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Title | Description | Type |
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Saccadic System | The anatomical pathways of saccades are described. These primarily involve the frontal eye fields (FEF), mesencephalic reticular nuclei, pontine paramedian reticular formation (PPRF), and cranial nerve nuclei III, IV, and VI. The three saccadic generators in the cortex are in the contralateral FEF... | Image/MovingImage |
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Anatomy and Physiology of the Saccade System | Saccades depend on a pulse-step firing pattern that allows an initiation of the saccade (pulse), and maintenance of the new eye position in space (step). This video explains the anatomical pathway for this type of activation. The burst cells, which lie in the PPRF, generate the pulse, while the nu... | Image/MovingImage |
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Normal Vertical Eye Movements | The brain stem pathway for vertical saccades involves the PPRF, rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (riMLF), nucleus of Cajal, and the nuclei of cranial nerves III and IV. For upgaze, projections from the riMLF traverse through the posterior commissure, whereas there ... | Image/MovingImage |
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Defective Saccades: Slow to No Saccades | In this video, the many causes of this syndrome are listed, and a patient demonstrates the consequence of being unable to generate saccadic eye movements. On cold caloric stimulation, his eyes deviate tonically to the side of the stimulation without fast phases to the opposite side. | Image/MovingImage |
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Progressive Supranuclear Palsy | A patient with PSP demonstrates bilateral hypometric saccades, bilateral low-gain pursuit, vertical gaze palsy, and normal vestibulo- ocular reflexes. A second PSP patient is unable to make saccades or pursue horizontally. With optokinetic stimulation, the eyes move somewhat. Cold caloric stimula... | Image/MovingImage |
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Whipples Mimicking PSP | A patient is shown with nuchal dystonic ridigity, profound retropulsion, limited range of horizontal saccades, an almost complete vertical gaze palsy, normal vestibulo-ocular eye movements, and apraxia of eyelid opening. His pendular convergence nystagmus was the clue that he had CNS Whipple's Dise... | Image/MovingImage |
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Defective Saccades: Frontal Lobe Lesion | A patient with a right frontal lobe infarction demonstrates loss of saccades to the left with preservation of pursuit. | Image/MovingImage |
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Introduction to Eye Movements | This brief clip reveals how eye movements subserve vision, and provides an overview of each of the four eye movement systems: saccadic, smooth pursuit, vergence, and vestibular. | Image/MovingImage |