Mass recoveries in nano to microparticle analysis of environmental samples via flow field flow fractionation-inductively-coupled plasma mass spectometry

In this study, mass loss mechanisms were examined during analysis of environmental samples by flow field flow fractionation (FlFFF) coupled to inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Elemental compositions of particle size fractions across the range from 10 nm to <10 μm were determined. Mass losses from ICP-MS nebulization-ionization inefficiencies and particle sorption to the FlFFF membrane were shown to be significant for particle-associated elements. Mass loss from permeation through the FlFFF membrane was important for dissolved elements (K, Mg, Ca, and Sr) and partially dissolved elements (Mn, Cu, Pb, Mo, Ni, and Fe). Despite observed mass losses, at least 70% of all elemental masses were recovered, demonstrating that the detected particles were representative of the samples.