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TitleDescriptionType
26 Dissection of the Carotid Artery
27 MaculaOverview of the structure and viewing of the macula.Text
28 Mimics of AtrophyText
29 Optic Nerve Tumors Benign and MalignantDiscussion of optic nerve tumors including meningioma and glioma.Text
30 Retinal Fluorescein AngiographyThis slide set provides a brief description of Retinal Fluorescein Angiography. First introduced in 1960, sodium fluorescein, a dye, is administered through an angiocatheter (3-5cc) by a nurse or technician. The dye reaches the central retinal artery after passing through the heart and lungs.Text
31 Shunt Vessel MeningiomaRETINO-CHOROIDAL (OPTO-CILIARY) COLLATERAL VESSELS: (also known as Retinal-choroidal venous collaterals, opticociliary veins or ciliary shunt vessels) Retino-choroidal collaterals are potential telangiectatic connections between the retina and choroidal circulation. Although sometimes called "shunts...Image
32 Shunt Vessel Meningioma - MRIMeningiomas block venous egress and open potential venous channels known as retinochoroidal (optociliary) collateral vein. This meningioma extends from the back of the globe through the optic canal.Image
33 Stargardt's DiseaseDiscussion of Stargardt's disease, an inherited maculopathy which frequently presents with a loss of central vision.Text
34 Third Nerve PalsyPatient with third nerve palsy (no audio)Image/MovingImage
35 Tilted DiscsShort PowerPoint discussion of tilted discs with illustrations and images.
36 Vestibular NystagmusExample of patient with vestibular nystagmus. Patient is led through instructions for direction of gaze. Shown also with Frenzel goggles.Image/MovingImage
37 Abducting (Dissociated) NystagmusExample of a patient with abducting (dissociated) nystagmus. Patient has a subtle internuclear ophthalmoplegia. Right eye has right-beating jerk nystagmus, with smaller oscillations in the left eye. Disease/Diagnosis: Abducting NystagmusImage/MovingImage
38 Congenital Ocular Motor ApraxiaTwo examples of congenital ocular motor apraxia. Patients have trouble initiating saccades, and compensate with head movement. Discussion of how to distinguish this condition from simply not seeing well.Image/MovingImage
39 Dissociated NystagmusExample of a patient with dissociated nystagmus. Demonstrates difference in movements between each eye.Image/MovingImage
40 Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia (2 Examples)Two examples of patients with internuclear ophthalmoplegia. First patient has a right internuclear ophthalmoplegia. Patient had subacute bacterial endocarditis with a bacterial abscess in the brain stem. Ductions and gaze to the right look good, but when gazing to the left, the right eye does not ad...Image/MovingImage
41 Latent NystagmusExample of a patient with latent nystagmus. Demonstrates a lack of oscillations in forward gaze, followed by the occlusion of each eye, showing how this generates a jerking oscillation in the non-occluded eye away from the occluded eye.Image/MovingImage
42 OpsoclonusExample of patients with opsoclonus, a saccadic abnormality.Image/MovingImage
43 Paradoxical Constriction of Pupils to Darkness (Flynn Phenomenon)Example of patients both with and without paradoxical constriction of pupils. Observed in many congenital retinal disorders, such as achromatopsia, congenital stationary night-blindness, and Leber's congenital amaurosis. Sometimes seen in optic nerve disorders, such as dominant optic atrophy.Image/MovingImage
44 Physiologic (End-Gaze) NystagmusDemonstration of physiological nystagmus, where oscillations do not represent pathology, but occur when the patient's gaze is drawn too far laterally.Image/MovingImage
45 Spasm of the Near ReflexExample of patient with spasm of the near reflex and voluntary nystagmus. Discussion of similar-looking conditions (e.g. six nerve palsy, limitation of abduction, lateral rectus muscle problems) and how to tell them apart from spasm of the near reflex by observing the myosis evoked by the near respo...Image/MovingImage
46 Transillumination Ocular MelanomaVideo describing condition.Image/MovingImage
47 Upbeat NystagmusExample of a patient with upbeat nystagmus. Shows vertical jerk nystagmus with fast phases in the up direction. Localizes to brain stem, and occurs with strokes, demyelination, and tumors.Image/MovingImage
48 Vestibular NystagmusDiscussion of vestibular nystagmus. Seen with peripheral disorders and central disorders, and in two varieties: spontaneous and positional. Horizontal jerk with small amplitude.Image/MovingImage
49 Aberrant Regeneration of the Third and Sixth NervesImage/MovingImage
50 The Multifocal Electroretinogram: Clinical ApplicationsThe most important development in ERGs is the multifocal ERG (mfERG). Erich Sutter adapted the mathematical sequences called binary m-sequences creating a program that can extract hundreds of focal ERGs from a single electrical signal. This system allows assessment of ERG activity in small areas of ...Text
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