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Show INTERMOUNTAIN SKI INSTRtK:':TORS ASSOCIATION April 17, 1957 CON V E N T ION S C H E D_U L ~ 1 9 5 7 FRIDAY APRIL 26, 1957 9: 00 - 12 :00 REG ISTRA T ION AND ORGAN I2ED FREE SKIING 12:00 - 1:00 LU1t}I 1:00 - 3 :30 AVAumCHE GN THE SLOPE TRAINING BY ED LA CHAPEll.E, U. S. FOREST S;;RVICE. 3: 30 - 5: 30 CRITIQUE OF PAST EXAHS - BILL LASH AND EARL HILLER 6:30 - 7:00 BOARD OF DJ"RECTORS HEETUiG 6:30 - 8:00 DINNeR AT THE ALTA LODGE 8:00 - 9~30 L'JAXING (TH:~OR.Y OF i,JAX, PROPL..RTIES OF lJAX, WAXnrG FOR RECREA-TIONJ\ L SKIING, WAXI10CJ FCR RACES) ALF ENGEN 9:30 - 10:00 EQUIPMENT TRENDS - BILL ASHLEY AND JOHN CLEj,mNTS - EARL fULLER SATURDAY APRIL 27, 1957 9:00 - 12 :00 FUNDAMeNTALS AS APPLIED TO ALL IV[AJOR TECHNIQUES EDGES, WEIGHTING AND ROTATION. 12:00 - 1:00 LUNCH 1:00 - 5:00 5:00 - 6:30 6:30 - 8:00 TECHNIQUE DEMONSTRATION TEAl'1S ALTA SKI stHOOL BRIGHTON SIn SCHOOL SNOW BASIN SKI SCHOOL GENERAL HESTING ALTA LODGE JACKSON HOLE SKI SCHOOL MAGIC MTN SKI SCHOOL PCCATEll.O SKI ASCOCJJ.TION 1 - READI~n OF THE MINUTES FOR 1956 2 - PRESIDENTS REPORT 3 - fINANCIAL REPORT 4 - ELECTION OF THREE BOARD OF DIRECTORS THOSE RETIRIl\G KEN RIGGS BRIGHTON SKI SC '-{x)L BILL ASHLEY JACKSON HOLE SKI SCHOOL EARL HILLER OGDEN Sl\IOlrJ BASIN SKI SCHOOL COCKTAIL PARTY FREE Ulll RUSTLER LODGE 8:00 - 9:30 ANNUAL BANQUET RUSTL~~ LODGE 9:30 - 10:00 MOVIE ON ~JEDELN CONVEl\JTION SCHEDULE (CONTINUED) April 17,1957 Suw.DAY APRIL 28, 1957 9:00 - 12:00 WEDELN - "IHEffiY, PRACTICE AND TEACHING - BY JtJi\lIOR BOUNOUS 12:00 - 1:30 LUNCH - REPORT ON THE 1951 MEETING OF THE NSA CERTIFICATION COrJIiUTTEE - JunIOR BOUNOUS - REPORT ON THE 1957 CONVENTION OF THE FAR tvEST SKI INSTRUCTORS AS9)CIATION - K. SMITH. 1 :30 - 6:00 SLALOM AND RAClm TECHNIQUES: cotnsE SETTIlIG, TEACHIID ADVAI\CED SLALOM TECHNIQUES (1rJEDELN) COACHING Al\JD TRAINI1\JG CF JUNIOR SKI TEAiVIS. AU ENGEN EARLJVIILLER BILL AS-ILEY 7:00 - 8:00 ADJOURNMENT NOTE: The Board of Directors would appreciate 100% attendance. The by-laws require your annual attendance to the clinics. If you have a valid reason for not being able t. attend, you should notify Hugh Olander, 3459 East 4275 South, Salt Lake City, Utah, in writing, prior to the convention. Failure to notify will mean you are subject to' the ten dollar (~10) non-attendance fine. Furthermore, it should be realized qy all members that failure to miss tw~ annual conventions in c~nsecutive years may result in expulsion from the organization and revocation of your certificateo All new candidates will be required to pay the fifteen dollar C~15) certific:~.tion fee lItlich entitles the candidate to attend the convention clinic and t·w" future examinations ( in the event the candidate should fail his first exam)., All candidates who have failed the exam once are entitled to attend the clinic. All those having failed twice will be subject to the certification fee under the same requirements as a first-time candidate. Commencing at this convention, certification cards will be issued on a clinic-toclinic basis (MAY 1, 1957 to APRIL 31, 1958). All members are instructed to bring with them to the convention a current advanced first-aid card. Certification cards for next season will not be issued unless a valid card is held ~ the instructor. A committee on first-aid will be at the convention to help coordina te and organize first-aid refresher courses for all members who desire and need this assistance. CLINIC FEE - TO COVER EXPENSES OF THE CONVeNTION A..l\JD THE NATIONAL NElnlSPAPER SUBSCRIPTION - ONE DOLLAR ($1.00) CLINIC EXPENSES - T1rJQ DOLLARS ($2.00) HUiH OLANDER, Secretary-Treasurer LEIT~RS 1'0 \Hl~'\ OP1~R\TORS, 1"~)l;~:;T !SERV ICE:, \NU .lS:\ , ASKING\TTENUEN;::;L TiJ THE GI.::NEH \L MEl£TINGS • ~R~ DICK REED, PRES., ISA 1225 YAL~ ,AVENUE SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH DEAR DICK: 6811 S. MEADc\.J DRIVE SA L T LAKE CITY '17 I UTAH APRil 18, 1951 INCl,OSED IS iHE ANNUAL INSTRUCTORS CONVENTION eULLET.lN TO BE; ' HEL.O IN ALTA ' APRIL , 26 , ~ 28, 1957~ , " , ",. ' IT IS THt SINCERE DESIRE 'OF"THE 'MEflBERS or 'THE ISlA TO REQUEST YOUR PRESENCE ·,TO THE, ,CONVENT ION. ',, ' PLEASE ' fEEL fREE .TO ATTEND ' ANY PART OF.. OR ALL, THE CLINIC. , YOU WILL' riND IT INTERESTING AND;" THE ASSOCIATtON ,WOULD CERTAINLY. WELCO, M. E A. NY ..C..O ~ENTSYOU · MAY : HAVE. " I ,HAVE TAKEN THE LIBERTY TOstCURE A RESERVATION F'OR ,YOU AND YOUR WifE fbR THE ANNUAL COCKTAIL PARTY AND BANQUET ON SATURDAY EVEN' lNG, APRIL 21 ~ , YOU ARE !TO ATTEND AS OUR GUESTS Of THE ASSOCIATION .. I T WOULD 8E ApPREC 1 ATED I f YOU WOULD LET, ME KNCNI , I F ' FOR SOME REASON YOU .-AR£: UNABLE TO ATTEND. ," " , ' " , I HOPE YOU HAVE HAD A GOOD SKI SEASON. I 4M LOOKING 'fORWARD<TO SK II NG W J TH 'YOU" AT THE CONVENT I ON~ CONORATULATIONS ON ·,YOUR 'ELECTION AS PRESIDENT Of .THE INTERMOUNTAIN SKI'ASSOClATION. I CANNOT THINK Of/,A BETTER PERSON fOR THE JOB. o _. , • .~. ' L • • • , . WRL/L '[NeLS .. YO~S ' FOR BETTER :'SKI INSTRUCTION, V;f~ WILLIAM R,. LASH PRESIDENT • -. ' 4R. JOHN HERBERT ASST. REG.ONAL fORESTER U.$. f.S., FORESTBUI LaiNG OGDEN,UjAH ' OEAJ~ '-JOH~: 6811 S. MEADOW DRIVE SALT ' LAKE: CITY 'II, UTAH APRIL ' ~8, 1957 ' I NCl:OSED ' IN THE AN~yA\..INSTRUCTOR~GONVENTION 6U~lETIN TO<BEHfiLD 'N ALTA " ,APR I L. 26,'-2tl, 1957,- " T IS "THE 5 I NCERE DES I RE' Of"THf:- MEMBERS Of 'THE' 'I S lA ' TO REQUEST 'YOUll,PRESENCE' AT THE' CONVENl'-'ON. " PLEASE fEEt. 'fREE""TO ATTENO' ANY PART : Of, OR ALL, ' THE CLINIC. " ,YOU ' WILL flNDtT INTERESTING AND"THE :ASSOC IATION"WOULD, ::.CERTA J NL:YWELCOME ,ltNY COMMENTS ~ YOUMA Y J,HAVE. ' '. . . .' , ., ' . ._. -'.- . - ,-~ . ," . '" HAVE TAKEN ' THE LlBERTYI TO'~ SECURE ' A ' RESERVAT tON FOR YOU AND YOUR WIFE ; FOR ' THe:-~ANNUAL COCKTAIL PARTY AND BANQUET ' ON SATURDAY EVEN' fNG,APRJ,L ~1~' YOU"ARE 'JO ,ATTEND AS .AG'JEST OF ' THE '~'ASSOCI~TION~ .IT WOULD BE" PPRECtATED "'F"YOU 'WOULD ,LET<ME ,KNOW ,. IF fOR SOME - REASON, YOU ARE UNABLE , TOAJTEND.';; ' '. ,.. .. . Jo - :. , . ' - ' .. , •. •• • , • • " ',' ' ::HOPE , YOU HAVE " HAD A GOOD SK I ' SEA~O~. ,S,K II NGJ~J TH" ,ygu AT :THE ,Co.NV~T ION,. " I AM ' LOOK I NG . fORWARO'.:TO ~ ,'- j • • . , : . WRL/L YOURS FOR BETT,ER. SK I I NSTRUCT ION , " )/' .l)/t/o/\ . WILLIAM R." LASH PRESIDENT • .' MR it fRED SPE,YER ALTA ' LODGE SANOY" UTAH DEAR fRED: 681 f s. MEADOW DR I VE ' SA LTLABE G 1 TY II, UTAH ' APR I Ll8,1957 .iNCLOSED IS THE ANNUAL INSTRUCTORS, CONV~NT.l.ON FJU~L.E;riN TO BE ' HELD ' IN ALT~APR' L 26 , ... ~8, 1957,'- IT IS TH~ SINCERE DES IRE 'or THE MEMBERS Of 'THE IS iA ;1;0' REQUEST YOUR PRESENCE AT "THE CONVENTION. , PLEASE: fEEL mEr 'TO' ATTEND ANY PART Of, 'OR ALL, THE CLINIC~ ' YOU WILL FIND IT,' INTER,ESlING" ANP THE ASSOCIATtON WOULD CERTAINLY WELCOME A'NY COMMENTS YOU MA~( ~AVE. " , " , I HAVE ~AKENTHE LIBERTY 'TO SECURE A RESERVATION fOR YOU AND YOUR WlfE ' fOR ' THE ANNUAL COCKTAIL PA~TY AND BANQUET ON SATURDAY, APRIL 27. , YOU ARE TO' ATTEND AS OUR GUESTS 'Of THE 'ASSOCIATION. , I WOULD CERTAINLY APPRECIATE YOUR LETTING ME KNOW ',If fOR SOME REA,SON YOU ARE UNABLE TO ATTEND. I "HOPE YOU HAVE HAD ,A GOOD SKI ·SEM~ON. I AM LOOK I NG ,:ORWARD TO SE;EINGVOU AT THE CONVENTION. WRL/L ENGL. YOURS FOR BETTER SKI: 'I NSTRUCTJ ON, /~ ' WILLIAM R.' LASH PRES IDENT ", INTERNOUlITAIN SKI INSTltUCTCRS ASSCCIA'rION CASH RECEIPTS AND DISPURSEI'~NTS OCTOBER 23, 1956 to JUNE 30, 1957 HECEIPTS DUE Al'.Jl) CERTIFICATION FEES TCJl'AL DISBURSEllENTS CLINIC EXPENSE SKI PINS STATIONERY & SUPPLIES DONATIONS AND AlJAPJ)S TRAVEL SECRETllRY - TREASURER FEES NATIONAL NEUSPAPER SUBSCRIPl'ION, FEES TELEPHONE FILM AND PHOl'OGRAPHY TarAt EXCESS OF DISBURSEMENTS OVER RECEIPTS CASH ON HAND ... 0011B 30, 1956 CASH ON HAND - JUNE 30, 1957 ACCOUNTS RECEIVABlE '317.05 63~72 124.38 15.00 l25.00 56.00 82.00 32.49 38.31 $937.09 913.95 .22 233.90 ~233.6a 23.36 ';"257.04 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Foreword. II. History of the Rocky Mountain Ski Instructors Association. III. A Ski School Organization Guide. IV. The Certification System of the Rocky Mountain Ski Instructors Association. V. Presentation and Class Organization. VI. Winter First Aid. Vl! VIII. IX. Historical Notes. Ski Mountaineering. Bibliography. FOREWORD Skiing is a sport whose roots lie thousands of years in the past but whose growth to present popularity and understanding has occurred in this last half century. It is a sport of dynamic change and progress, a compelling challenge to discover and learn how best to utilize the natural forces and laws which govern the action of skis on snow. This present manual is the first attempt of our organization to put together the basic fundamentals of our profession. It is hardly complete or perfect since we have no wish to deny or limit the great future of skiing. In a word, it is not a finished product and probably never will be as long as skiing prog resses. Any manual, whatever its intrinsic merit, is only as good in practice as the thorough, conscientious study it receives and the understanding and good iudgement of individual instructors in adopting its principles and sequences to the varying demands of terrain and snow conditions and the needs of his students. The purpose of this manual is to: 1. 2. 3. Describe' a presentation and class organization. Describe the general character and procedure of the examination for certification. Provide the official and miscellaneous information essential to the function of this organization. Inquiries regarding the examination for certification are invited and may be addressed to the Chief Examiner, Curt Chase, Aspen, Colorado. Copies of this publication may be obtained from the Chief Examiner. To cover printing and mailing costs, the amount of $1.00 for each manual by check or money order, payable to RMSIA should be included. Grateful acknowledgment is made of the invaluabie contributions to this manual by the following certified instructors of RMSIA: Willy Schaeffler . Friedl Pfeifer Curt Chase Bob Craig Edgar Stanton Pete Seibert George Engel Roy Reid HiSTORY OF THE ROCKYMT. SKI INSTRUCTORS ASSOC. In ·Oct. 1950, Robert Johnstone -- then pres' dent of the So. R~:~,y Ski Assoc. ~called a meeting of all instru:'ors certified by 'r:,: ."".ssociation since the first examination in Dec. 1946. Up until '~;::' time theSRM5A had conducted all examinat;cr;s with varying s:':s,ess of success. President Johnstone felt it was Time the instruc· -=,~ brmed· their own group and ran their ow'", affairs. initially it was decided that we should forlT, a non-profit cor· ~C'~T;on. Our .first meetings were quite stormy. Some thought ... " should start anew and re-examine everyone 70r membership. ::::;":':rs felt that vie had to have a nucleus; an::: it was finally ::::,::::oed that all previously cel-tified instructors snould be made :'"::';er members.' All new members would becor-E so b'y passing .~" exarnination to be given each spring. We started with only fifteen active merr,bers, recognized ro one but the SRMSA officers who heaved a o:g sigh of relief -~ eE rid of this headache, 'and with no real pla!~s for expansion 5r S promotion. All of us felt that our prime cbiective was to '6 SE the standards of teaching not only to prote:t ourselves, but . ~ erotect the public as well. Our second aim was 70 interest young s;", :,:'s in becoming teachers in order to fill the need for instructors 55 ''1e sport grew. f:Jc', spring an examination is conducted. Ir, The beginning • ",,; 0 : e'dlively few members were added, but before long OUI' 0' Nas a familiar sight on the slopes and at various places of after· 5k.r:ours·amusement. In 1956 we were pleased to welcome thirty· e'E members of the Aspen Ski School to our ranks, This year over S /'': apiJlicants from allover theSRMSA took the examinations. i\;~ :', with over 120 members, we are becoming a strong organi· :c':Jn with many talented people in our r:nidst. The growth of our group is not unique. At a meeting last s::' 'g of the representatives of the National Committee on Certifi: 6':J'I ~ of which two of our group are members ~ the feeling ','.2S voiced that we should form a Nationa! Association of Certified i's"xtors similar to our own group. This idea Vias presented to ;'", .:Jresident of the N.S.A., the one and same Robert Johnstone \.,'r~ was so helpful in promoting our organization, for action at '~",:ast national convention. So far nothing has come of it, but ',-",dea is bound to take hold and soon' we shall have a National ~"seciation of Instructors, run by certified instructors with the same ':::':::5 and ideals that we are trying to uphold and promote. Where do we go from here? Future plans include advertising 'r" association through a poster being designed by Herbert Bayer, ~; Aspen. I.D. cards with pictures of every member. A directory -~ ::e published annually listing all members and their addresses. :":::0 placement card file of past and present employment records ;~, .:Jb reference. And always improvements for conducting future "'/ E ";s. '" In reading this history, we hope that you share our views, and will interest yourself in promoting bot·h our association and the national association of the future. A SKI SCHOOL ORGANIZATION GUIDE A Ski School should meet daily at a designated meeting place, at a specified time, to organize all classes before leaving for the slopes. it is not considered good policy to make appointments or any arrangements to meet anyone at any other place, since the whole Ski School organization is based upon the Ski School Meeting Place . Aber being divi¢yd ~to classes, a class should stay together for the rest of the ~. .A. AnY changes in class personnel .should be made by the supervisor or the Ski School Director. The instructor is required to be first at the meeting place for all meetings there. it is his first duty to check all equipment, clothing, tickets, skiing ability, and all other things essential to the requirements of a day's skiing. After leaving the meeting place the instructor should not accept pupils wanting to ioin the class late on the slopes, but should inform them of the next meeting place and encourage them to be there . Not following this procedure will upset the school organization and would be unfair to the pupils in the organized class. The Ski Instructor must be well informed, not only about slopes, trails and snow conditions within the area, but about all phases of skiing in general. He is expected to answer all questions politely and intelligently from anyone, in or out of school, and to be helpful to all skiers that he may encounter on the mountain who are in need of advice or help. Any instructor who is asked for help in the selection of ski equipment should oblige with his advice. it is the Ski Instructor's duty to assist in all matters of organ, ization within .the ski area. Particularly in crowded areas he should help and give guidance in every way possible. it is imperative that the instructor give full cooperation to all other organizations within the area with whom he comes in contact ~ ski patrol, lift crew, etc. Any dissatisfaction or complaints should be brought to the ~ Ski School Meetings, and at no time should the individual take action on such matter. It goes without saying that the instructor takes charge immed· iately and gives attention to any accident that occurs within his class, and at no time leaves an iniured person until the Ski Patrol takes over. it may be advisable for him to put a competent pupil in charge of the class with instructions as to how they should proceed. If no Ski Patrol is available, the instructor must also be responsible for getting the iniured person off the slope. Where there is no Ski Patrol, the r:=sp::Jnsibility of the instructor neces· sarily extends to those iniured skiers outside his class. it is a good policy for the instructor to follow up accidents that occur within :1 '1M s< -e ibn W t ~_. ___ , __' _, r 0 :::=~5 by maki:,g inquiries as to the well bei:; of the iniured :;~-=' c::::--::ng off i::e mountain, :7 5 well for any Ski School, large or sma:: :0 have a daily =~-'::':--::::::'~ meeting, when all matters may be c scussed and an e·-=ac".'c' made te improve the efficien:::y of the ~:hool. :- General, it is well to bear in mind that ira ski school is a :::." ~es5~ and :!lUS; be conducted as such. The ii,s-ructor's appearo-: e 5:::::iabi 1ity, al,d overall conduct on and acc the slopes will :::':: -J::::::er cansta'-- observation. 'A good examc,e is imperative. :- -. co~-,ment or correction from the Ski School Drector should not :::':: -cke', as a personal criticism, but as a constrl .. :::- ve step toward '-:''::e5;::g the ski:: of the ski instructor. THE CERTiFICATiON SYSTEM OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN SKI I NSTRUCTORSASSOCIATION r::::r the inforr:ati::)Il of Candidates for Certif,cc7'on, in order to :::- '; Certified Ski Instructors up-to-date, and as " courtesy to all :;-'ers interested in Ski Instructor Certification, v.e present here a ::;-:::Ie'e and detailed explanation of the Cercc:cation program ·.c·-· I ~ ~Jse by the Rocky Mountain Ski Instr~:Tors Association. ;:;x6:!linatioll includes three main phases and is designed -::: --oroughly test the qualifications of thecandida7e. The fi"st phase '=_'re5 into the background knowledge of the cc::didate, and de-':: --; neg h is qua I ification's in the fields of Fi rst-A: d, Wi nter-Moun- -c -eer;ng, and Snow Safety. The candidate competes this first re- =. 'e",ent when he submits his application for examination, for it - .i' be accompanied by his current Standard arc; Advanced ARC :: -,--Ai:: Cards, as well as a thesis of at least 5,COO words, based ,c.e following outline: 4.. A general history of the sport of Skiing. B. What the Ski Instructor should know a80utSki Clothing and Equip:!lent. C. Principles of Course Setting and basic rules for Downhill and Slalom Racing. D. Ski Mountaineering. 1. Party Management 2. Ski Mountaineering Equipment 3. Route Finding, principles of Map an::: Compass 4. Avalanche Hazards 5. Avalanche Rescue 4 " '" An effort has been mc:de to make much of the source material for this thesis available within the pages of this book. Also included is an extensive bibliography, and of course the background and exoerience of the candidate himself wi!1 be invaluable in the succe~ sful comp'etion of this requirement. The remaining two phases of the examination include Skiing Ability, and Teaching Ability and Apitude. This part of the examination is practical in nature, and the candidate will be graded at a series of examining stations by a board of examiners from the organization. Two grades of certification are given, Fully Certified Instructor, and Associate Certified Instructor. A sample Examination Score Sheet is presented here. At each station the candidate is iudged on a basis of 20 points. He must make a grade of r2 for Associate or 16 for Fu!1 Certification. In addition the candidate must make a grade of 12 for Associate or 16 for Full Certification in Free Skiing. Thus Teaching Ability and Skiing Ability are weighted equally. Although it may not show on the examination score sheet, the candidate should bear in mind that one more factor may be taken into consideration in his overall evaluation. To deserve Certification to practice a profession the candidate must think and act like a professional. His equipment, clothing, attitude and conduct on and off the slope will be observed throughout the examination. There is a trend within the RMSIA to continually demand a higher standard for Ski Instructor Certification. This trend is desirable and nece3sary to keep pace with the technical developments in the sport of Skiing, and to fulfill the obligation to satisfy the ever increasing demands and expectations of the skiing public. PRESENTATION & CLASS ORGANIZATION Class Presentation A. Intrcduce yourself to your class 1. Tell them by what name you wish to be known. 2. Tell them whatever is pertinent about yourself professionally: your certification status, instructor in ski school. 3. Establish immediate personal contact: (a) Say something of mutual interest about them as a group, the weather, the mountains, etc. (b) Let them know you are on their side, are their ally. (c) Try to put them at ease, be informal, friendly, hatural. B. Introduce the maneuver 1. Name the maneuver. 2. Give sequence of maneuver - brief summary of what leads up to it, the maneuver directly preceding it, etc. 3. Give briefly the use or purpose of learning the maneuver. 4. Demonstrate the maneuver - its finished form, say, "This is how it looks". ::; EXAMINATION FOR CERTIFIED SKI INSTRUCTOR Rocky. Mountain Ski Instructors Association D3te Introduction-Skiing on Level, Climbing, Straight DH Running Straight Snow plow S'now Plow Turns DH Traverse, Side Slip Uo H:II Christie Stem Turn ~t~;'7l Christiz P.rallel Turns Fr ... Skiing Place of Examination 'N" Z <I: VI c>'" o"" U~ i 'z .... 0 o~ z "" 0:;; ;;; z ... z 0:;;: - 0 ~"Q". :'CE" :''"":l "."'.""". \ I -I z 0 ;: <I: Z ~ Q. >< '" __ L_I __ ~ '" ... NU >...-. "'"" « "" Z 0 <I: u 'N" - I to- ~u0 0~"" ' ~"""" :~..:..l '0""" w "" 0 « u ~ L.IJ 'U I.&. --'"I - I , ! ---c--- 1 - I ----!~ I --II -- I ! I I , .. ----- PERSONALITY TEACHING APTITUDE Polite Arrogant S,i.f 'Wordy pl .... nt Unimpressive Clear Confused ----- Conscientious Bored T.ctful Slunt --~--------- firm Careless Precise Vague COMMENT: 1\ " 5. Demonstrate both toward and away from the class. 6. Break the maneuver down by phases, analysis. 7. Demonstration of portions of the maneuver (before, during, after). 8. "Let's practice together" - by components, by phases, the entire maneuver. Class II Class Organization A. Choice of Terrain 1. Become thoroughly familiar with all possible teaching slopes in your area. Study and classify them for: (a) Accessibility to various classes of pupils. (b) Suitability under varying snow and weather conditions. (c) Exposure to sun and wind. (d) Suitability for various maneuvers: fla( gentle, medium steep, smooth, bumpy, run out, etc. (e) Safety factors: obstacles, hazards, run out, freedom from heavy traffic and distraction. 2. Choose terrain suitable to ability and temperament of pupils in your class. (a) Beginners must be able to see that slope has a run out to a stop. (b) Some pupils are paralyzed by on-lookers and shuss boomers (try to forsee such a condition and if it develops, move elsewhere). (c) Traversing is most successful with a flat iust below traverse, a flat or opposing slope at end of traverse to provide a natural stop, soft smooth snow. The same is true for side slip and christie into the hill except that snow should be packed and the slope steep enough to iustify the exercise of side slip. (d) Do not hesitate to move class into different area: to avoid congestion and to provide variety. (e) Use a change of pace. Don't continue with the same exercise or maneuver until class is either bored, tired, or both. (f) Check with ski school director when changing slopes. (g) Never crowd or ski thwugh another class without permission. B. Positioning of class and instructor 1. Except for briefest intervals, have class with backs to sun and wind. Teach class to line up along fall line, close together with skis across slope. 3. Plan climb so class wi:; b2 grouped as desired. 4. When talking or demonstrating stand opposite center of class at a distance which enables all to see and hear clearly (ask them). -: 5. lilustrate end demonstrate positions and ""'ovements from T~Oht," rear and side to all pupils. ..... '::(727)' -:'ea: Be aert for bad snow, obstacles, un::er-snow hazards, :·ear track and run-out, wild skiers. L. ;:L:piis corc:!rtjon: Check constantly for sc.:,able attire for \,.'eather, frost bite or chill, too muc:h sun, TOO tired, extreme . rei'vousness, sun burned eyes. ::0_': ::mlent Check . G.ve· brie~ nomenclature of skis: tip, taii, edges, bindings, safety streps (recommend with safety bindir.gs); explain how ~o tell left ski from right; poles: loops, rings, points. 2. Ci,eck pupils' skis for adequate running Si..i'7ace. Have wax c:::;:. those \"iho need it. ~elp class mount skis and conduct simulToreous equipment :'-,eck. Fix' what you can; send hopeless C6ses to ski shop. - C~leck skis for length, camber and edges. 5. i:xplain how to use wrist strap .and reaso,-.s therein. 5. Cneck class when ready to go: Skis on the 'ght feet, cables " side hitcn and heel groove, boots laced a::=: fitting, gloves, ;ogg:es, wrist loops, check heel rise. Class III Class Conduction :- ::,",o,:ence of teaching a ski maneuver ~- 'C: " orier realistic demonstration of the fi:.ished maneuver ' .. ·mat it is'. To save time this can be dor·e in some cases (ex. running maneuvers) while class is en rOUTe to top of run. 2. Give purpose of learning maneuver (why;. ::. Give visual example of each position and r.ovement so each pupii can see clearly. lei Position of skis on the snow (Pi Position of body on the skis (:' Movement of body and skis heve class demonstrate each phase and give individual :orrections. Gve demonstration of complete maneuver. =: .. ':'.sk for questions. Demonstrate repeatedly. Limit questions ":::; immediate current maneuver. 7. ::-iave pupils perform maneuver. While firs- pupil performs, ::econd pupil gets in position. Be liberal '.'lith praise, limit :orrection TO safety factors and good body position on skis. "';hen entire class has executed maneuver and regrouped, explain major faults, give verbal and visual corrections. Give ""other der:tonstration. If possible, station yourself at bottom ::;: rU:l to give individual corrections. You can talk to one ,. "lie wat:ning the next. \',len ali pupils get the genera! idea and can stay more or 'ess on their skis: ,. .. If you can use a tow or lift effectively, do so. Give very brief recap of mechanics with shifts of emphasis . Give demonstration to a suitable stopping point. Give individual correc'ions OlS pupils stop. Keep 'em skiing. !f possible give soft corrections and loud praise to individual pupils in tow or lift line. During some subsequent runs on sante general coul'se instructor can designate stopping point, station himself mid-way and give SHORT, CLEAR corrections as pupils ski past. Ex.: "Relax!", "Kneel", "Eyes Ahead", etc. Object: Same as private instruction - to have pupil feel cocrect position and movement wh:!e skiing. If suitable tow or lift is not available give as many demonstrations as possible making corrections at bottom of run and enroute back to top of run. 10. Final rUIl. Time your instruction to take class on easy, more extended run at end of class (follow-the-Ieader _. don't do anything they can't do). Dismiss the class with happy surprise at their accomplishments; mention maneuver to be learned in next class. (Dismiss class on TIME). Note: Arrange to meet in some free time to discuss any involved questions, questions whose answers would not be of genera! interest to class, or questions not relating to current maneuver. B. Teaching ~kills - A:::;?lied Psychology 1. Make person-to-person emotional contact with pupils. (a) Let them know you are sincerely interested in them. (b) Talk TO and iook AT pupils while teaching. (c) Learn individual names as quickly and inconspicuously as possible. Don't hesitate to ask for a memory refresher. (d) Show no favoritism - love 'em all. (e) Exult with them when they're good, sympathize optimistically when they're not so. 2. Be a gentleman: (a) Be tactful, kind, courteous, dignified, friendly, sincere, patient, humble. (b) Try never to shout, swear, use sarcasm or ridicule, or show exasperation, boredom, or discouragerr.ent. !J 3. Be a good instructor. (a) Watch for excessive clothing and suggest removal. (b) Give class rest and respite from sun,v::nd, shade, ete., when needed. _. Be brief and to the point. (3': Long, involved explanations and repe'-:ous corrections are tiresC>rTe and ineffective. (,-:, ~ Point cu~ the maiormistake - its correcfcn may eliminate several other mistakes, ErT,phasize bOG'! position, (c: 1!lustrate the rTistake and Its correctior, lJith your body (01 (e'l (i' and skis. Try as' rT,any approaches to correction as necessary work i7 differently. Don't ar'gue technique - offer to meet after class. Tactfu!ly turn off pupil's lengthy self-a~,aiysis, :), {\'\ake it fUll. (a) Be business-like and firm in essentic,' but otherwise iolly, optimistic and humorous, Be clever about the humor _ be certain it helps rather than hinders the ino+:- wtion, Never let the class forget thcT you ,are a proiessional instructor, not a professional :omedian. (b) Instill a class unity and spil-it; tell ther: they'e a swell class. (c) Occasionally do something iust for kicks; a longer run, follow-tne-Ieader, a short, simple sic!om, a different slope, break the monotony with a va':ation or exercise, have c pupi I teach you, ete. 6, Have psycnol~gical insight. (a) .Learn which people need to be led wiTh kindness, which with firmness, (b) Learn which respond most to praise, which are chal-lenged by criticism. (c) Learn which understand technical explanation, which un-derstar, d analogy and example, (d) Try inconspicuously to learn the pupYs motivation and his goal in skiing. 7. Be fair vvith your class, (a) If you give a misleading explanat'cn or demonstration correct it. III (, '\ (b) If you are in the wrong terrain or snow condition for them - correct it. (Have new class practice first on flat or gentle slope if possible), (c) Do nothing ill your class skiing that the class has not been taught, except to illustrate a point. It confuses them and they need all the demonstration they can get. (d) Lead your pupils down no blind alleys; teach t,hem nothing they will latel- have to discard or drastically change. (e) Pupils are entitled at the end of a ciass to have a clear understanding of whclt to do and what 10 avoid. If they don't, it is your fault and you should OFFER to make it clear on your own time. VViNTER FIRST AID This summary is designed as a memory tickler and covers the important topics c>f first aid briefly. It is in no way intended ';0 supplant the Standard ,ARC First Aid Course, In general remember that to give First Aid you must: be calm, make a diagnosis, out;ine a pl'ocedure of firsi aid a,nd provide for proper transportation of the patient. A. S HOC K 1, It is a depression of body functions accompanied by pallor, rapid pulse and shivering (in severe cases), a. It accompanies all iniuries. b, It is accentuated by: pain, rough handling, cold, fatigue, improper transportation, aiso anxiety, 2, First Aid - "prevent loss of heat". a. Lay them down and keep them down. b, Maintain normal body temperature with blankets or heat pads. e. Warm fluids except when unconscious, vomiting or suspected internal iniuries, d. NO BOOZE! B. HEM 0 R R H -A G E 1. A tourniquet is rarely advisable for winter first aiel since it speeds the possibility of freezing, a. Direct pressure. b. Elevation of the part. e. Tourniquet (if above two fail) (1) Above the wound (2) No dressings ] 1 (3). Mark forehead with 'T' (4) Remember release period L. S:erile dressing ~fter control of bleeding a. Mild antiseptic (l) Don't use Iodine, use merthiolate C. S;::RA!NS AND FRACTURES \',.hen in coubt treat it asa fracture L. i~, splinting immobilize the joint above end below the ~"acture =. Use boards, cardboard, magazines, sk:s or ski poles ::: Pad bony joints that make contact with -'le splint Keep splint ties smooth but firm - thef should not be tourniquets -;--action splints are for legs only e The beqinner in first aid should avoid 7'action whenever possibl~ Never let the traction slip, once applied ;:::ompound fractures ::,rop bleeding Use sterile pressure padding without ar.7iseptic c. Don't try to set fracture if bone is protruding thru skin :::. Follow immobilization splinting procedure e. Get victim to hospital promptly _. Sack fractures - .immobilize with a minimum of movement ~ J'slocations _. Don't try to reduce them ::: Splint them if possible ::. Get medical aid ~. :.;) U N D S SrYlple a. Stop bleeding :::. Use antiseptic and sterile dressing - \\',th foreign particles Leave small objects in wound and dress lZ '\ y f b. Remove large protruding objects c. Use tourniquet above wound before removing object d. Chest wounds, remove object and dress tightly e. If in doubt dress wound with object in place E. FREEZING 1. Frost bite - skin "white and numb" a. Hands, warm in armpits or groin b. Feet, stop and put bare feet on stomach of partner c. Face, put warm hands on face Don't try to go too long; be able to recognize frost bite symptoms in advance of the danger period and stop and build a fire d. Indoors - soak in cool or warm water, do not get too close to fire, and do not rub afflicted area with anything. 2. Freezing a. Keep patient awake b. Wrap in blankets or sleeping bags c. Get him to warm room and increase temperature gradually d. Warm socks F, S HOC K G. 1, Shock treatment under cold conditions is the same as in any conditions. Shock can accompany any injury and in first aid the patient should be kept warm and quiet, his thirst satisfied except'in the case of internal injury, and removed to a position where medical care is available. BLEEDING For severe bleeding direct pressure should be tried first and a tourniquet used only when other methods fail. The danger in winter first aid tourniquet use is through Impaired circulation resulting in frostbite and or gangrene. The tourniquet must not be covered by splints or bandages and should be loosened at least every 15 minutes. H. F R ACT U RES It has been proved that 60'/; of so-called leg and ankle sprains are actually fractures or chips. When in doubt always splint the injured member and urge the patient to have x-rays taken. Back injuries must be handled with extreme care. Transportation is the big problem and they should be transported on a 1:1 rigid frame co"rier such as a Stokes Litter - GC not try to crar,-,p the::, into an auto but. rather get a vehicle +~at will accomrrc:::: ate the patient lying down on the litter. DiSlOCA.TIONS ::.l::::c:'der ane Knee dis;ocations are quite cC'-"mon in skiing. ?e'" !s uouai verv severe. ::plint them in p::::sition, or as you 7:,.:' them - 'lis usu3iiy requires some improvisation on the 83'" 0f 'the i's- aider. J. VI 0 ~ N D S Pur,c;ure Vioun::::s are frequent in skiing, sticks, limbs, ski poles "te. 'l:ay be tc.Jnd imbedded in a wound. A5~ yourself the fol- 8\','l9: (1) \'.;il additi'Jnal iniury be caused by removal of c:::>ect? (2) \\: the foreign obiect be a h6zard in transporting -'-,e '.'Ictim? \3 Will se'vere bleeding occur if it is removed? ,~ (;:se of a pe'letration of the chest and lungs 7here is the dange' of loss e~ air and possible collapse of the lungs. Usually 7 -'-e obiects oermitting air to escape it is oe-Ter to remove it ane piace an eir-tight bandage over the wou'ld. Usually the 8.ee:::ino wili become more severe after the removal of an c8iect s-; compresses ShOUld be handy f8r ths- occurence. !( ;: J< FEZ I N G (and FROSTBITE) yey spets are indicative of freezing; 8n cross-country -,:;:;5 during cold weather each person should De ever watchful of h:s companions lest they become frostbitien without their c\'/ereness. Lukewarm water is best for thawing out frozen ~er,bers, and most important, the thawing out process should ce gradual, and the frozen part should never be rubbed or "'lossaged with snow for it will only damage tissues and cause ':-..Jrt~let· freezing. :, U N BUR Nand S NOW B liN D N E S S uark glasses or goggles should be worn on bright days. Green enses are bes;, and goggles are usually better than glasses since they fit nlore snugly and prevent the sun from entering ;'le eye from around the s.ides of the glasses. In the case of sno','.' blindness cover the eyes completely and once in a shel 'ered place the application of moist tea leaves or ice compresses ,'/ill afford some relief. Siack cork under the eyes will usually help to diminish the reflected light, and goggles can be improvised out of card· cCerd and shce:aces with a "1" shaped slit cut in the cardboard '" front of each eye. This will help to reduce the amount of :::irec; and refiected light that is p:'esent on bright sunny days e ro ;,' entering tne eyes. H 1 } I HISTORICAL NOTES To look back on the history of skiing it is surprising how far back one must go and then there is no definite beginning point. The origins are shrouded in the mists of antiquity. The ski and snowshoe certainly developed together through the need for travel over snow. Greek travelers before Christ noted that Armenian horses were shod with skin frames to prevent their sinking into the snow. long before the Christian era the NOI'se Sagas give evi· dence of the use of the ski and the God of Winter, Ulf or Ullar, in Norse legend was always showh on skis, and these are dated in the 11 th century. In the Nordic countries the use of skins gave way to wood and the forerunner of the modern skJ was made of this material which certainly produced faster travel than the pre-vious skin models. . The dawn of modern skiing seems to have occurred in the Telemark region of Norway and spread hom there. This was in 1860. The first great tournament was held in 1892 outside of Oslo. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle has been given credit for introducing the sport into Switzerland but this is doubtful since the St. Bernard Monks had skis by 1883, ten years previous to Doyle's use of 1hem at Davos. Skiing hit Germany at about the same time and probab:y Austria as well. It is interesting to note that the mining communities of the United States also used skis of enormous length (some 12 feet or more) at about the same time as skiing was developing in Europe. Often they were the only means of travel and com· municaticn in the hard western winters. The U.S. also took to the sport of iumping and the first regular contest was held at Red Wing, Minnesota in 1887. By 1904 the National Ski Association was formed with five clubs as charter members. During the early days of skiing one large pole was used which served as a brake, and a means of steering and control in general; the lighter two·pole system was developed and required much better technique. The Telemark turn was a Norwegian contribution. The truly modern style came from Austria and was the result of the work of Hannes Schneider, who came up with the Alberg technique, and it is today the basis for our modern system. While skiing has been established firmly, its popularity d.id not spread until the late twenties and early thirties in this country. The Europeans were considerably ahead of this country, however here in the thirties interest grew rapidly. Ski Schools sprang up which drew largely from Europe for instructors. In 1938 the Na· tional Ski Patrol System was organized. Since World War II the sport has become big business, and improver'nents came thick and fast in skis and equipment. However there are those who today can recall vividly the leather straps that 15 -- --""'---"'.-~ .... -...... . ... ;n "'4 4. - A _441 !!!'f.. U@$ _r !# :Ai 4_ 54 OS .. 4iS4 hap; -- -------- ----------------- ___. ..._ __. . ~--.--....~,. .........., ,- -< ~.t"" _.. __ ~--_ ~ "",_",-._.~M ___ • ______ ~~ ~scie up the pre-metallic bindings of today. f:..rj the home-made 5;' is not too far back in the skiers' memories, at feast for the older ::'-es. But today improved areas and equipmec-,' combined with ::"'-~er Teaching systems make the sport truly e family affair for '::'Y'9 . and old. SKI MOUNTAINEERING General Ski mountaineering may arbitrarily be define:] as winter-travel ,- mountoins of an alpine nature "off the beslen path" which '~, :Jives the skier in all the problems of sheltee, feeding himself, C '-:;;ng his way a!~d detecting hazards enroute. in its purest sense - :'JJ:c be said -0 !nvolv;" winter mountaineeri"g, i.e., climbing -":~n;6':lS under .. ;'inter cenditions: but not ali ski mouniaineers ::. --8 "~ountains, rather they go into the mountains fOI' a variety ::.c 'eascns and live well according to their particular skills. Living r-:::era-ely well Gilder somewhat severe conditions is perhaps the :'-"'-:6 that shouid mainly be applied to ski r;,ountaineers. The c::. ::'Ni'9 terse outline is not meant to be definitive. It is a guide c::.' -"',e ski instruc:or. It is the least he should kr.ow. =::~jo';ient 2X:'-·:~ skis ~. ~a:::Jle bindings with touring hitch (some release - bindings Simply are not suitable) c. r:,oderately long poles ::I. Mohair or sealskin climbers Touring waxes (both climbing and running,; Er;,ergency ski tips (espeCially on extendeci trips) Rucksack, Bergen-type (with frame) S;eeping bag. 4-5 pounds (down, with separate cover) Light weight cookset (nesting aluminum pots) Gasoline stove (if camping above timberline) .-:. Sun glasses (plus one extra pair) MiTts or lined gloves (extra pairs of liners) ~. Compass Map of area in which you are traveling Repair kit (wire, leather thong, ·screw-driver, extra edge screws, needle and thread) Tent, groundcloth or tarp-optional-depending on circumstances or terrain. Ice axe, cr.ampons, climbing rope (optional) Sunburn lotion, first-aid kit. -'avel in the Mountains Trave! is the essence of ski mountilineerin::;. In a sense it lH I I i , \ I i' I I includes ail the other parts of this activity, but for the moment we will consider it primarily in terms of movement. A. Many very "hot" skiers in the normal downhill sense of pleasure skiing do not even know the basic steps of cross country skiing, yet these are as fundamental to ski mountaineering as the boots one wears. The instructor should know at least the primary movements and should see that everyone else in any party he leads into the .mountains knows them. Crosscountry steps: 1. One step 2. Two step a. variations 3. Three steps 4. Multiple step variations 5. Climbing steps 6. Poling 7. Use of poles in climbing (i.e., keeping them slightly behind for maximum thrust) B. Pace is a critical factor in ski-mountaineering. With a good pace a party can continue for hours at a time with only brief regular "breathers" of five minutes. The pace that generally suits a group might be described as "slow and rhythmical", but too much emphasis on slowness can be as much a fault as too much haste. One of the best gauges of pace is one's breathing: travel at such a speed that you are able, with moderately deep breaths, to breathe through your nose and yet not have to strai'n for air. In any case, always remember that the pace will be determined by the slowest member of the party. Watch this person, experiment, see how much he can stand (very cautiously!) and then settle on that tempo. A trip can easily be ruined by failure to do this. Almost inseparable from pace is the matter of clothing and the regulation of body heat while moving. Pay close attention to this and do not allow your group to become overheated, nor, conversely, chilled when the sun dips behind the range or a bank of clouds. The job of breaking trail should be shared as equally as possible by all members of the party. It is your job to see that this is done. C. It almost goes without saying that much of the success of any kind of trip depends on the composition of the group. The more mundane sense this; naturally it varies according to the blonde or redhead, but in ski touring it is a crucial factor. Choose your party 1, W"' __ ~~_'''''''''-''" oa ow _ .$ ..... "'_ IA. PO 4 ow ,·,wd, . .a.,J££ ;WUQ!2..xA4XLUS, .. J!JlIi44CUJJaA.)24kP.443&J $ - .. ----.. ---.. --.-•.. ~- .-~- a:cordingly. If you know of conflicts existing prior to the trip remove at least one side of the argument from the group. Look for "team" types unless you want to do all the. work yourself. D. Camping is a topic of far too great magnitude to be detailed here. A few brief points should be remembered. 1. Always seek protection from wind and storm by using natural protection such as forest, lee sides of ridges, large rocks, etc. 2. W!-,enever the alternative presents itself camping in wooded areas is gellerally preferable. 3. Use natura'l material as much as possibie, thereby cutting down on carrying-weight. This means building lean-tos, cutting boughs for mattressing, digging snow-cave shelters and wood-fires. . 4. It goes almost without saying that one should endeavor to camp near water. If .running water is not nearby, a tarp properly spread with snow on it will pro'/ide a considerable amount of melt-water. 5. Make and keep a clean camp; your body will be sweaty and dirty enough to provide the sometimes sought-after feeling of rusticity. 2,-". e Finding and Orientation Route Finding The success of many ski-mountaineering trips depends on the sicill with which one selects the route along which the party will --,wei. Route-finding is an art; it is not easily come-by in its more ;:::!vanced aspects, but the rudiments should be understood by e /e"y ski instruCior.· 1. Pick a safe route in all cases. This means one that is free all forseeable avalanche danger, one that does not lead into -::'0 exposed an area in threatening werther, one that does not ·-.volve steep traverses that are beyond the ability of the weakest ~en-.bel' of the party. 2. Select a line of ascent that rises steadily but not too steeply. :-ioid frequent switch backing except when climbing up narrow ::Jrridors. Know something about the terrain you are descending --0 if you are not doubling back on your line of ascent. 3. If traveling in avalanche country try to determine escape -:;JTeS in the event conditions become too hazardous to continue ;:.on9 the selected route. 1 ..... Orientation 1. Although map reading will not be dealt with here, the ski instructor should understand the basic symbols of topographic or contour maps. The ability to properly interpret the contour notations on maps of a given area can save tremendously in time and energy. 2. When travelling in unfamiliar terrain the technique generally used is to pick prominent landmarks such as mountain tops, rock outcroppings, valleys, etc., and take compass bearings of two or more widely spaced points. The intersection of these bearings (which is actua!ly the reverse of the bearing, i.e., the bearing plus 180") on the map .oriented to North gives one's position. 3. If traveling in unfamiliar terrain for which no' adequate maps are available, a system known as "dead-reckoning" is advisable. Take departure from a known point and thereafter keep track of direction, distance and time travelled. This information should be carefully noted and appraised from time to time. It sometimes helps to make a rough sketch of the visible terrain through which you are travelling and coordinate your recorded distances and direction with this. 4. Some useful rules of thumb for determining direction: a. At 12:00 o'clock noon, local shadows fall to the north of objects. Shadows move approximately 15 0 from West to East each hour. For example: at 6:00 o'clock in the evening, shadows have moved 90" and point due East. This data, of course, varies with the seasonal declination of the sun. b. The sun may be used in conjunction with a watch to deter-mine directions. To use this method point the hour hand of the watch toward the sun. A line drawn half-way between the hour hand and 12:00 o'clock will point south. This is true only in the Northern Hemisphere. c. Signs of nature are useful guides to direction: 1. Single coniferous trees growing apart from others are always. more bushy on the south side. 2. Moss on deciduou's trees always grows higher on the north side of the trunk. 3. The snow on the south sides of hills is generally melted and more granular than that of the north. F. Avalanches and Snow Structure Of all the hazards to the skiers traveling in mountainous terrain the avalanche is the most serious. Never relax your vigil for the conditions or signs that warn of the possibility of avalanche. 19 I 1. Several rules of thumb are useful in determining the ava ·Ianche potentiality in a given area: The primary factors in terrain and climate. In . heavy snowfall areas involving relatively steep slopes there is almost inevitably avalanche hazard. Equally important TO .amount of snow that falls is the manner in which it falls. BIBLIOGRAPHY Written mater·ial on the sport of skiing is of a rather limited nature. In addition, much that has been written is available only in foreign language editi0ns. Here is, however, a list of some of the available material that will be of most value and interest to the Certified Ski Instructor. 1. Avalanches a. Kine ewph iict:h msinnodw t hhea s·f ofalllolewnin: g criteria or part of the manner a. Avalanche Handbook _ U. S. Forest Service 1. Old snow depth 2. Old snow surface 3. New snow depth 4. New sno\iV type 5. Snowfall intensity (the rate at which snow fell) 6. Precipitation intenSity (moisture content per hour of snowfall) . 7. Settlement 8. Wind - perhaps the single most important factor. Where there is a moderate to strong wind during a storm there is usually an avalanche hazard created. ..J. Types ·cf avalanche 1. Wind slab - the most dangerous and difficult to detect. Found usually (though not always) on lee slopes. Common in the Rocky Mountains. 2. Powder snow - Common in the Rockies 3. Wet snow 4. Combination - (formed by two of the above) 5. Climax 6. Ground or spring avalanches c. General rules in avalanche terrain: 1. Keep clear of overhanging cornices; if traveling on a corniced ridge stay well to windward. 2. Keep well to the far side of the valley from known avalanche slopes; if you must travel near them at all. 3. When crossing a potentially dangerous slope cross as high as possible. 4. Check the stability of snow slopes by driving a ski pole down through several layers to determine the nature of their cohesion. :':0 2. Racing a. Rules - "U.S. Racing Rules" - National Ski Association, _ "F. I. S." - Denver, Colorado . 3. Ski Equipment a. "Learn to Ski", by Ernie McCullough, Universal Publishing and Distributing Corp., N. Y. City b. "Modern Skiing", by Robert Bourdon, published by J. B. Lippincott, Philadelphia & New York 4. Ski History a. Encyclopaedia Brittanica 1956 - (See Ski) b. Allais Technique by Robert Albouy - published by Craftsman Press Inc., Seattle, Washington, 1953 5. Ski Mountaineering a. "Ski Mountaineering" - University of California Press (Berkley) 1942 b. "Handbook of American Mountaineering, by Henderson, published by the Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mass. 6. Ski Patrol a. "National Ski Patrol System Manual" - published by National Ski Patrol System, Graybar Building, New York 1941 7. Ski Technique a. The World Ski Book - published by Longmans, Green & Co., Inc., 1949 b. Modified Arlberg - "Invitation to Skiing", Fred Iselin _ published by Simon & Schuster 1947 c. Allais Technique by Robert Albouy d. Arlberg Technique - "Downhill Skiing" by Otto Lang, published by Henry Holt & Company 1936 e. "Ski ABC, The Modern Technique", by Georges Joubert and Jean Vuarnet. Available from Ralph Miller, Hanover, N.H. f. "Learn to Ski", by Ernie McCullouch 21 \:\/axing' a. "Swing in:o Skiing" by Arnold Fawcus - see page 17 - 80blished by Harcourt, Brace & Company! 947 V/r·ere to Ski a. "Where to Ski" by Joan & David Landman - published by Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Mass., 1949 "Ski Nev" Horizons" by Roland Palmedo ..,.- published by A. S. Barr.es & Company, New York, 1956 "Skiing tre Americas" by John Jay - published by Mac'! Iilian Co.,' New York 1947 ire book, "Skiing, The International Sport", edited by Roland ,.-~ -eo::::. and published by the Derrydale Press, Nell York City, is a ~:,- c::::iplete and authoritative book, covering ali phases of the "c:-- co can be seen from the Table of Contents and contributors: C~cOTer I. Tne Ori.gins of Skiing by Arthur Ze:tersten i:o:-:::-'s Prefcce - by Roland Palmedo C~.coter II. Tije International Ski. Federation ('::.I.S.) by ,'},ojor N. R. Oestgaard, Cnc::>ter III. The Olympic Winter Games by Count de Baillet Latour =~'-:-2~ IV. The National Ski Association of hrlerica by -,,'2'2' Langley Cnaprer V. History and Development of Skiing in America by Charles N. Proctor C":co:er VI. Controlled Downhill Skiing by Richard Durrance C~,a2ter VII. The Development of the Ski School in Austria by Hannes Schneider Cric::>ter VIII. Ski Instruction in Switzerland by Christian Rubi =~c8~er IX. "Too Damn Stupid ... " by Luis Trenker C~,aoter X. Easter Trip to the Wiidspitze by Luis Trenker • ne best source of more recent and up to date developments o;"ases of skiing may be current and back issue of contem: J:-=-\' ski publications and periodicals. FULLY CERTIFIED SKI INSTRUCTORS As of 14 September 1957 <~=-- ,,',. AI::louy, Head Ski Co" 1507 R"lanci Heights I>.VE"cO Baltimore 1, Md. .:-- 60' :e,(, Box 152, Dillon, Colorado * - -" E~ 'ey', 9205 Viesf 4th Ave., Lakewood, Colorado 4. Deane Billings, Aspen, Colorado 5, Ernie Blake, Hondo Lodge, Box 1568, Taos, N.M. * 6, Robert L. Card, Aspen, Colorado. 7. Curt Chase, Box 563, Aspen, Colorado * 8. Phil Clark, Box 331, Georgetown, Colorado 9. Bob Craig, Hotel Jerome, Aspen, Colorado' 10, Mrs. Edna Dercum, Skitip Ranch, Dillon, Colorado 11, Max Dercum, Skitip Ranch, Dillon. Colorado' i 2. Ge8rge Engel, Box 55, Winterp3rk, Colorado * 13. N\ouri:e Fian~gan, 40 Summer St., Iv\ilforc1, N.H. 14, Don Forsyth, Box 621, Caldwell, Id3ho 15, Col, Ken Floto, M & CWTC, Fort Carson, Colorado 16, Il,ax Good, 1620 Hayworth Avenue, Apt. 2, Hollywood, California 17, John Hewey, Aspen, Colorado 18. Chuck Highwwer, Aspen, Colorado * 19, Mrs. Elli Iselin, Aspen, Colorado 20, Fred Iselin. Aspen, Colorado' 21. Art Johnson, 7439 West 19th Ave., LakeNood, Colorado 22. Lt. Col. Ed Link, 221 Grape Street, Colorado Springs, Colorado * 23, Sepp Kessler, Aspen, Colorado 24. Dick McCrudden, Aspen, Colorado 25. Jac, McTarnaghan, Aspen, Cabrado * 26. h:-,,' Morris, Aspen, Colorado' 27. Jack Morehead, Box 241, YosemiTe Park, California 28. \Nendy iVlorse, Aspen, Colore do '* 29 Gecrge Nelson, Lutsen Resort, I\~innesota 3~. Roy Parker, Loveland Basin, Box 423, Georgetown, Colorado * 31, Charles Paterson, Aspen. Colorado 3'2, Ed Pe:key, Jr., 5261 So. Penn, Littleton, Colorado 33, Friedl Pfeifer, Aspen, Colorado * 34, Kingsbury Pitcher, Aspen, Colorado + 35. Roy S. Reid, Aspen, Colorado' 36, Willy Schaeffler, 3456 So. Ash, Denver, Colorado * 37, Karl Schnackenberg, Box 556, Leadville, Colorado * _ 38, Rudi Schnackenberg, Box 55: Winterpark, Colorado * 39. Pete Seibert, Aspen, Colorado ' 40, Morrie Sheppard, Aspen, Colorcco' 41. Mrs, Thelma Sabbatini, Box 33, Aspen, CoLorado 42. Sandy Sabbatini, Box 33, Aspen, Colorado + 43. Knut Smith, M & C W T C, Fort Carson, Colorado 44. James Snobble, Box 618, Aspen, Colorado' 45. Jack Snobble, Colorado Rocky Mountain School, Carbondale, Colo. 46, Be"gt Soderstrom, Aspen, Colorado * 47. H. G, Sorenson, 1708 W. Platte, Colorado Springs, Colorado 48, Sepp Uhl, Aspen, Colorado + 49. Skip Vorhees, Aspen, Colorado 50. Roy Vroom, Aspen, Colorado 51, . Hans Wagner, 2005 Mesa, Colorono Springs, Colorado' 52, erich Windisch, address unknown 53, Toni Woerndle, Aspen Colorado * 54. Dick Wright, Aspeh, Colorado * :!:l ASSOOATE SKI INSTRUCTORS As of 14 September 1957 '/,,3: Gale Andrev.·s, 1"526 Ivy, Denver, Colorado 2. ~"o. A~drew Arnold, 55549716 US Army Cold Weather 8. Mtn. Scheel, ~-. G'eely, Alaska. APO 773, Seattle ~ -:0::: ;"'s~or, .Asper:, Colorado -. ; :- s'o' Bailey, 465 Yukon, LakewDDd, CelDradD ,,"zz Bainbridge, Box 1247, Santa Fe, N.M. ::;",-e 5erg, 206 So. Lafayette, Denver, CDIDradD _ : iO BDlander, Sex 29, Vadito., N.M. ; css :;ewlby, Fraze" CD lorado ',' ss Zelia Breiding Aspen, Colorado C'oven, 1530 East 90th, Denver, CeleradD ',' s-,'- Brusse, 306' So. Dahlia, Denver, Celerado L. :~ Cr S' 414 Eas; 7th, Denver, ·Celerade ~ ,'I eSC. Carchings, Aspen, Cafora-do, =SOg :eston, 776 Bellaire, Denver, Celerado -S--, cife, 1195 So. Fairfax, Denver, Colorado. ',' ss Cerel Gallun, Aspen, Celerade Garcia, Box ':23, Georgetown, Celerade Garger, 411 \'.'ashingten Avenue, Golden, Celorado ::~~: C '.JY 141, Aspen, Colorado ':;:')u;~,an, .. 776 E. Utah Place, Denver, Celorade ;: :ss G:";ffin, Aspen, Colurado :"e5' Gray, 562 Williams, Deadweed, S.D. ;,. Ha", Aspen, Colorado _ '" "oath, Box 572, Aspen, Celerade ',' ss 20rethy HelmKamp, Aspen, Celorade 1/ ~ ','. -(e'en Holst, Aspen, Colorado. Lecilie Hurst, Aspen, Colerade jecobs, SteancbDat Springs, Celerade _,-- J~."p, Bex ':56, Geergetewn, Celerado ',,- Ke 'strDm, Aspen Celerade ',,, C~: Kelleher, Aspen, Celerade :'",,, Lack, Aspen, Co. lorado. La'sh, Box 13, Frisco., Co. lorado. "€oonard, Fish Creek Ranch, Estes Park, Celeraoe = .. _! "e"" Aspen, Col;'rade _ ,- ca- Grandin, 1 ~20 Eudera, Denver, Celerado ',", ::e~e Mallery, 3201 Millbeurne, Flint, Mich. J,'#! -- :.. ~x • ... cC:~'e, 457 Ei·" St., Denver, Celerade G'~ny McClure, 447 Elm St., Denver, Co. lorado. !,',"tin, 2710 Gretta NE, Albuquerque, N.M. .'.' eza, Box 996, Rifle, Celerade ·c.· er, Box 55, Winterpark, Celeralo 1. f':;~ ~!'8:yel ,A,spen Colorado L.:. -~.=:::: :.I"/ring, 555 So. Emerson, Denver, Colorado ,'a:: 0 -.:, Box 2085, Santa Fe, N. M. :!-t 54. Dick Wright, Aspen, Celerade * 46. Stewart Peck, Bex 175, Aspen, CDlerade 47. Henry Pedersen, Aspen, Celerade 48. Richard PDwnall, 7745 W. 5th Ave., Lakeweed, CDlerade 49. Dean Pulver, 1624 So.. Welff, Denver, Celerade 50. Mrs. Shirley Pulver, 1624 So.. Welff, Denver, Celerade 51. Dick Randelph, Steambeat Springs, Celerade 52. Jim Reush, Aspen, Celerade 53. Edgar Stanten, Aspen, Celerade 54. Sanferd Schwartz, 900 Breadway, Beulder, Celerade 55, Mrs. Liz Schwartz, 900 Breadway, Beulder, Celerade 56, Karl Sverre, Bex 1247, Santa Fe, N.M. 57. Pete Totemoff, Box 8103, Station C, Albuquerque, N.M. 58. Mrs_ Gretl Uhl, Aspen, Celorado 59. Milton Wiley, Pagesa Springs, Colerado 60. Ed Wachs, McHenry Road, Prairie View, Illinois 61. Ted Waddell, Continental Research Cerp., 40, Wall Street, New York City. 62. Robert M. Ware, Suite 210; 105 Filmere Street, Denver, Colorado 63, William Wilson, Winterpark, Colorado 64. Jehn Younger, 2628 So. Quitman, Denver, Colorado |