Albert Fritz letters about peaceful demonstrations

Series of letters from Albert Fritz to the Salt Lake Police Department, Assistant Chief Ralph Knusden regarding peaceful demonstrations. NAACP call for protest on State Capitol building due to failure of the Utah Legislature to adopt civil rights legislation regarding housing and public accommodations (2005). NAACP appealed to the Governor of the state of Utah to include civil rights legislation on the docket for the special session of the Utah state Legislature, which he has announced. Local NAACP leaders noticed that Utah is the only northern state with no civil rights legislation (1968). Letter from Albert B. Fritz (Salt Lake NAACP) to Honorable George D. Clyde, Governor of Utah (1965?) regarding lack of civil rights legislation in Utah. Article from the Wall Street Journal (1964) "Civil Rights Irony: New U.S. Agency's First Case Likely to Come From Utah" by Donald Moffitt. Article discusses racism in Salt Lake City and highlights Chuck Nabors who moved to Salt Lake City to attend the University of Utah. Nabors rented an apartment sight unseen, when the landlord saw he was an African American the landlord backed out of lease. After Nabors found a landlord who would rent to him, neighbors petitioned to have him leave.

.~·~.ri ~t ir~~ tr ~:f t. ..; 1:,i. ~'-:f~ ~ ~ --: . : t : l~ i:.·~l::.0 <~it: 1·•,. (( C:J.'. ,J~: ti t:• r:. _. :t i:; ~v ·· · i 1"}:~;h : .~f!~J.,j: l~ f~:~!i -~l .t x;.f.:; ...1t1: ·~-~ ·. 1·--t~:~ier:t GCt.1\,:.1lar Qt the otcii~"~ or c~cb. to L.~~to civil r1rt,1ta lru~olt;~ on co r~o (rotrCP D. Cl!,rtlA, The Governo r or utci.i. Ste.to CtQ1tol I l l ~ Da.1.t Lcl:o C!ey• ~.h ro.cinl discrirltr. ..o.'tiion and cor;.-er.,n tico cc:iatinr , in Utnh hc.fj <loOU'JO:l"~ "tt,· nuoorouv o·i-ucior; an2 r ·o:->o!"te. Tbc Utch J\Moot1 r CCDl-J.t.1000 ~10 to tlie Un:J.:hcd 8-tQtes CQ:niov im a:1 Oivil rlw\fjtto, · e. oube<Xx~:.ittoo 0C' tho .E~lc:tian o in tt()e a1 . "}tdh Bttt""~ .Oont..\tc in 1947• :mi your ()Q%.l i.-i thic ct.ate. oo. lac;islc~ ti~lto vil :1 1~)57 ba-ro poinl,od out tho nooo £c..r c )i.,t of /~OCD the far' tion ADcocirx ~ B o l t ~ ~ <i!," .ttie !latia.1tll . .f or tho Otltietou icm o{t..clut l at'~ tin{; to £Gt out.it Colored Pcoplo tms CO> 'ture Loci-Ellc Utcl.l ti.0th Tho ~'let U1irtoo n tlGS.S iom) Of tho Lor;lfllctttr"O. . przt"r;;ior~ l. politioc bot21 l l.l· otlta votlQd thi.\':l yoo.r u~.ar tu.,prooouettt(,d oa:t:.'d.ua voe; tbannol 1lloclr;,~ otdi mo.jar politi®l p:u-tieo or In t.hoir ple("~orr.10, to tho tirlt\o1plo. Qi: oqucli or ooi'~crtum.tq £or oll people. ~QS" pra~ooo to v~~lJ!: !:(It' n luw to imr~o tairlx>us in pt.tblio noc~ onc. L"l nt1'1.~3;~an,. 01tploynv~1t reuctiooa~ f:cir ha..1cit~, O!X1 other loetale tion t1oalinc u-ith ropool 0!: W'~i'g e.iaoo~ ticxt otn,w;to vroe praoonto :l to ti::.e !or;iclttv1.lre. Tho Locielo:tu:-Q_. c.tv.an Q1:JPlo ~t..t y- vo ~e c,:xx.i iui pt~J.!ioD, roopond.od v.zith c,vnzi o:11 ob...~,0.00,t!oo, dela&·• oos:! a..l'~i rjtt rooloto....-,.co to do~~ C-ll,Y":~hlnc nbo~"t hWJtl:l rie'.its. Thie t~hnv.i or -Qf t.~ lo G1olt;1tO'!•'C w-::£ t-;hocl:lrc cn1. d i s ~ ~ inn an:; anu. ngo U:lt:rl cvary ~1cr nort.lorn . ,r:.rttt.;o ~l tho 'Chit.od Sto.too htlP ont\Otod civil ri~'t!J b)Ginln ti.on. ~tlonc .U:r. ouprootho Gv \<~ r c1.an or civ.l rie;hts iD (WOooia·toC T.ttl-:. ·t.?~ ea~1. ya=-,~ ooct-winc o t rr~nto orth Cc...~lio~,J hns p l.3· d (.;od 11:i.c or a DQUtbom ntn.to--H , .~ , ~ .::..';. •.,..._ n ,. ~n,-..•'.\ r,oi14 n•~1"MT-,-,,,, r"'l'!l",1"!"" 411~11! ~ . ~' J"W'~ c ~,!~ r.i'! o •;• ......::,.,._ -""'T~ .._. ~":'-"'''t " v~...,~ r r i""" J ~v• iii,{' -r -,¥;,,Aj• .. v "".t-.ev•"i4:1'tt \f•~..,.:J• ""'l•'J;:"- .....~,._,~., v -i..,!...~\iiJ Lor,;1-G.-le.tut~ r~peol t i.1Xl ~Gooeon c,tion .a tntl·tci e. ,l aw alr~r dDclm--oo tln<'.O?la ti ~"10m l• ·t,, ....,._,. ..,....., ..,..,, \,6/... .w,..iv !t l'!3e boOn cnna~ ~ thn:: n opooi cl c~;nion or tho tcr,i1.c1Jltt1ro u to be hold. ·r e ur~ b'UU to o.ct to r,.mrr.rlltoo tho r.:..C,1tn or-t tor-ti! ·in 1.;c ucr&tJti• ell of lf'-wnh • c oit!.r4rl l. ViO ..."Oquoat tbct ~U.J p.1t thQ mttoi.. or ~·ti.~.J. eno®in(.; on onforooc .ble, .Cft •ocrU";:;; .Cair public cooa:;:oo.o:ti 0nt1 10\7 bot-or u me opoct cl oo:::ci oo. a;"' ..-~ iO Leeiol.c'a:ll.10. Ut'.lO hun:lt"OC:t y(,, nrr; t~vc'. p~oocxl i~:l nno President Lincoln set forth the B.ntmcip~tion Proclamation. How much longer con our 6tc.te afford the waste of humo.n resources, the doc~!' of humnn relations, nnd the immeasurable injustice inherent in d.isoriminntion? Very truly yours, SALT LAKE DRAUCTI, l':AACP Albert B. Fritz Prosident ABF/js co: The President of the United Stutes The White House .Americnn Broridcasting Company New York City Dr. John A. Hannah• Chairm.o.n u. s. Commission on Civil Rights Columbia Broaden.sting Campany new York City The Hon. Walla.oe F. Betm.ett Senator fran utoh I{ational. Broe.dee.sting Company The Hon. Fr·a nk E~ Mosa Sena.tor from utah Th.e Pittsburgh Courier Pittsburgh. Pennsylvania The Hon. Sherman P. Lloyd Representative from utah The Solt Lake Tribune Salt Lake City The Hon. Lawrence Burton Represento.tive from 'Utah The Deseret Fews c Telegro.m Salt Lake City l!r. Ramon M. Child• Republican State Hdqrs.~ Salt Lake City The Interm.ountain Ca.tholic Register, Silt Luke City Mr. Stephen Smoot. Democro.tio Ogden Standard Examiner Ogden. utah . ' State Hdqrs •• Salt Lake City The Hon. David Sc.l t Ls.ke City s. King Mew York City The Davis• County Clipper Bountiful• Utah Mr• Henry L. Moon, Direotor South Davis Advertiser Bountiful, Ut&h Mrs. Toren Hall·Pit-anan. Secretary Coast Region, NAACP, San Francisco KALL, Salt Lake City Pub. Relations, NAACP. UY City w. ' ,The Associated Press KUTV. Salt Ltike City Mew York City KSL, Salt Lake City United Press International New York City KCPX, Salt Lake City ( , . ,, ' ) I • I ' ' I ,.···,u CIVIL RIGHTS IRONY ..... , .: I I • - New lf.So Agency's First Case Likely to Come From Utah , · I I, . • : , ' \ • "•' '-, . I I. _By Donald Mo"ff\tt ~-'•.?~ ~- ,~•, -j f /;j) f: ':·" SAtr LAKE -CITY.. _ 1\ \ ~ . , :.;_ . • ', • •:~/ I ;~ "'•I \ • '• • '.• i • • ' ~y the usual indicators;_ the' pros~erous, thinly populated . . . _y>..v).). 5'f-, U~ah ~ha~es up as . o~~- o~· ~h? ?ountry 1 s least lik~~y cp_?tende,r ~ !or the ., . _ 0 .,. t· . ·::· ".,_ ser1.ous 9-ttention of _Federal.. civil( rights enforcers • . · · .' . ·· , , . · ·· , , ·.. •. ·.ftj.1:,,,f\ \ y~~·,s_?,?~~-:. Ne~o~s _!11a~~:1 UP j~s~ ~~e:-_h a¥ (!f -~ ·_o~ ~h~, p9~u~ati<?~,. po~e .:_,: :,.·:' :-J,....··::/:;tlittle econoITll.C o~ pol1.t1.cal , threat to the . white ma3or1ty. - Aside from nu.nor pic:ke~ · .- \ <_-Yy..J}_-;_ / ing_;,, no : ract~l1 incidents.; flari3 into . head.J-:i.hes. here:; white c~tizens do~' t e~ien ha.ye, to . -.:. -'. -~-.?:!_·\ deal :with - . 'the· militant Congress of Racial Equality, since· a chapter doesn't exist ,. :- : :· ,_ in Utah. Schools ar:e integrated, \. Negroes are free to: vote~ and 1:,he state· hasn I t · , . .=~:'.. ; .-had·"'a vestige of racist law on 't he books since the legislature repealed a dusty ol~ , statute· banning intermarriage; aimed mainly at Orientals o , 1 . · ·" • · , . • -. '-~- / I • But:, in startling irony, Salt Lake City, more'' than a tho_u sand miles from the . Mississippi Delta, may become. the first place in the country to seek the help of a .--. : .,. ',.· new Federal civil rights ' agency~ ·the Community Relations Serv:i.'ce., ·· The .CRS was estab- t • lishe9-, . at the urging of Srutherners'~ to help t~anslate the' aims of the 1964 ·pivil ' , .,. , , \ Rig.~ t~. Act in~o reality. . ; -- / ·· , , ..i ,· ". '_,-., •. · \ ; .,_. , ·_ ·, _The ·situation 'provides some .- evidence that Federal civil' rights concil=i:_0 tors may_ , - ·. ·~ ·,· find tneir knottiest problems not in Northern ghettoes or in the South but in. Western· J~I andJ. Midwestcrn ' communities with, few ,Negroes:, fe~ tangible fricti~n~~ few rea,s ons, fox{ (' 8xpec\ing anything bu:t, complete -racial harmony Behind the peac,e !ul appearanc 7s - · '___. {"' '. of ,tp.ese communit~es, some civil rights investigator~ . fear, . lie. troubles far more, .,•\ 'i_) ·)• ' .• -_><: symptomatic of deep-seated bias than events itl.' ·the. predictably intran$ige:r~ South · <. "' i ;.Or\,, the volatile · oit' cities of the East; '' \ \ . '_ ... · . "I,, ' \ . . \. ' . • j; ., ; · ' Troubles in· -such places could be· far less susceptible of negotiated .,s olutiono. _ - · Conventional ?!iV-il ·rights enforcement, ·pointing p~imarily towar,d wiping ou_t rp.ther .'. -, !';,;:_ rigid, c9lor .lines. in schools,_ jobs;_housing;l could pr9ve inadequa:te where . the ·lihes · ··/: '· ~1. . (_ ·.' are vaguely. . drawn., -:~.- Indeed, the_sticki'e st 11 pr.oblem11 civi;L rights investig~t~fs may.· _ face here is deterrninirig that a problem even· exists; . talks with many.whi/<.ie res~den~s , ·. ;_...:.could. lead to the opposite conclusion·. . · _.. ,_. · -, , ' . . · . '.-. , , . ; , . '/. ', ' A DIFFERENCE. IN VIEvIB ~,,· I .. ; \\' . , -:. :. ' J • ,, . ' .. . ' • • . I • . \. . \ 1 • .: ·- • , "I don't; think there are any real problems, 11 declares Hugh Brown, businesslike .. - '\ .. - . ., :~ Mormon Churcl:l··presiden t and member of its ·ruling, ·council .·of the Twelve Apos-1:.les~ And . .- '·,,-chatt_ing at' the Salt Lake ·Country Club,a .locai mining ·executive 1's wife insists :, with - a fair·. degree of accuracy, that 1iNegroes are accepted 'in public places just like ··.- .. ·. whites.u , And with respect ·to the usual (but not universal) housing discrimination, - ' l · - the :irevailing __white '· oplhnion _ i s, in the words of ' a Salt Lake __ real -'estate, man; that ' J:·-· 11 mos.t Negroes . prefer_ to live in their . own neighborho.ods and to associate with people , · · 1 , of their own race. 11 · . _ · ' , , . , r' , · .-· ·_ ·_ :_i I..: . . -.. Despite thi~- apparen~ · harmony,_-· thou_gh, tall<: with Chuck Nabors, . a lan~ Y<;>Ung .'' / ,.- .; ·· , · medtc~l researcher,- and you get .. a di~ferent view~ Over cpffee. in his _cheerfully fur- -.• _:· i ·. ··i _·.· nished .house in a tree-shaded middle class neighborhood; he, describes his move here • ·.,· ., ·-., .' . : from ·ohio last year to prepare his doctor of philosophy thesi~ at the University of ,v _' ·1 • - - ·> ,· Ut~h .. -A ,landlord .who~ sight unse'e n, agre~d to rent him ~n a:partme~t,'· ba,cked oqt of ~. ,· , .'., the deal when·Mr. \ Nabors , turned out to be a Negro. ·-·. ·. 1 • • :· • c ,. - · 'i· - :. -..J\ l ,'·~~- -Even after fipding . an a'g reeaple landlord, a · handful of white 'n~ighbors ,' d!:·afted ·1 . :· •.• . -·_ a, petition asking him. to-·leave:.· 'And . . though Chuck Nabors views the South with sardonic , •,•distrust, he . says . of Utah: llDiscrimination here . is just as overt; but not as honest." ' look at, .Salt Lake't s /west side It ghetto;, ti' home· of _most~- of the city's 2.,500 I -~'--_ , Negroes,' p~ovides a:, concrete picture of Salt Lake_' s problems. Not~bly ··ubsen~ ri~e · the · r Eas~•s crowded tenements, and the, South 1 s ·:tin 'arid.. tarpape r · shackso . Instead, the signs , : of depri va_tion . are a little more subtle ~- -) b~o,c ks - of pe~ling bungalows~.with c'lutt,ored '. -~ .,: . yards, merging :- into .~:~ stand of shoestring 'qusi'nesses, hardward stores, til1Y groceries >~· '·-: · ,~ _..·.-,.and beer taver~s,.; _Buildings ,_ see~ . slightlr awry; 'mn-~chi?g ~their las~~tu~e arc t~e 't> -. ; \. ·, . ·•.- · r· listless _ f olk~-~-.about ·who seem ·to be waiting for something that never . happens u · .. / .· . . ' :·: _. ·,:-. _ .- ,Most able . Negroes flee these, surroundings to .n go where the' action _. is, n, the , local-. >- ·:· : _' / ~re,s ~io'n f,or .movin~ away .to_ sampl~ th~' headier , l~f e' of Denyer', New York .,·.·,.s ap-. Fran- ·-:.:·....° . ;;· . 01.sco.•·. Of .,m~re; than 50· Negro graduates of, the Univc:rsity:, of Utah in I.the_ past 20(. _. >·<_,. years,' onlyi _one i~, thoug!_lt , to be still living in tl:ie state·• . \Salt ·Lake has . neither ,a ; ' 1_. -- • -- Negro doctor )1or a .Negrq' lawyer. ·The exodus .o f the ab-le leaves its niark on people ·- · ; · · who _, rerna.in; Chuck . Nabors.· observes that nmost _Negro kids don!t 1 know a single· N0gro '. ,,,, .. -;· _adult , tn_ey can respect or propcrly, emulatc.'.' ·'. ., ,. _._,/ _ ·,/_ . ,,:/. ·,· .-.i"'·.-. _;: ,,,- .. •r:•i' ·::t'_\'. •. . , >_-: Accordingly, even potentially ambitious Negro youngsters find lit.tle incentive c., ,. - for self-improveme nt. ·, Adam M. , Duncan·, a white lawyer ·'who .1 once served as · a Mormon ' . '··· missionary·'in South lifrica,' recalls . trying to talk an able Negro high school student · --.'_ int~ applying for college. · · 11 I don!t need a B;)S~. degree to get a job scrubbing '._:. - floors, 11 he answered. · -' . w 1 - 1 : 1 , • ·.. < • ' 1 • • .,.:.. • -'_ i) J 1 J " \ ; ~ _ _ ,· . . ,·' -~ '. , .•· .. · • • -;- '. , '. , / \ ,; \ ,. \ .. - ' I .J _ I 1 1 · \/ 1 I 1 1 .• . : \ '. f'.. I, , 1; ·; • \ ' -i·' .\ _,. 1 1i ;.: ft' l -.I. / . ./ { j >I ) ,· . - -~ . I -- \ ) • . . ./ • '. • \ I '\ ,· \ • \ . \. I \ '(. ; '. . ..::_, A handful of white and Negro civil rights advocates are planning an attack on the job and housing discrimination thatAoes exist. Salt Lak~ county ,commissioners ',/ _. are organizing a community "human relationsll._ commission to deal with specific Negro . {, -~ · complaints and work with lo.cal businessmen and real estate dealers to widen Negro -. . - (_ opportunities for economic improvement. . " . , ,. 1 ,· -·- • HELP FROM GOVERNMENT ·_ 1 ( · ,_, Whatever advances these efforts bring about will moan· little, however, unless · . ---~ ,: /_ ·,. Negroes are· prepared to take advantage of _them, and local civil rights proponents _.-,: 1 • · '· i think the Go.ve_rnm.ent ,can help Wltnin a . week or so; Mr. Duncan says, the Federal Community Relations · Service will be asked . to help _tho Salt Lake school system _obtain {_ Federal funds for hiring ·riurses and· guidance counselors to deal with Negro school · -- ,- · -- .· , students o Since Negro · children rarely are· encouraged in th~ir homes and neighborhoods l. , to seek scholastic or economic advancement, the civil rights lead~rs consiq.er it · __ ;,. imp~tant for the schools to help them overcome physical and psychological problems -- that lead to poor school performance and a sense of helplessness and inferiorityo - Because of housing segregation, more than Bo% of the Negro .primary sc~ool chil, _:. • dren attend only two of the city's 30 elementary schools. Thus the school system ._ · 1 11 / •'. may be eligible to receive Federal funds made available to schools affected by racial '-".-~ 'imbalances under a program of the U.S. · office· of Education. · J ,, .) . ::-, Helping unearth available Federal funds for s_chqols wi_th large Negro attendance ,. . ·-~ .. }. is clearly' wi thir+ its scope·, says a spokesman for. the-; CRS. Though , the agencyr s main · j<?o, as '·spelled., o~t _i .rr,the' Civil Rigtit~ ~ct·, -·~.s ,to intervene it? places, where N.egroes ' <-:- -'.I,, -1 have registered specif1:c comp lain_ts of :- discriminati_o n, with an _eye / toward negotiated · _; - ,, · settl_e ments, t~e - agency, interpret"s _i ts -\mthori ty br_o 'adly\ ·..,-The qRS spokesman\ says, ,.--/., \> < " ".; ;:,,_, ( for·' example, that the. agency may well . seek ways of preventing or;-allevia ting / the._ ,II . ·1· ~ ~ ) cc;:us~:9 . of;discriminatioq_,a~ well.as _~ediating existing _ di~putes; _ ,\ ·<, ·:~ . ,/ ;j _, \~-- · ,>, . , ; .• 1 -., ' Though he · emphasizes that no request for Fede}aI' -assistance in ,Salt Lake has yet -. _been'· received, the CRS - spokesman_adds that the agency -"_~ould . look very har.d 11 at . the .. ~-' - situation here if asked, and 'would certainly dispatch a representative at'_ the request ·, \ · · - of t _h e Utah ·civil rtghts group o -. . . ' . . . . ' The cascading white spires of the Mormon Temple in downtowrr-Salt Lake evoke ·_ another facet 'of the pr_ob:L_em hereo ·The most rigid . color line is of religious · origin, and also unlikely to be breached· by convcmtj onal ci~l rights .?,ction. ·_ , A' visitor - to church president Brown's office, after overcoming an initial start . ·at tho rug_,, a huge· polar bear skin star~ng glassy-eyed at" the door, is told that 11 few _,, l\Tegroes are· in the- church, · and fewer· still could a:ssume leadership." In fact~ Mr ' \ Brown notes., , the_church's priesthood, which- encompasses all-- 11 worthy"--white members ·> above the age of 12, and is a prerequisite for holding any dlurch office, is flat1y _· forbidden Negroes,, . . , - -- · ·, 1 _ ' The reason isn t, as widely belieyed, any church doctrine that Negroes are des- · __ cendants of Cain cursed by God with blac~ skin' as a mark . of· his ·wrath, Mr'o Brown says O ' \ _ , Instead, he explains, the church merely consfders that Negroes haven'_t proved 11 worthy" \ of _assuming the pries-thood~ He stresses that this policy is subject · to change: 11 I \ ,: do think that the time · vd.11 come when the Negro will take his proper ·plac·e with all ·.._ other people,n J:ie says, "but that, time hasn't -come yet.~ , ·r _Priesthood in the Mormon Church, of course, isi1' t absolutely necessary· for Negroes to :·adva~ce, but here_ in Utah it woul,d be a big help~ More \ than· half the state I s one . millj.on p~ople -- ~re- lformons. The . church wiolds major infiue~ce , in po_l i tical and / , . business a~_fairsc- {1.ll _major elected .qfficials arc -~formons, and·,the ,·church owns or .· . ( controls _many concern~, including Salt_Lake' s largest }·etai_ler, ,-. .ZCMI. , . .,, · _: _ - "/ tt Tl}e Mormon almost - always tre~ts the non-white ·wi. th g·e-qui ne _kf ndness ·and . sympathy, , but seldom fully accepts 1:im, 11 ·. Mr o Duncan observes. "There~must be, - and almost always - _ is, a feeling o;f condescensionon . Yet Hr. Duncan believes tlw.t bias springs from · · .......... . ( so_µrce~ ' other than Mormon- practice; deniai of the priesthood _.t o Ne.g roes, · he argues, .~, \. serves merol~-_ as _t1a salve to soothe any sense :_. or" guilt" of .."_b igots, who, as in · other: . -' -·, / organizations,~find - their way into church membership • 11 -- ._, . ;__ .... .. • ·,. _.,,~ .,.. . _;:., . _.-- Nor has ,Salt •Lake escaped the rather· obvious appeals to racial feelings that : i ._ .. :-:: ' impinge on usually· unv'o iced but, intensely fol t fear .. · f~s p~rt- of a- ciunpaign to -defeat •·.:· \-_, r;:· public accommo~ations · legislation in ,the 1962 session of the state legislature, a I . / <· · .- g~oup : ~alling . itself "The United -Whi-E"e Citizens of Utah'~ provided this ~xample ' of , 1 . .- -°'~ w11.a-t;, the law ,w ould mean: . . ..,. . · 1 • _ '·,, ' . , ••_ , •,/· •• · 11 .,. '- ~- '>} ,~C Mr·s .~ Jones, . a WHITE wonian and- a widow, -is ?bligccl' ·to ta~e boarders into her home ., 1 . ,:) .t ~1to , support her family!" . She has no particular race projudice; ~but · shcf PREFERS to ~ear ·~· . __ ·\ . he~ daughters in. an ALL-white home-,. ., •• Nevertheless, Negroes or .9thor. non~whi tes ' , · ··,', could COMPEL her to accept them into..,.her home and t~ feed - them at her table - or bci 1 1 , , . fined $299 ,. 00 ·every time she refused to do s6" 11 • ' • , , • • It- would not require an especially lively imagination to fill out the picture ' ~~->,, ~this_ example is intended to ·convey, of course. . l~ctuaJ.Jy, the civil rights b_i ll-· · ~ealt only with puplic accommodations, and not with iesidmtial housingo It was defeated, though there's no evidence tho plight· of the hypothetical widow Jones was . directly resI:_onsible o , .,1 · · ; : _;'. -~ ;. ,- 0 - 1 (_:,--·_- -. •. .J_ ,.__ , _ r :-- , ·_: · - \ . I \<- ~-- ~- r ~k / )•:" ··• • 1 ·1 ,- • ' . 1 • · , ··, 1 1 • 1 • ,:::- - I : • ~30- __