conserve energy. UNWEIGHTING " ... is the reduction or elimination of the skier's weight on the snow." Weare dealing with two forms of unweighting: A) UP unweighting: This is especially used in earlier phases of skiing, giving the skier the longest possible time of unweightedness to displace the skis and to change edges. Up unweighting is taking the weight off the snow by an up mQvement of the body. B) DOWN unweighting: This is created by lowering the body rapidly. This kind of un­weighting reduces weight only for a short period of time, which is desirable in steep terrain, icy slopes, and at high speed, where security lies in contact with the snow. The advanced skier uses both forms of unweighting in his skiing and often combines them in certain situations. AXIAL MOTION " ... is motion about the vertical body axis." The principle deals with rotary and counter-rotary movements, which, when rapidly stopped or started, become turning forces (I.e. pivoting). Modern advanced skiing utilizes such movements in a supple way. In turns using antici­pation (turning of the upper body downhill) we are utilizing muscle tensions that are created by twist­ing the lower and upper body in opposite directions. The release of this muscular tension will result in a realignment of the body which is one of the turning powers (I.e. pivoting) we use in advanced skiing. (See Anticipation). EDGE CONTROL " ... is the adjustment of the angle between the skis running surface and the snow." Edging is controlled by the angle of the lower part of the leg to the slope. The leg is firmly held by the shaft of the boot and thus transmits lateral movement of the leg directly to the ski. The body above must adjust itself to the kind of positioning over the skis that is required to guar­antee balance. If the rest of the body can align itself with the lower leg, the skier will "bank." When lateral slippage occurs in a turn or a traverse, the skier should be in an angular position, in order to maintain balance. The skier performs the major amount of edging with body inclination and executes the little, but rapid, edge adjustments with lateral knee movements. An angular body position (the leaning of the upper body down­hill or to the outside of the turn) will almost always be present. It is a compensating balancing move­ment as lateral slippage occurs. It is also performed in linked turns at the start of changing the body inclination (i.e. the upper body moves downhill while the skis are describing the arc of the turn). WEIGHT TRANSFER" ... is the movement of weight towards one ski." This is a major turning force in conjunction with the curved shape of the ski. In deep snow, weight transfer is not used because the skier keeps the skis on the same depth level to facilitate turning both skis simultaneously. The advanced skier also staY\ds very much on both skis in an effort to increase edging in packed snow, but will always finish his turns standing more on the downhill ski. LEVERAGE" ... is the effect of the skier's weight forward and back of the center of the ski." Balance requires a skier to be forward with his body weight during acceleration and backward during phases of deceleration. This is part of natural positioning. The experienced skier will use forward and backward lean in order to apply pressure on his skis creating leverage. Leverage and its effect on the skis: A) Lightly edged skis: Forward lean-turn downhill; Backward lean-turn into the hill; B) Strongly edged skis: Forward lean-turn into the hill; Backward lean-straight traverse. Glossary ANGULATION: Leaning the lower body uphill or into the turn for edging while the upper body leans to the outside of the turn or downhill maintaining balance. ANTICIPATION: The move­ment of the upper body turning downhill as the skis are turned into the hill and edged in the end phase of the turn. Following the release of the edges the skis will align with the upper body due to the muscle tension created during previous twisting phase. A V ALEMENT: A retracting of the legs to absorb bumps and simultaneously unweight the skis. It is done by a rapid contracting of the stomach muscles over uneven terrain resulting in a mod­erate tipping forward of the upper body. This action is executed in conjunction with the initiation of turns over bumps. (From the French avale-to swallow.) \ CARVING: The skier,standing at the center of the skis, presses the narrow "waist" of the ski into the snow with his body weight. The ski on the snow is arced. Carving is following this arced line of the ski with minimal lateral slippage. CENTRIFUGAL FORCE: An outward force on a body rotating about an axis. In skiing, the axis is the center of the turn and the skier moves his center of gravity towards the inside of the turn to maintain balance. DEFLECTION: The change of direction of travel due to the skis' shape and the resistance of the snow from the side. FORWARD LEAN: (See Lever­age) is a compensating adjustment of the skier's center of gravity forward as he is in a phase of acceleration. With the same understanding we lean back while decelerating. HEELTHRUST: The result of a sinking and counter-rotating movement. Angulating can pro­duce this effect if done quickly. \ INERTIA: A property of matter such that when a body is at rest, it tends to stay at rest. When it is in motion, it tends to stay in motion. PIVOT: A point around which axial motion takes place. The point along the length of the ski around which the rest of the ski rotates. This point can be changed by the adjustment of the skier's weight forward or backward. STEERING: Knee bend for­ward and towards the direction of turn will transmit a turning action to the feet which will turn the skis. This action can be executed with one or two legs and is effective only when the knees are flexed. TURNING FORCES: Gravity and resistance of snow. Pivoting turning forces: 1) Rotation, or counter-rotation about the body axis; 2) Around a pole plant; 3) Steering. Demonstration Forms This section describes and discusses maneuvers as they should be executed by candidates for RMSIA certification. It demon­strates the most supple and effective way of skiing which can presently be required of a professional skier. STRAIGHT RUNNING Description: Descending in the fall line, the skies are parallel and flat on the snow. The weight of the skier is distributed equally on both skies and adjusted forward and backward as balance dictates. Ankles, knees, and upper body are slightly flexed in a "ready position." The hands are held for­ward and out at waist level. The poles are off the snow and point back. The head is held naturally. Discussion: Suppleness of the body should be apparent. Forward lean should not be exaggerated; rather the skier should stand balanced on the feet. The feet will be separated as much as is neces­sary to keep the skis flat on the snow. (Women generally farther, men closer-there are, of course, exceptions). Extreme arm positions (too high, too far out or too close in, too far back) do not contribute toward maintaining or regaining balance and should be avoided. Examination Requirements: To be executed with medium speed in uneven terrain. SNOWPLOW Description: The tips of the skis are close together and the tails are displaced at equal angles from the fall line. The skier's weight is distributed equally on both skis and the skis are on their inside edges. l.hl}!.<~§!.)~I];~_E)'§I.~r:.d, vpper body are slightly flexec;J.opdtbe _<;.~:W~L·9f~Iq.v.i!y.is gdjusted ip ~~ch a manner that pressure is applied onthe heelS.,' ..' Discussion: Every "moving snowplow" is more or less a braking maneuver. The" gliding snowplow" is a modification of a braking action, by having put the length of the skis at an angle to the pull of gravity. The body is balanced over the feet and is putting pressure onto the heels. This balanced position while plow­ing gives the impression of a slight sitting. Body weight is used to keep the skis apart rather than muscular effort. Lateral knee move­ment, limited ankle bend, and the widening or narrowing of the angle between the skis determine the amount of braking. Examination Requirements: To be executed in easy terrain. The poles are to be off the snow. The straight snowplow is brought to a gradual stop. SNOWPLOW TURN Description: From the straight snowplow more weight is grad­ually trar:sler~ed'}o thE) oqf~td~~~1<i of the, plcmnedJur;;:d:;)¥in~reQ:~, the bend of that, k~.~e .for~QJ:O­Simultaneously pushing that knee in toward the center of the turn increases edging and results in a steering action. W ~~t shjLLgr~£:t" l ~:~~!~!1SL;:52Rtrit:tE~ J.p~~iQfJhe ) turn. Once the turn is almost com-" pl;;;d (turned sufficiently out of the fall line to regain slower sped) shifting of weight toward the other ski starts. The mere equalizing of weight on both skis will start deflection of the new outside ski of the turn toward the fall line. Discussjon~~ht~tl.t~ .gs:£Q.lll.Plish~.dJJY J9l):):':g;:rjJ.s!1~e bend. jJ:,J~s. .. nQiwisting of tbe . :toa¥ ... !lms assuring m;;;~~~~"··· .haku:l~e~ '6~~;'th~"~k;~~' r~'~;';t' the fall line, the application of turning forces should be emphasized to overcome the pull of gravity. Examination Requirements: To be executed at a moderate speed from the fall line and to con­sist of several linked turns. \ TRAVERSE Description: Crossing a slope the skis are parallel and on their uphill edges. The uphill ski is advanced and more weight is carried on the downhill ski. Ankles, knees, and upper body are slightly flexed in a "ready position." ~1n.j).1EZ~~wID"Q:;:J·d..QnJ.c¥-,. slop.es, • .c:;w,. . .QJ;;l.g:War ... .bod¥ PQ~ti.on Y:{nl.aid.:weLgb.tiJ;l.>;; . .the,.d,Qwnhl~~" ski. Lateral knee movement into the hill is also increased, thus increasing edging. Discussion: With modern boots a skier in balance is edging while going across a slope. The weight is kept on the downhill ski by step­ping on it which results in a slight angular body position. Avoid "head angulation" and hold hands the same way as described in straight running, ready to help maintain balance. ! The uphill ski will always be advanced since it is the most natural way of eliminating the "longer uphill leg" feeling. (Imagine yourself standing with one foot in the street, the other on the sidewalk). The lateral axis of shoulder and hip run parallel to the imaginary line between the front of both boots in order to avoid an awkward body position. Examination Requirements: Choose a track for traverse accord­ing to steepness of the slope and snow conditions. Finish maneuver by stepping into the hill to a stop. To be executed over uneven terrain with moderate speed. STEM TURN Description: From the traverse the uphill ski is stemmed. Weight is grad~ally transferred to the stemmed ski: The uphill ski will begin to be deflected at that time. I9_f9.n!.irLVe tl].~ w~l£hLtr.gr!§J~.(,jh,E;1, skier increoses the amount 9f k~~~·b~~di~"th;~'~~t;id;k'~~~. -Stee~ir;g'~r;(r;~ightt~~:msfer' in connection-:;m:-;~dgir;g ~~n't~ol the r9gLuS..~cl .. 1l1,\~Ullm: Th~ turn is ' finished as the skier rises allowing the skis to run together and begin a new traverse. Discussion: The stem turn is a steered turn. All movements should be performed smoothly to demon­strate the principle of "total motion." Examination Requirements: Two or more turns. \ SIDESLIP Description: From a shallow traverse with a down motion the skis-~~~'pivoIed T~t~-';;~h~;i~~nt~i positio,n as'thelIPpi;body ·;~rp.$s facing In~the' dir~~t'i~n of t'raveL Slippageis~~~t;~lled by lateral knee movement (edging) while the upper body angles over the down­hill ski keeping the weight in balance over the downhill ski. Increasing edging by lateral knee movement into the hill, we set the edges and resume a new traverse. Discussion: This version of the sideslip can be executed from any angle to the fall line, including the extreme case of a straight run. It is vital that the upper body faces the direction of travel during the slippage, and is angled over the downhill ski to maintain balance. Rounded sideslips indicate too much forward lean and should be avoided for demonstration. Examination Requirements: This maneuver to be executed to both sides from a shallow traverse. / STEM CHRISTY Description: From the traverse the uphill ski is stemmed with a simultaneous down motion over the downhill ski. The pole swings forward ready to be planted. Its planting triggers the extension of the body during which the weight is transferred to the stemmed ski. The inside ski is brought parallel and advanced as the skis begin to turn.!2~.!iB2.1h~, ~ t,?!~.<?~ill(;Ls;l()J::Ilm9tiQV.. . ,p iE:l!?Jmgjsl applied to c;0I1tinl.lethaJurn, f ~~i;r~d'~bY"L~~~~d leqgJNhtGh ) C'f'e~tg~je.'lex.og:e. The upper body 1 angles over the downhill ski' maintaining proper weight distri­bution and balance. The turn is finished by increased edging and the skier rises to a new traverse. Discussion: During the down motion which accompanies the stemming, the downhill ski carries more weight and is edged. Instead of waiting for a deflection of the stemmed ski (as we do in the stem turn) weight is rapidly transferred to the outside ski of the turn, and the inside ski is brought parallel and advanced. The more the skis are skidding, the more angular body position will be required to maintain balance. The better carved the turn the more we can "b~." Pole dragging indicates ~~"l>"'I! ~.iW~;"4('"" -roo' much banking. Examination Requirements: Stem christies will be linked by obvious traverses. The pole plant is required and is an integral part of the turn. I / PARALLEL CHRISTY Description: From the traverse with a down motion :::;~~12t!~llJ~L slightly increased as the downhill pole SWirig:fr;;;:;~;d:Th;;'pr~~ti~~ tifl1'ie'pofe~t;i~;ers·'the extension of the body. Weight is transferred to the outside ski and the edges are changed as the skis are displaced beginning the turn. Body lean toward the center of the turns con­trols the amount of edging aided by lateral knee movement toward the inside of the turn. A Slig2::~.~<rUiu\l..to".the,.Q.u,wiq,§LQf , the turn ip th,e ,\lPp~r.bod¥.JJ:lill.oid., balcllJ.c~e..Keeping the weight slig'lrtly forward produces leverage to complete the turn. Increase edg­ing to finish the turn and rise to the new traverse. Discussion: The increase of angulation at the start of this turn facilitates the change of body angle resulting in the edge change. The weighting of the outside, ski of -Lhe ~~.,YfrifgE~~~~·' §1i.gbt~1kl<E...£9. .? '¥. . J2g,~i1io;t;l..,~ , ~'il~rQJ\3d. Here, as in the stem christy, the pole plant is an integral part of the turn. It gives support during the unweighting phase and also helps create a turning impetus. Examination Requirements: Start each turn from an obvious traverse. Three or more turns are to be executed with medium speed in even terrain. SKI SCHOOL VARIATIONS OF THE PARALLEL TURN Parallel turn with preturn: From the traverse, a turn into the hill followed by an edgeset will create a rebound that helps with the displacement of the skis. This turn is also executed with a pole. plant. / \ SHORTSWING Description: Successive, short radius parallel christies with no traverse between turns, but distinct edge set and pole plant. To execute a shortswing, the skier sinks by flexing in knees, hips and upper body (little ankle bend) and the pole swings forward. The upper body simultaneously angles downhill. As the pole is planted the edges are set by bend­ing the knees forward and towards the hill. The following rebound unweights the skis as the pole is used as a support during the beginning of the turn. The legs are slightly bent during the slipping phase and increase their flex as the pole is again brought forward and the skis are being re-edged. Discussion: It is essential that the skier faces downhill at the moment of edgeset and that the pole is planted further downhill than in a regular parallel turn. The down motion that the skier makes to set the edges does not show much ankle bend but is rather a compressing movement, thus giving the edged ski maximum stability in the edgeset. The stronger the emphasis on this last phase of the turn, the stronger the rebound. As the skier edges, angulation is increased and the body is facing downhill and is strongly com­pressed. The following release of the edges will result in the pivoting of the skis. Examination Requirements: To be executed in steep terrain with even, moderate speed. / / \ \ \ WEDEL Description: Rhythmical suc­cession of parallel turns close to the fall line. From a traverse near the fall line, the skier increases angulation with a down motion as the pole swings forward. Its planting triggers the body extension and de-angulation. During this phase of the turn more weight is transferred to the outside ski which begins the turn. During the following down motion, steering and leverage can be applied to shorten 'he radius of the turn. As the skier turns the skis to the fall line, he begins a new down motion and increases angu­lation to start the next turn. Dis~ussion: Gentle terrain is a playground for these kinds of turns and the direct translation from the German language compares this succession of turns with the wagging of a dog's tail. While in the shortswing there is quite a bit of slippage, Wedel turns are very much carved. The poles are again an important part of the turn-assisting both timing and turning impetus. Rather than moving the skis under the body, the edges are changed by movements of the body over the skis. The edges change by body inclination and these movements are smoother since the whole ski stays in contact with the snow at all times. The whole body faces the fall line while the skis describe the turn. Examination Requirements: To be executed with medium speed in easy terrain. / / I SKIING BEYOND CLASS F While many of the skiers attending ski school will never request instruction beyond the Wedel, there is growing interest in "those fancy turns racers make" that needs to be satisfied. The ski instructor's role at this level becomes more that of a coach than that of a teacher. Skiing beyond Class F is closely related to racing. Basic principles are interpreted more broadly in this field of skiing. Some maneuvers may be limited to persons with adequate muscle strength of coordination-or both. What follows are necessarily brief descriptions of advanced concepts. We cannot hope to describe the complete teaching sequence here. Unweighting in advanced skiing is done for shorter periods of time, since the skier makes quicker turns or turns at higher speed-both requiring quick unweighting. In order to remain in contact with the snow, the skier often unweights with down unweighting. Many times the skier will extend the body slowly before the actual down unweighting to amplify his move­ment. The reason for this, rather than extending the body to create the unweighting, is the ability to stop the unweighting at any stage by setting the edges and finishing the maneuver earlier than other­wise possible. A low center of gravity during turns at this stage of skiing is also desirable and accom­plished by down movement. The shape and responsiveness of the modern ski can be put to work by edging the skis and keeping contact with the snow at all times. At this stage, it is no longer neces­sary to hop the skis back and forth, but only to edge and put weight on the skis. Here aTe some specific move­ments and maneuvers you will "Nant to know about when you learn advanced skiing. Forms of straight running: 1) Straight running as described in demonstration form. 2) High Rocket: Skis are par­allel and flat on the snow. Legs are slightly flexed, the upper body is slightly hunched and the poles are tucked under the arms so they are parallel with the skis. The hands are forward and together, forming a wedge with the poles. This position is used in uneven terrain at high speed. The hands can be brought down to the side of the body if terrain gets very rough. 3) Low Rocket: The same position described above but with more flex in the legs and the back of the skier comes closer to a parallel line with the skis. 4) Egg Position: This is an extremely aerodynamic position that requires good thigh muscles to maintain for any length of time. Upper body and lower body form an egg like mold when looked at from the side. The back of the skier is more or less parallel to the skis and is lowered as far as flexing in the hip will permit. The thighs and lower leg are at right angles. (Some racers show less wind resistance with the back slanting slightly down). The hands are held forward and together at head level and the poles are tucked under the arms and are parallel to the skis. Jean Vuarnet is considered the originator of this position. Anticipation: This is an action preceding the turn. The skier turns and tips his upper body toward the valley, while his skis follow a straight line under him or continue finishing the previous turn. This turning of the upper body creates a strong tension in stomach and upper leg muscles that, when the edges are released, will bring the feet and thus skis into alignment with the upper body. In order to make this maneuver effective, the pole plant will not permit the upper body to align itself halfway with the skis but will force the skis into alignment with the blocked upper body. \ ~ Jetting: Following an edge set the skier can "jet" (advance) either the upper or lower body and create thus a "jet action." This action is a maintaining of speed in one part of the body, while the other part of the body has been slowed down by the compressing of the edges as they are set. When this compression is released, the affected part of the body will again move ahead. Jet Turn: From the end of the previous turn, the body faces the valley in the movement of setting the edges and planting the pole. The body will be compressed at this time. Instead of rebounding the leg muscles are relaxed into the up motion. A" shooting forward" of the feet will result during which .time a loossening of weight is felt. The pole that has blocked the upper body during the first phase of the turn will bring the skis in alignment with the upper body during this "light" phase. Avalement: (From the French avale-to swallow). This is the action of absorbing the terrain unevenness by "jackknifing" the body. It is the action of relaxing the back muscles and at the same time contracting the stomach muscles and retracting the legs. This action can be performed in conjunction with turns described above in very bumpy terrain, assuring constant snow contact and maximum amplitude. The Serpent: In a.traverse, approaching a moguL the skier stands quite high on his skis. As the ski tips reach the top of the moguL the upper body faces downhill (anticipation) and the pole is planted well downhill in the direction the upper body is facing. At that point the upper body is bending forward and downhill between the line of the skis and the planted pole, similar to the striking of a snake (serpente=snake). Now the knees bend and the skis are pulled smoothly into the turn and under the body. Utilizing anticipation, this maneuver will be learned easily. The serpent is performed in moguls and is a smooth and enjoyable way to ski this kind of terrain. •• ••••••••••• •• •• •• •• • / ! '--b ••••..••• ~ -~=-=- - .. ... ~ ••••• \ \ Special Conditions DEEP POWDER: The Rocky Mountains are blessed with the driest powder snow that one can experience probably anywhere in the world. Seldom does the snow become bottomless, so that regular .ski equipment can be used. A ski with a soft shovel will make coping with powder much easier, however. Throughout the history of skiing many different ways of skiing the powder have been discovered, only to be pushed 'lside by a new experience. Today the skier skis with weight equally distributed over both skis. The fact that the skis ride in the same depth of the snow makes it safer and enables the skier to make quicker turns. Longradius turns: Prepare by sinking (lowering fanny) as the inside pole of the tum is planted and the outside arm and pole are brought slightly back. Then extend the body up and to the inside of the tum, while the outside arm "punches" up and forward. During the unweighted phase, the blocking of the "punch," once it gets into the field of vision, and twisting the feet will bring the skis around. During the landing, while sinking deeper into the snow, stand evenly over both skis, face into the direction of travel and angulate little or not at alL unless you want to initiate another tum right away. Consecutive turns, when linked to the first, are executed always a little differ­ently. You have already created the potential for a rebound by having turned the skis away from the fall line in the previous tum, therefore, additional sinking is not necessary. In linked turns Anticipation also comes into the picture a. at the start to the change of body inclination b. creates a turning force: Shortradius turns: The experienced skier identifies himself in these turns with a quiet upper body. The upper body faces into the general direction of traveL while the skis are being pushed into the turns. Avalement is used instead of up unweighting. Anticipation instead of the above­mentioned "punching." As soon as a rhythm is established, the floating sensation becomes quite apparent. One retracts the legs and skis out of one tum, to push them underneath the body to the other side, at the same time turning the feet, thus the skis, towards and past the fall line again. Similar to skiing on ice, where there is no definite rebound, the skier endeavors to keep the centre of gravity on an even level. Many skiers rotate their upper bodies and hips vigorously, and it ... works. The disadvantages of this method are: with the twisting of the body, weight is being shifted from one ski to the other, thus pushing the weighted ski deeper into the snow. The . rotating skier commits himself to the tum. The rotating skier is unable to tum as fast a sequence of turns and, because he constantly moves his centre of gravity, is a less steady skier. ICE: Well-sharpened edges give you the amount of control on ice, that many people, seeing you, admire you for. In addition to good equipment there are a few "hows," that will help you ski on ice. Edge grip can be helped by strong pole plant. Downunweight at the start of the tum in order to maintain ground contact. Pivot the skis quickly past the fall line to avoid m:celeration. Change edges quickly and avoid a flat ski. Angulate to the outside of the tum to compensate for the almost unavoidable lateral slippage. Finish the tum actively and apply pressure to the tails of your skis in order to hold. Body movements should be smooth and well calculated. Keep the upper body as quiet as possible and keep the centre of gravity in an even line. Use the terrain: softer uphill sides of moguls; look for snowpatches; bank a<winst moguls. On really "glare-ice" use double pole plant. "Avale" your turns (down­unweight) and use Anticipation in short radius turns to create turning force within the body, since rebound might be absent. Contrary to many peoples' opinion, do not hang in the binding, but stand in supple balance over your bindings. Let your feet be a little apart to achieve better lateral balance and to be able to use both skis' edges actively, rather than the downhill ski edge only. In addition to the above mentioned items one needs the ability to quickly readjust to a situation of unbalance - fast reflexes. Luckily we do not have to consider extreme cases of ice as a usual condition here in the Rockies, but by seeking those extremes, when they exist, one can become quite confident in skiing on ice. I hope this booklet will transmit some of the ideas of modem skiing to you and help you discover what you, too, can do with good equipment in Rocky Mountain snow. Happy days of skiing, Horst Abraham Technical Vice-President Rocky Mguntain Ski Instructors Assn. Text: Horst Abraham Photography: Barry Stott Design: Rink Wells Continuity: Letitia Matson I U I