The Health Education Assets Library (HEAL) is a collection of over 22,000 freely available digital materials for health sciences education. The collection is now housed at the University of Utah J. Willard Marriott Digital Library.
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| Title | Description | Subject | Collection | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 251 |
 |
Propionyl CoA carboxylase reaction | Propionyl CoA is metabolized by a process that first converts it to D-methylmalonyl CoA. The reaction is catalyzed by propionyl CoA carboxylase,and requires energy in the form of ATP. | Biosynthesis | Knowledge Weavers Fatty Acids |
| 252 |
 |
Linoleic acid structure | Linoleic acid is a typical polyunsaturated fatty acid. | Knowledge Weavers Fatty Acids | |
| 253 |
 |
Reduction of a 2,4-dienoyl CoA | The reduction of 2,4-dienoyl CoA by NADPH is a step in the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. It is ironic that a reduction reaction is a required step in a process that is oxidative. | Knowledge Weavers Fatty Acids | |
| 254 |
 |
Stearic, oleic and linoleic acid structures | Stearic, oleic and linoleic acid structures | Knowledge Weavers Fatty Acids | |
| 255 |
 |
Complete oxidation of an odd-chain fatty acid -- overview | This diagram indicates production of propionyl CoA from an odd-chain fatty acid and the subsequent conversion of propionyl CoA to succinyl CoA, which can be metabolized through the citric (tricarboxylic) acid cycle. | Biosynthesis | Knowledge Weavers Fatty Acids |
| 256 |
 |
Initiation of beta-oxidation | An acetyl group is transferred from acetyl CoA to the -SH group of the condensing enzyme domain of fatty acyl synthase, forming acetyl-CE. The reaction is catalyzed by the acyltransferase activity of fatty acyl synthase. | Knowledge Weavers Fatty Acids | |
| 257 |
 |
Fatty acid metabolism -- schematic overview | Fatty acids are taken up by cells, where thy may serve as precursors in the synthesis of other compounds, as fuels for energy production, and as substrates for ketone body synthesis. Ketones bodies may then be exported to other tissues, where they can be used for energy production. | Biosynthesis | Knowledge Weavers Fatty Acids |
| 258 |
 |
Condensation of an acyl group with a malonyl group | The acetyl group displaces the carboxyl of the malonyl group, forming a beta-ketoacyl group. This reaction is catalyzed by beta-ketoacyl Acyl Carrier Peptide synthase. The carboxyl released in the form of bicarbonate regenerates the bicarbonate used earlier in the acetyl CoA carboxylase reaction. | Knowledge Weavers Fatty Acids | |
| 259 |
 |
Essential features of a fatty acid | The essential features of a fatty acid are a long hydrocarbon chain terminating in a carboxylic acid group. | Knowledge Weavers Fatty Acids | |
| 260 |
 |
Propionyl CoA production from odd-chain fatty acids | Beta-oxidation of fatty acids with an odd number of carbons inthe chain yields the three-carbon propionyl CoA as the final fragment. | Biosynthesis | Knowledge Weavers Fatty Acids |
| 261 |
 |
Transfer of a malonyl group to the acyl carrier peptide | During fatty acid synthesis the incoming two carbon fragment is introduced as the three-carbon malonyl group. It is added to the -SH group of the acyl carier peptide domain of fatty acid synthase. In a subsequent reaction the carbon shown in green will be lost as bicarbonate ion. | Knowledge Weavers Fatty Acids | |
| 262 |
 |
Transport of fatty acyl CoA into mitochondria by the carnitine shuttle | Fatty acyl CoA cannot cross the inner mitochondrial membrane, so it is carried in the form of fatty acyl carnitine. | Knowledge Weavers Fatty Acids | |
| 263 |
 |
Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA lyase reaction | In this mitochondrial process hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA is converted to acetoacetate, a ketone body. Acetyl CoA is another product. | Knowledge Weavers Fatty Acids | |
| 264 |
 |
Acetyl CoA metabolism -- overview | Major metabolic sources of acetyl CoA and some of the processes in which it serves as a substrate. | Knowledge Weavers Fatty Acids | |
| 265 |
 |
Oleic acid structure | Oleic acid is a typical monounsaturated fatty acid. | Knowledge Weavers Fatty Acids | |
| 266 |
 |
methylmalonyl CoA mutase reaction | In the metabolism of propionyl CoA L-methylmalonyl CoA is converted to succinate by methylmalonyl CoA mutase. Succinate can then be metabolized throgh the tricarboxylic acid cycle. | Knowledge Weavers Fatty Acids | |
| 267 |
 |
Mammalian fatty acyl synthase dimer | This schematic diagram is intended to show the sequence of enzyme activities in the two subunits of a mammalian fatty acyl synthase dimer. It is not intended to imply anything about the detailed spatial relationships of the activities. | Coenzyme A Synthetases | Knowledge Weavers Fatty Acids |
| 268 |
 |
Hydration of an enoyl CoA | Hydration of the double bond is catalyzed by enoyl CoA hydratase. The product is an L-3-hydroxyacyl CoA. This reaction is a step in the beta-oxidation of fatty acids. | Knowledge Weavers Fatty Acids | |
| 269 |
 |
Acetyl CoA structure | Acetyl CoA Structure. The thioester bond linking the acetyl group to CoA is ahigh energybond. | Knowledge Weavers Fatty Acids | |
| 270 |
 |
Use of greek letters to designate carbons in fatty acids | The carbon next to the -COOH group is the alpha carbon; the next one is the beta carbon, and so forth. The carbon most distant from the -COOH group is designated omega. Carbons close to the omega carbon may be designated in relation to it. E.g., the third carbon from the end is omega - 3, and the... | Nomenclature | Knowledge Weavers Fatty Acids |
| 271 |
 |
Acylation of carnitine by a long chain fatty acyl CoA | Long chain fatty acyl CoA cannot cross the inner mitochondrial membrane to participate in beta-oxidation. The fatty acyl group is therefore transferred to a carrier, carnitine, in a reversible reaction catalyzed by carnitine acyl transferase I. The resulting fatty acyl carnitine crosses the membra... | Knowledge Weavers Fatty Acids | |
| 272 |
 |
Four systems for denoting fatty acids | There are four commonly used ways of designating fatty acids. The first two columns show samples of names, and the last two columns show systems of abbreviating these names. | Nomenclature | Knowledge Weavers Fatty Acids |
| 273 |
 |
Reduction of 2-enoyl acyl carrier peptide | A 2-enoyl acyl group on the acyl carrier peptide is reduced by NADPH in a reaction catalyzed by enoyl acyl carrier peptide reductase. | Knowledge Weavers Fatty Acids | |
| 274 |
 |
methylmalonyl CoA racemase reaction | In the metabolism of propionyl CoA, D-methylmalonyl CoA is produced by a carboxylase reaction. This product must be converted to L-methylmalonyl CoA in order to be metabolized further. The conversion is catalyzed by methylmalonyl CoA racemase. | Knowledge Weavers Fatty Acids | |
| 275 |
 |
Oxidation of a polyunsaturated fatty acid -- part I | The cycles of beta-oxidation prior to the one involving the original Delta-12 double bond act to get past the Delta-9 double bond. | Knowledge Weavers Fatty Acids |