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Title | Description | Type |
126 |
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3-33b - Papilledema Stages | Grading Papilledema: Stage 2 = Elevation of the disc margin 360 degrees. Since the blood vessels at the disc margin are not swollen or obscured, this disc could be mistaken for pseudo-papilledema. | Image |
127 |
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Papilledema 2013 | Discussion of papilledema, the swelling due to increased pressure. | Text |
128 |
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2-37a - Vascular Features | When looking at the disc, the central retinal artery and vein should be visible. The central retinal artery is usually slightly narrower than the vein. When the central retinal artery goes though the lamina cribrosa, the artery becomes smaller because of diminution of the muscular layer and loss of ... | Image |
129 |
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Location of Pupillomotor Fibers | Location of pupillomotor fibers are depicted as dark regions on cross-sections of the right (R) and left (L) oculomotor nerve at various locations along its course, including its emergence from the brain stem in the interpeduncular fossa (1), the midsubarachnoid segment (2), the level of the dorsum ... | Image |
130 |
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Anatomy of the Pupillary Light Reflex Pathway | Anatomy of the pupillary light reflex pathway. (Miller NR: Walsh And Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, p 421. Vol 2, 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1985, with permission.) | Image |
131 |
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The Course of the Postganglionic Segment of the Oculosympathetic Fibers from the Internal Carotid Artery | The course of the postganglionic segment of the oculosympathetic fibers from the internal carotid artery (ICA) to the orbit is depicted as a dotted line. Note that they briefly join the abducens nerve (cranial nerve VI) before joining the nasociliary branch of the of the ophthalmic division of the t... | Image |
132 |
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Anatomy of the Oculosympathetic Pathway | Anatomy of the oculosympathetic pathway. (Maloney WF, Younge BR, Moyer NJ: Evaluation of the causes and accuracy of pharmacologic localization in Horner's syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 1980;90:394-402, Ophthalmic Publishing Company with permission.) | Image |
133 |
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Bilateral Ptosis | Video of patient with bilateral ptosis. | Image/MovingImage |
134 |
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Retino-choroidal Vessels or Optociliary Veins or Ciliary Shunt | Overview of retino-choroidal collaterals, which are potential telangiectatic connections between the retina and choroidal circulation. Although sometimes called "shunts", these collaterals are between the retinal venous circulation and the choroidal venous circulation. | Text |
135 |
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2-37b - Vascular Features | When looking at the disc, the central retinal artery and vein should be visible. The central retinal artery is usually slightly narrower than the vein. When the central retinal artery goes though the lamina cribrosa, the artery becomes smaller because of diminution of the muscular layer and loss of ... | Image |
136 |
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Central Retinal Artery Occlusion | Video of central retinal artery occlusion. | Image/MovingImage |
137 |
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Optic Disc Pallor Pseudo and Real | Discussion of the causes of optic disc pallor. | Text |
138 |
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Testing the Visual Fields | Demonstration of various methods of testing visual fields, including counting fingers, motion, and color of several objects. | Image/MovingImage |
139 |
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Pupillogram of a Healthy Young Subject | Pupillogram of a healthy young subject showing continuous pupillary oscillations of both pupils when light is sustained, indicated by the dark arrow at the top of the recording. Note that the oscillations of the pupils are synchronous and demonstrate variable amplitude and frequency. This pattern of... | Image |
140 |
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Relationship Between Age and Pupil Size | Relationship between age and pupil size, determined using an infrared flash photograph technique with subjects placed in darkness for 3 minutes. The numbers above the abscissa indicate the number of subjects tested in each age range. (Reprinted with permission of Loewenfeld IE: "Simple, central" ani... | Image |
141 |
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Normal Light Reflex without RAPD | This clip demonstrates the examination of the Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect (RAPD.) Demonstration of gauging the size of the pupil in light, testing light reflexes, swinging flashlight test for optic nerve abnormality. | Image/MovingImage |
142 |
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Enhanced Mydriasis in Response to Hydroxyamphetamine | Enhanced mydriasis in response to hydroxyamphetamine in a 77-year-old woman with a long-standing, preganglionic, right-sided Horner's syndrome that occurred following cervical neck dissection for thoracic outlet syndrome 30 years earlier. Miosis of the right pupil is apparent in room light (top). Th... | Image |
143 |
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Left-sided Horner's Syndrome with an Acquired Preganglionic Localization | Left-sided Horner's syndrome in a 12-year-old girl with an acquired preganglionic localization based on clinical and pharmacologic testing. The cause remained undetermined after extensive radiologic investigations. Left-sided ptosis and miosis are evident in room light (top), and the degree of aniso... | Image |
144 |
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Bilateral Iris Colobomas (B) | Bilateral iris colobomas. B. Bilateral colobomatous defects of the inferonasal retina (black arrows) are also present, as shown in the right eye. | Image |
145 |
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Flow Chart for Sorting Out Anisocoria - Bright Light and Darkness | Flow chart for sorting out anisocoria based initially on how it is influenced by bright light and darkness. | Image |
146 |
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Flow Chart for Sorting Out Anisocoria - Direct Light Reaction of the Pupil | Flow chart for sorting out anisocoria based initially on the integrity of the direct light reaction of the pupil. | Image |
147 |
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Assessment of an Afferent Pupillary Defect When Only One Iris is Functional | Assessment of an afferent pupillary defect when only one iris is functional. In this example, a right-sided parasellar tumor is compressing both the optic and oculomotor nerves, causing an optic neuropathy and a pupil-involving third crainial nerve palsy. The pupil on the affected side has both an a... | Image |
148 |
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Hand-held Equipment Used to Measure a Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect | Hand-held equipment used to measure a relative afferent pupillary defect and to record pupil sizes. Four neutral density filters (0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2 log units) are conveniently carried in a soft cloth carrying pouch. A bright light source (a Finhoff model illuminator is shown here) is ideal for stim... | Image |
149 |
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Binocular Pendular Nystagmus | Example of a patient with binocular pendular nystagmus. Patient has somewhat dissociated nystagmus, with nystagmus seen more prominently in the left eye. Patient shows an occasional jerk nystagmus to the right in the right eye. Left eye oscillations are mostly pendular. | Image/MovingImage |
150 |
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Aberrant Regeneration of the Right Pupil | Aberrant regeneration of the right pupil in a man with a large intracavernous sinus meningioma causing a pupil-involving, incomplete third cranial nerve palsy. His pupil is round when he gazes straight ahead (top). When he tries to rotate the eye medially, the pupil constricts, but a segment of the ... | Image |