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TitleDescriptionType
26 MELAS and RPMELAS; Mitochondrial Encephalopathy with Lactic Acidosis, Stroke and Pigmentary Changes in retina-associated with a retinal dystrophy. This 53 year old man had seizures, encephalopathy and lactic acidosis typical of MELAS. His fundus examination showed granularity and some slight pigmentary changes ...Text
27 Silent Sinus SyndromeSilent sinus syndrome (SSS) is characterized by spontaneous and progressive unilateral enophthalmos.
28 Benign Episodic Unilateral MydriasisPresentation covering benign episodic mydriasis.Text
29 Near Reflex and AccomodationDescription of testing the near reflex and accomodation.
30 Optic Disc: Anatomy, Variants, Unusual discsDiscussion of viewing the optic disc. Includes development of direct ophthalmoscope. Covers normal optic disc and nerve fiber; nerve fiber loss and defects; cilioretinal arteries; venous anomolies; papilledema; pseudopapilledema; myopic disc; hyperoptic disc; little red discs; megallopapilla; myelin...Text
31 Normal Optic DiscOverview of the structure and function of the normal optic disc.Text
32 Stages of PapilledemaText
33 Documenting the Neuro-ophthalmic Patient: External PhotographyDescription of documenting the neuro-ophthalmic patient using external photography. This covers pupils and extra ocular muscles.
34 The 3 Step Test: Looking for a 4th Nerve PalsyDescription of the three step test (3 step test) used when looking for a 4th nerve palsy.Text
35 Tunnel Vision on Tangent Screen TestingDescription of tunnel vision and tangent screen testing.
36 Spiral and Stellate Visual Fields Non-physiologic VariantsDescription of testing the spiral and stellate visual fields.
37 Clover-leaf Visual Field DefectsDescription of clover-leaf visual field defects.
38 Tangent Screen Testing Visual FieldDescription of tangent screen testing.
39 Tangent Screen Recording ChartThe tangent screen recording chart.
40 The Electroretinogram and Electro-oculogram: Clinical ApplicationsThe global or full-field electroretinogram (ERG) is a mass electrical response of the retina to photic stimulation. The ERG is a test used worldwide to assess the status of the retina in eye diseases in human patients and in laboratory animals used as models of retinal disease.Text
41 Visually Evoked PotentialsDetailed explanation of visually evoked potentials. The terms visually evoked potential (VEP), visually evoked response (VER) and visually evoked cortical potential (VECP) are equivalent. They refer to electrical potentials, initiated by brief visual stimuli, which are recorded from the scalp overl...Text
42 The Electro-oculogram: Clinical ApplicationsThe electrooculogram measures the potential that exists between the cornea and Bruch's membrane at the back of the eye. The potential produces a dipole field with the cornea approximately 5 millivolts positive compared to the back of the eye, in a normally illuminated room. Although the origin of th...Text
43 Fluoresein AngiographyComprehensive description of using fluoresein angiography in examinations.
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