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TitleDescriptionSubjectCollection
76 Gait Exam: Abnormal Examples: Hemiplegic Gait DemonstrationThe patient has unilateral weakness and spasticity with the upper extremity held in flexion and the lower extremity in extension. The foot is in extension so the leg is too long therefore, the patient will have to circumduct or swing the leg around to step forward. This type of gait is seen with a U...Gait Examination; Hemiplegic GaitNeuroLogic Exam: An Anatomical Approach
77 Coordination Exam: Abnormal Examples: Natural Gait (x2) (includes Spanish audio & captions)Wide-based, unsteady, irregular steps with lateral veering| ataxia is most prominent when sudden changes are needed such as turning, standing up or stopping. NeuroLogic Exam has been supported by a grant from the Slice of Life Development Fund at the University of Utah, the Department of Pediatrics ...Coordination Examination; Natural GaitNeuroLogic Exam: An Anatomical Approach
78 Cranial Nerve Exam: Anatomy: Cranial Nerve 1 (x2)Olfaction is the only sensory modality with direct access to cerebral cortex without going through the thalamus. The olfactory tracts project mainly to the uncus of the temporal lobes. NeuroLogic Exam has been supported by a grant from the Slice of Life Development Fund at the University of Utah, th...Cranial Nerve ExaminationNeuroLogic Exam: An Anatomical Approach
79 Coordination Exam: Anatomy: Introduction (x2) (includes Spanish audio & captions)The principle area of the brain that is examined by the coordination exam is the cerebellum. The cerebellum is important for motor learning and timing of motor activity. It fine-tunes the force of agonist and antagonist muscle activity simultaneously and sequentially across multiple joints to produc...Coordination ExaminationNeuroLogic Exam: An Anatomical Approach
80 Cranial Nerve Exam: Abnormal Examples: Cranial Nerves 2 & 3 - Pupillary Light Reflex (x2)The swinging flashlight test is used to show a relative afferent pupillary defect or a Marcus Gunn pupil of the left eye. The left eye has perceived less light stimulus (a defect in the sensory or afferent pathway) then the opposite eye so the pupil dilates with the same light stimulus that caused c...Cranial Nerve Examination; Marcus Gunn PupilNeuroLogic Exam: An Anatomical Approach
81 Coordination Exam: Abnormal Examples: Finger-to-nose (includes Spanish audio & captions)Under (hypometria) and over (hypermetria) shooting of a target (dysmetria) and the decomposition of movement (the breakdown of the movement into its parts with impaired timing and integration of muscle activity) are seen with appendicular ataxia. NeuroLogic Exam has been supported by a grant from th...Coordination Examination; Finger-to-nose TestNeuroLogic Exam: An Anatomical Approach
82 Coordination Exam: Abnormal Examples: Station (includes Spanish audio & captions)Patient's feet will be placed wider apart then usual in order to maintain balance (broad or wide-based station). Midline ataxias cause instability of station with eyes opened or closed. NeuroLogic Exam has been supported by a grant from the Slice of Life Development Fund at the University of Utah, t...Coordination Examination; StationNeuroLogic Exam: An Anatomical Approach
83 Coordination Exam: Abnormal Examples: Tandem Gait (includes Spanish audio & captions)Patients with ataxia have difficulty narrowing the station in order to walk heel to toe. Tandem gait is helpful in identifying subtle or mild gait ataxia. NeuroLogic Exam has been supported by a grant from the Slice of Life Development Fund at the University of Utah, the Department of Pediatrics and...Coordination Examination; Tandem Gait; Heel-toe GaitNeuroLogic Exam: An Anatomical Approach
84 Coordination Exam: Abnormal Examples: Foot - Rapid Alternating Movements (x2) (includes Spanish audio & captions)Movements are slow and irregular with imprecise timing of agonist and antagonist muscle action. NeuroLogic Exam has been supported by a grant from the Slice of Life Development Fund at the University of Utah, the Department of Pediatrics and the Office of Education at the University of Nebraska Medi...Coordination Examination; Rapid Alternating Movements; AdiadochokinesisNeuroLogic Exam: An Anatomical Approach
85 Coordination Exam: Abnormal Examples: Rebound (x2) (includes Spanish audio & captions)Increased range of movement with lack of normal recoil to original position is seen in cerebellar disease. NeuroLogic Exam has been supported by a grant from the Slice of Life Development Fund at the University of Utah, the Department of Pediatrics and the Office of Education at the University of Ne...Coordination Examination; ReboundNeuroLogic Exam: An Anatomical Approach
86 Gait Exam: Anatomy: IntroductionAll levels of the neuroaxis contribute to gait although most gait abnormalities are motor in nature. In assessing gait it is important to not only watch the lower extremities but also the upper extremities for normal associated movements. NeuroLogic Exam has been supported by a grant from the Slice ...Gait ExaminationNeuroLogic Exam: An Anatomical Approach
87 Coordination Exam: Abnormal Examples: Rebound (includes Spanish audio & captions)Increased range of movement with lack of normal recoil to original position is seen in cerebellar disease. NeuroLogic Exam has been supported by a grant from the Slice of Life Development Fund at the University of Utah, the Department of Pediatrics and the Office of Education at the University of Ne...Coordination Examination; ReboundNeuroLogic Exam: An Anatomical Approach
88 Cranial Nerve Exam: Anatomy: Major Oculomotor Gaze Systems (x2)Eye movements are controlled by 4 major oculomotor gaze systems, which are tested for on the neurological exam. They are briefly outlined here: Saccadic (frontal gaze center to PPRF (paramedian pontine reticular formation) for rapid eye movements to bring new objects being viewed on to the fovea. Sm...Cranial Nerve ExaminationNeuroLogic Exam: An Anatomical Approach
89 Cranial Nerve Exam: Abnormal Examples: Cranial Nerves 3, 4 & 6 - Ductions (x2)Each eye is examined with the other covered (this is called ductions). The patient is unable to adduct either the left or the right eye. If you watch closely you can see nystagmus upon abduction of each eye. When both eyes are tested together (testing versions) you can see the bilateral adduction de...Cranial Nerve Examination; DuctionsNeuroLogic Exam: An Anatomical Approach
90 Cranial Nerve Exam: Anatomy: Major Oculomotor Gaze SystemsEye movements are controlled by 4 major oculomotor gaze systems, which are tested for on the neurological exam. They are briefly outlined here: Saccadic (frontal gaze center to PPRF (paramedian pontine reticular formation) for rapid eye movements to bring new objects being viewed on to the fovea. Sm...Cranial Nerve ExaminationNeuroLogic Exam: An Anatomical Approach
91 Gait Exam: Anatomy: Localizing ValueThere are 7 basic pathological gaits that should be recognized by their characteristic pattern. These pathological gaits are: - Hemiplegic - Spastic diplegic - Neuropathic - Myopathic - Parkinsonian - Chorea - Ataxic These gaits have localizing value because they can indicate levels (an y axis a...Gait Examination; Hemiplegic Gait; Spastic Diplegia; Neuropathic Gait; Myopathic Gait; Diplegic GaitNeuroLogic Exam: An Anatomical Approach
92 Coordination Exam: Anatomy: Midline Ataxia (x2) (includes Spanish audio & captions)Clinically, the ataxic syndromes caused by vestibulocerebellar and spinocerebellar disease are lumped together and are called midline or equilibratory (gait) ataxias. The hallmarks of these midline ataxic syndromes are truncal instability manifested by titubation (tremor of the trunk in an anterior-...Coordination Examination; Anterior Lobe of Cerebellum; Flocculonodular LobeNeuroLogic Exam: An Anatomical Approach
93 Coordination Exam: Abnormal Examples: Tremor (includes Spanish audio & captions)A cerebellar intention tremor (1st scene in this movie) arises mainly from limb girdle muscles and is maximal at the most demanding phase of the active movement. This must be distinguished from a postural tremor (fine distal 8-13 Hz)(2nd scene) or resting tremor (coarse distal 5-6 Hz pill-rolling ty...Coordination Examination; Intention Tremor; Static Tremor; Resting TremorNeuroLogic Exam: An Anatomical Approach
94 Cranial Nerve Exam: Normal Exam: Vergence (x2)Vergence eye movements occur when the eyes move simultaneously inward (convergence) or outward (divergence) in order to maintain the image on the fovea that is close up or far away. Most often convergence is tested as part of the near triad. When a patient is asked to follow an object that is brough...Cranial Nerve Examination; VergenceNeuroLogic Exam: An Anatomical Approach
95 Cranial Nerve Exam: Abnormal Examples: Optokinetic NystagmusThis patient has poor optokinetic nystagmus when the tape is moved to the right or left. The patient lacks the input from the parietal-occipital gaze centers to initiate smooth pursuit movements therefore her visual tracking of the objects on the tape is inconsistent and erratic. Patients who have a...Cranial Nerve ExaminationNeuroLogic Exam: An Anatomical Approach
96 Cranial Nerve Exam: Abnormal Examples: Cranial Nerve 11 - Motor (x2)When the patient contracts the muscles of the neck the left sternocleidomastoid muscle is easily seen but the right is absent. Looking at the back of the patient, the left trapezius muscle is outlined and present but the right is atrophic and hard to identify. These findings indicate a lesion of the...Cranial Nerve ExaminationNeuroLogic Exam: An Anatomical Approach
97 Coordination Exam: Anatomy: Cerebrocerebellum (includes Spanish audio & captions)The 3rd subdivision of the cerebellum is the cerebrocerebellum. This system consists of connections from the cerebral cortex (predominantly motor) to the cerebellar hemispheres then back to the cerebral cortex. This system is important in motor planning. Dysfunction of the cerebellar hemispheres res...Coordination ExaminationNeuroLogic Exam: An Anatomical Approach
98 Gait Exam: Anatomy: Localizing ValueThere are 7 basic pathological gaits that should be recognized by their characteristic pattern. These pathological gaits are: - Hemiplegic - Spastic diplegic - Neuropathic - Myopathic - Parkinsonian - Chorea - Ataxic These gaits have localizing value because they can indicate levels (an y axis a...Gait Examination; Hemiplegic Gait; Spastic Diplegia; Neuropathic Gait; Myopathic Gait; Diplegic GaitNeuroLogic Exam: An Anatomical Approach
99 Coordination Exam: Abnormal Examples: Tremor (x2) (includes Spanish audio & captions)A cerebellar intention tremor (1st scene in this movie) arises mainly from limb girdle muscles and is maximal at the most demanding phase of the active movement. This must be distinguished from a postural tremor (fine distal 8-13 Hz)(2nd scene) or resting tremor (coarse distal 5-6 Hz pill-rolling ty...Coordination Examination; Intention Tremor; Static Tremor; Resting TremorNeuroLogic Exam: An Anatomical Approach
100 Cranial Nerve Exam: Abnormal Examples: Cranial Nerve 2 - FundoscopyThe first photograph is of a fundus showing papilledema. The findings of papilledema include 1. Loss of venous pulsations 2. Swelling of the optic nerve head so there is loss of the disc margin 3. Venous engorgement 4. Disc hyperemia 5. Loss of the physiologic cup and 6. Flame shaped hemorrhages. Th...Cranial Nerve ExaminationNeuroLogic Exam: An Anatomical Approach
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