TBI and the Neuro-Ophthalmologist: Afferent Symptoms and Signs

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and concussion have received wide attention in the news due to its high incidence and the devastating short and long-term negative impact it can impart on affected patients and their families. It touches the lives of all ages and has been made a major funding priority for clinical and research investigation by granting agencies(1-3). The main causes of traumatic brain injury include motor vehicle accidents, falls, assault, sports trauma, and exposure to improvised explosive devices (IEDs) by military personnel. The epidemiology, pathology and medical management have been recently reviewed.