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TitleDescriptionType
101 Measuring Visual AcuityDemonstration on self of visual acuity exam, using a standard card.Image/MovingImage
102 MELAS and RPMELAS; Mitochondrial Encephalopathy with Lactic Acidosis, Stroke and Pigmentary Changes in retina-associated with a retinal dystrophy. This 53 year old man had seizures, encephalopathy and lactic acidosis typical of MELAS. His fundus examination showed granularity and some slight pigmentary changes ...Text
103 Ocular MyotoniaExample of patient with ocular myotonia. Patient is led through instructions for direction of gaze and opening and closing of eyes. Right eye is shown to be stuck in position after held gaze to the left and right, with very slow relaxation back into forward gaze.Image/MovingImage
104 Tour of the FundusThis clip demonstrates the funduscopic examination technique.Image/MovingImage
105 3-31b - Papilledema StagesGrading Papilledema: Stage 0 GRADING PAPILLEDEMA GRADING PAPILLEDEMA We grade papilledema in order to tell us how severe it is. The most sensible grading scheme has been provided by Lars Frisén. STAGE 0: This woman had documented increased intracranial pressure of 340 mm water. Very little if any ...Image
106 3-35a - Papilledema StagesGrading Papilledema: Stage 4 Stage 4 = Complete obliteration of the cup and complete obscuration of at least some vessels on the surface of the disc. There may be small dilated capillaries on the disc that resemble telangiectasia. It is not the NFL infarcts or hemorrhages but the obscuration of the ...Image
107 3-66a - Shunt Vessels (Post-papilledema)The retino-choroidal collaterals seen with chronic papilledema begin with a "Hairnet" of telangiectasias that gradually winnow down to one or more large collateral tortuous draining channel. The presence of these vessels is evidence of long standing disc swelling. When the CSF pressure is lowered, t...Image
108 3-66d - Shunt Vessels (Post-papilledema)The retino-choroidal collaterals seen with chronic papilledema begin with a "Hairnet" of telangiectasias that gradually winnow down to one or more large collateral tortuous draining channel. The presence of these vessels is evidence of long standing disc swelling. When the CSF pressure is lowered, t...Image
109 Abducting (Dissociated) NystagmusExample of a patient with abducting (dissociated) nystagmus. Patient has a subtle internuclear ophthalmoplegia. Right eye has right-beating jerk nystagmus, with smaller oscillations in the left eye. Disease/Diagnosis: Abducting NystagmusImage/MovingImage
110 Brun's NystagmusObservation of patient with Brun's Nystagmus. Shows patient gazing to the right and the nystagmus beating in the direction of the gaze.Image/MovingImage
111 Cogan's Lid TwitchExample of a patient with Cogan's lid twitch, with discussion of how to detect it in an exam.Image/MovingImage
112 Congenital Ocular Motor ApraxiaTwo examples of congenital ocular motor apraxia. Patients have trouble initiating saccades, and compensate with head movement. Discussion of how to distinguish this condition from simply not seeing well.Image/MovingImage
113 Downbeat NystagmusExample of patients with downbeating jerk nystagmus. Demonstrates how oscillations grow more prominent when the patient gazes down or laterally. Discusses some causes, including Arnold-Chiari malformation, infarction, and demyelination.Image/MovingImage
114 Fourth Nerve PalsyDemonstration of examination of patient who experienced blurry vision and pain in the left eye. Demonstrates checking of eye movements, focusing on object while each eye is covered and uncovered, turning head both ways and repeating. Shows limitation of depression in adduction of left eye, left hype...Image/MovingImage
115 How to Use the Direct Ophthalmoscope in an ExamDemonstration of using the direct ophthalmoscope to examine the optic disc. Covers hand placement , which eye to use, and distance from patient.Image/MovingImage
116 Notching of the Neuro-retinal RimThe neuro-retinal rim becomes thinner; in particular the rim superotemporally and inferortemporally may develop a notch which is usually superior or inferior and rarely nasal or temporal. These notches are believed to be due to focal ischemic damage to the neuro-retinal rim. Glaucoma with Notching a...Image
117 Physiologic (End-Gaze) NystagmusDemonstration of physiological nystagmus, where oscillations do not represent pathology, but occur when the patient's gaze is drawn too far laterally.Image/MovingImage
118 Pulsating ExophthalmosExample of a patient with neurofibromatosis with an absent sphenoid wing. Shows left eye pulsating back and forth with the pulse from front and side views.Image/MovingImage
119 RAPD PresentThis clip demonstrates the technique used to determine that Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect (RAPD) is present in a patient.Image/MovingImage
120 Retino-choroidal Vessels or Optociliary Veins or Ciliary ShuntOverview of retino-choroidal collaterals, which are potential telangiectatic connections between the retina and choroidal circulation. Although sometimes called "shunts", these collaterals are between the retinal venous circulation and the choroidal venous circulation.Text
121 Rotary NystagmusExample of a patient with rotary nystagmus, showing occasional counterclockwise rotary movements of both eyes. Seen more in intrinsic disorders of the brainstem.Image/MovingImage
122 Square Wave JerksExample of patient with square wave jerks. Discussion of difference between square wave jerks (saccadic oscillations) and horizontal nystagmus.Image/MovingImage
123 Testing the Visual FieldsDemonstration of various methods of testing visual fields, including counting fingers, motion, and color of several objects.Image/MovingImage
124 Tour of the Direct OphthalmoscopeThis clip describes the parts and operation of the ophthalmoscope as an ocular examination tool. Includes adjustment of aperture size and adjustment of lenses.Image/MovingImage
125 Transillumination - Ciliary Body NeurofibromasExample of transillumination on a patient with neurofibromatosis, but without Lisch nodules. Shows suspected neurofibromas in the ciliary body.Image/MovingImage
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