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Show I F R F D o c N o K 7 0 / y / 1 1 3 -2- AFRC Spring IJmuiden, April 1997 meeting 1997 individually refractory lined water-cooled modules, which provides flexibility for adaptation to many industrial processes. The coals and sewage sludge were prepared and milled in the IFRF solid fuel handling facility to a particle size of circa 75 % < 75 u m For each experimental condition, detailed input/output measurements were taken using standard IFRF probing techniques [7]. Output conditions consisted of: flue gas temperature, flue gas composition (O2, C O 2 , C O, N O x , and SO2), heat transfer and heat flux distributions. Flue gas solid samples were taken to determine the total combustibles burnout and when firing sewage, dioxin measurements were taken on pre-selected flames [8, 9]. 2.2 Fuels A detailed analysis of the sewage and coals used in each programme are given in Tables 1, 2 and 3. The coals were chosen because of their long term availability, accessibility and differences in rank, so that a direct comparison could be made with other coals with similar properties, and, in the case of the biomass A P A S programme, other members within the European Union Clean Coal Technology (EUCCT) programme. Elemental analysis (wt % ) Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Sulphur Proximate analysis (wt % ) Ash Volatiles ( V M) Fixed Carbon (FC) H20 L C V (MJ/kg] Polish 69.76 4.13 1.17 9.62 1.12 14.3 32.1 49.2 10.8 29.34 El Cerejon Columbia 69.42 4.41 1.47 13.7 0.73 10.4 35.2 51.1 3.6 25.77 Klein Kopje S. Africa 70.49 3.5 1.74 8.26 0.47 15.3 22.0 61.5 8.1 27.23 Table 1. Fuel Properties - Fuel Staging with Coal Elemental Analysis (wt % ) Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Sulphur Chlorine Proximate Analysis (wt % ) Ash Volatiles Fixed Carbon Moisture Lower Calorific Value (MJ/kg) Gdttelborn Germany 73.05 4.56 1.33 10.61 0.99 9.1 35.6 52.3 1.1 28.67 Med Mac 81.66 4.68 1.48 4.68 0.70 6.6 27.6 63.3 0.3 31.81 U.S.A. coal 76.0 5.1 0.7 9.3 2.1 0.03 6.8 37.3 29.8 Municipal Sewage Sludge 26.5 3.44 3.54 21.62 21.62 46.3 50.3 3.4 3.1 12.24 Table 2. Fuel Properties - Fuel staging with Sewage |