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Title | Description | Type |
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Anatomy and Physiology of Nystagmus | The role of the cerebellum in modifying the output of the neural integrator is discussed. Impaired integration causes jerk nystagmus with increasing or decreasing velocity exponential slow phases. | Image/MovingImage |
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Nystagmus Nomenclature | A brief discussion of the various types of nystagmus is provided. | Image/MovingImage |
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See-saw Nystagmus | Two patients with see-saw nystagmus are presented. The nystagmus is usually due to a suprasellar lesion associated with a bitemporal hemianopsia or a rostral midbrain lesion. The nystagmus is conjugate and torsional with a dissociated vertical vector so that the intorting eye rises and the extortin... | Image/MovingImage |
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Downbeat Nystagmus | Primary position downbeat nystagmus is demonstrated, with a list of the common causes. | Image/MovingImage |
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Eyelid Nystagmus | Lid nystagmus is of three types. The most common is associated with vertical ocular nystagmus with the lid movement being synchronous with the eyes, but with greater aplitutde. The second type is associated with gaze evoked horizontal nystagmus and may occur in the lateral medullary syndrome. A p... | Image/MovingImage |
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Upbeat Nystagmus | A female patient with upbeating nystagmus that increases in amplitude with upward gaze is shown. This type of nystagmus commonly occurs from a lesion involving one of three regions: the ponto-medullary junction, ponto-mesencephalic junction, and the anterior cerebellum. Etiologies of these lesions... | Image/MovingImage |
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Periodic Alternating Nystagmus | A patient with PAN is shown with a discussion of its appearance and etiology. | Image/MovingImage |
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Voluntary Nystagmus | In this video, a woman shows her ability to voluntarily induce an ocular oscillation. It is called "voluntary nystagmus", although the oscillation consist of back-to-back saccades, such as occurs in ocular flutter. Clues to the voluntary nature of this oscillation are mentioned. At times, however, ... | Image/MovingImage |
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Up-beat Nystagmus with Palatal Myoclonus | A woman who appears to have upbeat nystagmus is also noted to have palatal, labial, and sternocleidomastoid myoclonus. | Image/MovingImage |
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Bilateral Internulcear Ophthalmoplegia | A woman with a bilateral INO demonstrates impaired adduction and nystagmus of the abducting eyes. Her vertical gaze is intact. The dissociated optokinetic nystagmus, due to an inability of the medial recti to generate normal saccades, is again shown. | Image/MovingImage |
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Alexander's Law | This describes the observed increase in vestibular nystagmus with gaze in the direction of the fast phase, and its decrease with gaze in the slow phase direction. | Image/MovingImage |
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Cerebral Control of Eye Movements | In this series, the purpose and nomenclature of eye movements are described, with the anatomical pathways generating and controlling the cortically-driven movements -- saccades and smooth pursuit in horizontal gaze, upgaze and downgaze -- discussed in detail. The importance of each of the three sac... | Image/MovingImage |
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Parinaud's Syndrome or Dorsal Midbrain Syndrome | Also known as the pretectal, or sylvian aqueduct syndromes, it is characterized by paralysis of upgaze to both saccades and pursuit. In this video, the causes of Parinaud's, along with its signs of large pupils with light-near dissociation, spastic-paretic accommodation, pathologic lid retraction (... | Image/MovingImage |