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Show 5 purposes of particular nations at given times, or the ground rules that they set for themselves, except when and if they were beneficial to themselves, is made apparent by the history of international relations and of international conflict during the colonial period. Two studies by Max Savelle, "International Aspects of the Age of Discovery," Chapter 5 of The Foundations of American Civilization (1942), and The Origins of American Diplomacy: The International History of Angloamerica, 1492-1763 (1967), help us to understand the maneuver-ings of the diplomats and the conflicts of the period from a northern European and North American point of view. All of this is necessary background to a comprehension of relationships between the Indian and the European. It was the European-American states which established the practice of dealing with indigenous peoples as separate nations, thus invoking the law of nations when it could be used to their advantage to cover the practices that developed in their relationships with them. At the same time, they regularly referred to them as "inferior peoples," and they devised a different set of rules acceptable to "select" nation states but not always acceptable to such authorities in the field of natural law as Francisco de Vitoria, Hugo Grotius, and Emmerich Vattel. To try to shame the rulers of these select states, who devised the new rules and sometimes set themselves above the law, Hugo Grotius addressed a choice statement "to the rulers and to the free and independent nations of Christendom" in a work on The Freedom of the Seas, |