Unquiet crisis: the University of Utah during the James Chipman Fletcher administration

James Chipman Fletcher took over the Presidency of the University of Utah in 1964 from A. Ray Olpin. Fletcher's selection as President was controversial, being opposed by a majority of faculty. Despite early opposition, Fletcher won many faculty to his side while alienating others with his administrative decisions. The arrival of the babyboom generation and the rapidly expanding student population stretched the University's resources, something Fletcher called the "Quiet Crisis." To solve this crisis, a massive building program went forward which constructed several permanent buildings including the Medical Center and the Marriott Library, two institutions which saw profound change during the Fletcher years. Fletcher also stressed research, and his administration would obtain a research park for the University. Fletcher's administration also saw the beginning of artificial organ development at the University and Utah's participation in the creation of ARPANET, the forerunner of today's internet. But Fletcher's term as President was anything but quiet. Pressures of expansion at the University combined with national and international problems were a constant source of unrest. While most students opted to avoid protest, about one in six students would actively participate. In the wake of the Kent State shootings, the University would experience a time of unrest and tension that had never been seen before. In 1971, a year after the unrest, Fletcher would leave to become head of NASA, but the shadow of his administration would play an important role in the years ahead. Drawing on a variety of materials from the University Archives, Special Collections at the Marriott Library, and newspapers from the time, this is a history of the University of Utah during the unquiet crisis of the Fletcher years. It seeks to explain some of the major events that happened and why. It concludes that while memory of the unquiet crisis has been lacking, it is a time period the University must not forget.

UNQUIET C RlSIS: THE UNIVERSITY OF UTAH DURlNG THE JAMES CHIPMAN FLETCHER ADMINlSTRATION By Jonathan David Hepworth A Senior Honors Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the University of Utah in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Honors Degree of Bachelor of Arts In History APPROVED: ��� Supervisor Sie)lllSll]; ��7JAd We Uemura � Departmental Honors Adviser May 2008 (, 1--I'QfL ABSTRACT James Chipman Fletcher took over the Presidency of the University of Utah in 1964 from A. Ray Olpin. Fletcher's Fletcher' s selection as President was controversial, being faculty. Despite early opposition, Fletcher won many faculty to opposed by a majority of faculty. his side while alienating others with his administrative decisions. The arrival of the babyboom generation and the rapidly expanding student population stretched the University 's University's resources, something Fletcher called the "Quiet Crisis." Crisis." To solve this crisis, a massive building program went forward which constructed several permanent buildings including the Medical Center and the Marriott Library, two institutions which saw profound change during the Fletcher years. Fletcher also stressed research, and his administration would obtain a research park for the University. Fletcher's administration also saw the of artificial organ development at the University and Utah' beginning of Utah'ss participation in the of ARPANET, the forerunner of to day' s internet. creation of of today's But Fletcher's term as President was anything but quiet. Pressures of expansion at the University combined with national and international problems were a constant source of unrest. While most students opted to avoid protest, about one in six students would actively participate. In the wake of the Kent State shootings, the University would experience a time of of unrest and tension that had never been seen before. before. In 1971, a year of NASA, but the shadow of of his after the unrest, Fletcher would leave to become head of administration would play an important role in the years ahead. ii 11 Drawing on a variety of materials from from the University Archives, Special and newspapers from the time, this is is a history of the Collections at the Marriott Library, and University of Utah during the unquiet crisis of the Fletcher years. It seeks to explain some of the major events that happened and why. It concludes that while memory of the unquiet crisis has been lacking, it is a time period the University must not forget. forget. 1lI in To Kirk Baddley, Jay Mumma, and Anne Peterson, without whose help and encouragement, this thesis would not have been possible. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ..................... ......... ........ ....... .... ...... ..... ...................... ........................... ii11 INTRODUCTION ........................... .... ....... ...... ......... ...... .... ................ ......... .............11 CHAPTER I: MANAGING THE UNQUIET CRISIS .............................................4 CHAPTER II: THE STRUGGLES OF A CENTRALIZED MEDICAL CENTER..... .. ........... ................... ........ ................................ ....... ......................... ..... .20 CENTER 20 CHAPTER III: STUBBORN AND SASSY FAITH: THE LIBRARY .................... 34 CHAPTER III: STUBBORN AND SASSY FAITH: THE LIBRARY 34 CHAPTER IV: AIMING FOR A RESEARCH CENTER ...................................... .50 CHAPTER IV: AIMING FOR A RESEARCH CENTER 50 CHAPTER V: UNREST ON THE HILL: STUDENT LIFE .................................... 65 CHAPTER V: UNREST ON THE HILL: STUDENT LIFE 65 CHAPTER VI: CONFRONTATION ...... ........ .. ................... .................................... 90 CHAPTER VI: CONFRONTATION 90 CHAPTER VII: AFTERMA TH ......................................................... ....... .............. 115 CHAPTER VII: AFTERMATH 115 APPENDIX A ....... ............... .................. ............ .. .... ..................... ........... ....... ......... 131 APPENDKA 131 APPENDIX B ..... .. ........................................ ................................................... .. ...... 132 APPENDKB 132 APPENDIX C ................. ... ........................... ................ ............. ...... ........ ......... ....... 133 APPENDFXC 133 APPENDIX D ....... ............................ ............... ..................... ...... .................... ......... 134 APPENDLXD 134 APPENDIX E ......... ............................. ..... .......... ........ ........ ........ ............................. 135 APPENDKE 135 APPENDIX F ............ .......... ................................... ...... .......... .... ............................ . 136 APPENDLXF 136 BIBLIOGRAPHY .... ............................. ....................... ................................ .. .. .. ..... 137 BIBLIOGRAPHY 137 v INTRODUCTION: WHAT THE WAR AND OLPIN DID It took an hour and fifty minutes for East High School graduate Elaine Whitaker Chipman to get registered for her first semester at the University of Utah. Within a few days she participated in a lengthy freshman orientation, meeting with faculty and staff. of students in 1942, Elaine was a commuter student, leaving Like an increasing number of her parents' home near Sugarhouse to take the bus to the University. Her brief brief journal entries describe problems faced by some students today: fears concerning tests and the problems of missing the bus. She recounts listening attentively to some lectures while off in others. Yet Elaine was also different different than today's dozing off today' s students in that she had certain experiences which no longer happen, like getting photographed for the Utonian or 1 of the Libraries). Libraries).! meeting the Head Librarian (the term today would be Director of The University of of Utah was a rather small place in 1942. Total enrollment that year stood at around 4,000. The campus was clustered around University Circle with Ute Stadium being the farthest structure from the campus center. The increasingly brutal war depressed the student population for the duration of of the conflict; Elaine probably found herself in good company with a large number of women who were attending the herself University22 By the time she graduated in 1946, a new President had been selected for the University. 3 University of of Utah: Albert Ray Olpin. Olpin 3 1 25 September-27 October October 1942, Private Private Collection. Collection. Diary of Elaine Whitaker Chipman, 25 Crisis On On Campus: Campus:The TheExCiting ExcitingYears YearsofofCampus CampusDevelopment Development University Paul W. Hodson, Crisis at at tltethe University of of Utah (Salt (Salt Lake Lake City: City: Keeban Keeban Corporation, Corporation, 1987), 1987), 6, 6, 316. 316. Utah 3 Olpin. 3 Elaine Whitaker Chipman diploma, dated 4 June 1946 and signed by A. Ray Olpin. 1 2 2 2 Olpin had worked for eight years as a scientist at Bell Labs and worked closely with Harvey Fletcher, another scientist who had done groundbreaking work at Bell Labs and later became a professor at Brigham Young University. After his work at Bell Labs, Olpin continued to be involved in many different different research agencies before being asked to come to the University of of Utah in 1946. Just as Olpin arrived at the University of of Utah, an enrollment surge was on its way due to the GI Bill that allowed thousands of war afford higher education. Knowing that the University faced a space veterans a chance to afford crisis, Olpin asked for a brief brief meeting with General Dwight D. Eisenhower to ask if if the Army would allow the University to use some old buildings from nearby Fort Douglas that were now no longer in use by the military. Eisenhower agreed, and soon buildings Utah.4 ofUtah and land were turned over to the University of In addition to physical expansion, Olpin also pressed forward with shrewd faculty choices and sought to make an actual university. The results paid off; off; by 1960 the University of of Utah was being more and more recognized nationally. One restraining modem facilities. Many renowned professors dealt problem, however, was the lack of of modern with less than optimal conditions. Many of of chemist Henry Eyring's Eyring' s papers were damaged when a pipe burst in an old barracks.s5 Something had to be done, and a massive construction program was drawn up. This construction program would clear up the major problems faced by the University- if it were funded. For nearly a decade from its first conception, the master plan for the University moved forward very slowly, as small amounts of of money were appropriated by the Utah 4 "Pres. Olpin Closes Tenure," Daily Utah . Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,3030June June1964; 1964;Hodson, Hodson,Crisis CrisisOn OnCampus, Campus,6-7 6-7. '5 Hodson, Crisis Crisis On On Campus, 28-29. 28-29. 4 3 State Legislature. As the mid-1960s approached, University administrators faced a population explosion caused by the post-war baby boom. Permanent structures by that time would no longer be a luxury, but a necessity. Yet the building program continued to 6 plod along every two years the Legislature met. met 6 As the University planned and worked to solve the space crisis, a distant relative of Elaine Whitaker Chipman was working in the aerospace industry: James Chipman Fletcher. Fletcher was the son of Harvey Fletcher and a nephew of Olpin. Receiving a Ph.D. from California Institute of Technology, Fletcher went on to work for various aerospace companies and was even tapped to help out with the development of the Minuteman missile system. In 1961 1961 he had become the board chairman of Space-General Company which had been formed after several mergers of smaller missile companies. companies 7 As the year 1963 closed, Olpin prepared to retire after eighteen years as President. Fletcher continued to work in the aerospace industry, but knew of his uncle's upcoming itself had changed greatly since the days when Elaine retirement. The University of Utah itself Whitaker Chipman had attended. Likely she would have better recognized the University of twenty years previous than the one that was coming corning to existence twenty years later. Greater change was on its way, and the students who were attending the University of of 1963 would hardly find themselves familiar and comfortable in the University of 1973. How did such a rapid change occur? It began with an appointment that surprised nearly of the University of of Utah. everyone when James Chipman Fletcher became President of 6 Ibid., 10-107. Hal Knight, "James to Head News and Hal Knight, "James C. C. Fletcher Fletcher to Head University,'· University,'- Deseret Deseret News and Salt Salt Lake Lake Telegram, Telegram,29 29February February 1964. 6 77 CHAPTER I: MANAGING THE QUIET CRISIS ((1964-1970) 1964-1970) When it was announced that the new President of the University of Utah would be of reaction. To most people, Fletcher James Chipman Fletcher, there was a wide variety of was a cipher. Few people knew who he was and many greeted his appointment with 1 surprise. 1 Those who were familiar with him knew something of his background in the scientific industry. Others immediately brought up the issue of of Fletcher being Olpin's nephew. In the coming years, Fletcher would be the target of praise and criticism. His style of leading the University of Utah was bottom-line, and he often failed to take into ofleading account the human aspects of of tradition and personal communication. On the other hand, his financial financial decisions tended to be praised by many. For many years after, Fletcher would remain both a loved and despised President. This was true even from his appointment. Fletcher's Appointment On September 23, 1963, President A. Ray Olpin announced that he would step down from the Presidency at the end of the 1963-1964 academic year. Very quickly a frod a new president. For many it was a daunting task- Olpin committee was formed to find had been president for 18 years years and and had had overseen overseen the the growth growth of of the the University University of of Utah Utah 1 Cooley, 21 21 September 1983, 1983, transcript found in in the the Everett Cooley ) Mark Money interview by Everett Cooley, Oral History Project (Accn 814), Interview 15, Manuscripts, Special Collections, 1. J. Willard Marriott Library, University of Utah, 16. 5 from from a small, liberal-arts college to a true university with a growing national reputation. Who could possibly do just as well? The search committee was formed from two committees: the first (and more powerful) were three members of the Regents of the University of Utah. The second of fifteen faculty members who had been selected by the committee was comprised of faculty council. Both committees operated independently but often conferred with each other concerning their favorite choices. By November of of 1963, it was quite apparent that some favorites had emerged. Especially popular with both the regents and the faculty was G. Homer Durham, former Academic Vice-President of the University of of Utah and at the time President of Arizona State University in Tempe. Olpin himself himself thought Durham would make a fine fme successor of the American Council of and upon seeing him at a meeting of of Education encouraged him to get his name in for the presidency. Durham replied that he thought his name was already being considered, and Olpin took from the conversation that Durham would be 2 offers interested if given a chance. chance 2 But Durham eventually turned down the many offers forwarded to him. Arizona State University was in a period of transition, and Durham had no intentions of of leaving soon. After several offers, offers, the University of Utah stopped 3 calling.3 calling different candidates The three regents and the faculty committee considered many different for the presidency, but only the regents were allowed to interview and approach a 2 2 (3 October 1963), Ace Olpin Journals, University Archives, University Olpin Journal 08929 (3 Acc 213 A. Ray OIpin of ofUtah. Utah. 3l Gordon A. Sabine, G. Homer: PreSident, Arizona Stale University, 1960-1969 (Tempe, AZ: Arizona State Gordon A. Sabine, G. Homer: President, Arizona State University, 1960-1969 (Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University 184-185. University Libraries, Libraries, 1992), 1992), 184-185. 6 candidate. A list of fifteen people considered suitable by the faculty was eventually turned down by the regents late in January, 1964, even though at least twelve people th 14th of of February, the matched the list that the regents were considering. In turn, on the 14 Regents asked the Faculty Committee to interview three persons that were under consideration. Two had been previously known and rejected by the faculty: Dr. Alex G. Oblad and Rocco Siciliano. The third person had never been brought before the faculty previously: Dr. James C. Fletcher. All the persons interviewed were resoundingly rejected by the committee, each receiving thirteen negative votes. Exactly two weeks later, on February 28, a special meeting of the Board of of Regents was held. After some business concerning an extended health care center near the planned Medical Center, Chairman Royden G. G. Derrick read a statement concerning the search for a new president, and then Regent John A. Dixon moved that James C. Fletcher be nominated for the presidency. This motion carried and voting followed shortly, with Olpin abstaining. When the secret ballots were totaled, Fletcher had been of the University of unanimously elected President of of Utah. Shortly thereafter the meeting 4 adjourned. adjourned: How did James Chipman Fletcher go from being rather unknown to being unanimously elected as president just six weeks later? It is hard to imagine that there was no nepotism. Olpin was very close to Harvey Olpin'ss wife was the sister of Harvey's of Harvey 's Fletcher, the father of James Fletcher. In addition, Olpin' wife, making James a nephew of Olpin's. Olpin ' s. Yet it would be a mistake to attribute Fletcher's 4 of the University of Utah, 28 February 1964, University Archives, University of Minutes of of the Regents of of Utab. Utah. 4 7 appointment to simple familial ties- Olpin was very ambivalent concerning the tbe entire situation. He went so far as to publicly state before the Regents of the University of Utah that appointing Fletcher would be troublesome: already rumors had circulated that tbat Olpin Office.55 was trying to keep someone in his family in the President's Office It is more likely that tbat Regent Chairman Royden Derrick was responsible for pushing Fletcher through. tbrough. Evidence shows that Derrick and Fletcher had corresponded as early as 8 October 1963, less than a month montb after Olpin declared he would be stepping down. Olpin's journal records that Fletcher was in Salt Lake City early on 5 October, 6 game.6 It is likely that Fletcher and Derrick met sometime apparently to see a Dodgers game during this visit and that a few days after Fletcher sent his list of references to Derrick. 7 tbe faculty and regents search committees, it was In a November meeting between the argued that the new president would need to be able to gain financial financial support for the witb the tbe large influx of students that was expected University, retain faculty, and deal with expected.88 In Derrick' tban someone who Derrick'ss mind, a person who had managed a business might do better than had only been involved in academic circles. As other promising candidates dropped out or expressed disinterest, Fletcher became more acceptable to more regents. Altbough Although Olpin did not directly participate in the discussions for who should be the next president, he did make one or two suggestions. He told Derrick that tbat a candidate from outside the university may be best as those from tbose from inside the tbe university may have 5 S alpin Olpin 6 Journal 09171 09171 (22 February 1964). 1964) Olpin Iournal Journal 08934 (5 October 1963). 'alpin 7 7 Fletcher to Derrick, 8 October 1963, Located in Ace 30, Box 24 Folder I, 1, University University Archives, Archives, University University of of Utah. 88 Final Final Report Report of of Faculty Faculty Committee, Committee, 66 March March 1964, 1964, p. p. 6-7, 6-7, Located Located in in Ace Ace 46 46 Box Box I1 Folder Folder I,1,University University Archives, University of Utah. Archives, University of Utah. 8 been beholden to one particular group or interest.9 This statement might have tipped the Fletcher' s favor. balance further in Fletcher's Yet another issue that made Fletcher more acceptable was the fact that he was a Mormon. Some faculty members who carne came forward with suggestions for a new president 10 The Board of of Regents was were told that a Mormon would be best for the position.10 of other faiths. In a straw poll by the Regents on 22 February, solidly Mormon minus two of it was clear that Fletcher held the lead, while the two non-Mormons went for Rocco Siciliano. Another vote revealed that if Fletcher were nominated for the Presidency, it 11 was possible that the other regents might swing around to make the vote unanimous. unanimous." Therefore, when the Regents of the University of Utah met on 28 February 1964, it was widely known amongst themselves that Fletcher would be the new President of the of Utah. The vote went like clockwork; Fletcher was nominated and then University of unanimously elected president. Members of the local media were there, and as soon as the meeting adjourned, adjourned, Olpin was asked for statements. Being rather disgruntled, he declined to say much, but simply said that the matter had been up to the Regents, and he assumed they knew what they were doing. ' 2 If Olpin was disgruntled, the members on the Faculty Committee were outraged. Sydney Angleman, who had been on the Faculty committee, unhappily told colleague Gordon Miller that Miller had been right in predicting the faculty would have no 9 Olpin Journal 08938 (7 October 1963). . . HiStOry Project Gordon J. Miller interview with Everett Cooley, 25 October 1983, Everett Cooley Oral History (Accn 814), Interview 25, Manuscripts, Special Collections, Marriott Library, University of Utah, 44. 11 09171-09172 11 Olpin Journal 09171 -09172 (22 February 1964). 12 12 Olpin Journal 09183 (28 February 1964). 9 10 10 9 I3 influence.13 In a final final report on their activities, the Faculty Committee pledged to support efforts and suggestions had the new president but expressed disappointment that their efforts been completely ignored. Reaction among other faculty members and the student body overall was mixed. The usual questions about Fletcher's non-academic background, the religion issue, and the family ties to Olpin were all raised in turn. The Daily Utah Utah Chronicle Chroniclewas wassupportive supportive of the new appointment, running an editorial which defended Fletcher on all issues. issues. 14 14 Yet even the Chronicle Chronicle couldn't couldn't resist resist making making light light of of the the perceived perceived nepotism. nepotism. In In the the annual annual April fool's issue, a James "Chippy Fetcher" appointed his father, father, Harvey, to be in charge of the science department while his brothers ended up in various university positions. positions."15 Fletcher began making visits to the University of Utah in April. The family connection between Olpin OIpin and Fletcher continued to be an issue raised and both made efforts issue. 16 16 By June 30, Fletcher had become acquainted with efforts to downplay the whole issue. the University of Utah, and the next day began his duties as President. Facing him was a of faculty which had grave doubts concerning his suitability for president, a flood of students who would begin enrolling in college classes, and a university which was of students woefully woefully unprepared in terms of of physical plant to receive the number of expected. 13 Miller interview, interview, p. p. 45. 45. The Daily Sandy Gilmour, "The Skeptics and the President," The Daily Utah UtahChronicle, Chronicle,2323March March1964. 1964. 15 ""Fetcher The Daily "Fetcher Announces Selections," The Daily Utah UtahChronicle, Chronicle,I 1April April1964. 1964. 16 J6 Joan Joan Trevithick, At U., Looks Around Around Campus," Campus," The The Daily Trevithick, "Dr. "Dr. Fletcher Fletcher Stops Stops At U., Looks Daily Utah UtahChronicle, Chronicle,3 3April April 1964. 1964. 13 14 J4 10 Administrative Shakeup Fletcher's arrival in July allowed him a couple of of months to evaluate the situation at the University without having to deal with a large student population. At a press conference on July 2, Fletcher stressed the need for good faculty and said that research as important, if not more so, than instruction. The The President spoke aa great deal was just as about the importance of science, but also admitted that a background in the humanities 17 was important. 17 of the University of As part of of an effort effort to show the non-Mormon population of of Utah that he would be willing to listen to their views, Fletcher put an ashtray in his office. He neither smoked nor drank as part of the Mormon health code, but he used the ashtray to show he would be tolerant of other viewpoints and willing to discuss sensitive matters. 18 After a quiet swnmer summer quarter at the University, Fletcher decided that an administrative shakeup was needed. For many years Olpin had run the University handson with two vice-presidents and an assistant. With the campus rapidly expanding and the student population about to balloon, Fletcher decided he needed fewer people to report directly to the president and began to appoint several vice-presidents. Eventually, Fletcher was to have six vice-presidents and two deputy vice-presidents at any given of vice-presidents during the Fletcher era included the provost, academic time. A list of vice-president, executive vice-president, business vice-president, deputy vice-president for business operations and construction, deputy vice-president for finance, finance , vice17 Good Faculty- Charts Future Future Course at Press Conference," The TheDaily Daily Utah Utah "Fletcher Stresses Research, Good Chronicle, 33 July July 1964. 1964. Chronicle, 18 Roger D. Launius, "A Western Monnon In Washington D.C.: James C. Fletcher, NASA, and the Final 18 Roger D. Launius, "A Western Mormon In Washington D.C.: James C. Fletcher, NASA, and the Fmal Pacific Historical His/orical Review, Vol. 64, Frontier," Frontier," Pacific Review, Vol. 64, No. No. 22 (May (May 1995), 1995), 220-221. 220-221. 17 II 11 president for economic and community development, vice-president for research, vicepresident for financial financial affairs, administrative vice-president, vice-president for special affairs, projects, deputy academic vice-president, vice-president for student and public affairs, 19 vice-president.19 vice-president for planning and public affairs, and provost/academic vice-presiden!. This added layer of bureaucracy won Fletcher some support but many more critics. Yet Fletcher felt that as the University of Utah reached an explosion of student growth that one person would not be able to handle the workload. He appointed a provost conflict between two particular vice-presidents and someone who could so as to prevent a conflict run the campus while Fletcher traveled to Washington, D.C. to help secure Federal 20 funding..20 funding Campus Growth Growth Campus The population explosion began to affect the University sooner and harder than expected. Fletcher had estimated that for the 1964-1965 school year that there would be 14,500 enrolled students, up from from 13,810 the year before. When the number of of students 21 was announced in October 1964, the overall student population stood at 15,349. This of a flood of of students who were born during the "baby boom" period. was the beginning of With many more students on their way, the classroom facilities at the University began to be critically overloaded. overloaded. Olpin had tried to solve this problem many years previously by asking for a bonding program that would allow the University to build the needed buildings. A 1962 Campus Master Plan had aimed to replace the scattered 19 266.. 19 Hodson, Hodson, Crisis on Campus, Campus , 266 20 20 Elizabeth Haglund Interview with Project Everett Cooley, 19 October 1984, Everett Cooley Oral History Project University of Utah, 34-35. 34-35. (Acco 814), Interview 9, Manuscripts, Special Collections, Marriott Library, University (Accn 21 21 "University "University Enrollment Enrollment Hits Hits Record, Record, 15,349, 15,349, Lack Lack of of Class Class Space Space Poses Poses Major Major Problem," Problem," The The Daily Daily Utah Chronicle, 22 Utah 22 October October 1964. 1964. 12 temporary structures from World War II with new, permanent buildings centralized around a new campus library. After the 1963 Legislative session approved the bonding, Governor George D. Clyde vetoed it. A special session of the legislature that year gave the University of Utah enough money to let architectural contracts, but did not provide 22 enough to build the buildings. buildings 22 As a result, by the time Fletcher entered office, the building program at the of Utah was severely behind schedule. Just a few days after Fletcher arrived, University of the classroom portion of of the business complex wasfinished, finished, but the faculty offices were still under construction, and the lecture hall still needed money before it could be completed. Other departments were not much better off. Biology, Chemistry. Physics. Chemistry, Physics, Mines and Earth Sciences, and other departments were in tight quarters and waiting for the money to build new buildings. Fletcher was fortunate that just four months after taking office, office. Calvin Rampton was elected Governor of of Utah. In Rampton' Rampton'ss inaugural, he proposed a massive bonding bill that would give Utah's Utah' s colleges and universities the money to build the necessary 23 buildings The 1965 Legislature was generous and passed the bonding bill, bill. but not buildings.23 without controversy. Rampton signed the bill, and within the year a massive amount of of construction began at the University of Utah. For the most part the plans for campus growth and even some of the architectural of the buildings themselves had already been decided upon during the Olpin years. plans of Fletcher was able to follow this plan with a few modifications as different different needs came 22 22 23 23 Hodson, Crisis Crisis On On Campus. Campus, 59-105 59-105. Hodson. . .. Calvin L. Rampton, Rampton. As I Recall (Salt Lake City: University UwvefSlty of Utah Press, Press. 1989). 135 . 1989), 135. 13 forward. The Fletcher era saw a massive number of of capital buildings rising in a very short time. time. Among those built or completed were the Business Lecture Hall (1965), the Medical Center (1965), the Biology Building (1968), (\ 968), the Chemistry Building (1968), the Physics Building (1968), (1969), (\ 968), the Library (1968), the Special Events Center (\ 969), the Health, Physical Education and Recreation (HPER) Complex (1969), the Pharmacy and Nursing Buildings (1967 and 1969), a new Mines Building (\971) (1971) and parts of the Arts 24 (1971). 971).24 and Architecture complex (\ of the planning had been taken care of during the Olpin years, Even though most of Fletcher and his administration still had a large impact on campus construction. Fletcher appointed as his Administrative Vice-President Brigham D. Madsen. Between Madsen and Campus Architect Bruce Jensen, campus construction assumed an orderly shape. Madsen had to work under a tight budget, and more often than not, he had to force architects to cut out aspects of a building to save money. One example is the Social and Behavioral Sciences Tower which was the first building Madsen had to deal with. The architects architects'' estimates to construct the building were $750,000 more than the University had allocated. Madsen sent them back to the drawing board, and they managed to cut $500,000 out of the estimate. Madsen said that if the remaining $250,000 was not cut from the theestimate, estimate,the thebuilding buildingsimply simplywould wouldnot notbe bebuilt. built.The Thearchitects architectsbasically basically from reduced the Tower to a mere shell with walls, floors, ceilings, and a few windows, but came in at the correct price. Madsen got a bid for the building that was $120,000 less 24 University of of Utah, UniverSity Universityof of Utah UtahFinancial FinancialReport Reportfor forthe theyear yearended endedJune June30,30,1972 1972 (Salt Lake (Salt Lake of Utah, 1972), 46-48. 46-48. City: University of 24 14 than allocated. After After some debate, Fletcher allowed Madsen to build an auditorium next 25 money25 to the Social and Behavioral Sciences Tower with the spare money. of the changes that the Fletcher Administration brought to the University Not all of were austere. Bruce Jensen and other consultants prepared a 1968 Master Plan which updated and modified the 1962 Master Plan. A system of of peripheral roads was clarified and several pedestrian malls were laid out. The two major ones met at the southeast corner of of the new library, the campus center. To further unify and beautify beautify the campus, various kinds of of trees and other plants were carefully carefully selected to be planted in certain areas. Four large fountains were planned, two were on either end of of the mall that connected the Union, Orson Spencer Hall, the Library, and the Business Complex. A new system of of unified signs would be distributed around campus to orient the pedestrian who would be walking across the lengthy malls. 26 The University clearly had ambitious plans. Future projections showed many buildings filling filling ininthe theremaining remainingempty emptyspace spaceby by 1980. 1980.Such Suchdevelopment development was wasaa long longway wayoff, off, however. The University was still struggling to get the basic buildings it needed and often lacked funding to run what it already had. Closure of the Stewart School Along with the development of the campus, Fletcher hoped to modernize the University of of Utah. As a result, long standing programs began to feel pressure to improve Brigham D. Madsen interview with Everett Cooley, 12 August August 1983, 1983, Everett Cooley Cooley Oral Oral History History Project, Interview 10-2, Manuscripts, Special Special Collections, Collections, Marriott Library, University ofUtab, of Utah, 15-18. 26 16 University of AmericanalUniversity Archives, Special of Utah Master Plan 1968, located in Western Americana/University Collections, Marriott Library, University of Utah. 25 2S 15 15 or be discontinued. No program that was cut was as controversial as Fletchers fletcher 's closing of of the Stewart School. The William M. Stewart School had its origins as far back as 1869 when a of teachers had been established at the University of of "Normal" School for the training of The Normal School moved around with the University until finally Deseret. Tbe fmally gaining a building of of its own in 1920 near University Circle. For many years it was an important part of of the School of of Education. Students from the surrounding area, instead of going to a school in their school district, could come to the Stewart School and receive instruction 27 from teachers teachers leaming learninghow howtototeach. teach.27 from Problems surfaced when the Regents slashed money from the requested budget of of the University of of Utah. Immediately, Fletcher and his academic vice-president, Jack Adamson, began looking for ways to cut back on nonessential services. The Stewart School was their prime target. In Fletcher's mind, the space that could be used by college-level students was being taken up by an outdated and outmoded school for elementary and secondary education. A building given to a needy department would save of having to build another. In addition, Fletcher felt that such training schools the cost of Ifit were an anachronism in his effort effort to modernize the University. If it couldn't make some 28 bold leap into a more experimental school, it should close. c1ose The School of of Education was much divided on the issue, but most wanted to keep the Stewart School open. One particular setback was the division between the faculty and 27 27 Roald F. Campbell, Nine Lives: Leadership and the Universityof ofUlah's Utah'sSchool SchoolofofEdllcalion, Education,1869-1988 1869-1988 Ihe UniverSity (Salt Lake City, Graduate Scbool School of Education, University of Utah, 1990), 20-22, 35-37, 69-71 Univen;ity ofUtab, 35-37,69-71 28 28 Edwin A. Read monologue, 6 September 1984, Everett Cooley Oral History Project (Accn 814), Utah, 7-12 ofUtab, Interview 28, Manuscripts, Special Collections, Marriott Library, University of 16 16 the Dean of Education, Asahel D. D. Woodruff. Over the objections of Education faculty, faculty, Woodruff in 1960. Woodruff Woodruff had immediately begun to make Olpin had appointed Woodruff changes in the School of Education, which won him few friends. friends . By the time Fletcher announced his intent to close the Stewart School unless more money could be found, five years of controversy and division had afflicted the School of Education. This did not help 29 present a united front in favor of the Stewart School School.29 Fletcher did give the School of Education a year to try and raise funds to keep the efforts were unsuccessful. unsuccessful. As a result, the Stewart School Stewart School open, but all efforts July 1966. 1966.ItItwas wasprobably probablythe thelast laststraw strawfor for Dean DeanWoodruff, Woodruff, closed its doors forever on 1 I July 30 who resigned that same year. 30 Rather than feeling sorrow that such a historic part of of the University had been ended, Fletcher counted the closing of the Stewart School one of of his greater achievements in his first years as President. In response to a question as to whether he could get the state legislature to appropriate funding for the many programs he was considering, he replied that steps had been taken to cut back marginal and non-essential "academic fat. fat."" He continued, "We've cut out things like the Stewart teacher training school, which created a lot of of public reaction, but it was not absolutely necessary for our academic 31 program." program.,,31 Fletcher had already said that new research would be just as important as graduating students, if if not more so. The closure of of the Stewart School indicated that 29 29 Campbell, Nine Lives, 170-192. 170- 192. 30 30 Ibid, Ibid., 192-197 192- 197. 31 31 "Interview "Interview with president president discloses views December December 1967. 1967. on of Ulah UtahReview. Review, on finances, finances, growth, growth. students," The University Un;versity of 17 Fletcher Fletcher was determined detennined to advance research at the University University and was was interested in the the bottom line, line, just as he had been when running massive science research corporations. "Fletcherization" University was in a process of of "Fletcherization," a term tenn coined by by Chronicle Chronicle The University Senior Editor Sylvia Kronstadt. Fletcherization included such principles as increased delegation, a demand for excellence, and being willing to pare back or excise programs 32 desiredJ2 that were not matching up to the progress or potential desired. of administration sharply divided the campus. Some of of Fletcher's Fletcher 's most This kind of vocal supporters were Provost Thomas C. King, Administrative Vice-President Brigham D. Madsen, Executive Vice-President Neal A. Maxwell, and public relations director Elizabeth Haglund. Several years later in an interview, Haglund stated that although Fletcher's offaculty, faculty, it was essential for Fletcher' s business-like approach dismayed a large number of university' s health. The legislature did not approve enough money to advance all of of the university's of the University and Fletcher simply had enough sense to put money the departments of where the winners were. Haglund further further refuted the idea that only the hard sciences people ... He had no prospered under Fletcher. She said, "President Fletcher liked bright people...He patience with slow, indecisive people." people .,,33 Brigham Madsen also had supportive things to say concerning Fletcher many years later: Let me say this about Jim Fletcher, he was the greatest financial financial wizard I've ever met. He knew how to handle money. He knew how to get it; he knew how to 32 32 "President The University Universityof ofUtah UtahReview, Review,November November1969 1969 Fletcher leads U into new educational era," The Kronstadt's article in the Daily Utah Chronicle). Chronicle). Daily Utah (selections from Sylvia Kronstad!,s 33 13 Haglund interview, 31-34. 18 18 handle it; he knew how to allocate it. He was the right man at the right time for the University. Madsen continued on to say that Fletcher did make some mistakes, but for the most part 34 his decisions were appropriate appropriate.J4 Others took a very different different view. Kenneth B. Castleton, Dean of the Medical School and later vice-president for medical affairs, declared that "I found Dr. Fletcher to 35 be a difficult difficult man to deal with..." with ... ,,3s Gordon 1. J. Miller went even further: "I think Jim 36 Fletcher was a disaster as far as the University of of Utah was concerned. concerned.",,36 Was Fletcher the right man or a disaster? The debate began from his introduction to the Faculty Committee and still persists today. It is clear that he was very divisive- people tended to really like him or really hate him. But neither perspective is helpful in evaluating his tenure as President of of the University of of Utah. As with all leaders, he was a complex person with many contradictions. One person who knew him during his business years declared that Fletcher would difficult personnel situations and getting antagonists to work be excellent in solving difficult together.37 In reality, the Administration and Faculty had probably never been so divided since the Academic Freedom controversy of 1915 when Joseph Kingsbury was 38 President.J8 President Fletcher did campaign hard to secure better funding for the University and its programs. He once warned Utahns about a "quiet crisis" that was taking place in Utah 34 l4 Brigham D. Madsen interview, 11-36. 35 3S Kenneth B. Castleton interview with Everett . Cooley, 12 12 September 1983, Everett Cooley Oral History Project, Interview 19, Manuscripts, Special Collections, Marriott Library, University of Utah, 31 31.. 36 36 Miller interview, 44. 37 "Fletcher Earns Compliments of Associates," Deseret News and Salt Lake Telegram , 29 February 1964. 31 "Fletcher Earns Compliments of Associates," Deseret News and Salt Lake Telegram, 29 February 1964. 38 Linda M. Higgins, The University of Utah 1850-1919: A ChronolOgical Narrative (Salt Lake City: 38 Linda M. Higgins, The University of Utah 1850-1919: A Chronological Narrative (Salt Lake City: American West Center, Center, 1980), 1980), 1910-1919 section, 7-19. 7-19. American West 1910-1919 section, 19 19 39 higher education and would result in disaster unless action was Yet even was taken taken.39 even Fletcher all fields at once and did did the best he realized that the University could not advance in all could with his background of running an industry to fund projects he thought worthwhile. By early 1970, many of the problems that had faced Fletcher had been solved or become more manageable. from a big mire of mud to manageable. The campus was rapidly changing from assume the shape it has carried since. A research park was in its early stages (see Chapter of 4). Despite some programs being cut, the university had a net increase in the number of 40 majors offered, Fletcher' s biggest test was offered, and new programs were being offered offered.40 Yet Fletcher's yet to come, and in order to understand why he and the university reacted in the way they first. did, other aspects of of the university must be considered first. 39 Sandra Telford, Chronicle,2323September September1966 1966. "Sandra Telford, "'Quiet '''Quiet Crisis': Fletcher Fletcher Declares War," Daily Daily Utah Utah Chronic/e, .. .., Survey of of University of of Utah General Catalogs 1964-1971, circulating circulating catalogs available avallable from Marriott Mamon of Utah. Utah. Library, University of 40 CHAPTER II: THE STRUGGLES OF A CENTRALIZED MEDICAL CENTER (19651971 1971)) The campus changed quite dramatically during Fletcher's administration. administration. In few colleges was this as true as the College of Medicine, the College of Nursing, and the College of of Pharmacy. Beginning in earnest in 1965 with the opening of the new Medical Center, these three colleges would eventually be centralized in what became known as the Upper Campus. As with any centralization, however, there were opposing forces. A bitter struggle between the University Library and the Medical Center over the Medical of controversy and Library lasted several years. The Medical Center itself itself was the target of financial problemsfor forseveral severalyears. years.By Bythe theend endof ofFletcher's Fletcher'sadministration, administration,things thingshad had financial problems only just become moderately stable. The Completion of a New Medical Center Plans for a new Medical Center began during the Olpin alpin administration. A fouryear medical school had been established at the University of Utah starting in 1943, but no single building existed to house the program. A campus medical center was discussed, but no definite action was taken until 1955 when Dr. Philip B. Price urged the Regents to approve a medical center. The next year the new center was approved at an estimated cost l of $10,000,000. of $1 0,000,000. I Problems came up immediately. Other hospitals in Salt Lake City 1 Mary Pappasideris Chachas, ed., ed, The The Gift Gift of of Health Health Goes Goesall: On:AA History Historyofofthe theUlliversity UniversityofofUtah Utah Medical I Mruy Medical Celller Center (Salt (Salt Lake Lake City: City: University University of of Utah Utah Health Health Sciences Sciences Center Center Office Office of of CommuDlty Community Relahons, Relations, 1990), 1990), 11. 11 . 21 21 worried that the University Medical Center would draw away their own patient 2 populations and, as a result, the Medical Center was a very controversial issue. issue 2 Planning continued to move forward anyway although the Legislature approved only $4,000,000 to build the Center. With such a small appropriation, it became necessary for the School of of Medicine to solicit funds for construction from various community members. Thanks to the donations of several different different people and timely Federal grants, the Medical Center was able to proceed. Ground was broken in 1959, but a bid was not secured until 1961, delaying active construction until 1962. By the time the price price tag tag for for the the building building had had risen risen to to $15 $15,675,000. construction was finished in 1965, the ,675,000. Even this large sum barely covered the essentials; the new building was so austere that not even air conditioning was included. included. 33 On June 1, I, 1965, Redman Moving and Storage began moving several assorted items to the new Medical Center, including some mice, fifty refrigerators, and some fourteen cadavers. Several weeks later, on July 10, 1965, the National Guard moved 10,1965, several patients into the Medical Center from the old Salt Lake County General Hospital. Hospital'4 Once the entire move into the Medical Center was completed, it became apparent that the unfortunate. Accordingly, air conditioning was lack of of air conditioning was rather unfortunate. subsequently approved, but only $40,000 was allotted to install it.5 2 2 Priscilla M. Mayden interview with Everett Cooley, May 6 and 13 13,, 1986, Everett Cooley Oral History (Accn 814), Interview 115, of Utah, p. Project (Acen lIS , Special Collections, Marriott Library, University of p. 48 48. 3 of Health, Health, 42-48 42-48.. l Chachas, Gift 0/ 4 4 Lynne Athay, "u. "U. Medical School Relocates; National Guard, Redmen Aid," Daily Utah Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,2 2 Linda Hagman, Hagman, "New "New Med Med Center Center Has Has Birthday,' Birthday,"· Daily Daily Utah UtahChronic/e, Chronicle,1212July July1966. 1966. July 1965; Linda ,5 Chachas, Gift Gift 0/ of Health, Health, 50. 50. 22 The imposing building building was the the largest in in the state of of Utah, Utah, with over 500,000 500,000 square feet and containing containing 2,000 rooms. The north wing held the the hospital, hospital, the central wing contained clinics, and the south wing held held the the College of of Medicine, as well as other other 66 academic and scientific scientific departments. The dedication ceremonies for the new building included a speech at Kingsbury Hall and aribbon-cutting ribbon-cutting ceremony held at the Medical 7 Center itself. itsele after the dedication, dedication, the Medical Center was ready when a 727 Less than a month after jetliner crashed near the Salt Lake City airport during aflight flightfrom from New York to San of the 89 passengers were immediately taken to surrounding Francisco. Forty-five of hospitals. hospitals 88 The pilot, co-pilot, and two others were the only survivors to be taken to the 9 Medical Center, but several off-duty off-duty staff staff were ready to assist. assist 9 After After a year of of operation, the Medical Center received a $500,000 grant from from the of a Regional Medical Program. The Federal Government to plan for the establishment of of Utah was selected because the Medical Center was centrally located and University of 10 Within a few months, already recognized as an institution of of excellent medical research.10 the Intermountain Regional Medical Program began serving all of of Utah, as well as some of the surrounding states, in training doctors and nurses. The program was eventually of ll discontinued in 1976 by the Federal Government.11 6 6 Daily Ulah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,1414October October1965. 1965. Richard Waters, "Completion of Medical Center Accomplished," Daily 7 Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,1818October October1965. 1965. 7 "U. Medical Center Sees Dedication," Daily Ulah 8 R Miskin, "727 Jet Crashes, 89 89 Aboard," Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,1212November November1965. 1965. 8 Zane R. 9 Daily Ulah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,1616November November ' Ivar G. Nelson, "Aircraft Disaster Spurs New Hospital to Action," Daily 1% 5. 1965. 10 "Medics Snag Half Million," Daily Ulah Chronicle, 2 August 1966. 10 Daily Utah Chronicle, 2 August 1966. 11 II Chachas, Gift oj Heallh, 38. of Health, 23 Conflict with Salt Lake County Conflict Although the Medical Center won much recognition for its excellent research programs and health care, financial financial problems problems threatened to overwhelm it. An especially bitter controversy that added more financial financial pressure to the Center arose when Salt Lake County refused 1956, the the County and and the the University had refused to pay several bills in 1967. In 1956, entered into a contract that the University University would take care of of the County's indigent population if if the County would reimburse the University. University . This system had worked for many years while there was no medical center, and University staff of patients staff took care of 12 at the County hospital. hospita1. 12 At the new Medical Center, however, mistrust began to develop between the two parties. County officials officials became suspicious about how much their patients were being charged at the Center for medical services. When the expenses incurred by the County patients at the Center reached $350,000 above what the County had appropriated for their care, the County refused refused to pay. An opinion by County attorney Gordon B. Christenson declared that the County was forbidden forhidden to make more expenditures than its income; therefore, the expenditures in question were void and could not be claimed against the County. Upon this ruling, President Fletcher expressed shock and surprise. Fletcher demanded that the county pay its expenses as outlined in the agreement and warned that the University would pursue legal action action if necessary. 13 12 February 1964 extension of agreement made in October 1956, The James C. Fletcher Papers (Ace 199) 13,, University Archives, University of Utah. Bx 6 Fd 13 13 13 Joan Letson, '''Don't . "'Don't Pay Hospital', Says Attorney," Daily Ulah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,11February February1967 1967. 12 24 Part of of the problem was the passage of federal laws creating Medicare and Medicaid. Federal funds were made available to pay for those indigent who could couId not pay for services themselves. These acts took the payment for health care out of the hands of of the County, but only for those who qualified under the Federal guidelines. Those who did not qualify under Federal guidelines were dropped completely by the County. By 1969, the Medical Center had to start turning patients away who did not qualify for Federal aid, could not pay themselves, and who had been dropped by the county. This made a very poor impression amongst the poor people and in the community in general.14 14 A suit brought against the University of Utah and 300 other defendants by Salt Lake County tried to solve the issue of of whether the County had to pay payor or not. After several years and four different different judges who worked on the case, the County was fmally finally ordered to pay the University Medical Center $425,000 during the 1971-1972 fiscal fiscal year. fmancially. By 1970, In the meantime, the Medical Center had almost collapsedfinancially. of dollars, and the patient census was very the hospital was losing hundreds of thousands of low. Fletcher remarked that the situation of of the hospital was "like a train going downhill whistle.,,1155 without brakes and just blowing its whistle." That same year, Medical Dean Franklin G. G Ebaugh, Jr. brought into the hospital administration John A. Reinertsen. The hospital was facing financial financial ruin as the state had forbidden the University to transfer funds to cover hospital shortfalls. Reinertsen went forward in restructuring billing procedures and obtaining much needed capital from the 14 Chachas, Gift of of Health, HealTh, 54; Suzanne Dean, "U. hospital hospilal forced to turn tum away poor," Daily UTah Utah Chronicle, 88 December December 1969. 1969. Chronicle, "15 Chachas, Gift of HeolTh, 56. of Health, 14 25 state. Within a year, the hospital portion of of the Medical Center was well on its way to fmancial financial stabilityl6 stability.16 The Drive Towards Centralization If fmancial problems were the dominant theme of the Medical Center during the If financial Fletcher years, an overall drive towards centralization was the overarching theme of of the health sciences in general. The Colleges of of Nursing and Pharmacy would all relocate to the Upper Campus within five years of the opening of of the Medical Center. Unlike the of Medicine, however, the Colleges of Pharmacy and Nursing would have a College of much easier time in their moves to the Upper Campus. In January, 1965, construction began on a new Pharmacy building on the Upper of L.S. Skaggs, Jr. contributed $250,000 to the College of Campus. Within a month, L.S. Pharmacy for the construction of of the new $1,300,000 building, which was named in his honor.117 Other donors and the state also approved money for the new building, which was finished finished by bySeptember, September, 1966 1966and anddedicated dedicatedthe thenext nextmonth. month.This Thisenabled enabledthe theCollege Collegeof of Pharmacy to move from its cramped quarters in the third floor of of the old Gymnasium building near University Circle to a spacious three-floor building with a connected 18 auditorium.18 The College of of Nursing also had a rather fast move to the Upper Campus compared to the Medical Center. The College had been spread out over many buildings, of the Medical Center, the Annex, and several temporary buildings. including a small part of 16 Ibid., 56-57. Knighl, "Drug Mogul Contributes $250,000," Daily Knight, Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,2424February February1965. 1965. 18 Nick Snow, Snow, "Ribbon "Ribbon Cut; Cut; College College ofPhannacy of Pharmacy Opened," Opened," Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,7 7October October1966. 1966. 16 17 17 Carol 18 26 26 Early Early in in 1966, 1966, the the College College of of Nursing Nursing received received the the largest largest single single share share of of Federal Federal funds funds as as provided by by the the Nursing Nursing Training Training Act Act of of 1964. 1964. The The $5,000,000 $5,000,000 grant grant included included provided $1,500,000 for for the the construction construction of of aa new new building building for for the the College College of of Nursing. Nursing. In In addition, addition, $1,500,000 the 1965 1965 State State Legislature Legislature had had approved approved another another $$1 million for for the the construction construction of of the the the I million new Nursing Nursing building, completely completely covering covering the the cost cost of of the the new new six six story story building. new 19 Contracts were were let let in in July 1967, 1967, and and construction began shortly shortly after. after.19 Contracts The The new Nursing building was was finished finished in in October 1968 1968 and and was was dedicated the next month. floors of underground parking as month. The new building contained two two floors as well as as classrooms. A child development laboratory was a new addition to the several offices and classrooms. College of Nursing as was the addition of closed-circuit television which was installed throughout the building. Speaking at the dedicatory program which was held in Skaggs Hall, President Fletcher declared that the Nursing Building was one of of the finest facilities on the campus, and perhaps the country as well. He continued on to say mat that "In a day where America seems to be de-humanizing, this college of of nursing will stand as an an example of of the ultimate of of human concern." The crowd proceeded to the new Nursing 20 Building Building and cut a ceremonial ceremonial ribbon. ribbon 20 The simple ceremony did not not reveal reveal the the bitterness bitterness mat that existed existed between between the College College of ofMedicine Medicine and the the Colleges of of Pharmacy and and Nursing. Nursing. The The funding funding for for the the Colleges Colleges of ofNursing Nursing and and Pharmacy Pharmacy was was received received from from the the general general university university fund, fund, while while the the College College of ofMedicine Medicine had had its its own own line-item line-item fund fund in in the the 19 11January January 1966; 1966;Sandy SandyAnderson, Anderson, "New "New Building Building " "Nurses "NursesReceive Receive Grant," Grant,"Daily Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle, II Planned April 1967. ofNursing," Nursing," Daily Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle, 19 April PlannedFor ForCollege College of 20 Chronicle, 28 28October October 1968; 1968;Vern VernMoulton, Moulton, 20"Special "SpecialEvents Events to to dedicate dedicate nursing nursingbldg.," bldg.," Daily Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, "Nursing November 1968. 1968. "Nursingcollege collegededicated dedicatedby byHEW," HEW,"Daily Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle, 33November 27 state budget. Even though all three colleges were involved in the health sciences of sciences,, each of of them had a unique identity, and all three struggled to obtain money. The College of Medicine was incensed when funds for the Pharmacy and Nursing buildings were obtained rather easily (as compared with the decade-long struggle to get the Medical Center built and the financial financial struggle to keep it afloat). Although this perception was skewed as the Medical Center had been built before the appropriations of the 1965 Legislature and before Federal funds had been made available, it drove a deeper wedge between Medicine and Nursing with Pharmacy. Those in Nursing and Pharmacy of Medicine at various responded in kind by trying to thwart plans by the College of junctures, thinking Medicine had too much of of the power on campus anyway.21 anyway.21 With the completion of of the Medical Center (1965), Pharmacy building (1966), and Nursing building (1968), efforts efforts were made to finish fmish the process of centralization. In 1967, Dr. L.E. Stevens declared that having an outpatient clinic in the Medical Center and the Student Health Center near University Circle was redundant and should be consolidated. A lengthy debate over whether to keep the separate Student Health Center or not began. Among the problems of the Health Center were no weekend hours and the fact that it was far from the dormitories. Dr. Stevens added that since the lower campus was in desperate need of of space for classrooms and other facilities, it would be easier to close the Health Center and give it to another department. The director of of the Health Center, Dr. George Edison, declared that students would be largely ignored in the large 21 21 Mayden interview, 44. 28 28 Medical Center and that the function of the Health Center was different from that of the 22 Medical Center. Center.22 A A quick poll conducted by the Daily Utah Utah Chronicle Chroniclefound foundthat thatabout aboutfifty-eight fifty-eight percent of students were for consolidation of the Health Center into the Medical Center. Many of the reasons listed were poor service, no weekend service, and long waiting on hard benches. The opposition generally said that although the Medical Center was indeed closer to the dormitories, the strenuous hike up the hill to the Medical Center would be difficult for an ill person to make. make. Dr. Edison concurred with this statement and too difficult 23 easier. added that the downhill walk, although longer, would be easier.23 The Student Health Center continued to be a controversial issue, but it was never from 1984 shows a still consolidated with the Medical Center. A map of the University from 24 Circle.24 independent Health Center near University Circle. The Health Center continued to be of many jokes. In the Chronicle's Chronicle's next the butt of next April April Fool's Fool's Edition, Edition, fire fire sweeps sweeps through through cafeteria. The severely burned students are taken to the Health the Huddle- the Union cafeteria. of after, the director of Center but discover that it is locked since it is Saturday. The Monday after, the Health Center, "George R. Edsel," declared that "Aspirin wouldn't have helped them that much anyway." anyway.,,25 22 22 '"Student Chronicle,99 ''' Student Health Center Obsolete Duplication'?Duplication' ?- University M.D. Says 'Yes,'" 'Yes,'" Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, October 1967. 1967. 23 2J Angelyn Angelyn Nelson, Nelson, "Utes "Utes Favor Favor Consolidation," Consolidation," Daily Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,1010October October1967; 1967;"Health "HealthCenter Center Controversy," Daily Utah Chronic/e, 12 October 1967. . . Controversy," Daily Utah Chronicle, 12 October 1967. 24 Bruce H. Jensen and Ted Nagata Graphics, University of Utah, June 1984 map; located In J. WIllard Bruce H. Jensen and Ted Nagata Graphics, University of Utah, June 1984 map; located in J. Willard Marriott Library Library Map Map Collection, Collection, University University of of Utah. Utah. Marriott ""Fire Rages In Huddle- Thousands Left Homeless," Daily Utah Chronicle, 1 April 1968. 25 "Fire Rages In Huddle- Thousands Left Homeless," Daily Utah Chronicle, 1 April 1968. 29 The Fight for the Medical Library The last major part of the health sciences to be centralized on the Upper Campus was the Medical Library. The process of getting the Medical Library separated from the main collection turned out to be a long and bitter tug of of war between the University Library and the Medical Center. In the end, the Medical Center won, and the Medical Library was centralized along with the other health science facilities on the Upper Campus, but not until after a bitter struggle. The University Library had been built up over several decades from many sources, including portions of the Utah Territorial Library and the personal library of Dr. John R. Park, the first University President. When the University of Utah moved to the of the first fITst three buildings East Bench campus in 1901, 190 I, the Library building was one of constructed (it was known as the Mathematics building during the Fletcher Administration and later renamed the LeRoy E. Cowles Building). In 1914 the library 26 building 26 Here moved again, this time into the upper levels of of the Park Administration building. the law library became distinctly separate as the law school needed a separate law 27 library.27 Both the law library and the general library stayed in the same building until the library. general library moved into the new George Thomas Library in 1935. The main collection already had many medical books by the time the move to the of Medicine became a four-year Thomas Library was made, but when the College of institution, the medical collection began to expand quite rapidly. By 1960, the Medical 26 26 "Brief History," The The UniverSity University of of Utah UtahLibraries Libraries(Salt (SaltLake LakeCity: City:University UniversityofofUtah UtahPress, Press,[19751]), [1975?]),2-2"Brief 6. 27 27 Mayden interview, 27-28. 30 Library made up the largest single division of of books within the Thomas Library, and it continued to expand. The building for the College of of Medicine was located very close to the Thomas Library, and medical students had easy access to the Medical Library. However, when the move to the new Medical Center took place, the distance between the College and the Library widened. Many medical administrators argued that it was unwise to have the of Utah campus between the College and the Library. Unfortunately, Unfortunately, no entire University of money existed to build a library near the Medical Center, nor was the College of of Medicine's Medicine ' s accreditation threatened by being so far from the Medical Library. Nevertheless, the medical administration went ahead with planning for a separate libraryof the University Library administration, headed by Ralph D. over the strong objections of 28 Thomson.28 Thomson In 1966 the Dean of the Medical School, Dr. Kenneth B. Castleton, hired Priscilla M. Mayden to be the librarian over the Medical Library. Mayden would later state that 29 she had no idea concerning the battle she was getting herself int0 29 The College of of herself into. Medicine funded the Medical Library, but the Library Administration provided the space for the Medical Library and technical services like cataloging, marking, acquisitions, and circulation. It was this gray area of competing administrations that complicated the 30 Mayden. O of the Medical Library and Mayden] situation of 28 28 29 29 30 30 Ibid., 32-37. 31 , 33. 33 . Ibid., 28, 31, Ibid., 31, 31 , 37. 31 31 Castleton asked Mayden to begin working on a building program to plan a new Medical Library centered on the Upper Campus. When Thomson found out about the new program and the planned separation, he was furious furious.. After some quick conciliation on Mayden's part, Thomson agreed to work with Mayden, but the atmosphere was still tense. Thomson eventually agreed to a separate Medical Library, but mainly under the guise of a branch library still run and administered by the University Library 31 Administration.3 1 Later on, the National Library of the University of Utah to see of Medicine came to me whether the University merited a grant for the construction of a separate Medical Library. One member asked Thomson if ifit Library ' s opinion that the new it was the University Library's Medical Library would have its own Technical Services. Thomson answered no, since he believed that technical services would be best administered from a central location. When couldn 't afford to Mayden was asked the same question, she decided that the new library couldn't of the be without the ability to handle acquisitions and cataloging. When she said she was of opinion that the Medical Library would have its own technical services department, the of Medicine refused a grant at that time, seeing the division within the National Library of 32 University over the library. library32 The split between the College of of Medicine and the University Library was complicated further further by the existing split between the College of of Medicine and the Colleges of of Nursing and Pharmacy. Since Mayden was under the direction of of Castleton, the Dean of of the College of of Medicine, Nursing and Pharmacy feared that the new Medical 31 " Ibid, Ibid., 32-34, 37. 37. " Ibid., Ibid., 39-43. 39-43 . 32 32 32 Library would be too much under the influence of Medicine and sided with the University Library in opposing a separate Medical Library33 Library.33 The battle became even more complex due to the fact that in December 1967, the University Library would be moving from the Thomas building to the new Learning Center and Library building, finished late that year. Everything in the Thomas building needed to be moved to make way for the planned Natural History Museum. Library offered the Medical Collection space in the new building, but Mayden administrators offered believed that once the Medical Library went into the new building, it would never come 34 out. In addition, the new library center was even farther from the Medical Center. 34 With plans for the new, permanent Medical Library stalled, Mayden got Castleton 's permission to temporarily locate within the Medical Center itself. itself. Castleton Castleton's secured enough money to put a concrete floor in the sub-basement of of one of of the wings of of the Medical Center and add a partition. The Medical Library moved into that space 3S during August, 1967, with extremely cramped quarters and no air conditioning.35 The Medical Library was still reliant upon the University Library for technical services and faced a high turnover rate due to poor working conditions. Only 32 study spaces were available, and students who managed to find a space often found fouod it impossible to study in of dripping pipes the library between bumping elbows with other students or the noise of 36 overhead. overhead 36 33 Ibid., 44-45. 44-45. Ibid., Ibid., 50. 35 l> Ibid, Ibid .• 51,54-57. 51. 54-57. 36 J6 Ron Bland, Bland, "Medical library expanding; expanding; current facilities 'inadequate,'" ' inadequate, ", Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,II11 November 1969. November 1969. 13 34 J4 33 33 A grant was obtained from the Federal Government's Medical Libraries Assistance Act, but funding funding was delayed when U.S. U.S. President President Lyndon Johnson put all grants on hold. hold. Finally, in 1969, the money came through, and with another quarter of of aa million dollars from Library from the Spencer Eccles family, family, the Spencer S. Eccles Medical Library 37 moved forward in construction. construction 37 Ground was broken broken November November 25,1969, 25 , 1969, and construction construction lasted for a little less than two years. years. The move to the new library finally fmally took place the late summer of of 1971, 1971 , and the libraries of of pharmacy and nursing were also 38 centralized in the new Eccles Library. Library38 Once in the new building, the Medical Library was able to have its own technical 39 services and finally became independent of of the (now) Marriott Library. Library39 It had been a fifteen year struggle to first build the Medical Center and to centralize the remaining fifteen aspects of of health science on the Upper Campus, but with the new Eccles Library the struggle was now over. If If the Fletcher years were concerned with physical centralization, the years following would include administrative centralization and consolidation into the 40 University of of Utah Health Sciences Center Center40 In the meantime, the lower campus was undergoing centralization also, but of building location. The new buildings on campus were to be centered primarily in terms of around the very structure Mayden had worked to become independent of: the Library. 37 Mayden interview, 46-48, 83-84. 38 ""Groundbreaking Daily Utah "Groundbreaking ceremooy ceremony held held Tuesday Tuesday for for Spencer Spencer S. S. Eccles Eccles Medical Medical Library," Library," Daily Utah Chrollic/e, Chronicle, 26 November 1969; 1969; Mayden interview, 92-94. 39 Mayden interview, 45-46. 39 Mayden interview, 45-46. 40 Chachas, Gift of Health , 83 . ,. Chachas, Gift of Health, 83. 37 CHAPTER III: STUBBORN AND SASSY FAITH: THE LIBRARY (1964-1971) Just as the pressures of of of centralization profoundly changed the Colleges of Medicine, Nursing, and Phannacy, Pharmacy, the growth of the University of Utah and centralization around the library affected affected even more students. All through Fletcher's staff of administration, the staff of the University of of Utah Library had to cope with many different changes both internally and externally. By 1968 the library would have a new different building, a new classification classification system, a new organizational structure, and many new problems to deal with. By the end of of the Fletcher Administration, the library had changed from a cramped storage site for books at the edge of state-of-the-art library of campus to a state-of-the-art from and research facility in the center of of everything. Planning a New Library The George Thomas Library had been completed in 1935 and was expected to last fifty fifty years yearsbefore before any anyexpansion expansionor orreplacement replacement was wasneeded. needed.This Thissoon soonproved proveduntrue untrue during the Olpin administration as the University expanded so quickly that book acquisitions struggled to keep up with the rapid pace. If trying to find money to buy the books was difficult fmd space to place all of them was even more difficult enough, trying to find daunting.1I By the late 1950s and early 1960s, study spaces were rapidly disappearing and 1 V. Chamberlin, Chamberlin, T1Je The University Universitya/Utah: of Utah:AAHistory History0/ofIts ItsFirst FirstHundred HundredYears, Years,1850 1850 1950 (Salt Ralph V. to to 1950 (Salt of Utah Press, 1960), 530-533 530-533.. Lake City: University of I 35 book stacks. By By the mid-1960s, the the space crisis was becoming becoming critical, being replaced by book book stacks began began to spill into hallways hallways as well. well 22 as book As part of of the campus planning that that had had gone on during the 1950s, it was decided if the be feasible. feasible. Even if that trying to expand the current Thomas Library would not be successful in ending the space crisis, it would not solve the the problem of of expansion were successful of campus and far from from those who needed its services. services. the library being on the edge of of the Instead, it was decided that a new library should be built and placed in the center of new lower campus.3 of library employees began meeting over several months to Late in 1962, a group of plan a new library. The building was named the Learning Center and Library, as university administrators wanted librarians to consider more than just books as part of of the 4 new library, things like audio-visual materials and even computers. computers' The person who had led the charge for a new library for many years had been the of Head Librarian, Leonard H. Kirkpatrick. Since his arrival in 1941, he had taken charge of the rapidly expanding Thomas Library. Among his many achievements, he laid the foundation for the library's Special Collections by acquiring the occasional manuscript collection or rare book. He also began a program to microfilm Utah newspapers which preserved many papers whose originals were later lost in fires fues or other occurrences. occurrences.' 2 2 Ralph D. Thomson interview with Everett Cooley, 16 November November 1983, 1983, Everett Everett Cooley Cooley Oral Oral History History Project (Accn 814), Interview 40, Manuscripts, Special Collections, Marriott Library, University of Utah, p. 83-84. 83-84. Crisis on Campus, Campus, 72-75 72-75.. Hodson, Crisis 4 4 Ibid., 236-238. 5 S Thomson interview, 74, 76-80. f" 36 Kirkpatrick' Kirkpatrick'ss assistant was Ralph D. Thomson, a man who had worked with President Olpin for many years. When Kirkpatrick died in an untimely accident in 1962, it fell to Thomson to continue the plans for the new library and make it a reality. reality66 The final report of the 1962 committee indicated that many different different changes should be made in the new library. One example was the change from a closed-stack system to an open-stack system. In the Thomas Library, a patron had to request a book, and a library worker would retrieve it and check it out to the patron. In an open stack system, patrons could freely browse the stacks to find find a book that they liked before having to check it out. Another major change the report suggested was the adoption of of of Congress Classification Classification to replace Dewey Decimal Classification which the Library of Thomas Library had been using. It was these recommendations that would influence the 7 library to come. come.' Building the Learning Center and Library Once the report was completed, active planning for the building began. The frod an architect for appropriation by the Legislature in 1963 allowed the University to find the library, and the architect chosen was the group that had designed Brigham Young S. Young and Partners. Robert Fowler University's J. Reuben Clark Library: Lorenzo S. 8 was the main architect from from the firm fmn who worked on the Learning Center and Library. Library Following the planning guide, he designed a building that was five floors floors with the main 6 Traffic Accident," Daily Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,3030November November1962; 1962;Thomson Thomson "Head Librarian Killed In Freak Traffic Daily Utah interview, 82, 82,94. 94. 7 7 Biblio Billboard, Billboard, Vol. Vol.22 No. No. I1(September (September1965). 1965). •8 Thomson interview, 92-93 92-93.. 6 37 entrance on the third floor so as to allow easy access to the other two floors. floors . His plan for the exterior was a mixture of white stone that would contrast with the typical red campus brick that most buildings were made of. However, the price tag rose from $6 million to $6.5 million. Thomson had been told he could have a 300,000 square-foot library at $6 million. When it became apparent that such a price was unrealistic, he simply told feet.9 administrators that he would go with the 300,000 square feet. Due to the crucial need for study space and a desire to participate, students voted the for a $10 building fee. fee . This fee, proposed by students, would pay for $3 $3 million of of me IO library'ss cost.10 Other funds were obtained through Federal matching funds, funds , and the final final library' parts of the state appropriation arrived in the 1965 session. Thomson then was able to find II find a contractor in Tolboe Construction, and in October, 1965, construction began.11 In a groundbreaking ceremony on October 6, Fletcher declared mat that this building would be the single most important building that the University would build in the foreseeable future. future . He was followed by Governor Rampton who also declared that the building would be a far advancement from the days the Park Building housed the library when he attended the University. He stated that the building would accommodate 3,000 12 people, 1I million millionbooks, books,and andcover coverthe the area areaof ofseven sevenfootball football fields. fields. Finally, Fletcher, Rampton, ex-Governor Clyde, Thomson, and student representatives all took a ceremonial shovel and turned over some dirt. After a luncheon '9 Ibid., 99. 10 10 Ibid., 82-83. "Ibid., II Ibid., 100-101. 100-10 I. 12 12 Harris Vincent, "New Library Construction ConsbUction Begins,'· Begins," Daily Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,7 7October October1965. 1965. 38 and further further speeches, the ceremony was over, and Tolboe began the excavation in earnest, hoping to get footings in before winter came.13 13 of construction involved The library really began to rise in 1966. The method of lifting pre-cast columns into place and then steadily bolting the floors onto the columns. All five floors were completed by 1967, and the forty giant stone panels that would circle the building were steadily lifted into place. At one point these forty panels were supposed famous scholars and writers like DaVinci, Shakespeare, Emerson, offamous to carry the names of Newton, and so forth. A lack of money kept this part of the design from going forward. forward.14 14 Reorganization As the walls of the new Learning Center and Library rose, the staff staff at the Thomas Library sought to keep the library running as space became extremely short. While the of everyone, even more fierce and controversial were space crisis was on the mind of changes within the organization. of the Medical Library was just part of a The controversy over the separation of broader reorganization drive by the library administration. The library had officially officially started using Library of of Congress Classification Classification in 1966 and, as time allowed, began to 1l 15 reclassify reclassifY the many books still using Dewey Decimal Classification. Classification This presented a major challenge, however. By the time the library would move to the new Learning Center and Library, about half the books would be in Dewey Decimal and half would be Ibid. "Ibid. Hodson, Crisis Crisis on Campus, Campus, 243-244. 243-244. System,'" Daily Utah Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,9 9February February1967. 1967. I I '"Years '''Years Required to Change System,'" 13 14 14 15 39 in Library of of Congress. A solution to this problem was to divide all the books into subject 16 areas, with each having its own special reference desk desk.16 Accordingly, a list of books was made, and according to the call numbers, the books were divided into six regular subject areas: areas: Life Sciences, Physical Science and Engineering, Social Science, Behavioral Science, Literature, and Fine Arts. Arts . Rarer materials and the library's library' s few manuscript materials would be housed in a Western 17 Americana section. The Middle East Library would also have its own space.17 One of the challenges after dividing these books into these subject areas was making sure they could be easily identified (since the new reorganization sometimes split hairs on call numbers). A system of book tags was developed to identify each subject area. These tags posed problems after moving into the new library because they constantly fell off off the books. of ironing and glue, librarians finally managed to get the tags to stay Using a combination of on. One department that did not fare so well in this reorganization was Government Documents. All documents were split up according to the new subject areas, and the division was eliminated from the library. At the end of the Thomson and Fletcher eras in 1971, Documents would once again be separated and reinstituted as a separate entity.19 On a less controversial note, a staff staff organization came carne into existence on October 16, 1964. The University of of Utah Libraries Staff Staff Association (UULSA) was originally an 16 Thomson interview, 95-96. University of 21 December 1966, 27 January 1967, 18 July 1967, Library of Utah Libraries Memoranda, 21 1967,18 (Acc 21), Box 104, Folder 6 "Library and Learning Center- Equipment and Administration Records (Ace Fumiture," University Archives, University of Utah. Furniture," 18 18 Biblio Biblio Billboard, Billboard,Vol. Vol.44No.2 No. 2(November (November 1967). 1967). 19 19 Ibid., Vol. 4, No. 1 (October (October 1967); 1967);Ibid., Ibid.,Vol. Vol.7, 7,No.2 No. 2(October (October 1971). 1971). 16 17 17 40 organization for dues-paying library employees. Besides working on behalf behalf of the staff, the UULSA published a monthly newsletter, the Biblio Billboard, Billboard, and andplanned planned several several parties during the holidays. The very first Christmas party held by the staff staff organization 20 was held on December 18, 1964. It would become a yearly tradition. tradition 20 Also in 1964 it was decided that the Middle East collection would be named after the founder of the University's Middle East Center and discoverer of the Aziz Atyia, the Joseph Smith papyrus. In a ceremony on December 2,1964, 2, 1964, President Fletcher of the Atyia Middle Eastern Library. Most of of the books were ones announced the naming of to the Middle East, East, and by the time itit was was named for he had had collected during his journeys to 21 him, it was the fifth fifth largest Middle East Library in North America. America 21 Other staff staff changes included a policy of hiring more people who had been trained in library science. This brought a new degree of of professionalism, but caused a snag in aa few instances. Thomson wanted to bring Utah State Archivist Everett Cooley to the the After some controversy Library, but Cooley did did not have a degree in library science. After amongst the library staff, Thomson managed to secure Cooley for the job of taking care 22 of the library's historic and rare materials. materials 20 Ibid. I, No. Ibid.,, Vol. 1, No. I1 (December (December1964). 1964). "Pres. Dedicates New New Library Library Of Of Middle Middle Eastern Eastern Language Language To To University Prof," Daily Daily Utah "Pres. Fletcher Fletcher Dedicates University Prof," Utah Chronic/e,9 Chronicle, 9 December December 1964. 1964. 22 Thomson interview, 75-76. 22 Thomson interview, 75-76. 20 21 2I 41 41 Of of the University of Utah Library to Of exceptional importance was the election of the Association of of Research Libraries (ARL). This allowed the University to participate 23 in many cooperative programs and gave the library greater visibility overall.23 The Exodus and Opening By December, 1967, the new library was completed. Rising eighty feet from the ground on the west side, it presented a stunning sight. Its brilliant white panels and colunms columns reflected the brightness of of the snow and contrasted with the other campus buildings. Some students were permitted to take a tour of of the facility prior to opening and were most impressed. One part of the building that received exceptionally favorable of smoking rooms. The grand staircase and the atrium also comment was the presence of 24 24 made quite an impression on those touring the building. building A special room on the fifth floor had been created thanks to a donation from O. C. Tanner and became a reading room for Western Americana books. Tanner had given as beautiful. It was considered the best furnished room the only stipulation that the room be beautiful. 25 in a stunning library. library25 However, the most dominant feature of the library was empty space- no books had yet been moved in. As a result, during the winter break of of 1967, library employees had to load 830 tons of of the library, place them in a of books onto book carts, carefully carefully lift them out of of the new library. It was a long and vehicle, and transport them to the main dock of 23 Ibid., 73-74. Sylvia Kronstadt, "New "New Library Library Completed ... Offers Utility Utility and and Beauty," Beauty," Daily Daily Utah Sylvia Kronstadt, Completed...Offers Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,6 6 December 1967. December 1967. 25 2S Thomson interview, 101-105. 101-105. Thomson interview, 23 24 24 42 tiresome process as books were quickly moved nearly around the clock. The truck drivers 26 of men who were on strike from Kennecott. Kennecott 26 consisted of But the operation was a success; most everything had been moved when the Learning Center and Library opened its doors on January 3, 1968. Many people came to inspect the library. Governor Rampton Rarnpton was one of of the first public officials Year 's Day and was favorably officials to tour the new library on New Year's impressed.27 Later that year, during his campaign for re-election, Rampton would publish a photograph of himself speaking with students with the massive Learning Center and Library towering in the background. Other politicians would play on the image of the library whether it was an appeal for support because they had voted for funds or attacking 28 funds.28 an incumbent for voting against funds Even if the new Learning Center and Library had captured the imaginations of of many people at the beginning, there were massive problems for students who needed to use it. The new subject area system of organization served to confuse many patrons. The library had many problems, with buzzing light ballasts and thumping air vents. Clocks 29 throughout the building posed a problem early on with many bemg being inaccurate. inaccurate The two things that bothered students the most, however, were the new no food of the library. Students complained that the no policy and the book check at the entrances of food policy made it harder to study. If If a student needed something to eat while writing a 26 26 New Library Fact Sheet, 15 15 December December 1967, 1967, University University Architect Architect and and Campus Campus Planning Planning Office Office Records Records (Ace of Utah. (Acc 353) Box 9 Folder 7 "Library-Learning Center," University Archives, University of 27 27 "Rampton Sees Library," Daily Utah Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,33January January1968. 1968. 28 28 Advertisements, Daily Utah Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,I1November Novemberand and44November November1968, 1968,see seeappendix. appendix. 29 29 Biblio Biblio Billboard, Billboard, Vol. Vol.4, 4,No. No.2A 2A(March (March 1968); 1968);Vol. Vol.4, 4,No. No.33(17 (17 May May 1968). 1968). 43 43 paper, he he could could no no longer longer take take something something to to eat eat with with him him nor nor purchase purchase anything anything within within paper, the it.30 30 Other Other students stndents pointed pointed out out that that the library library but but had had to to leave leave the the library library and and then then eat eat it. vending to the the new new Learning Learning Center Center and and vending machines machines in in Orson Orson Spencer Spencer Hall Hall were were closer closer to 31 Library Library than than the the vending machines machines in in the the Park Park Building Building were to to the the Thomas Library. Library31 of the the Tanner Tanner The food issue issue continued continued to be be a problem. problem. One girl was was kicked kicked out of complained about the treatment Room for eating an apple. She went to the director and complained received. Thomson's reply reply was, "You know what happened to Eve in the Garden she had received. 32 of Eden, don't don 't you?" She swore at him and left. left 32 Food in the Tanner Room was aa of continuous problem for several days until someone vandalized the room, and it was shut stndents for many months. When it reopened, a library employee was stationed to keep to students 33 a watchful eye on patrons. patrons]) of the library, and, by 1970, so many crumbs Eating then spread to other areas of of silverfish, silverfish, sometimes were being left behind that the library had a heavy infestation of called bookworms. Silverfish, first first attracted by the food crumbs, proceeded to eat away at the bindings of of the library books. The library had to be sprayed several times before the silverfish were brought under control, and the rule forbidding food at the library became 34 more vigorously enforced. enforced. 30 Letter to the Editor, "Food For More Than Thought," Daily Daily Ulah Utah Chranic/e, Chronicle,4 4January January1968. 1968. Stephen Howe Letter to to the Editor, Daily Daily Ulah Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,99January January1968. 1968. "32 Thomson intelView, interview, 104-105. 33 "Tanner Room Reopened," Daily Ulah Chronic/e, 22 May 1968. 3l Reopened," Utah Chronicle, 22 May 1968. 34 "Hungry bookworms invade Marriott Library," Daily Ulah Chronic/e, 13 April 1970; Cynthia Wootton, 34 "Hungry bookworms invade Marriott Library," Daily Utah Chronicle, 13 April 1970; Cynthia Wootton, "Bookworms "Bookworms damaging damaging Marriot Marriot [sic] [sic] Library," Library," Daily Daily Ulah Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,2525May May1970; 1970;Biblio BiblioBillboard BillboardVol. Vol 55 No. 5 (May 1970). No. 5 (May 1970). 30 31 31 44 disruptive to all students was was the book check at the entrances of of the library. library. More disruptive The library library now had an open-stack open-stack system where patrons could browse and access almost any book, a major major change from from the previous Thomas Library. To check out a book, patrons had to go to the circulation desk on the the third floor. floor. They would take out a card that was in the back of the book, write their name on it, and give it to the librarian who who back of would stamp the due date in the book and take the card with the student's name. name . As the student proceeded to exit, he had to get in line with other patrons who had to open their their briefcases and book bags so that a library employee could make sure the books had been properly checked out.35 35 "I don't don 't particularly like this BYU type of of security where they have to check for offices of of the Chronicle. stolen books," said one furious student who stormed into the offices Chronicle. The student continued on to say that, "There is supposed to be a thing called 'human of that." that. " J. dignity;' it might be wise to inform the mental midgets that inhabit the library of Bauman, the reporter who the irate student shouted at, later called up Associate Library Director Kenneth Slack who explained the reason for the book check. Bauman concluded 36 36 merit One J. L. Silvey in his column on the incident that Slack's explanation had merit. responded to this column by stating that thefts at libraries were unfortunately common, even among those adults with human dignity. He eventually concluded, "Incidentally I friendly.. Perhaps found the checkers at the checkout stations very pleasant and quite friendly checked.",,37 'Angered' should also have his personality checked. Vol.44 No. No. 33(17 (17 May May 1968). 1968). "35 Biblio Billboard, Billboard, Vol. 36 Case," Daily Daily Utah UtahChronic/e, Chronicle,4 4January January1968. 1968. 36 J. Bauman, "Open and Shut Case," 37 Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,99January January1968. 1968. 37 J. L. Silvey Letter to the Editor, Daily Utah 45 The book check system continued for at least another five years until 1973 1973 when technology solved the problem. A magnetic strip book detection system was installed, of people at the exit ending the book check at the library and the long lines of exit.3388 The Dedication The Learning Center and Library was the largest university library built in 1967. It was also the crowning culmination of of the master plan, and all new buildings were supposed to be within a short walking distance of the library. The new library was also hailed as being a critical part of of the University'S University's drive to become a major research of the budget allotted for building dedications in 1968, the institution. Accordingly, of 39 fund.39 Learning Center and Library received at least half half the fund. Among the speakers who were brought to the University for the dedication was Wallace Stegner, who was asked to give the main dedicatory address. Communicating with Jack Adamson, Stegner gave the text of of his speech in advance so that it could be published in the dedicatory pamphlet. He titled it "The Book and the Great Community," stating that the title was vague enough to allow him to say what was appropriate without 40 40 being tied down to an exact theme. theme The week of of the dedication contained some interesting events at the library. On Tuesday, May 14, 1968, Abe Feder from New York City, and well known for experiments in light, staged a light show at the library. The audience sat on the newly 38 38 "Library 39 Gets Controls," Daily Utah Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,55October October1973. 1973. II April Memo to J. Boyer Jarvis, 11 April 1968, 1968,Associate Associate Vice-President Vice-President for for Academic Academic Affairs Affairs Records Records (Ace (Ace of Utah. 506), Box 29 Folder 10 "Libraries," University Archives, University of 40 40 Correspondence with Wallace Stegner, Associate Vice-President for Academic Affairs Records (Ace 506), Box 29 Folder 10 "Libraries," University Archives, University of Utah. 19 46 finished different colors of of light and as dancers finished library plaza as the library was exposed to different 41 The only thing that marred the show and actors took up different roof. 41 different positions on the roof. was a graduate student who was injured by a piece of falling pipe when setting up some 42 scaffolding.42 Three days later on Friday, May 17, the Library was dedicated. It was an extraordinary celebration with seven speakers and five musical numbers. After the first musical piece was finished, finished, President James C. Fletcher got up to give a few brief brief remarks. In his remarks, he commented on the remarkable building program that the University had undertaken and mentioned the progress of several buildings. He then thanked all the people who made the library possible with an extra thanks to the students of 1962-1963 who had voted for a building fee to make sure the library was built. After of 43 43 down. expressing gratitude to a few others, he sat down After After a few other remarks and a music, Ralph D. Thomson presented Wallace E. Stegner, who was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of of Letters. Stegner then went on to give his speech "The Book and the Great Community." Referring to some of the social unrest that was sweeping the nation that year, he declared that to erect a library in 1968 affirmation in the spirit of .. .is an act of stubborn and sassy faith, an affirmation of the philosopher who ""...is 'If!I knew the world was going to end tomorrow, I would plant a tree.'" tree.'" Stegner said, 'If of the book in the 1960s; while a small proportion of went on to talk about the ironies of of Americans read books, librarians had to cope with 25,000 new American titles each year. 41 "'Light '"Light Happening,'" Happening,''' Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,1010May May1968. 1968. "Grad Student Injured Setting Light Show," Daily Utah Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,1515May May1968. 1968. 43 Notes for President Fletcher Library Dedication, 17 May 1968, Associate Vice-President for Academic Affairs (Ace 506) Box 29 Folder 10 of Utah. to "Libraries," University Archives, University of 41 42 42 43 47 Stegner then continued on to comment on the generation gap and the tension between conserving and reforming. He went on to declare that both sides would live together and succeed just as previous generations had, even though those under 25 easily ""...put ... put the fear of God into university administrations..." administrations ... " After saying a few words of tribute to Salt Lake City and the new library, he concluded that the new library was one of the most noble structures to build, for it would allow those in the present to measure the past and 44 future..44 make the future After After another musical number the dedicatory prayer was given by former English Professor Louis C. Zucker. After a final final piece, the dedicatory ceremonies were over, and Professor a reception was held inside the library. The ceremony was attended by several thousand people, and the University received congratulations from people throughout the community. In many ways, the dedication was a tribute to all those who had made the Learning Center and Library possible, especially the average students who had paid for half the bill. In a little more than a year, a second dedication would be held, but this time half 45 focus. one person would be the focus The J. Willard Marriott Library By the summer of 1968, many of library' s challenges had been solved, of the new library's of the shocks of the new building had been absorbed. One of the biggest and most of challenges to deal with now was not the lack of space (the new library was three times bigger than the Thomas Library) but financial fmancial difficulties. Library budgets were still 44 "The Book and the Great Community," Library Dedication Exercises, 17 17 May May 1968, 1968, Library Library Administration Records, (Ace 21) Box 105, Folder Folder 99 ""Library Library Dedication, Dedication, May May 17, 17, 1968." 1968." 45 45 Library Dedication Exercises (see above). 44 48 rather small, even though massive expansion had taken place during the preceding 46 years.46 This would all change in April 1969. President Fletcher announced on April II 11 that that the the largest largest single single contribution contribution to to the University of of Utah had been made by J. Willard Marriott to the Learning Center and Library. Marriott gave the library $1,000,000 to build up its collection, saying that the new library had the potential to help the University of of Utah achieve status as one of of America's great institutions of learning. He expressed his feeling that in order to have a truly democratic educational structure, such institutes of learning must be found in every 47 area of of the United States. States 47 Out of of gratitude for the massive contribution, Fletcher announced that the Learning Center and Library would be renamed the J. Willard Marriott Library. A naming ceremony was held on August 16, 1969. It was not the full-scale celebration that the original dedication had been, but included a few speakers and a string quartet. Marriott remarked, "It's a magnificent magnificent library. I can't imagine a better place to leave my name for my children, and for their children." The words "Marriott Library" were then uncovered on the northeast and southwest panels. "J. Willard Marriott Library" was also 48 unveiled at the library's library' s east entrance by Fletcher and Marriott's two sons. sons 46 Thomson interview, 96-98. U Receives $1,000,000," Daily Utah Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,II11April April1969 1969. "U of ofU . 48 • 8 Robert O'Brien, Marriott: Marno": the theJ.J.Willard WillardMarriOf( MarriottStory Story(Salt (SaltLake LakeCity, City,Deseret DeseretBook, Book,1977), 1977),296. 296. 46 47 47 49 The librarians wasted no time in putting the Marriott million to use. Many needed acquisitions were ordered and paid for. The library collection grew rapidly over the next 49 two years, at which point the entire fund had been expended or committed committed49 The end of the Fletcher era at the University also brought with it the end of the Thomson era at the Library50 of Library.50 For nine years he oversaw the planning and construction of a major new library at the University of Utah. Reflecting on his tenure as Director of the University of Utah Libraries, Thomson declared that the Marriott Library was the major highlight of his experience as director. However, he felt that he did not receive as much support from Fletcher and his administration as he had received from Cowles and Olpin. 1971 came about before it was known Fletcher would Thomson's Thomson 's decision to retire in 1971 leave the University, and Thomson was tired of getting criticism from the administration 51 over how the library should be run. run 51 To build a library in 1968 truly was an act of of "stubbom "stubborn and sassy faith faith." ." It took the fortitude of the library staff of staff to deal with the many changes taking place, the support of financial faculty to get the administration to direct funds for a new library, and the financial sacrifice of students to help pay for it. In turn, J. Willard Marriott decided that the new library would be worth his investment and contributed greatly to building up the collections of the new library. The J. Willard Marriott Library thus stands as a monument to the forward thinking of of many people and would be essential in the University's University' s quest to center. to become become aa major major research research center. 49 49 Biblio 50 Billboard, Vol. Billboard, Vol.66 No. No.99 (June (June 1971). 1971). ,. "Director honored," Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,2121May May1971. 1971. "51 Thomson interview, 105-108. CHAPTER IV: AIMING FOR A RESEARCH CENTER (1964-1971) From the very beginning of of his Presidency, James C. C. Fletcher pressed for more research at the University of of Utah. Having come from an industry that thrived on scientific discoveries and having had a father who had done pioneering research at Bell Labs, new scientific study was very much a part of Fletcher's program. Many people responded to Fletcher's call for more pioneering work at the University of of Utah. During the Fletcher era the first artificial organ development conducted at the University began. Computer science began to separate from its original electrical engineering roots. Above all, Fletcher would press for a research park which would aid the University of Utah in becoming a major research institution. Origins of Research Park The possibility of of a research park was under discussion before Fletcher arrived at the University of Utah. Rumors had circulated that Fort Douglas (or large portions of of it) would be declared excess by the Federal Government. A few university administrators felt that the university should be prepared to acquire the land and use it as a research park.1I At the time there were a growing number of research parks across the country, of the most famous being at Stanford and North Carolina's Research Triangle. some of Even though the idea of a research park was discussed quite widely, no action was taken by President Olpin. With his retirement in mid-1964 approaching and his reputation 1 and Grounds Committee Committee Meeting, 18 18 December December 1963; 1963;Paul Paul W. W. Hodson Hodson totoAlan Alan E. E. Summary of Buildings and Brockbank, 12 January 1964, both in The Fort Douglas Lands Records (Ace (Acc 335) Box 2, Folder 2 Utah. "Research Park (II)," University Archives, University of ofUlah. I 51 for being a land-grabber widespread, he probably felt it best to leave the issue for his 2 successor. Fletcher, on the other hand, was very enthusiastic about the idea and immediately began taking steps to ensure the land would come under the control of the 3 University and to secure political and financial support for such a park.3 Only twenty days into his term as President, Fletcher sat down with a few other University administrators and several prominent community leaders. leaders. The meeting on July 20, 1964 included city and state planners, the editors of the Salt Salt Lake Lake Tribune Tribuneand and Deseret Deseref News, the Salt Lake Chamber of Commerce, and a few other concerned groups. Fletcher read a carefully carefully prepared statement concerning the plan to establish an of Utah." He declared that the University "Industrial Research Park at the University of proposed to obtain a site of of about 350 to 500 acres adjacent to campus where industry and research companies could locate on University-owned land. The statement went on to say of this kind, including a Kennecott that the University already had a few enterprises of Copper research laboratory, a United States Geological Survey research site, and a United States Health Commission occupational health station. He continued that many others had desired to locate at the University of of Utah, but had to be turned away due to lack of of land. After After listing some of the benefits to industry and the University, he went on to make clear that the University did not want to aid in the dissolution of Fort Douglas, nor would 4 the industrial research park contain heavy industry. industry 2 2 Mark L. Money interview with Everett Cooley, 21 21 September 1983 Everett Cooley Oral History Project (Accn 814), Interview 15, Manuscripts, Special Collections, Marriott Library, University of Utah. 3 13 July July 1964, 1964, Fort Fort Douglas Douglas Lands Lands Records Records 3 Paul W. Hodson to eleven prominent community members, 13 "Research Park Park(I)" (I)" folder 1 I "Research (Ace 335) Box 2 Folder 4 4 "Proposal to Establish an Industrial Research Park at the University of Utah," 20 July 1964, Fort f ort Douglas Lands Records (Ace 335) Box 2 Folder "Research Park Park(I)" (I)" folder 1 I "Research 52 Most were very supportive of that the word of the idea. It was quickly agreed by all mat "industrial" should be dropped from further discussion of the park. Members of the face.. of the challenges that such a park would face community also advised Fletcher on some of land from During Olpin's term, the University had gained vast tracts of ofland from Fort Douglas and was already perceived as an opportunistic land-grabber; it would make a poor image for the new president if if the first major thing he did was to start asking for more land. Community members also pointed out that 1964 was an election year. It would be political suicide for any politician to look like he was going to jeopardize Fort Douglas and the payroll that came with it. It had not been announced that the Fort was on the list of bases to be discontinued. Most felt that it would be wise to wait until after the election of and make absolutely sure that the land was going to be declared surplus by the military before taking any further action action.55 Fletcher reluctantly agreed to wait, but he went ahead with a plan for a research park in the area that was the Fort Douglas rifle range. The community members in charge of of the newspapers agreed to begin running positive stories on research parks in other areas of of the country. All agreed that planning to acquire the land should go forward, but that an overt announcement should wait a little longer.6 after the meeting, Business Vice-President Paul W. Hodson sent out A few days after another letter to those who attended the meeting, mentioning that the research park theme should be played up as much as possible before the elections and quick action taken to '5 University of Utah Research Park Minutes, 20 July 1964, Fort Douglas Lands Records (Ace 335) Bx 2 I , ""Research Research Park (I)" (I)" Folder 1, 6 6 Ibid. 53 secure the land after the elections. He also said that the University would work to have a good relationship with the Fort's commander.7 This particular item did not go so well. Colonel Ahee, the Commander of of Fort Douglas, had received rumors that the Utah State Parks Commission wanted some Fort Douglas land for a Pioneer Village. Suspecting that the University would also ask for a of Fort Douglas, Ahee asked some University administrators to visit with him larger slice of to find fmd out the University's intentions. When Ahee found out that the University did indeed want most of of the non-developed areas of of Fort Douglas, he promised the fight.88 University that it was in for a real fight. The Colonel's words proved to be prophetic. The Fort was placed on the closure reversed:9 The fight list a few weeks later by the military, but this decision was later reversed. fight would last at least four years before the University actually secured some of of me the land, and soon after a dispute erupted with the State Parks commission over how much land should the Pioneer Monument. The beginnings of Research Park would be rocky be given to die indeed, but non-commercial research was already on its way to making the University of of Utah a research center. Artificial Organs and Health Research "If "If you want to set up your own company, the University will help you." This was when he arrived at the Kolffwhen the statement made by President Fletcher to Dr. Willem J. Kolff 7 7 Hodson to prominent community members, 29 July 1964, Fort Douglas Lands Records (Ace 335) Bx2 Folder 1, I, "Research Park (I)". 8 Memorandum, Hodson to Fletcher, 30 October 1964, Fort Douglas Lands Records (Ace 335), Bx 2 Folder S Memorandum, Hodson to Fletcher, 30 October 1964, Fort Douglas Lands Records (Ace 335), Bx 2 Folder I, "Research Park (I)" (I)" 1, "Research Park 9 '''Economy Forces Fort Fort Douglas "Economy Drive Drive Forces Douglas Close," Close," Daily Daily Utah Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,2323November November1964; 1964;Charles CharlesG.G. Hibbard, Fort Douglas, Utah 1862-1991 : A Frontier FortThe Civil War to Desert Storm (Ft. Hibbard, Fort Douglas, Utah 1862-1991: A Frontier Fort- The Civil War to Desert Storm (Ft.Collins, Collins,CO: CO: Vestige Press, 1999), 211. Vestige Press, 1999), 211. 54 10 967lO Kolffwas University of of Utah in I1967. Kolff was already well known for having invented an of the University's recent recruits at the College of of Medicine, Keim Keith artificial kidney. One of Reemtsma, had been interested in kidney transplants and had known Kolff Kolff for a little while. Medical Dean Kenneth Castleton, upon Reemtsma's Reemtsma ' s recommendation, invited Kolff to Salt Lake City. While visiting up Millcreek Canyon, Castleton asked Kolff Kolff if if he Kolff 11 wanted to work at the University of Utah, and Kolffimmediately Kolff immediately agreed. II Within a few months, a special division under the Department of of Surgery in the of Medicine was formed for Artificial Organs research. Also mstituted instituted at the College of time was the Biomedical Institute, a joint venture between the College of Medicine and of Engineering. Kolff the College of Kolff said the reason he came to the University of Utah was because "the institution offered unequaled opportunity to combine engineering with 12 medicine in clinical applications. applications.",,12 During the time of Kolff at the University of Utah, organ of Reemtsma and Kolff transplant became a unique specialty in the College of of Medicine. Kidney transplants and research concerning it received renown from around the country. In 1969 the University of Utah's Medical Center was selected as one of seven kidney transplant centers in the United States and received a grant of $80,000 to aid its founding. founding.13 13 10 \0 Willem J. Kolff Kolff to William Partridge, 2 February 1977, The David Pierpont Gardner Presidential Records (Ace 387) Bx 33 Folder 1, I, ""Institute Institute for Biomedical Engineering"-some materials restricted, University Archives, University of Utah. 11 11 KelUleth Kenneth B. B. Castleton Castleton interview interview with with Everett Everett Cooley, Cooley, 12 12 September September 1983, 1983, Everett Everett Cooley Cooley Oral Oral History History Project, Accn 814, Interview 19, Manuscripts, Special Collections, Marriott Library, University of of Utah, 32. 12 12 35 ~ "Medical center doctors work to perfect plastic cardiac device," UniverSity Castleton interview, 35; Universityof of Utah Review, Review, December December 1967. 1967. Utah 13 13 Alan Stephens, " Med. School to get $80,000," Daily Utah "Med. Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,88August August1969. 1969. 55 An even more ambitious project of heart . He of Kolffs Kolff s was to develop an artificial heart. felt that if something could be produced that actually worked and could sustain a person, industry would come in and perfect it to make it commercially viable. Research began immediately and several hearts were designed to overcome different different problems like of blood and the separation of of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. By late 1967 clotting of Kolff Kolff and his associates were beginning to work on an artificial heart which would told combine all the various traits that had been learned over the past several trials. Kolff Kolfftold the press that he would name the model, "Salt Lake City Number One." Research would continue and expand when Research Park opened, and an artificial heart test center was 14 constructed.14 one of the first buildings to be constructed. Computer Advances Advances and and the ARPANET ARPANET Computer Other technological advances at the University of Utah were underway by the time Fletcher arrived as President. But Fletcher's attitude towards research helped expand existing programs and develop new ones. Among the bold steps Fletcher took was approving a major and program in computer science, one of the few universities at the time to do SO.15 so.15 Beginning in 1965 with an undergraduate program, computer science of amazing expanded into a PhD program by 1969 and left in its wake a string of developments. 16 16 14 14 "Medical "Medical center doctors work to perfect plastic cardiac device," Universityof ofUtah UtahReview, Review,December December device ," University Universityof ofUtah UtahReview, Review,January January1970. 1970. 1967; "Heart test center plans announced for new park," University 15 " Kelley J. P. Lindberg, "Pioneers on the Digital Frontiers: the U's role in revolutionizing computer Continuum, Vol. Vol. 16, 16,No. No.33(Winter (Winter2006-2007): 2006-2007):25. 25. technology," Continuum, 16 Memorandum David C. Evans to Max L. Williams, 11 April 1969, 1969, College College of of Engineering Engineering Records Records (Ace (Ace II April 280), Box 3 Folder 2, "Computer Science," University Archives, University of Utah. I' 56 The man behind most of of the development was David C. Evans, a University of of of Utah graduate who was hired in 1966. His challenge was to separate the division of Computer Science from the Department of Electrical Engineering and make Computer 17 Science its own department. departrnent. '7 To assist him in his effort, he managed to recruit Ivan E. 18 1968.'8 The graduate program that the two of them built was based on Sutherland in 1968. hands-on experimenting. One graduate student was so disgusted with the lack of structure that he demanded his tuition money back and wrote a very long memorandum to Evans 19 concerning what should be changed in the program. 19 Other graduate students, although surprised at the lack of structure in the program, went forward with experimentation and 20 found their own niche within the program. program. 20 Evans and Sutherland decided one area that had not received much attention was computer graphics and made many advances within that particular field. field. Sutherland had been associated with the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) which funded different computer programs at research centers around the nation. Since the many different computer graphics route seemed promising, ARPA funded the projects of Evans and Sutherland, giving the University $10 million over seven years. years 2211 In addition to the Computer Science Program's Program' s development of of computer graphics, its participation in ARPA led to communication with other research centers and universities experimenting with computers. One of these experiments was an attempt to 17 I7 Dietrich K. Gehmlich, A History of of the College of Engineering, University of Utah, 2003, 2003 , http://www.coe.utah.edu/about/historv.pdf, http://www.coe. utah.edulaboutlhistory. pdf, 50. 18 18 Lindberg, "Pioneers," 25 25.. 19 \9 Fredrick Wagner to to David C. C. Evans, 16 16 December 1966, 1966, College of of Engineering Records Records (Acc (Ace 280), 280), Box 3 Folder 2, "Computer Science." Science." 20 20 Lindberg, "Pioneers," 24. 21 21 Ibid., 25. 25 . Ibid, 57 of connect previously incompatible computers and even access the computing power of another computer from far away. Other advantages came from having a network that would continue to exist even if large parts of it were destroyed in an attack. What was developed was a system called "packet-switching," where messages from from one onecomputer computer were werebroken brokenup up into intosmall small"packets" "packets"and andsent sent over overany anycombination combination of if points A, B, and C were all connected, of routes to their destination. The theory was if and the link between A and C was disrupted, a message could be sent from A to C by 22 B. ofB way of The actual network would be connected by a series of of computers known as interface message processors or IMPs. The widely different different computers that each university had were in turn hooked up to the IMPs, which acted as translators so the 23 different computers could communicate with each other other.2 3 different Sometime in 1967 it was decided by ARPA to test tiiis this kind of network to see if it would work. Four initial sites were selected, including the University of of Utah with its work on computer graphics. Evans was rather curious himself to see whether the network could actually exchange graphics in addition to text text.2 By October, 1969, dedicated 24 telephone lines had been obtained, and IMPs were sent to the first four sites. A test between the University of of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) and the Stanford Research of Institute (SRI) brought success. The next month a computer at the University of California at Santa Barbara (UCSB) was brought onto the small network. Finally, in California December 1969 the University of successfully joined the network with a single of Utah successfully 22 22 Peter H. Salus, Casting the the Net: Net: From FromARPANET ARPANETtotoInternet Internetand andBeyond Beyond(Reading, (Reading,MA MA: : AddisonAddisonWesley Publishing Company, 1995), 8-10. 23 23 Katie Hafner Hafuer and Matthew Lyon, Wlrere (New Where Wizards WizardsStay Stay Up UpLate: Late:the theOrigins Originsofofthe theInternet Internet (NewYork: York: Simon and Schuster, 1996), 75. 75. 24 24 Ibid, 77. 58 58 connection to SRI. SRI. A A limited budget only allowed for one connection to the University of of 25 Utah at the time, time, but the first first four nodes showed that such a network was possible. possible 2~ Within months the University also had connections to the Systems Development Corporation in Santa Monica and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Later, the University of Illinois replaced the direct connection between Utah and MIT by linking 26 Illinois.26 the two via IIIinois This network proved to be revolutionary. By April 1971 1971 it extended across the 15 different different nodes nodes.2277 Few people except those country and connected 23 computers at 15 involved knew what was taking place, and the experiments were not known by many at 28 Utah 28 The network also constantly had to solve many problems which the University of Utah. arose as time passed. Despite many early setbacks, the network continued to gain of Utah stayed connected as the ARPANET grew into importance, and the University of of die the Internet. what became the foundation of The Tbe Possibilities of Space Exploration of medicine and computers, die the University of of Utah also In addition to the fields of of space exploration with a couple of of major discoveries and helped revolutionize the field of theories that would make possible the exploration of of the outer planets. 25 " Ibid, 151-160. 26 26 Salus, Casting the Net, 54-67. 27 27 Ibid, 66-67. 66-67 . 28 28 Hamer, Hafner, Wizards, Wizards , 176. 176. 59 professor of Mechanical Engineering at me the Dr. Gary A. Flandro, an assistant professor University, made an amazing discovery along with other scientists working at the Jet (JPL). Flandro discovered that the outer planets of Jupiter, Saturn, Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Uranus, and Neptune would align in such a way that a spacecraft could be launched towards Jupiter and the gravity of of each planet would accelerate the spacecraft spacecraft so it could visit all four within a few years. Flandro often referred to this method as "interplanetary spacecraft taking a "grand tour" of of the me outer Solar System. billiards" and talked about a spacecraft Flandro further further declared declared that such such a spacecraft spacecraft would need to be ready to launch between between Flandro 1976 and 1978 as the alignment would not take place for another 175 years.29 years.29 of Utah who worked at JPL helped to solve Yet another scientist at the University of of communication for such a long distance spacecraft. Lucien A. Couvillon, the problems of Jr., aided the development of of coded communication that would travel over the greater distances of of space more efficiently.30 efficiently.30 ofthese The work of these two scientists paved the way for one of the most ambitious interplanetary exploration programs ever undertaken. In 1977, two Voyager spacecraft spacecraft were launched from Earth and using the system of interplanetary billiards, made the trip in about twelve years. Establishing Research Park Much of the University's physical plant had been planned previously to Fletcher's different buildings had already been planned and were simply waiting for arrival. Many different construction funds. funds . Other buildings had already gone through preliminary design and 29 29 <4Utah "Utah scientist develops method to conquer space travel time," University Universitya/Utah of UtahRevirn'. Review,October October1968. 1968. 30 30 "Exotic data system aids spacecraft spacecraft communication," University University of . of Utah UtahReview. Review,February February1971 1971. 60 were awaiting further progress. Most of what Fletcher did was to put in motion plans that had been made by Olpin and others previous. When it came to research and Research Park, however, Fletcher and his associates were the ones who planned and began the of the project. execution of Just days after after the election of 1964, it was announced that Fort Douglas would be closed as a military base in 1967. Just a few weeks later, however, the Army announced post.'311With the that Fort Douglas would remain open but would be greatly reduced as a post. announcement having been made, Fletcher decided it was time to act. Immediately the University hit a snag. Business Vice-President Hodson met with the regional director of of the General Services Administration (GSA) who dealt with property the Federal Government managed. The director mentioned that he had not even received notification from Washington, Washington,D.C. D.C.that thatFort FortDouglas Douglaswould wouldbe beclosed. closed. In Inorder orderfor forthe theUniversity Universitytoto from get any land, it would be necessary for an excess report to be filled out, sent to Sixth Army Headquarters in San Francisco, forwarded to Washington for review, and then sent to the regional GSA office in Denver before anything could happen. The director warned 32 32 Hodson that die the process could take one to four years. years Even with this disappointment, the University Administration continued to work to gain the Fort Douglas lands. Among all the allies the University had in obtaining the lands, few were so influential and supportive as newly-elected Governor Calvin L. Rampton. Believing that a research park would contribute much to Utah's Utah ' s economy, 31 Hibbard, A Frontier Fort, Fort, 21l. 211. Memorandum, Hodson to Fletcher, 5 January 1965 on Fort Douglas Acquisition, located in the Fort Douglas Lands Records (Ace 335) Box 1I Folder Folder 16, 16,"Replacement "Replacement Building Building 506." 506." 31 32 32 61 61 Rampton appointed his former fonner law associate, David Watkiss, to head a study committee formation of of a park and coordinate among the different different state agencies who concerning the fonnation 33 wanted some of Fletcher sent sent the the Watkiss Watkiss Committee Committee a of the Fort Douglas lands. lands J3 In 1965, Fletcher detailed summary of of what the University wanted to apply for in terms of land and how use of of the land was planned.34 The first report of the Wadciss Watkiss Committee was not what 11 acres of of the University had hoped for. The report gave the University clear title to only 11 land with the rest being taken over by the state in the interim. This was far short of of what 35 for. the University asked forJ5 While the University continued to be challenged within the state for the land, the battle to gain the land from the Federal Government continued. Governor Rampton and Senator Frank Moss both worked to secure the land for the University. Rampton wrote directly to the Secretary of the Army, Anny, asking that since the need for firms finns to locate in a Army should grant the State of Utah title to the land six research park was so high, the Anny 36 months earlier than previously pianned planned.J6 The early granting of of land did not take place. Neither did Fort Douglas relinquish fonns and the land on June 30, 1967 as had been announced. Instead, the stack of forms directives the University and State of of Utah had to fill out continued to grow, as did the frustration. of frustration. By January, 1968, the Fort had halted any attempts to turn over the survey of the lands to the Bureau of Land Management and was holding up other operations. L. 33 " Rampton, As I Recall, 166-167. . 34 "University University of Utah Application for 16.5 Percent of of Fort Douglas Lands, dated 18 November November 1965, 1965, 10in Fort Fort Douglas Lands Records (Ace 335), Box 1, I, Folder 3 "Application for Fort Douglas Land." 35 35 '''Unfortunate,' Daily Utah "'Unfortunate,' Fletcher Comments," Daily Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,I 010February February1966. 1966. 36 Calvin L. Rampton to Stanley R. Resor, 12 October 1966, Fort Douglas Lands Records (Ace 335) Box 2 36 Calvin L. Rampton to Stanley R Resor, 12 October 1966, Fort Douglas Lands Records (Ace 335) Box 2 Folder 7 7 "Study J- Fort Douglas." Folder "Study IFort Douglas." 62 Ralph Mecham, Vice-President for Economic and Community Development, wrote to the 37 Pentagon and accused the Sixth Army of trying to sabotage the excess order order.37 To further complicate the situation, other Federal agencies also wanted the land. Housing and Urban Development (HUD) wanted to use the excess land as a model city within a city. Since other Federal agencies were allowed to have first claim on land declared excess by a Federal agency, the claim by HUD on the land was a real threat to 38 the University's hopes of of a research park. park 38 After a quick letter by Utah Senator Wallace 39 Bennett, HUD thought twice and dropped the idea of of a model city. city39 After After considerable waiting, the area of the Fort which was the rifle range was of Land Management, but the issue became declared excess and given to the Bureau of more muddled when the Fort refused to specify the acreage of of the area being declared 40 excess excess.40 Finally, in October, 1968, Secretary of the Interior Stewart L. Udall signed over nearly 600 acres to the University of Utah- more than four years after the issue had first first been seriously discussed.4I discussed.41 However, problems for the University did not end. State Parks still wanted some land for a Pioneer Village and negotiations lasted for several months. A compromise was finally worked out in February, 1969 by which the University gave 64.85 acres of land to 42 Another difficult difficult issue concerned utilities within Research Park. park 42 the enlarged state park. 37 37 L. Ralph Mecham to William H. Point, 23 January 1968, Fort Douglas Lands Records (Ace 335) Box 2 II- Fort Douglas." Folder 8 "Study 1138 ""Controversy Daily Utah ic/e, 2525March "Controversy Centers On Ft. Douglas Land," Daily Utah Chron Chronicle, March1968. 1968. 39 ""Research "Research Park Proposed On Fort Douglas Land," Daily Daz/y Ulah Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,2626April April1968. 1968. 40 '" "Officials Clarif'y Of Surplus Land," Daily Ulah Joan Nelson, "Officials Clarify Apportionment Of Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,99August August1968 1968 41 41 "U. receives Ft. Douglas land," Daily Daily Ulah Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,2121October October1968 1968 42 42 Terry Terry Newfarmer, Newfarmer, "University proposal for for Ft. Ft. Douglas Douglas land," land," Daily "University endorses endorses proposal Daily Ulah Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,2525 February 1969. 63 of Salt Lake City claimed the area as being within corporate city limits, and the question of whether the city had to provide services to the new park was an issue for a time. time 4433 It was finally decided that Salt Lake City would provide utilities but would get some of the tax 44 revenue generated by the Park Park.44 After all of of these major hurdles, die the Research Park went forward. Among the fust After first two groups to approach the University for space in Research Park were the Artificial Heart and Lung Institute and a new computer graphics company named Evans and 4S Sutherland. Sutherland Construction on roads and buildings began in 1970. After some discussion with Utah tribal leaders, names of some famous Utah Indian tribe chiefs were selected for 46 roads in Research Park Park.46 Mark L. Money was appointed the director of the new park. While a research park was being planned, he completed a dissertation on establishing university research parks and analyzed the different different research parks across the United States. Money was therefore appointed to plan the park and make sure the University did not make some of the same mistakes that previous parks had made. By mid-1971, the park was moving forward with 47 the heart test center and other firms not far behind behind.4 the University The Research Park was a tremendous step in adding to and aiding me of Utah's Utah' s development into a major research center. Of the things that can be attributed to Fletcher during his term as President, the Research Park must rank at the top of the list. 43 "Legal official Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,2626February February1969. 1969. official gives decision on park lands," Daily 35 . Money interview, 35. 45 Memorandum, Money to Fletcher, 24 November 1969, Fort Douglas Lands Records (Ace 335), Box 2 4S Memorandum, Money to Fletcher, 24 November 1969, Fort Douglas Lands Records (Ace 335), Box 2 Folder Park (U)." (11). " Folder 22 "Research "Research Park 46 Brigham D. Madsen to Mark L. Money, 10 April 1970, Fort Douglas Lands Records (Ace 335), Box 2 Brigham D. Madsen to Mark L. Money, 10 April 1970, Fort Douglas Lands Records (Ace 335), Box 2 (11) ." Folder "Research Park Park (II)." Folder 22 "Research 47 47 Money interview, 30-33 ; " Park impressive, says director," Daily Utah Chronicle, 13 May 1971 . Money interview, 30-33; "Park impressive, says director," Daily Utah Chronicle, 13 May 1971. 43 44 44 64 64 Fletcher Fletcher made made establishing establishing aa research research park park aa priority priority almost almost from from day day one one and and fought fought long and and hard hard to to get get it. it. He He also also brought brought onboard onboard other other people people to to help help make make itit happen happen.. long Fletcher can can also also claim claim aa degree degree of credit credit for for aiding aiding the the University's research boom boom that that Fletcher in the the 1960s. 1960s. His His friendly friendly attitude attitude towards towards research research allowed allowed people people like like Kolff Kolff took place in and Evans to to take take chances that others others might not have have approved of. Fletcher was and the University towards a research university. instrumental in moving the CHAPTER V: UNREST ON THE HILL: fiLL: STUDENT LIFE (1964-1970) Student life at the University of Utah changed dramatically between 1964 and 1971. The arrival of the Baby Boom Generation had dramatic effects on how the university functioned and upon its infrastructure. A culture of protest also developed as the war in Vietnam continued to escalate through the Fletcher administration. In addition to challenging the administration, students also began to challenge even student Chronicle.Fraternities Fraternitiesand andsororities sororitiesstruggled struggledtotodefine define institutions like the Daily Utah Utah Chronicle. what they should be about during these years as they struggled to decide whether to move on campus or not. Two controversial student organizations battled against each other. of the quiet crisis with Student life during the Fletcher era was certainly an unquiet part of many strange incidents- and a growing tension. The Population Boom In 1964 the beginning of the wave of of baby boomers began to arrive at the University of Utah. It was the beginning ofa of a long expected population explosion. Trying to prepare for it had kept Administrators up during the Olpin years; now the large number of of students had arrived. The University would be stretched to its limits in resources. The number of students during the 1964-65 academic year totaled 15,291. 15,291 . By the x 1969-1970 year, the student population stood at 20,763. of 5,000 persons in 20,763.' The addition of just five years produced a tremendous strain on University resources. of the problem resources . Part of was the increased traffic this number of students brought to campus; the vast majority 1 Hodson, Crisis us, 316 Crisis on Camp Campus, 316 66 drove (alone) every day to the University. University22 This exacerbated a shortage of parking as new buildings were built and parking lots demolished or removed to the periphery of campus. of parking would continue to plague the average student at the University. The lack of One aspect that completely broke down was the old system of registration. For many years, students, when registering, had to write three to four copies of their schedule for the next semester- by hand. With the enrollment increasing rapidly, this process became extremely cumbersome. 1. J. Boyer Jarvis, who had been involved in theatre during 3 Olpin'ss administration, was placed in charge of fixing fixing the registration crisis. crisis 3 Olpin' By mid-1965, it was decided that the only way to relieve the pressure on the enrollment system was to opt for computerized registration. Unfortunately for some 15,000 students, die the computer would not be operational until winter quarter 1967 1967.44 When the announced quarter came around, the computer worked- for the most part. About 1,100 students did not receive a full schedule due to entering errors and a misplaced computer tape.5 The three-hour long process of registration began to drop as students became more experienced with the computer. Even so, many students felt that computer registration of depersonalizing the University. Registrars responded that the new was another aspect of system actually allowed students to have more time to speak with counselors and faculty.6 2 2 Wilbur Smith and Associates, Campus (San Francisco: Wilbur Campus Planning Planning Traffic TrafficStudyStudy-University UniversityofofUtah Utah (San Francisco: Wilbur 8-10. Smith and Associates, 1968), 1968),8-10. 3 21 November 1983, Everett Cooley Oral History Project l J. Boyer Jarvis interview with Everett Cooley, 21 (Accn (Acen 814), Interview 22-E, Manuscripts, Special Collections, Collections. Marriott Library, Library. University of Utah, Utah. 1-5. 4 4 Margaret Larson. "University Outlines Computer Registration." Daily Utah Chronicle. 24 September Larson, Registration," Utah Chronicle, 24 September 1965. S5 "Students ... • Daily Daily Utah "Students 'Satisfied 'Satisfied Customers Customers,'" Utah Chronicle. Chronicle,44January January1967. 1967. 66 "Registration Woes Lessened." Daily Utah "Registration Woes Lessened," Daily Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,1010November November1967. 1967. 67 Rising Tuition While registration improved and enrollment expanded, funding for the University of of Utah did not increase in the same degree. As a result, tuition and fees climbed steadily over the seven years Fletcher was President. of the The first major tuition hike occurred early in 1965 when the Regents of University of Utah voted to increase tuition- twice. twice 77 Concurrent with the tuition increase was a tightening of entrance standards; high school students with a GPA lower than 1.7 would be placed in pre-admission classes to prepare diem them for college level courses. The University was in a tight situation: either tuition had to increase, and poorer students suffer or the University would need to be more selective in those that gained would suffer admittance. Fletcher expressed his sadness that some might not be able to attend the and, Fletcher asked, "Where will these University; no junior college in Salt Lake existed, and, students go?" go 7',88 Interestingly, students responded rather positively to the tuition hikes. Fletcher had gone out of of his way to apologize for the lukes hikes and explained in depth why they were needed. A Chronicle Chronicle editorial editorial expressed expressed thanks thanks for for Fletcher's Fletcher's forthright forthright manner manner in in letting letting 9 the students know what and why. why 9 This goodwill began to disappear as tuition increases became more common. A year later in early 1966, Governor Rampton Rarnpton proposed another tuition hike with an especially large increase for non-resident students who had borne the brunt of the last 7 7 "Regents Increase," Daily Utah Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,2222January January1965; 1965;Marcellus MarcellusSnow, Snow,"Regents "Regents Announce Fee increase," Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,99March March1965. 1965. Approve Tuition Increase," increase," Daily Utah 88 Dan Cunningham, "Gov. Rampton Proposed Partial Tuition Hike," Daily Daily Utah UtahChronicle, Chronicle,2121January January 1965. 99 "Fletcher Explains," Daily "Fletcher Explains," Daily Utah Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,2626March March1965. 1965. 68 lO increase ' s proposed increase. ° This time the editorial stance of of the Chronicle Chronicle blasted blasted Rampton Rampton's proposed 11 increases for out-of-state residents.11 A year later, during the 1967 Legislative Session, another non-resident hike was passed along with another increase of resident tuition fees. The yearly increases were extremely unpopular within the University but supported by 12 most of of the Legislature and permitted by the Governor. 12 The tables turned around quickly when an economic crisis (partly due to the Kennecott Copper strike) forced Rampton to make cuts in the state budget. Revenues fell below what had been budgeted and die the Governor, not wishing to see the Republicancontrolled Legislature make exceptionally deep cuts, made a four percent cut across the board. Cries went up from all state agencies and especially from Fletcher who told the 13 Governor that the University could not get through the year with a four percent cut.13 After After some cuts were made, Fletcher felt that the only possible way the University could survive the year was to increase tuition. Shortly after Fletcher announced the of verbal sparring followed tuition hike, Rampton came out against it. Several rounds of followed.. 14 In the meantime, students, who were tired of of several years of of rising tuition and an education that was now 54.8% more costly than it had been during the 1958-1959 school 15 Holding signs with slogans like "Deescalate the war on students," and year revolted.15 "Cal, give us back our 4 percent," between 200 and 250 students marched to the Utah State Capitol to protest the tuition increase. A letter asking Governor Rampton Rarnpton no to 10 10 Daily Utah Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,15 15February February1966. 1966. ""Possible Possible Tuition Raise," Daily 11 Cal!" Daily Utah Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,99March March1966. 1966. II "Not Again, Ca!!" 12 12 "May Lose Some Non-Residents," Daily Utah Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,27 27February February1967. 1967. 13 J3 Rampton, As I Recall, 179-180. 14 Angelyn Nelson and Gordon Irving, "Cal Opposes Tuition Hike, Asks Growth 14 Angelyn Nelson and Gordon Irving, "Cal Opposes Tuition Hike, Asks Growth Adjustment," Daily Daily Utah Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle, 16 October 1967. "15 "Editorial: Tuition Hike," Daily Utah "Editorial: Tuition Hike," Daily Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,16 16October October 1967. 1967. 69 higher education was hand delivered to die the acting governor governor Clyde make the cut for higher Miller.16 16 Miller. The tuition battle continued into November November 1967 when when Fletcher, the University of of Utah Regents, Regents, and Rampton reached a compromise: money would be be advanced to the 17 University which had been been earmarked for other projects the next year. yearl7 This would solve the University's immediate financial financial problems. However, within four months the Regents voted to increase tuition and another tuition controversy exploded. This time, time , Rampton and Fletcher reluctantly went along with it. An additional increase was narrowly avoided 18 in May, 1968. 1968.18 In 1969, the Utah State Legislature passed tuition increases across the board. board. of the University of of Utah (ASUU) President Steve Gunn declared Associated Students of bind. they' re placing us in a money bind. "Many legislators think students are ready to riot, yet they're 19 Up.,,19 Paradoxically, there could be a blowup if tuition goes up." Paradoxically, Tuition increases continued to plague students during Fletcher's term as President while the University remained on a tight budget. In the spring of of 1969, a detailed survey of the student body was taken by Frank N. Magid Associates at the request of the University administration. The survey discovered that while students overall were disinterested in announcements from the administration, Angelyn Neslon, "u "U Studenls Students March March to to Capitol," Capitol," Daily Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,2525October October1967. 1967. Tuition Increase- Yet," Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,7 1November November1967 1967. . IS "Tuition Increased," Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,1313February February1968; 1968;"ASUU "ASUUProbes ProbesTuition TuitionHike," Hike,"Daily DailyUtah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle, 16 February 1968; 1968; Angelyn Angelyn Nelson, Nelson, "Gov. "Gov. Rampton Rampton Regrets Regrets UUTuition Tuition Increase," Increase,"Daily Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Regents Vote Chronicle, 66 March March 1968; 1968;Nick NickSnow, Snow,""Regents VoteDown DownTuition TuitionIncrease, Increase,Daily DailyUtah UtahChronicle, Chronicle,1414 May 1968. 19 Suzanne Dean, ''0 officials view Utah House bill," Daily Utah Chronicle, 20 February 1969. 19 "U officials Daily Utah Chronicle, 20 February 1969. 16 16 17 17 "No 18 70 one subject caught their attention more than any other thing: tuition. It would continue to 20 be a difficult Utah 20 difficult challenge at the University of of Utah. Fraternity Park Another pressing issue for the entire student body was housing. Most of of the of Utah consisted of commuter students with a small proportion living on University of campus. The 1969 survey discovered that nearly 79% of University students lived at home with their families and commuted to campus. Another 10% lived in apartments alone or with roommates close to campus while just 8.4% utilized residence halls. Not listed specifically specifically in the survey were some who lived in low-cost married student housing 1962 and had to on campus known as University Village. This complex had been built in 1962 be expanded when a previous Stadium Village was demolished to make way for the Library, Social Work Building, and South Campus Drive. By 1969, even the University Village was getting full, and more space was needed. of Utah Much more controversial was the housing for .6% of the University of student body: fraternities fraternities and sororities. For many years the fraternities fraternities and sororities at of University Circle in the Federal Heights the University had been located just north of neighborhood. As Salt Lake City had expanded, more people moved into the area. By 1964, fraternities and their neighbors were at odds with each other. Neighbors of streets crowded with cars, loud noise at night, and less than courteous complained of behavior. behavior. 20 Frank N. Magid Associates, Utah Utah Students StudentsView ViewTheir TheirUniversity University(Cedar (CedarRapids, Rapids,10: 10:Frank FrankN.N.Magid Magid Associates, 1969), 173. 20 71 71 The problem of of fraternities and sororities at the University had been under study for a long time. In 1960, President Olpin had commissioned a Fraternity Study Committee to investigate the best way to make Greeks a more effective effective part of the University. In 1962, the final report recommended that die the University set aside some land on which Greek organizations could be established. The idea for a Fraternity Park had 21 been born. born2l Planning went forward sporadically under Fletcher's administration when in 1967 a new effort went forward to build a Greek Row on campus. campus. After some preliminary research, it was concluded by University Architect Bruce Jensen that the Fraternity Park would best be located just east of the Merrill Engineering Building near the intersection of of Federal Way and Wasatch Boulevard. The University would provide the land, fraternities and andsororities sororitieswould wouldconstruct constructthe thebuildings buildingswith withthe theaid aidof ofUniversity University fraternities planners, and the University would extend utilities which would be offered offered at reduced 22 rates.22 rates. By the time 1968 arrived, four fraternity chapters and one sorority had received permission and some funding to relocate to a Fraternity Park from their national counterparts. Also excited to see the Greeks move on campus were their neighbors in the 23 area.23 Federal Heights area 21 of Report Report to to President A. A. Ray Ray OIpin Olpin by the the Fraternity Study Study Connninee Committee June June 4, 4, 1962, 1962, Fraternity Abstract of Park Records (Ace 96) Box I1 Folder Folder I,1,University UniversityArchives, Archives,University Universityof ofUtah. Utah. 22 22 A Proposal for Fraternity Housing, 26 June 1967, Fraternity Park Records (Acc (Ace 96) Bx 2 Folder 6, University Archives, University of of Utah. 23 23 Correspondence with National Greek Organizations, 1967-1968, Fraternity Park Records (Ace 96) Bx 2 Perrin Clausen, "Greek Row Close to Reality," Folder 6, University Archives, University of of Utah; Charles Pen-in Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,30 30November November 1967. 1967. 21 72 Fraternity Park looked like it had been given the green light when the University of Utah Regents approved the plan as their final act act.2244 Trouble began within months when there was a dispute over utilities and how tiiey they would be paid. The process slowed down even further when Governor Rampton came out against the Fraternity Park, declaring that space for Residence Halls on campus was a good thing but allowing a private 25 organization to build on prime University property would be a bad idea. idea 25 Despite these first setbacks, planning continued to move forward, and in early 1970 it looked like the first 26 five houses would be constructed and ready for occupancy by Fall 1971 1971.2 6 Yet by April five 1971 the project was still in its planning stages with the possibility that Married Student 1971 27 dormitories. Housing might share the same space with the Greeks or possibly even dormitories.27 Within a few years the issue was dead, much to the despair of Federal Heights fraternities "might never move.,,28 neighbors who feared the fraternities move."28 Their fears were justified as the move never happened. Brigham Madsen, who as Administrative Vice-President worked closely with campus construction, theorized that the fraternities fraternities were fearful of losing too much independence and gave up on the idea. 29 The Andy Warhol Hoax While Greeks were beginning to plan for a move to Fraternity Park in 1967, a much different of most of of the student body. Pop different kind of controversy caught the attention of 24 24 25 "Frat Housing Controversy Over," Summer Chronic/e, Chronicle, 88July July 1969. 1969. ""Utilities "Utilities Dispute Holds Up Frat Park," Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,22October October1969. 1969. 26 26 "Frats Plan Move Onto Campus," Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,33February February1970. 1970. 27 27 "Fraternity Park—Home Park-Home For Greeks or Married Students?" Daily Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,2626April April1971. 1971. 28 "Memorandum FraternIty Park Records (Ace (Acc 96), Memorandum from Cherry Ridges to Bruce Lake, 17 September 1973, Fraternity Box I1 Folder Folder20, 20, University University Archives, Archives,University University of of Utah. Utah. 29 29 Madsen interview, 24-25. 24-25 . 73 culture artist Andy Warhol had been invited to corne come give a lecture on "Pop Art In $1 for Action." The showing would be one night only and tickets were being sold for $1 students with activity cards, $1.50 for the general public, and $2.00 for reserved seating. of excitement generated prior to his arrival. When Wben Warhol There was a good deal of finally arrived on stage, he was forty-five minutes late. late. He then showed a half-hour segment from one of films . Then, instead of of his films. of giving a lecture as promised, he simply asked if if there were any questions. The stunned audience sat for a moment until one person asked him, "Wbat "What was your film about?" Warhol answered, "I really couldn't explain it." When Wben someone asked him what kind of role he played in the making of his films films,, he hesimply simply said, said,"I "Istart, start,then thenIIthink." think."This Thisstale stalequestion questionand andanswer answersession sessionwent went on for a few minutes. Warhol seemed rather bored and anxious to leave. When Wben it was over, many people were furious and wanted their money back.'o back.30 The backlash was severe. An editorial cartoon in the next day's Chronicle Chronicle showed showed Warhol crawling into a can of "Canbull Rotten Tomatoes" to escape angry University students. That very same issue five different different letters to the editor talked about the Warhol 31 incident.'l incident. Concerning the controversy over the Warhol appearance, Paul Cracroft, the director of Lectures and Concerts, declared that his department owed nothing to anyone. Noting that students may have expected something different, different, Cracroft said "Warhol was 32 character.",,32 in character. 30 30 31 JI 32 Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,44October October1967. 1967. Sylvia Kronstadt, "Warhol Flops, 'Fans' Demand Money Back," Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,44October October1967. 1967. Cartoon and Letters to the Editor, Daily Utah ""You "You Paid For It: ''Warhal Warhal [sic] In Character,'" Daily Utah Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,55October October1967. 1967. 74 Students were thus shocked to read an article that appeared a few days later in the Chronicle taken taken from from the the Oregon OregonDaily DailyEmerald Emeraldwhich whichindicated indicatedWarhol Warholhad hadgiven givenaa9090Chronicle Cracroft decided to hold the payment due Warhol until it was minute lecture on his film. film. Cracroft Cracroft went on to say that although he had explained why his lectures varied so greatly. Cracroft suspicions, he was sure it was Warhol that had come to lecture and must be turned on by 33 the mood of of certain audiences. audiences 33 film featuring Yet even Cracroft Cracroft began to have his doubts when a documentary film from the man Warhol was obtained from Indiana University, showing major differences differences from who had come to the Union ballroom. Later still, a student turned in a picture of of Warhol from a New York newspaper which, when published next to the picture of the man who appeared at the University of Utah in October 1967, showed considerable differences. differences. Chronicle reporters reporters also also led led Oregon Oregon students students to to become become suspicious, suspicious, and and Investigation by Chronicle confirmed by they also launched an investigation. Finally, in February 1968 it was confmned Warhol's manager, Paul Morrissey, that the person who had visited Salt Lake City and Eugene, Oregon was actually an actor named Alan Midgett. Warhol said that Midgett would have been better than himself himself in any case because Midgett was what people Cracroft and the Oregon students gave Chronicle Chronicle expected Warhol to be like. Paul Cracroft reporters full credit for breaking the story. story 34 The fees collected from ticket sales were never refunded. Will South, writing about the hoax several years later, had a few things to say about why die the money was 33 33 Ron Eachus (Oregon (Oregon Daily Daily Emerald), Emerald), "Warhol "Warhol Does Does Lecture," Lecture,"Daily Daily Utah UtahChronic/e, Chronicle,II11October October1967; 1967; "Was It Really Andy Warhol?" Daily Utah Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,1717October October1967. 1967. 34 34 Sylvia Kronstadt, "Phony Warhol Suspected, Film Fihn Reveals Hoax on U," Daily Utah Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,3131 January 1968; Angelyn Angelyn Nelson, Nelson, "Warhol "Warhol Comes Comes In In Pairs?" Pairs?" Daily Daily Utah UtahChronic/e, Chronicle,2 2February February1968; 1968;Kay Kay Israel and Angelyn Nelson, "Warhol Hoax Confirmed!" Confinned!" Daily Ulah Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,88February February1968. 1968. 75 never refunded: "Perhaps the university saw the intellectual merit in Warhol's 35 commentary on image, repetition, and meaning. Or maybe they were just cheap." cheap. ,,35 "The Chrony Rebellion" The fact that the Chronicle Chronicle was was able able to to manage manage such such feats feats of of investigative investigative journalism was all the more amazing considering it was a paper in turmoil due to an editor which had been hired the year before. Just days after the Warhol hoax was confirmed in the Chronicle, Chronicle, itit would would be be sabotaged sabotaged by by some someof ofthe the previous previous year's year's staff. staff. The battle began during early 1967 when controversial Chronicle Chronicle editor editorPaul Paul Taylor took the newspaper on an editorial collision course with everything in sight. die University of Utah, Taylor demanded the 18 year-old vote, denounced the ROTC at the of and praised the New Left. His statements were certainly shocking to a good number of 36 the University's student body, but Taylor had great support nonetheless. nonetheless 36 It was therefore a shock to the staff five applicants for the staff when out of the five of Editor-in-Chief Editor-in-Chief of the Chronicle position of Chronicle for for Fall Fall 1967, 1967,none none of ofthe die four four staff staff members members who applied were chosen. Instead, one Ralph Mabey, a returned Mormon missionary and 37 Chronicle, was waschosen. chosen. one who had little experience with the Chronicle, Mabey himself himself was surprised to get the job. He had simply thought of applying as the Summer Editor, but an English professor recommended he apply for Fall Editor and gave Mabey a letter of recommendation. The ASUU Publications Council (which was the Chronicle and and other other student student publications) publications) had had chosen chosen Mabey Mabey by by governing body for the Chronicle 35 Will South, Warhol Slepl/krr.?: Slept Here?: Famous Famousand and infamolls infamousvisitors visitors10toUlah Utah(Signature (SignatureBooks: Books:Salt Salt Soutb, Andy Warhol 68. Lake City, 1998), 68. 36 Kirk Johnson, "The Cbrony rebellion of 1967-1968," Daily Ulah Chronicle, 13 February 1978. 36 Kirk Johnson, "The Chrony rebellion of 1967-1968," Daily Utah Chronicle, 13 February 1978. 37 Ibid. "Ibid. 35 76 one vote, with more students voting for him than faculty members. Yet this was not the perception of of the Chronicle Chronicle staff staff that that saw saw Mabey's Mabey's appointment appointment as as part part of of an an 38 administration attempt to rein in the Chronicle's Chronicle's controversial tendencies. tendencies 38 On Friday, May 5, 1967, students were surprised to see an all blank issue of me the Chronicle Chronicle save for a Publications Council statement on the front page and regularly 39 scheduled advertising on the next five pages. No news stories were printed. printed 39 The very next Monday, an open letter from Paul Taylor demanded that Mabey resign his position as Editor for Fall or the Chronicle Chronicle staff staff would would walk walk out. out.4040 The The staff staff editorial editorial declared declared that that Mabey had little newspaper experience except for three weeks as a Chronicle Chroniclereporter reporter and as public affairs affairs spokesman while on his mission to Austria. It therefore appeared to Taylor and others otiiers on the Chronicle Chronicle staff staff that that Mabey Mabey was was chosen chosen because because of of his his standing standing in the LDS Church or his prominence in the Young Republicans. The staff staff demanded to 41 chosen.41 know from the publications council why Mabey had been chosen In the meantime, Mabey's appointment generated both support and outrage. In die the very same issue, at least two groups of of students made light of the May 5th issue. A group of of eight College of of Law students wrote to the Editor, thanking the Chronicle Chroniclefor for its itsfine fine edition of 5 May. They continued, "Although we would anticipate and hope for better publications in the future, we nevertheless found Friday's edition to be a considerable 38 38 Ibid. 39 Daily 40 Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,55May May1967. 1967 "Staff Utah Chronicle, Chronicle, "Staff Condemns Selection, Will Walk Out" and "An Open Letter to Mr. Mabey," Daily Utah 8 May 1967. 41 41 "Why," Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,88May May1967. 1967. 39 4Q 77 improvement over recent past publications." Another group of students writing to the editor left several inches of of blank space before their names appeared appeared.4422 Mabey refused to resign, and accordingly many members of the staff staff walked out. Five staff Chronicle for staff members chose to remain and continued to publish the Chronicle for the thenext next several weeks. The rest of Chronicle staff of the Chronicle staff began began publishing publishing an an underground underground Student Voice. Voice.As Asthe menumbers numbersofofthose thosewho whostayed stayedon onboard boardthe the newspaper, The The Student Chronicle Chronicle were were augmented augmented by by others others who who volunteered volunteered to to assist assist inin keeping keeping the the Chronicle Chronicle itself was flooded with letters to the editor. The majority were going, the newspaper itself against Mabey's appointment saying he proved mat that Mormon influence was dominant in Chronicle would would become become an an organ organ of of the the administration, administration, and and hoping hoping the state, that the Chronicle of the appointment. One or two supported Mabey, and at least that Big Brother approved of one other castigated acting editor Harris R. Vincent for being so willing to plow his 43 under.4 3 former associates under Interestingly, at Utah State University a similar problem had arisen when a new of the Student Life newspaper editor with little experience had been appointed. appointed . The staff staff of considered walking out, but felt a duty to keep the paper going. The newly appointed editor withdrew his name from consideration after the University Senate refused to confirm his appointment on grounds of of inexperience. Down at Brigham Young Chronicle was was followed followed closely closely by by the the Daily Daily Universe Universe. After University, the crisis at the Chronicle . After mentioning the blank issue of the Chronicle, Chronicle, Universe Universewriters writersdeclared declaredininananeditorial editorialthat tiiat 42 42 43 Leners to the Editor, Daily Utah Letters Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,88May May1967. 1967. Nick Snow, "Mabey Fails to Resign, Staff Staff Walks Out" and Pete Dixon. Dixon, "Scabs Bring Out Chronicle," Chronic/e, 99 May Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, May 1967; 1967; Nick Nick Snow, Snow, "Dissenters "Dissenters Rally Rally in in Protest" Protest" and and Leners Letters to to the the Editor, Editor, Daily Utah Chronic/e, 10 May 1967. Utah Chronicle, 43 78 Taylor had taken drastic measures and it was clear that Mabey had been appointed due to Taylor' Taylor'ss outrageous statements.44 Provost Alfred Emery declared that the administration had nothing to do with the appointment of oft" towards the Chronicle. Chronicle. Some of Mabey and that the policy was "hands off' Some students decided that the administration did not have anything to do wim with the appointment while others remained very skeptical. The crisis began to simmer down as summer 45 remained 4s approached, but questions about academic freedom and student speech remained. When Fall arrived, many of staff members who had walked out came back to of the staff It the Chronicle, Chronicle, under under Mabey's Mabey's leadership. leadership. The The Student Student Voice Voicewas wasrenamed renamedPillar Pillarof ofSa Salt and continued to attack the Chronicle. Chronicle. The Thesituation situationremained remainedtense tenseall allyear, year,but but somehow Mabey managed to hold the newspaper together, one issue at a time. Yet there were many bumps along the way. One day all 10,000 issues of of the Chronicle Chronicle were werestolen stolen and given to pigs near the Medical Center to wallow in. Another time a sit-in at the Chronicle offices offices nearly nearly kept kept the the paper paper from from publishing publishing that that day. day. Yet Yet Mabey Mabey did did aa good good Chronicle enough job that the Publications Council reappointed him the following January, 46 applied.4 6 although he had not applied Mabey' s reappointment made a few angry, including Paul Taylor. Just eleven Mabey's days after after the Chronicle Chronicle had had confirmed confirmed the the Warhol Warhol hoax, hoax, the the February February 19, 19, 1968 1968edition edition carried the previous year's year' s masthead and contained the screaming headline from the "Staff Condemns Selection, Will Walk Out." In addition, the open letter previous year, "StaffCondernns 44 U.S.U. Scraps Editor Choice," Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,12 12 May May 1967; 1967; Jaron Jaron Summers, Summers, reprints reprints of of Daily Daily Universe s Done ... " Daily . Universe Articles Articles "Chrony "Chrony Strikes" Strikes"and and Taylor' Taylor's DoneItIt Now Now..." Daily Utah UtahChronic/e, Chronicle,8 8May May1967 1967. 45 ., "Emery Says 'Hands Off,'" Off,'" Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,II11May May1967. 1967. 46 Johnson, "Chrony Rebellion,"; "Mabey, Ditterline Reappointed," Daily Utah Chronic/e, 26 January 46 Johnson, "Chrony Rebellion,"; "Mabey, Ditterline Reappointed," Daily Utah Chronicle, 26 January 1968. 1968. 44 79 from tbe front page, and the tbe editorial condemning Mabey's Mabey' s from Taylor to Mabey was also on the th th appointment from the tbe May 8 issue was also to be found. In all, four of the tbe eight pages of of the Chronicle Chronicle had had been been replaced replaced by by pages pages from from the the May May 8,8, 1967 1967 issue. issue.4747 The next day, the headline "Chronicle Sabotaged" appeared along witb with the regular masthead. Apparently tbe tbe Chronicle the negatives used to print the Chronicle had had been been stolen stolen from from outside the printer shop and exchanged with ones from the previous year, modified to tbe correct date. reflect the date. Police began an investigation and sought to track down suspects by seeing if fingerprints fingerprints were left on the tbe negatives. A vigorous staff staff editorial appeared tbe very journalistic freedom freedom they claimed to accusing those tbose saboteurs of endangering the staff declared, "In the represent. Concluding, the staff tbe future, we would invite you midnight 48 off our negatives. They leave fingerprints!,,48 fingerprints!" editors to keep your grubby hands off This was not the tbe only campus newspaper trouble to occur in February, 1968. The The controversy at Utah State University over the new editor continued. Despite his rejection by the Senate, Lynn Packer had been appointed editor of Student Student Life Life anyway. anyway. On On February 2, 1968, all 6,000 copies of of Student Student Life were stolen stolen and and scattered throughout the theft as possibly a plot to Logan. Packer had become a controversial editor and saw die 49 get rid of of him as editor editor.49 On May 2, 1968, Paul Taylor and former student Robert Degles were given letters their role in of reprimand by die of tbe University Committee on Student Behavior for tbeir Chronicle. Another Another student student was wasplaced placed on ondisciplinary disciplinary probation probation for for sabotaging the Chronicle. 47 "Staff "Staff Condemns Selection, Will Walk Out," "An Open Letter to Mr. Mabey," and "Why," "Wby," Daily Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, 1968. Chronic/e, 19 February 1968. 48 48 "Chronicle Sabotaged" and "Rape'" "Rape!" Daily Utah Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,2020February February1968. 1968. 49 49 Suzanne Dean, "USU ''USU Newspaper Stolen From Campus," Daily Utah Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,7 7February February1968. 1968. 47 80 having stolen Chronicles at times during the Winter and Spring quarters. Taylor admitted that he had planned the operation to substitute pages from the previous year's Chronicle Chronicle so The very next issue after Taylor's to bring back the issues over Mabey's appointment. 50 admission, the Rocky Mountain Collegiate Press Association announced that the Chronicle Chronicle had had taken taken second second place place in in the the field field of of general general excellence excellence in in college college newspaper newspaper 51 dailies and three first places for various stories and photographs. photographs 51 Nearly a decade after after the sabotage happened, Chronicle Chroniclewriter writerKirk KirkJohnson Johnson researched and wrote concerning what he called "the Chrony Rebellion of 1967-68." He He interviewed Mabey as well as Joe Bauman, a Chronicle Chroniclestaff staff writer writerwho whohad hadwalked walkedout, out, and then returned, and Wallace Bennett who had chaired the publications committee at the time. Bauman said that he had felt justified justified walking out with his friend friend Paul Taylor, but decided to come back. After eleven years to reflect, Bauman declared that he no longer held any bitterness and said concerning Mabey: "He had a very difficult difficult job, and 52 The Chrony he did a good job." job."s2 Rebellion was over, as Mabey left the newspaper after spring, 1968, but the issues that had been raised continued to swirl through the University. The ROTC and the SDS Ironically, the Chronicle Ironically, the Chronicle was was also also aa battleground battleground when when itit came came to to the the two two most most controversial groups on campus. There is further irony considering that those two most controversial groups were polar opposites and fought each other: the Reserve Officer Officer 50 "Former Chrony Editor Gets Reprimand On Switch," Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,33May May1968. 1968. ""Former 51 "Chronicle Chronicle Earns RMCPA Honors," Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,6 6May May1968. 1968. 52 " Johnson, Johnson. "Chrony Rebellion.' Rebellion:' 81 81 Training Corps (ROTC) and the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). The ROTC was a conservative military training organization, while the SDS SDS was an extreme leftist organization known for radicalism. The ROTC battle began on April 4, 1967 when then Chronicle Chronicleeditor editorPaul PaulTaylor Taylor "declared war" war" on the ROTC program by launching several editorial broadsides. Students for and against the ROTC responded with an enormous number of letters to the editor. Several debates took place, and Taylor went on radio to denounce the ROTC. ROTC. This fIrst first of controversy ended when the ASUU Executive Council failed to give Taylor a vote of ROTC. As a result, the next day Taylor declared confidence in his campaign against the ROTC. that the Chronicle's feud with the ROTC was over, but that issues would remain remain..53 S3 Issues did remain and the controversy simmered for two years until a national editorial campaign against the ROTC began in April 1969. An editorial critical of of the ROTC was printed in 29 student newspapers around the country, including the Daily Daily Utah Utah Chronicle. Chronicle.The Theeditorial editorialdeclared declaredthat thatthe theROTC ROTCand andacademia academiawere werecontradictory contradictory of ROTC as the ROTC stifled critical thinking. In addition, the editorial called for the end of credit so that all universities could become politically neutral and not the slave of ofa militaristic foreign policy. A local response to the editorial was run alongside in the Chronicle. The The response response blasted blasted the the statement statement that that critical critical thinking thinking was was not not desired desired by by the die 53 "Editorial: A Declaration Chronicle,44April April1967; 1967;"''"ROTC LoyaltyContrary ContrarytotoU. U. ""Editorial: Declaration of of War," Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, ROTC Loyalty Atmosphere,'" Utah Chronicle, Chronicle, \3 13April April1967; 1967;Frank FrankMedoca, Medoca,""Exec CouncilOkays OkaysROTC" ROTC"and and Atmosphere,'" Daily Utah Exec Council "Editorial: Chronicle,2121Apri April 1967. "Editorial: Exit ROTC," Daily Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, l 1967. 82 military and argued that the abolition of the ROTC would not make any educational institution neutral as it would limit one side of 54 of an argument. 54 The controversy raised by the editorial was loud enough that the Executive Council of of ASUU voted to approve a study to see if the ROTC should be continued at the University of of Utah. The controversy deepened when two History faculty members, L. L. R. Gerlach and R. S. Tompson opened fire on the ROTC. Gerlach declared in an editorial that ""...me ... the University finds power in truth, the military finds truth in power..." Within letters to the editor denounced Gerlach's anti-ROTC viewpoint. A days, a flood of ofletters professor of of Journalism, G. Donald Gale, suggested that the ROTC had more to gain 55 from being beingpart partof ofthe theUniversity Universitythan thanbeing beingplaced placedininisolated isolatedtraining trainingcamps. camps.55 from As the controversy grew, the Faculty Council established the student-faculty student-faculty Committee to Review ROTC in May 1969. After a year of studying the issue, the Committee concluded in April 1970 that ROTC credit should be continued with some modifications. Among the suggested changes were more civilian instructors being used to teach ROTC courses and no university credit for strictly military courses. By the time the report of the committee had been submitted, however, the ROTC controversy was already 56 renewed by a SDS campaign to completely rid all campuses of the ROTC.56 54 "Editorial Condemns ROTC," "Abolish ROTC Credit," and John C. Milligan, "Rebuttal: ROTC ""Editorial Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,1515April April1969. 1969. Teachers Leadership, Broadens Men's Men 's Outlooks," Daily Utah 55 "Exec. Council Divides Money, Votes to Examine ROTC," Daily Daily Utah UtahChronic/e, Chronicle,1717April April1969; 1969;L.L.RR. ""Exec. Gerlach, "Should Abolish ROTC Program," Daily Utah Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,3030April April1969; 1969;G. G.Donald DonaldGale Galeletter lettertoto editor, Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,22May May1969; 1969;RR.S.S.Tompson, Tompson,""ROTC ROTC Not NotAcademically AcademicallyJustifiable," Justifiable,"Daily Daily Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle, 99May May 1969. 1969. Utah 56 56 Steve Dieffenbacher, Dieffenbacher, "Committee Begins ROTC Study; Cadets Defend Campus Military," Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, 19 May 1969; 1969; "Committee Recommends Retention Retention of ROTC," ROTC," Daily Daily Utah UtahChronicle, Chronicle,2222April April Chronic/e, Utah 1969; Sheila Wolf, "Radicals Want Immediate End to War, Demand Removal of ROTC," Daily Utah Chronicle, 16 April 1970. 1970. Chronic/e, 83 83 The Students for a Democratic Society was first first formed in Michigan in the early 1960s. They soon developed a reputation for being militant leftists and were distrusted by Jeff Shero, the National many by the time the group began to appear in Utah. In 1966, Jeff 57 of the SDS visited the University as part of a nationwide tour. toUr. 57 It would Vice-President of not be until late 1968, however, that the SDS would open a chapter at Utah. the University began In late October, 1968, 1968, some of the leftist student groups at die talking about opening an SDS chapter. Many of these students came from the April Committee, a group that had taken up various causes at the University, especially tuition. During the tuition battle between Rampton and Fletcher, the April Committee had published a booklet that had blasted both as being untrustworthy.'8 untrustworthy.58 But the April Committee did not have the prestige or national support that the SDS had. It appears that 59 this context is what brought about the organization of of the SDS chapter. 59 When the students formed the SDS chapter, they applied for recognition by the Affairs granted the University, and a heated debate began. The Committee on Student Affairs SDS temporary recognition but did not approve full recognition due to the fact that the of the SDS National Constitution and wanted to confirm that Committee wanted a copy of the SDS would adhere to University rules. Just two days after receiving temporary recognition, the Young Americans for Freedom (YAF) (YAF) engaged the SDS in debate. of Utah, like Political Science Professor J. D. Williams, also got Professor 1. Faculty at the University of 57 57 Bethe 58 Officer Tours Nation's Nation 's Campuses," Daily Utah Wolf, "SDS Officer Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,4 4May May1966. 1966. "J. J. Bauman, "Aprilmen Elicit Student Interest," interest," Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,I1November November1967. 1967. 59 Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,1212November November1968. 1968. 5. "Students Adopt Constitution to Form SDS Chapter," Daily Utah 84 involved. Williams called the SDS one of the "greatest challenges to democracy we face 60 minorities.'.6O because it believes in the rule ofthe of the majority by minorities." Letters against the SDS flooded into ASUU, including a letter from a Utah State Senator who said that SDS should not be recognized by the University and warned that session. whatever decision was reached would affect affect his judgment in the next Legislative session. The Chronicle Chronicle editorialized editorialized that that while while the the SDS SDS organization organization had had been been violent violent on on some some campuses, the SDS at the University of of Utah had been strictly peaceful peaceful and honest. The editorial further called the student organization a desirable one to have on campus. campus. This editorial is even more interesting in light of the fact that SDS considered taking over the the paper paper led led by by Paul Paul Taylor Taylor which which had had caused caused the the of Salt, Salt, the student newsletter Pillar of Chronicle so much much trouble trouble earlier earlier that that year. year.6161 Chronicle so Once a copy of of the National SDS Constitution became available and the local SDS chapter had pledged to follow University rules and statutes, recognition was granted for one year. While the recognition was deplored by many, the Regents gave their approval within a few weeks, indicating tiiat that the Student Affairs Affairs Committee had done the right thing in giving approval for one year. The Regents further declared that academic freedom freedom was wasavailable availabletotoall allon oncampus campusprovided providedthey theyfollowed followedproper properpolicies. policies.The TheSDS SDS would remain at the forefront forefront of controversial issues, but would be more an annoyance than a revolutionary threat as some had feared. The SDS did contribute actively to the hill. The Vietnam War was causing controversy on campuses growing unrest Wlfest on the hill. 60 60 "SDS: "SDS: Threat to Academic Freedom?" Daily Utah Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,15 15November November1968; 1968;Frank FrankErickson, Erickson, Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,2020November November1968. 1968. "Student Affairs Affairs Tables SDS Recognition," Daily Utah 61 61 Darrell Leo, "Member Explains SDS's Role," Daily Utah Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,66November November1968; 1968;Darrell DarrellLeo, Leo, "Anti-SDS Letters Flood ASUU," Daily Utah : SDS Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,25 25November November 1965; 1965;"Editorial "Editorial: SDSHas HasViolated Violated No Rules Here," Daily Utah Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,2525November November1968. 1968. 85 across the country, but other problems were arriving at the University of of Utah. By the time tensions reached an all-time high in 1970, the SDS was both a very influential and hated organization. 62 The Pathway to Protest Protest became more common at the University of Utah during the Fletcher of such protests changed over time, moving from from administration. The tone and direction of purely local issues to more national and international themes. Protests and student activism also moved from more peaceful peaceful demonstrations to more outspoken and sometimes violent tactics. In 1966, students staged a large protest against rising prices at the Bookstore, demanding student ownership of the store. The movement, led by the group Bookstore Improvement Through Campus Harassment (B.LT.C.H.) (B.I.T.C.H.) was short lived and died within 63 a few months of its protest against the Bookstore in January, 1966 1966.63 In 1967, most of the student activism surrounded increasing tuition rates as well Chronicle rebellion. as the Chronicle rebellion. While While most most of of this this activity activity was was peaceful, peaceful, aa disturbing disturbing exception took place on April 22, 1967 when a bomb exploded near the Huddle, the Union Cafeteria. Two windows were shattered, and a student was knocked from his chair. Luckily, the only injury he could claim was his Coke spilled. The bomb detonated at about 9:30pm, but the building was filled wim with people as there was a stomp that evening. It was discovered that die the explosive was an artillery simulator grenade. Such weapons 62 "SDS Gives Constitution to Student Affairs," Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,26 26November November1968; 1968;"Student "Student Affairs Recognizes SDS For One Year," Daily Utah Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,2727November November1968; 1968;"Regents "RegentsBack BackSDS SDS Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,66January January1969 1969. Decision," Daily Utah . •63, "Rally Hits Bookstore," Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,13 13January January 1966. 1966. 62 86 could not be found at Fort Douglas or the ROTC on campus, but were available at Hill Air Force Base and from the Utah National Guard, adjacent to campus. After an intense search for the culprit by Campus Security, all leads disappeared. It would be a disturbing portent of of things to come. 64 1968 proved to be a quieter year at the University of of Utah, in stark contrast to the rest of of the nation. Campus security was bolstered, however. In addition to raising salaries, University Police were supplied with mace to defend themselves. Brigham Madsen, Administrative Vice-President and Elroy Jones, the chief chief of of police, worked to have college graduates or students in the force to aid mutual understanding. This understanding of of University life would prove important within a few years.65 65 The survey of students mentioned previously was conducted in Spring 1969. The of the survey was what University administrators were most anxious to very last section of find find out about: the potential for campus unrest. The findings of of the survey suggested that unrest of any kind was unlikely. Only 18% responded that they thought disruptive demonstrations were likely to take place at the University of of Utah, and few could give a specific reason why they thought so. so. Even those who did not think disruptive demonstrations would occur were asked to pick an issue that would most ldcely likely cause II % noted problems with the ROTC, and 8% one. Tuition increases were noted by 18%, 11% declared that SDS would be responsible for a disruptive protest. Only 5% believed that protests would result due to the draft and the Vietnam War. Only 3-4% believed 64 64 Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,2424April April1967; 1967;"Bomb "BombLeads LeadsVanish; Vanish; "Bomb Cracks Union Windows," Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,44May May1967. 1967. Investigation Proceeds," Daily Utah 65 "Dave Dave Block, "'Mace' Aids Campus Police," Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,3030January January1968; 1968;Madsen MadsenInterview, Interview, 21-22. 87 87 dissatisfaction with with the the University University administration administration would would cause cause aa mass mass protest. protest. In In addition addition dissatisfaction to if demonstrations demonstrations were were to to occur, occur, 51% 51 % to these these findings, findings, the the survey survey also also discovered discovered that that if would go go out out of of their their way way to to avoid one, 21% 21 % would would watch, watch, and 18% 18% thought thought mey they would would 66 join join the the demonstration. demonstration 6 6 findings are are ironic ironic considering considering what followed followed over over the the next year: year: the the These findings longest and largest largest period period of of campus unrest and protest protest in in the University's University 's history. The The longest most active and violent demonstrations would come in May, 1970, but but me the year between the survey and the confrontation confrontation in May was filled filled with mounting tension. higb On October 15, 1969, over 4,200 students from the University, colleges, and high schools marched from the Park Building to the Federal Building in downtown Salt Lake of a nationwide "Moratorium" for ending the Vietnam War. Previous City. This was part of to the march was a "teach-in" at the Union where many speeches denouncing the Vietnam War were delivered. Even with such sucb a large protest, most students remained in 50_75%67 regular classes, and attendance on "M-Day" was around 50-75%. A new series of of problems began the next year when Jerry Rubin, head of the "Yippie" movement and a co-defendant in a trial concerning violence in Chicago, visited the University on February 8, 1970. His bour 8,1970. hour and forty-five minute speecb speech advocated the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day revolution and denounced churches, especially tbe laughed off Rubin's remarks, but the community did not sbare share the Saints. Most students laugbed 66 66 Magid Associates, Utah Studellts, 275-277 . 67 • 7 " Vietnam Protest Triggers Divided Campus Magid Associates, Utah Students, 275-277. "Vietnam Protest Triggers Divided Campus Reaction." Reaction," University Universityof ofUtah UtahReview. Review,October October1969. 1969. 88 same sentiment. Citizens from all around criticised the University for allowing a controversial speaker such as Rubin to come to the University68 University.68 Problems continued when SDS invited Elena Dillon to discuss the Political Labor Party. SDS had failed to approve the speaker before the Student Affairs Affairs Committee and the Union was refused a room in the Union. As a result, the crowd met informally in die foyer and was soon asked to disperse. When the crowd did not do so, charges against the SDS were brought forward by the Dean of of Students, Virginia D. Frobes. In the ensuing controversy, Fletcher decided to appoint a commission to investigate speakers on campus, declaring tiiat that he would uphold academic freedom freedom at the University while 69 of viewpoints. viewpoints 69 striving to comply with local laws and provide a balance of Very quickly the speaker issue became a point of contention at the University. The State Attorney General gave an opinion on April 15, 1970, that indicated obscene 15,1970, speech was not protected and could be deemed illegal. He also declared that in addition to campus police, city and state police could come on campus to enforce the law, including instances of foul speech. Within two days, two students used obscene speech and were so 70 rules 70 charged. Several days later SDS was found guilty of violating the speaker rules. With the issue of of speech on campus hanging thick in the air, students, faculty, and community members waited for the report of the campus speakers commission. The fmal final report was to be presented on April 20th,, but the committee did not make the deadline. An 58 "Controversial Yippie Head Advocates Open Revolution," UnNersity Universityof ofUlah UtahRevif?W, Review,February February1970. 1970. Ron Mitchell, "Student Affairs Affairs to Bring Charges Against SDS after it met in Union Foyer to Discuss Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle, 33March March 1970; 1970;Sally SallyPearce, Pearce,"Panel "PaneltotoProbe ProbeSpeaker SpeakerPolicy," Policy,"Daily DailyUlah Utah PLP," Daily Ulah Chronicle, 10 March 1970. 1970. Chronicle, 70 70 "Obscene Speech 'Unconstitutional,'" 'Unconstitutional,'" Daily Utah Ulah Chronic/e, Chronicle,1616April April1970; 1970;"Two "TwoRally RallySpeakers Speakers Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,1717April April1970; 1970;Suzanne SuzanneKaneda, Kaneda,"SDS "SDSGuilty GuiltynfRules of Rules Charged With Obscenity," Daily Ulah Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,2727April April1970. 1970. Violation," Daily Ulah 68 69 69 89 st 71 extension was granted for two days, followed shortly by another extension to May 1( ",7 .1 confrontation Waiting for the report would soon be overshadowed by other events, and a confrontation unlike any other the University had experienced would color the next month, month. 71 Chronicle,2121April April1970; 1970;"Another "AnotherExtension Extension..." DailyUtah Utah " "Speaker "Speaker Report Postponed," Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, .. ," Daily Chronicle, 22 22 April April 1970. 1970. CHAPTER VI: CONFRONT AnON (May 1970) CONFRONTATION of By national standards the unrest and violence experienced at the University of Utah in May 1970 was far from extreme. Yet the University of of Utah was the only institution of of higher education in the state to be affected affected by any kind of large protest and certainly the only University in Utah that could claim property damage and destruction. Why was the University of Utah so greatly affected affected as compared to its sister institutions? Was it due to the fact that it was more connected nationally by virtue of its place in the "Crossroads of the West?" Or did the unrest that was unleashed in May 1970 have to do more with pressures that had been building over time and that national events detonated? fmd out what happened during May 1970 is difficult difficult enough. In many Trying to find of Utah was altered or not cases the full series of events that took place at the University of factually presented in anyone any one source. The following is an attempt to bring together some of the many ((and and incomplete) sources that cover the period of May 1970 and discover what took place and why. The First Five Days U.S. invasion of Cambodia had May 1970 began with a variety of of problems. The U.S. been armounced announced by President Richard Nixon on April 30 thth. In addition, tension was brewing at the University concerning the upcoming speaker policy to be released by the of President's Speakers Commission. Just days previous the Salt Lake City Chamber of Commerce declared that the University should impose more stringent speaker rules and 91 91 that those who did not follow diem them should be arrested and prosecuted.1I May 1 I"st began began with reaction to this letter when editorials in the Chronicle and Salt SaltLake Lake Tribune Tribune Chronicle and denounced the letter by the Chamber. ASUU also got involved, calling the Chamber's 2 concerns.2 Fifteen Fifteen Utah attorneys letter "inappropriate" but recognized the Chamber's concerns seconded the ASUU stance. The next day the Deseret News rose to to the the defense of the Deserel News nd clarify the letter that had been sent. Saturday, May 2nd and Chamber, attempting to clarify rd 3 passed without significant significant incident, but the tension brewing over the Sunday, May 3'd th 3 speaker issue carried into Monday, May 44th..3 The American invasion of of Cambodia was a concern that affected affected campuses nationwide. Immediately after after the announcement by President Nixon, strikes and protests began in colleges and universities across America. In a small Ohio town, protests began escalating at Kent State University over the weekend, and on Monday an even larger one began. In a series of of disastrous mistakes and misperceptions, National Guardsman who had been called out to help stabilize the situation opened fire fife on students. After thirteen injured. Some who were shot had seconds, four were dead and another nine severely injured. 44 anotiier and had not been actively protesting. simply been walking from one class to another protesting By the late afternoon, news of the Kent State shootings had reached the University of Utah. Before the evening fell, signs began going up at dormitories and otiier other 1 Elizabeth Haglund, "White Paper on on Student Demonstrations," Demonstrations," written sometime in in early August, 1970. 1970. ElizabeIh Found in Student Affairs Office (Ace 233), Box 4, Folder 9 "Campus Disorders," University Office Records (Acc Archives, University of of Utah, 5. 2 2 Haglund, "White Paper," 5-6; "Editorial: Curb Your Tongue! Tongue! Big BroIher's Brother's Watching," Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle, 1 May 1970. 3 3 Haglund, "White Paper," 5-7 5-7.. 44 Philip Caputo, 13 Seconds: A Look Back at the Kent State Shootings (New York: St. Martin's Grillin, Philip Caputo, 13 Seconds: A Look Back at the Kent State Shootings (New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 2005),55-59, 69-72. 2005), 55-59,69-72. I 92 campus buildings declaring "Strike for Kent!" The combination of the upcoming speaker policy, the invasion of of Cambodia, and the shootings at Kent State sparked an explosion at the University over the next several days.5 th The first blow was struck early in the morning of Tuesday, May 5tb . In the old University stables between the Marriott Library and the new Chemistry building stood the Army ROTC. At 4a.m., an unknown person opened a window and direw threw a quart beer bottle filled with a combination of gasoline and diesel fuel into the building. The lit paper wick caused some of the mixture to flare up as the bottle shattered against a blackboard, but most of the liquid did not ignite. The blackboard was charred, and die the floor was lightly burned. Because most of the building was stone and concrete, the fire could not have spread far far.66 frrebomb four hours later as students began Security officials officials discovered the firebomb arriving at the University. An estimated $300 damage had been done and a full investigation was ordered. It was never discovered who had thrown the firebomb, but whoever had done so did not have as much success as his contemporaries at other universities. That very same morning the ROTC building at the University of Kentucky 7 burned down, one of of many ROTC buildings that were attacked within hours.7 frrebomb at the ROTC had been discovered, a protest was Just minutes after after the firebomb brewing just a few hundred yards to the east. At about 8:30a.m., fifteen fifteen students with 5 "Protesters Call for Rally, Pickets," Pickets," Daily Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,66May May1970. 1970. '''Protesters Daily Ufah 6 6 "Homemade "Homemade Bomb Causes $200 Damage to ROTC Bldg." Daily Ufah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,66May May1970; 1970;Roger Roger Porter and Darrell Leo, "U. ofU. of U. Demonstrations Against Asia War Culminate In Demands That Student Newspaper Urge ''Strike,'" Strike,'" Salt Lake Tribune, Tribune, 66May May 1970; 1970;Haglund, Haglund,"White "White Paper," Paper," 8;8;Brigham Brigham Madsen Madsen interview, 39. 7 7 "Homemade Bomb," Chronic/e~ Chronicle; Porter Porterand andLeo, Leo,"Demonstrations," "Demonstrations,"Tribune~ Tribune;«4"4Deaths, Deaths,Cambodia Cambodia Targets of of Protests," Deseret News News,, 6 May 1970; published reference here. 93 pickets gathered gadiered at Orson Spencer Hall and began chanting "Fifteen dead at Kent State, war continues to escalate, student strike now!" By 9a.m., protestors began expanding the south. south. beyond Orson Spencer Hall and marched through Milton Bennion Hall, just to the Witiiin Within two hours the group had doubled in size and moved out from the two classroom 8 halls to the flat lawn south of of the Student Union. Union 8 As the approximately 30 protestors moved out onto the Union lawn, a crowd began to form. Over the next several hours the crowd ranged between 500 and 1500 people, although the Salt Lake Tribune Tribune estimated estimated as asmany manyas as 1600 1600people. people.Members Members of of the SDS and United Front to End the War began speaking to the crowd, condemning of Jesus Christ of of Lattereverything from the war and biological warfare to the Church of day Saints. They called for an immediate strike by the student body. body 99 ASUU President Randy Dryer carne came out and spoke to the students gathered. He said that there were not enough students in the crowd to dictate a strike to the student body, but that ballots would be passed out after 9:55a.m. classes on Friday for students to vote for or against a strike. He also declared that a memorial for the Kent State students would be held that Thursday in Kingsbury Hall. The noon rally continued after Dryer was finished with withseveral severalmore morestudents studentsblasting blastingthe theUniversity's University'supcoming upcomingspeaker speakerpolicy policy finished and the Cambodian and Kent State issues. The demonstration was peaceful, although the · was angry_ angry. 10 rrhetoric hetonc 10 8 Pickets," Daily Utah Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,66May May1970. 1970. • "Protesters Call for Rally, Pickets," 9 9 "Protesters Call for Rally, Pickets," Chronicle; Chronicle;Poter Poterand andLeo, Leo,"Demonstrations "DemonstrationsAgainst AgainstAsia AsiaWar," War,' Tribune Tribune.. 10 10 Ibid. Ibid. 94 Although the massive rally held on the Union lawn had been peaceful, the University administration and surrounding community prepared for the worst. Violence was already raging across campuses across the nation and while most Utah colleges were silent, the demonstrations at noon indicated that the University of Utah might be an exception. Salt Lake City Police began discussions with University officials officials and declared that they would arrest any person who used obscenities on campus or advocated violence. University Provost Thomas King also declared that those who protested in buildings (like those who had stormed through Milton Bennion Hall that morning) could face charges.11 II President Fletcher issued a statement concerning the Kent State shootings, expressing sadness in what had happened. Saying he hoped tiiat that the disturbances that peaceful, he concluded that those who would would take place at the University would be peaceful, break the law should expect the University to uphold die 12 the law.12 That evening in the Union ballroom, President Emeritus A. Ray Olpin was to give a speech on Japan. The Chronicle Chronicle never never reported reported ififOlpin Olpin gave gavethe the speech speech for for atat 7p.m., 7p.m., aa of the Union to discuss their activities for group of of students gathered on the lawn south of the next day. Their aim was to close down the University and press for a student strike. Chronicle became became aatarget target for for their their abuse. abuse.The The As the discussion continued, the Chronicle Chronicle had not not run run aa story story on on the the Kent Kent State State shootings shootings that that morning morning and and had had given given Chronicle had 13 limited space announcing that SDS would have a rally at noon on the Union lawn. 13 11 "Police,U. U.Will WillSet SetLaw LawPolicy," Policy,"Deseret DeseretNews, News,66May May 1970. 1970. II "Rally, Pickets," Chronicle; Chronicle; "Police, 12 Statement," Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,66May May1970. 1970. 12 "Pres. Fletcher Issues Stalement," 13 13 "SOS "SDS To Hold Strike Rally" and "President Emeritus, A. Ray Olpin, To Give Speech on Japan Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,55May May1970; 1970;"On "OnStrike! Strike!" DailyUtah UtahChronic/e, Chronicle, 6 May 1970. Daily Utah " Daily 6 May 1970. Tonight," Tonight,' 95 The entire discussion immediately focused on the Chronicle. Chronicle. One Oneprotestor, protestor,angry angry that the Chronicle Chronicle had had not not provided provided more more coverage coverage of of those those who who wished wished to to strike, strike, suggested that the protestors trash the next day's newspapers. newspapers . Another protestor declared that evening. evening.At At that they should not wait but demand a strike issue of die the Chronicle Chronicle that about 8: 8:15p.m., of 150-200 people stormed the Chronicle offices. Chronicle Chronicle 15p.m., a crowd of Chronicle offices. Editor-in-Chief Angelyn Nelson agreed to meet with three diree of the leaders of the protest Editor-in-Chief turn demanded that the entire front page say "Strike!" and that all editorials be in who in turn their favor. Nelson refused, refused, saying that die the front page was already finished finished and that a large portion of editorial space had been provided.14 14 the strike issue they desired, they When the protestors found they could not get die through the Chronicle raged tiirough Chronicle offices, offices, tossing tossing files files across across the the floor floor and and littering littering shreds shreds of of Tuesday ' s Chronicle Tuesday's Chronicle across across the the offices. offices. The The crowd crowd then then decided decided to to prevent prevent the the Chronicle Chronicle from from being beingpublished, published,declaring declaringthat thatno noChronicle Chroniclewas wasbetter betterthan thana anon-strike non-strikeissue. issue. When diey they reached the University Printing Service just south soutii of the Medical Center, they IS discovered the Service building locked and guarded by five men.15 That evening, Nelson and another editor were escorted by campus police to a printing press in Bountiful where die Chronicle was was printed printed and and then diendistributed distributed the Chronicle successfully successfully around campus the next day. Nelson declared that she was saddened that one half of one percent of of the student population would try and stifle the voice of the Chronicle offices offices and andhad had totoproduce produce and and staff closed me newspaper. Nelson and her staff the Chronicle 14 14 "On "On Strike!" and "Students Storm Chrony," Daily Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,66May May1970; 1970;Porter Porterand andLeo, Leo, "Demonstrations Against Asia War," Tribune. «Demonstrations Tribune. 15 15 "Students Storm Stonn Chrony," Chronicle; Chronicle; Poter Poterand and Leo, Leo,«Demonstrations "Demonstrations Against Against Asia Asia War," War,"Tribune; Tribune; U.. Protest," Deseret News, 6 May 1970. "Students Fly 'Peace Flag' At Quiet U. Of OfU 96 96 print the the newspaper off campus for the the next two two days days until until the the situation situation had had cooled. cooled. The print 16 protests were just beginning. beginning.16 (6-10 May) Escalation (6-10 Another busy day at the University dawned on on Wednesday, May May 6'b 6th. By 10a.m., an impromptu rally. They hoisted an 300 students were protesting west of the Union in an die stars on aa wooden pole. pole. Other people in place of the American flag with a peace sign in 17 slogans. 17 picketed buildings and shouted slogans. The biggest crowd arrived for a noon rally south of the Union. Union. Over 3000 students came to protest at a rally organized by SOS. SDS. Among the people gathered tbere there was of the SOS SDS chapter on campus, Kathy Collard, urged President Fletcher. The leader of students to listen to what the President had to say, declaring that Fletcher'S Fletcher's appearance demonstrated his commitment to the University. Fletcher addressed the crowd, saying that he was sympathetic and mat that students had done the right thing in holding rallies, provided that they remained peaceful. He then continued on to say that he wished he could end the war in Vietnam but could not do it himself. Fletcher then proceeded to read a telegram that he had sent to Nixon, encouraging him to withdraw from Cambodia according to the scheduled timetable "for of all of of us." us. " There was general "for the good of 18 applause after after Fletcher's remarks. 18 Other people spoke, including Dennis Law Review. Review. Dennis Gladwell, Editor Editor of of the Utah Utah Law He stated that that he he and another 100 law law students had put together a three-point constructive 16 Ibid. "Students Fly ""Students Fly 'Peace 'Peace Flag,'" Flag, '" News. News . 18 Chronicle,77May May 1970; 1970;Roger RogerO. O.Porter, Porter,Steve SteveWayda, Wayda, 18 "Non-Violence Stressed Stressed At At Rally," Rally," Daily Daily Utah Utah Chronic/e, and and Suzanne Suzanne Dean, Dean, "All "All Quiet Quiet At At U. U. WarWar- Kent Kent Deaths Deaths Rally, Rally, Campus Campus Strike Strike Vote Vote Scheduled Scheduled Friday," Friday," Salt Lake Lake Tribune, Tribune, 7 May 1970. 16 17 97 approach for the University to avoid what had happened at Kent State. The first frrst point was to invite Governor Rampton to declare under what conditions he would call upon the National Guard to come to campus. The second point was to ask the Utah National Guard to publish their policies on riot control so that students could understand and even make criticisms. The third point asked students to go downtown and meet with various people from the thecommunity communitytotohave havean anopen opendialogue. dialogue.Gladwell Gladwellargued arguedthat thatthe thecommunity community from 19 should know why University students felt the way they did. 19 Other speakers, like United Front to End the War representative Jeff Jeff Fox, declared that more students should join the 300 students who were already on strike. Several people in the audience began to chant "Strike! "Strike! Strike!" The noon rally ended peacefully peacefully however, although pictures of of the large crowd of people between the Marriott Library and Tribune, Deseret DeseretNews, News,and andChronic/e. Chronicle.Several Several Union were published in the Salt Lake Tribune, the Kent State victims.20 people were wearing black armbands as a memorial for die The afternoon after the rally, about 50 law students went downtown in groups of of two or three to begin a dialogue with pedestrians. In some cases the students found success, but in many more cases they were brushed off off or given a lecture. "We've given you kids every opportunity in the world and you've thrown it back in our faces. Now we're sick of of you," declared one older woman to some students. The Law students took the brush-offs brush-offs with good humor, but concluded that there were many who did not wish to 21 21 speak to speak to them. them. 19 19 Ibid. 20 20 Ibid. 21 21 Paul May 1970; Max Knudson, "U. "U. Students Swenson, "A Peaceful Confrontation," Deseret Deserel News, 77 May May 1970. 1970. Seek ''Dialogue' Dialogue' Downtown," Salt Lake Tribune, Tribune, 77May 98 That evening at 7p.m. there was yet another planning rally held south of the Union. About 400 students and non-students drew up a list of five demands to be given to Fletcher. Failure to meet the demands would result in student occupation of the Park Building. The demands were: no speaker restrictions of of any kind, no literature registration or restrictions, no meeting restrictions, no city or state police nor National campus. The assistant dean of students, Peter Guard units on campus, and no firearms on campus. D. Grundfossen, warned students that if they occupied the Park Building the next day, students risked being asked to leave and if they refused they could be arrested. The students persisted and eventually Grundfossen, assistant to the President F. Martin Erickson, and demands to the President's office. Fletcher Erickson, and two two students students delivered delivered the the demands to the President's office. Fletcher drew drew 22 up a response to the student demands the following morning. A confrontation loomed. loomed 22 frrst order of business was the memorial for When Thursday, May 71hth arrived, the first of Kent State. The location had been moved to the new Special Events the victims of Center, and roughly 1000 attended. ASUU President Randy Dryer conducted the service and among the speakers was Paul Calme, a friend friend of Allison Krause who was one of the four killed at Kent State. The final frnal speaker was Provost Thomas C. King, who declared that the university was one of of man's frnest finest dreams, an island of of rationality in an irrational world. He tiien then asked what had happened to that dream and why the campus had become 23 23 irrational. He concluded by deploring any violence. violence 22 22 "Fletcher Given Five Demands; Students to Stage Park Bldg. Sit-in," Daily Utah Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,77May May1970; 1970; Tribune. Porter, Wayda, and Dean, "All Quiet At U. War," Tribune. 23 2l "One Thousand Gather at Kent Four Memorial," Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,88May May1970. 1970. 99 After the memorial service was over, several hundred students gathered at the Fletcher'ss response to the five five Union to hear assistant to the President Erickson read Fletcher' demands given to him. Fletcher declared that the first three which involved no restrictions on campus speakers, literature, and meetings were being worked out by the Committee of the that Fletcher had appointed, and he was not willing to disturb the findings of committee until a ruling had been made. When it came to no outside armed force on campus, Fletcher basically said that there was nothing the University could do as State law allowed local and state police forces to quell campus disturbances diat that the University could not take care of. Fletcher went on to warn the students that their actions would determine whether or not outside force was brought to bear on campus. campus. Finally, Fletcher declared he had no problem with banning firearms on campus, but that student 24 government would would need to be consulted first. first 24 The bypassing of of all five demands made many students furious; therefore 900 students marched in pairs to the Park Building as light rain fell. Upon arriving at 11:20p.m., :20p.m., the students overflowed overflowed the foyer on the second floor and into the corridors. They chanted anti-war slogans and sang patriotic songs. Among those protesting was a Law faculty member, Richard Young. He repeated the warning waming that those who elected to 25 arrested.25 stay after being asked to leave would likely be arrested 24 24 Haglund, "White Paper," Paper," 13-14; "Fletcher Answers Student Demands' Demands" and Students Express Active Concern," Daily Utah Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle, 88May May 1970. 1970. Concern," 25 2j Haglund, "White «White Paper," 14; 14~ "Students Express Active Concern" and Dave Mason, Nancy Ossana, and Geoff Towns, "Sit-in Results in 81 81 Arrests," Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,8 8May May1970; 1970;Paul PaulSwenson, Swenson,"85 "85 Geoff News, 8 May 1970; Clark Lobb and Doyle E. Smith, "U. Officers Arrest 83 83 After After Arrested at U." Deseret News, Edict to End Park Building Sit-in," Sit-in," Salt Lake Tribune, Tribune, 88May May 1970. 1970. 100 After some waiting, Fletcher did corne come out to meet the students gathered. Using a bullhorn, he expressed his sympathy and said he knew that many gathered there wanted to do something about things nationally and in the world. He continued on to say that his previous statement was the best he could do and that he would not accede to the five 26 demands.26 He then left the crowd and returned to his office before administrative vicedemands president Brigham Madsen suggested Fletcher leave early27 early.27 Provost Tom Torn King then came carne forward and announced that a law passed by die the 1969 legislature provided for law enforcement on campuses and required people to leave any campus building where academic business was being interfered with. King then told the crowd of people to leave the Park Building immediately. Shortly after, Campus Chief Elroy Jones gave everyone a warning that they had ten minutes to leave or Security Chief they would be arrested. Most people cleared the building, leaving 85 persons. Professor Young told those who remained to draw close together so as to avoid blocking any passageways. The entire group remained silent as Provost King returned and warned those who remained that they were in violation of of the law. Professor Young asked for clarification as those gathered were not blocking any passageways nor was any noise being made. King stated again that they were violating the law and needed to leave. After fifteen minutes, it was announced tiiat that all students who remained were now suspended · . 2828 from fr om tthe he UUniversity. nIVerslty. 26 " Ibid. 27 Brigham Madsen interview, 42. Mason, Ossana, and Towns, "Sit-in Results in 81 81 Arrests," Chronicle; Chronicle;Lobb Lobband andSmith, Smith,'"D. "U.Officers Officers Arrest 83," Tribune. 27 28 28 lOl 101 While the sit-in was taking place at the Park Building, a court injunction was obtained forbidding students to congregate in or around academic and administrative buildings, including me the Park Building. A restraining order was also obtained for members of of the SDS and other groups that had participated in campus disturbances. disturbances.29 29 Arrests soon began in the Park Building in an atmosphere ranging from "uneasy calm," according to a Deseret News writer, to "a very tight situation" according to Brigham Madsen, who worked with the campus police in overseeing the arrests. arrests. Each person was taken by the campus police to me of the Park Building, the basement of fingerprinted and andphotographed, photographed,and andthen thentaken takenout outthe theSouth Southentrance entrancetotowaiting waitingpolice police fingerprinted wagons to be taken to the Salt Lake County Jail. A crowd of about 200 people or so remained outside the Park Building and watched as those arrested were brought out and loaded into the police wagons. As each protestor was brought out, the crowd cheered. Standing in the light rain, ASUU President Randy Dryer stood on one of the wagons, urging calmness and respect for all involved over a bullhorn. The entire process took several hours, beginning begirming at about 3pm and lasting as late as 9pm when the last protestor 30 (and the only one to go limp) was arrested arrested.3 0 The Chronicle, Chronicle, Salt SaltLake Lake Tribune, Tribune,and andDeseret DeseretNews Newsallallreported reporteddifferent differenttotals totals of persons arrested, but a final list put together listed a total of 85 arrested. Of Of that 29 Jack Fenton, "Judge Signs Temporary Injunction Injunction to Block Congregations in U. Buildings," Salt Sail Lake Tribune, Tribune, 8 May 1970. 30 Mason, 30 Ossana, and Towns, "Sit-in Results in 81 81 Arrests," Chronicle; Chronicle;Lobb Lobband andSmith, Smith,''U. "U.Officers Officers Arrest 83," Tribune; Arrest 83," Tribune; Swenson, Swenson, "85 "85Arrested Arrested At Atu." U."News; News;Brigham BrighamMadsen Madsen interview, interview,41 41;; Haglund, Haglund, "White Paper," 15. 15. "White Paper," 29 102 102 number, 25 25 were were non-students, non-students, four four were werejuveniles, juveniles, and and two two were were University University faculty faculty number, 31 members 31 members. Nearly N early all all the the students students were were released released after after reaching reaching the the County Countyjail, jail, and and their their bail bail of of $300 $300 was was waived. waived. Non-students Non-students as as well well as as aa few few students students mentioned mentioned in in the the restraining restraining order order were were held held with with $300 $300 bail. bail. The The arrests arrests were were conducted conducted peacefully peacefully and and without without incident. Brigham Brigham Madsen Madsen would would later later say that that things things might might have have been been more more violent violent if ifthe the University University had been been forced forced to to call upon upon city or state police officers officers rather rather than than rely rely wholly upon Campus Police officers officers who who had all attended college recently. recently. City and state 32 police units had been mobilized and were waiting if if needed. needed n During the arrests, the ASUU Executive Council met and issued a statement of the supporting Fletcher and declaring that ASUU did not condone a takeover of University by students who refused to work through proper channels. The Council also of the asked for academic amnesty for those who were arrested and a retraction of suspension order given to the students who were arrested. The Executive Council further accused Campus Security Director Jones of a breech of faith when certain policemen who arrested University students had firearms firearms at their side, arms which Fletcher had banned 33 all of campus except the Medical Center Center. security forces from carrying for all The big question Friday, May 88thth,, brought another tense day to the University. The was to to be be answered was was whether the the students at the University would vote vote to to go go on that was strike like like many many of of their fellow students students around around the the country. country. Ballots were were passed passed out strike 31 II Haglund, «White "White Paper," Paper," 15 15.. "32 Mason, Ossana, and Towns, "Sit-in ; Lobb Mason, Ossana, and Towns, "Sit-in Results Results in in 81 81 Arrests," Arrests," Chronicle; Chronicle;Madsen Madseninterview, interview,4141; Lobband and Smith, "U. Officers Arrest 83 ," Tribune. Smith, "U. Officers Arrest 83," Tribune. 33 Academic Amnesty Requested For Arrested University Students," Daily Ufah Chronic/e, 8 May 1970. 33 Academic Amnesty Requested For Arrested University Students," Daily Utah Chronicle, 8 May 1970. 103 during the period following 9:55a.m. classes. In order to cast a ballot, each student had to show a valid University identification. Voting lasted until 1p.m. lp .m. In the meantime, another anotiier rally was held at noon at the Union and another march to the Park Building took place. Ratiier Rather than a sit-in, some 500 students participated in a silent "walk-in," leaving the building when asked to do so. No arrests were made of the protestors were taken. Those who had been arrested the although photographs of previous evening stayed outside the building to avoid being found in contempt. 34 34 That afternoon, afternoon, votes were counted in what had been the largest election turnout in University of Utah history. Randy Dryer announced the results of the election outside Kingsbury Hall. The strike was defeated with 3,432 for and 5,911 5,911 against, with another 131 131 undecided. undecided. Even Even with with over over 9,000 9,000 students students voting voting in in the the election, election, less less than than half half the the student body had actually voted. Dryer announced that students would therefore have to make an individual choice as to whether they would show up for classes on Monday even though an official official strike had been voted down. Voting on other provisions on the ballot was disclosed later. Students voted to keep the ROTC on campus, 6,580 against abolishing ROTC and 1,517 1,517 voting for abolition with 1,344 being undecided. The off campus." comment most repeated on the ballots was "get SDS off campus.,,35 As Dryer announced the results of of the student vote outside Kingsbury Hall, first faculty members were meeting inside to vote on several issues of their own. For the first time in many years, all of of the faculty were asked to attend the meeting and the protests 34 l4 Haglund, "White Paper," 16; Clark Lobb and Steve Wayda, "U. Voters Defeat Strike, Majority Majority Remains Silent," Salt Lake Tribune, Tribune, 99 May May 1970. 1970. 35 "Studenl Vote Anti Kent State Action, Cambodian Policy on Strike Ballot," Daily Utah Chronicle, II l5 "Student Vote Anti Kent State Action, Cambodian Policy on Strike Ballot," Daily Utah Chronicle, 11 May 1970; Haglund, "White Paper," 16-17. 16-17. May 1970; Haglund, "White Paper," 104 were the central issue. Some members thought mat that the students should be punished for their actions while others hoped to have die the charges waived. A compromise was reached when faculty voted to support the ASUU Executive Council's tiiose Council 's request to grant those arrested academic amnesty until the trials had been conducted. The provision to waive all defeated. No speaker restrictions and no firearms on charges against the students was defeated. campus passed the vote of the instructors. The faculty also deplored the killings at Kent of professors walked out when the issue of Nixon's Indochina policies State, but a group of came up and left die the group short of of a quorum. The lengthy meeting thus ended after 36 of heated discussion.36 several hours of With the school week finally over, all parties drew back for a couple of days, exhausted by the events of of the past 120 hours. On On Saturday, Saturday, May 99thth,, some some 100 100 students students met on the Union lawn to discuss strategy for the upcoming week. Just inside the Union the students who had been arrested were working on how to approach their arraignment and trials as they approached. Across the country, Randy Dryer and six other Utah students participated in a mass protest at Washington, D.C. against the war and in . response to the Kent State sshootings. hootmgs.37 th Sunday, May 10 lOth, Tribune ran , also passed rather quietly. The Salt Lake Lake Tribune ranaapaid paid advertisement signed by 444 University students who deplored the actions taken by various student groups through the week and declared that they had had enough. The rest of the day passed without incident. By Monday morning, it looked luce like things had calmed 36 17-1 8. Haglund, "White Paper," 17-18. Ulall Chronic/e, "Saturday Meetings Discuss Strike; Goals, Actions of of Those Arrested," Daily Utah Chronicle,II11May May 1970; Haglund, "White Paper," 18. 1970; Haglund, "White Paper," 18. 16 37 37 105 105 down on on campus campus after after an an intense intense week. week. Few Few people people realized realized that that some some of of the the most most down dramatic dramatic incidents incidents were were yet yet to to come, come, and and mat that these these incidents incidents would would spell certain doom doom 38 for the the radical radical movement movement on campus. campus.38 for ofthe Unquiet Crisis (11-14 May) The Crucible of the Unquiet th 11th dawned peaceful peaceful at the University. University. A A morning moming television television Monday, May May 11 Monday, dawned newscast went so far far as to report that protest protest activities "seem to have cooled down." The newscast of die the strike vote were published in full by the the Chronicle, Chronicle, as results of as was was the thedeliberations deliberations of of the faculty faculty the previous Friday. Friday. It appeared that the worst part of of the protests seemed 39 down J9 to be dying down. of the Union, Union, and the campus Once again, however, a noon protest was held south of very quickly resumed the look it had carried the week previous. On his way to meet with an Institutional Council meeting inside the Union, Fletcher took some time to address the 500 people gathered on the Union lawn. He assured the crowd that he did not feel the if it ever was, he would let National Guard would need to be called upon and added that if the students know that the University had requested it of the governor. He also agreed that the firearms carried by campus security officers in the Park Building during the arrests of the previous week had been a mistake and agreed that it was unwise to have firearms firearms ininthe thearea areaof ofaaprotest. protest.He Hecontinued continuedon onthat thathe hewould woulddiscourage discouragethe thecity citypolice police from coming comingonto ontocampus campusand andthat thatthe thepictures picturestaken takenof ofprotestors protestorsduring duringthe thewalk-in walk-inon on from no one broke the law law.. He recognized that his statements did Friday would be destroyed as no 38 "Haglund, Haglund, "White Paper," Paper," 18-19. 39 39 Haglund, "White "White Paper," 19; "Student Vote Vote Anti Anti Kent Kent State State Action, Cambodian Policy on on Strike Ballot," Ballot," Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,II11May May 1970. 1970. 106 not respond respond directly directly to to the the demands demands brought brought before before him, him, but but that that he he had had some some control control not 40 over these these particular particular issues issues and and would would do do his his best. best.40 over After Fletcher Fletcher was was finished finished speaking, speaking, he he continued continued on into into the the Union Union and Provost Provost After King addressed the the students briefly, briefly, saying that that the the students arrested the previous previous week week violated both both University University rules and Utah Utah code, and die the Administration Administration could only only had violated influence influence the the first. first. He He said the the order order to to clear clear the the building building was was a court injunction, injunction, and beyond the University's University' s control. Shortly after after he he had finished, finished, someone yelled yelled "Fire!" The shocked crowd turned to see smoke erupting out of of the remaining wing of of the old bookstore, most recently the Intercultural Center.41 of control. Stunned protestors could only watch The structure quickly burned out of of individual in silence while various people got up and branded the arson an act of flTe erupted with both rightists rightists and leftists terrorism. A debate as to who had started the fire accusing each other of of doing the deed. Any conversation was soon interrupted as fire fire trucks arrived and began to douse the flames. flames 4422 When Brigham Madsen saw this, he told the flTemen firemen to stop for the structure was going to be demolished anyway. firemen anyway . The flTemen responded that they were brought to put out fires, not watch them burn.43 The fire was very visible, taking place in the center of the University. Everett Cooley was eating lunch at the Union when he saw the building go up in flames flames.. Photographers from the local newspapers and the Chronicle Chronicle shot shotphotographs photographs of ofthe the all tlrree three newspapers the next day. day. It was deemed the work event which were published in all 40 Haglund "White Paper," Paper," \9-20; 19-20; "Pres. Fletcher, Provost King Speak At At Rally," Rally," Daily Daily Utah UtahChronic/e, Chronicle,1212 May 1970. 41 Ibid. 41 Ibid. 42 "Ibid. Ibid 43 43 Brigham Madsen interview, 39. 40 107 of an arsonist as either end of of the building caught fire separately until the whole building was burning by the time the fire department had arrived. Upon hearing the news of of the Intercultural Center being burned, ASUU President Randy Dryer, declared that such acts could not be tolerated. He left Washington, D.C. early the next day to return to die the University. Also in Washington, Governor Rampton immediately ordered a probe and declared that those who set fire to the building would be sent to prison along with other arsonists. He went on to say that the Campus Police were taking care of the situation and 44 that he felt the National Guard would not need to be called upon. upon 44 The burning of of the Intercultural Center was a cold shock to most students. Up to that point, all the protests had been conducted peacefully peacefully and without violence. The lone exception, the firebombing of the ROTC, had taken place early in the morning and had done little damage. The arson took place at about 12:36p.m. 12 :36p.m. in die the middle of a crowd of of about 500 people with several more moving from class to class. of class. It was the most visible of the more violent demonstrations that happened, and students reacted against it. SDS declared that they had not been responsible, and expressed their sadness at such an action as it would likely hurt their movement. They were correct on both accounts accounts.. Within a few days, protests would become smaller and smaller. Both Rampton and University 44 Bruce H. Jensen interview with Everett Cooley, 1984, Everett Cooley Oral History Project (Acen (Accn 814) 25 ; "Intercultural Interview 4, Manuscripts, Special Collections, Marriott Library, University of Utah, 25; Center Burned Monday," Daily Utah Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,12 12 May May 1970; 1970;Clarence Clarence S. S. Barker, Barker, "Rampton "Rampton Vows Vows Deseref News, News , 12 May 1970. Probe," Deseret 44 108 Architect Bruce H. Jensen would credit the old bookstore burning as having a greater 45 effect effect on stopping the protests than any other event event.45 As the building was burning outside the Union, two meetings were being held inside. The first fust was a meeting of teaching assistants who were incensed about having been left out of the faculty discussion on the Friday previous. They blasted those who had left the meeting before voting on Nixon's Nixon' s foreign policy and had left the faculty short of a quorum. The assistants planned to meet again die the next day. The other meeting was the of Utah's Institutional Council. The Council praised the students who stood up University of for what they believed in a non-violent manner and praised those students who had simply gone about their schoolwork the previous week. As this statement was being drafted, the report of the burning Intercultural Center made it to the meeting and the members of of the council rushed to the mezzanine windows of the Union. The building, just 100 yards away, was in flames flames and surrounded by a large crowd. The Council of the state would be enforced.'· enforced. quickly added to their statement that the laws of Within hours, bomb threats had been made on the Park Building and the Chronicle Chronicle offices. offices. The The Chronicle Chronicleoffices officeswere weresubsequently subsequentlyevacuated. evacuated.By Bythat thatafternoon, afternoon, of the protests had been peaceful, arson Fletcher issued a statement that although most of may have been committed in the burning of an abandoned building scheduled for demolition. Fletcher promised that a full investigation was underway. The appearance of of a peaceful movement had been broken. By that evening, the campus had calmed down 45 "Arson 'Sure' U. Building," Deseret News, 12 May 1970; John R. Cummins and Doyle E. ""Arson ' Sure ' In Building of ofU. Smith, "Arsonist-Set Fire Razes Strucrure Structure on U.'s Campus," Salt Lake Tribune, 12 May May 1970; 1970; Jensen Jensen interview, 24-25; Rampton, As I Recall, 217.. Recall, 217 46 Haglund, "White Paper," 20-21 ; Cummins and Smith, " Fire Razes Strucrure," Tribune; "U. Council .., Haglund, "White Paper," 20-21; Cummins and Smith, "Fire Razes Structure," Tribune; "U. Council Praises Nonviolence," Deseret Deserel News, 12 May 1970. 109 with those who had been arrested the previous week meeting at the Union and preparing for their defense. In an adjoining room, a meeting was held by the United Strike Alliance 47 flyers47 (USA) who painted placards and prepared flyers. th 12th, The next day, Tuesday, May 12 , was was strangely strangely quiet. quiet. No No noon noon or or evening evening rallies rallies were held by any student groups. The biggest event was a gathering of some 100 of the 460 teaching assistants at the University. The teaching assistants reaffirmed reaffirmed their of speech and asked that Congress bring impeachment commitment to absolute freedom of charges against Richard Nixon. In addition to the fire fIre leveled at the Nixon administration, the University administration was blasted by the teaching assistants. Fletcher, Provost King, and Academic Vice-President Jerry R. Anderson were all given votes of no confidence. The assistants also chastised the Administration for the actions taken in confIdence. removing the protestors from the Park Building the previous week. The assistants men then 48 voted to suspend regular classroom activity for the rest of the week. week Vice-President Anderson responded that day by saying the Administration welcomed comment, but that the teaching assistants were expected to continue with their obligations and should not walk out. Besides the rhetoric between the Administration and the teaching assistants, no other otiier major events occurred except for those who had been arrested being arraigned in the city court that morning. A required meeting with the Student Behavior Committee Committee was later held for those who had been arrested arrested.49 Student 47 Cummins and Smith, "Fire Razes Structure," Structure," Tribune; "Intercultural "InterculturalCenter CenterBwned BurnedMonday," Monday,"Chronicle; Chronicle; 21.. Haglund. "White Paper," 21 48 48 Haglund, "White Paper," 21-23. 21 -23 . "49 Ibid., 24. 47 110 110 th The tranquil tranquil atmosphere atmosphere of of May May 12 12th was shattered shattered early early in in the the morning morning on on was The Wednesday, Wednesday, May May 13th.. At At 2:23a.m., 2:23a.m., an an explosion explosion ripped ripped through through the the Utah Utah National National Guard Guard office the ofthe office building building and and warehouse warehouse located located at 666 Guardsman Guardsman Way, Way, just south of University. The blast blast was felt felt through the the University University and heard as far far away away as the the downtown. downtown. A A University University security officer, officer, just just three blocks blocks away, was was nearly nearly blown blown out of of his chair by by the shock from from the blast. blast. The seven year old building sustained heavy heavy damage with with windows being being shattered, shattered, the front doors being being blown blown away, the roof roof directly directly over over the the blast blast being being lifted lifted up, up, and and contents contents through through the the building building being being scattered scattered all around the area. Desks and typewriters typewriters had been blown out into the street. Police immediately immediately rushed rushed to to the the area area to to begin begin investigating investigating the the explosion. explosion. A A panic panic started started when when they they discovered discovered aa ticking ticking sound sound and and feared feared another another bomb bomb was was about about to to detonate, detonate, but but itit was was soon soon discovered discovered that that the the sound sound came came from from aa clock clock that that had had survived survived the the blast. blast. so Brigham Madsen received a call at about 3a.m. from President Fletcher, telling Madsen that there had been an incident at the National Guard building. Madsen rushed to Guardsman Way and saw the extensive damage done by the homemade bomb. An of damage had been done. done. He approached Major General estimated $10,000 worth of could provide. Watts Maurice L. Watts, and offered whatever help the University couId responded very stiffly, saying that the National Guard would have to choose better had carried out neighbors in the future. While Watts and Madsen suspected that students had the bombing, Utah Attorney General went out of his way to say that he doubted students 50 ,. Robert Mullins, Mullins, "Bomb Rocks Utah Guard Guard Office in in S.L." S.L." Deserel Deseret News News,, 13 13May May1970; 1970;Doyle DoyleE. E.Smith Smith and and Daniel K. Canningham, "FBI "FBI Sifts Debris For Clues In Utah Guard Bombing," Bombing," Sail Salt Lake Lake Tribul1e, Tribune, 1414 May 1970. III Ill had done it. The Tribune Tribune also also stated stated that that any any theories theories that that students students were were involved involved were were 51x pure speculation. The bombing was not reported in the Chronicie Chronicle? Later that morning or the next day, Fletcher called Governor Rampton and asked for a meeting. The two of them met in the front room of the Governor's Governor' s residence, and of the incidents of the Fletcher said he was considering resigning. The steady tension of previous week had shaken Fletcher who was in tears. Fletcher was assailed from both sides; community members thought him unduly tolerant, while many within the Fletcher'ss wife had also been University considered him too harsh with the protestors. Fletcher' very disturbed by what was happening, and all the events had taken their toll on both. Rampton encouraged Fletcher to continue on as President. Rampton and Fletcher had never been very close to each other, but on this morning, the two of them left feeling much more kindly towards each other.52 52 The rest of the day passed without major incident. No noon rally was held, but an afternoon afternoon meeting inside the Union later that day included anti-war poetry and a potluck out on the Union lawn. A stomp was held later and ended at 8:30 which drew about 200- dance. The 300 persons, many of whom participated in a free speech group after the dance. mere were just 20 people who planned to sleep crowd slowly diminished until by 1a.m. la.m. there 53 inside the Union. They had their sleeping bags ready and were burning incense. incense 14th, 608 University faculty defeated a resolution calling for The next day, May 14th, the suspension of of normal classroom activity that Friday. The defeat of of this resolution 51 Mullins, "Bomb Rocks Utah," News; News; Smith and Canningham, "FBI Sifts Debris," Tribune; Tribune;Madsen Madsen interview, 39-40. 52 "Rampton, 217-218 . Rampton, As I Recall, 217-218. "53 Haglund, "White Paper," 25. St 112 signaled the the last last major major attempt attempt to to shut shut down down campus campus in in any any manner. manner. Some Some of ofthe the faculty signaled did sign ofthe the war. war. After After this this day, day, the the sign aa petition petition that that expressed expressed their their disapproval disapproval of confrontation confrontation was over over and protests protests steadily steadily died out out as the montii month progressed. progressed. Numerous Numerous S4 questions remained.54 Backlash and Questions (15-31 May) 1h the Student Behavior Behavior Committee lifted lifted me the suspension for Monday, May 18th,, the On Monday, the Park Building. Building. The suspension was lifted those students who were arrested in the temporarily until court cases against the students were concluded. The same day the the speaker policy commission released its long overdue report to President Fletcher. Campus speakers were protected by the 11'st1 and and 14th 14th Amendments to to the the Constitution, but all persons who spoke would be subject to the law. A distinction between Universitysponsored speakers and those sponsored by student groups was drawn. To help resolve any future problems, the commission recommended that a "Hyde Park comer" be created, ss and a free speech area near the Union came into existence later on. When more students were killed in shootings at Jackson State College, there was a candlelight memorial held in in front front of the Park Building shortly after midnight on on May 19th . Later that day at noon, 100 students attended a rally sponsored by the Black Student 19 th 56 Union, but no official plans for protest were set. On May 28 th , Fletcher delivered a year-end report to the community over KUED, th University'ss television station. He commented that it would be tragic if the nonthe University' "54 Ibid., Ibid., 25-27 25-27.. "55 Ibid., 27-30. "56 Ibid., Ibid., 30-31. 30-31. lJ3 113 violent demonstrations, demonstrations, even even those those in in the the Park Park Building, Building, were were not not recognized recognized as as the the rule. rule. violent The The lone lone exception exception mentioned mentioned was was the the arson arson at at the the Intercultural Intercultural Center. Center. Fletcher Fletcher continued ofthe the students students had had not not participated participated in in the the mass mass protests protests over over the the continued that that most most of previous month month and argued argued that that those those who who did deserved to to have have freedom freedom to speak thentheir minds. He declared that that the University University would continue to to try and find find a balance balance between between freedom and and order, order, and and asked asked for for the the community's community's trust trust and and confidence. confidence.s757 of May ended. Who had had firebombed firebombed the Questions still remained as the month of Anny ROTC? Who had set fire fire to the Intercultural Center? Who had bombed the Army National Guard building? None of these questions were ever answered. It was widely None of known on campus, however, that the Intercultural Center was being prepared for announced the the upcoming upcoming demolition. Chronicle announced demolition. In an article from February 10, 1970, the Chronicle removal of of the north and south wings of of the Intercultural Center and the demolishing of of the center wing. The north and south wings were successfully successfully moved and turned into office and laboratory space north of of the Union building. The center wing met its fate by office arson rather than demolition. It is likely that someone knew of the plans for the buildings destruction and saw no lasting harm in burning the building. The University Physical Plant department was accused of setting fire to the building to get rid of it, a charge which Bruce H. Jensen firmly denied.S8 peaceful Although there were violent incidents on campus and a large amount of peaceful no more than 20% 20% of the student body participated in it at any given time. time. Most protests, no 57 James C. C. Fletcher, A Year YearEnd End Report Report to tothe theCommunity: Community:Broadcast Broadcastover overKUED, KUED,May May28,28,1970, 1970, (Salt " James (Salt Lake Lake City: City: University of Utah Utah Press, 1970), 1970), 1-12. 1-12. 58 ""Intercultural "Intercultural Center Buildings to to be Relocated," Relocated," Daily Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,1010February February1970; 1970;"Arson "Arson News; Madsen interview, 40; Jensen interview, 24-25 . 'Sure,'" 'Sure,'" News; Madsen interview, 40; Jensen interview, 24-25. 114 University students were like Idee the the student student the the Salt Salt Lake Lake Tribune Tribunefound foundinside insidethe theMarriott Marriott th th don't 't have time to waste at rallies. I've got two Library during the May 6 protest. "I just don midterms," declared the student. Many others were quietly studying in the library, 59 outside.59 The University of Utah followed me the oblivious to what was taking place outside national trend towards disturbances on campus, but did not go on strike or shut down like State. Cool heads prevailed the many other colleges and universities in the wake of Kent State. campus. Although Altiiough no one was killed for the greater part and helped avoid real tragedy on campus. confrontation, the aftermath would hang over the or badly injured during the season of confrontation, University for a long time to come. 'Inside Library, Quiet Prevails," Salt Lake Tribune, May 1970. 1970. ,. "Inside Tribu17e, 71 May CHAPTER VII: AFTERMATH (1970-1971) month of of confrontation confrontation in May, 1970, the University of Utah After the explosive monm returned to a quieter crisis. Although building burnings and mass protests were behind it, the aftermath of of these events would hang over the University during Fletcher's Fletcher'S last year in office. In May, 1971, one year after the disturbances, Fletcher would leave to head the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and the University would deal with the aftermath aftermath of the Fletcher years. Fletcher's term as President has nearly been forgotten, but continues to play an important role in the University of Utah today. After the Confrontation st On June 1 I", , the the Salt SaltLake Lake Tribune Tribunecongratulated congratulatedFletcher Fletcheron onhandling handlingaatough toughjob job very well. In an editorial entitled "Master of Tribune went went on ontotosay saythat that of His Hill," the Tribune trying to please everyone from conservative parents to radical students was not easy but that the situation at the University had been handled as best as could be expected. The editorial also praised Fletcher's assistants and staff staff who also had performed well during the crisis in May.' May. Congratulatory remarks were given liberally to Fletcher, but the aftermath of the of confrontation confrontation the previous month continued to play out. One day before the mass trial of those arrested in the Park Building was to begin, City Judge Maurice D. Jones waived the th students. His decision on July 20( charges of "illegal but non-violent actions," against the students. was based on a Supreme Court ruling that disruptive conduct may not be punished if the 1 t Haglund, "White Paper," 35-36. 116 state statutes are "vague or overly broad." The decision was appealed by the chief chief criminal county attorney, but eventually dismissed. dismissed.2 The saga of the arrests in the Park Building would continue, however. Although no further prosecution was brought against those who had engaged in the sit-in, further further legislative action was considered to prevent another action Idee like it from from happening again. 1971 legislative session, bills were introduced by request of President Fletcher During the 1971 specify and clarify what it meant to disrupt a university. One bill would prevent to further specify university hearings from being used in criminal cases. The University had been unable to hold hearings on the students' actions because it was feared that such evidence would be 3 used against them in a criminal court. court 3 The proposed bills were passed by the Legislature 4 L. Miller at the end of February, 1971 1971. and signed by acting Governor Clyde 1. A code of of student conduct was also adopted, stating that students had the right to of others on leaming of picket and protest, provided that they did not interfere with the learning of zones where different different kinds of campus. Included in die the code was a list of of protest could be that the Code was more of of a "Bill of of held. Dean of Students Lowell Bennion emphasized mat 5 Rights" than a series of of proscribed regulations. regulations In addition to new rules and legislation aimed at preventing another series of of disruptions, the fletcher Fletcher Administration even went so far as to restrict knowledge of of what of the University' University'ss public relations, had taken place. Elizabeth Haglund, the director of prepared a detailed summary of what had taken place at the University of Utah in the 2 2 Ibid., 3 33-34. "Events of Spring Prompt Bills," . Bills," Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,55Janual)' January1971 1971. 4 4 "Acting Governor Signs Campus Control Bill," Daily Utah . Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,I 1March March1971 1971. s 5 "Code Outlines Students' Rights," Daily Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,2626Janu3l)' January1971. 1971. 3 117 spring of of 1970. Her "White Paper On Student Demonstrations," was given to Fletcher to look at in August, 1970. Fletcher said that the paper was well done, but too biased in favor of of the demonstrators. He deemed it useful for internal distribution, but forbade publication for the alumni and the community in general.6 A watered-down version of the "White Paper on Student Demonstrations" had in fact appeared in the alumni newsletter, University Universityof of Utah UtahReview, Review,ininJune June1970. 1970.The The ROTC firebombing and Intercultural Center burning were briefly mentioned, but played down. The bombing at the National Guard building was completely omitted. The sit-in of space plus the attempted dialogue downtown. It was among was given a good portion of 7 many partial accounts given publicly concerning the unrest. unrest 7 The final issue to be discussed was the new University speaker policy. Although the speaker commission set forth to define which speakers would be Universitydraw . By sponsored and which speakers would be student sponsored, the line was hard to draw. March, 1971 1971,, the University Administration decided to simply drop recognition of all the new speaker policy made it easier to get a student groups outside of ASUU. Even so, die 8 speaker approved by centralizing and streamlining the approval process. The Final Montbs Months Tbe Tbe montbs ofFletcber' The last several months of Fletcher'ss administration were a bumpy ride. Construction plans by the University caused some controversy. Other perennial problems Idee and lack of of funds funds continued continued to to plague plague the the university. university. like tuition, tenure, and 6 C. Fletcher Papers (Acc (Ace 199), Box 73, Folder 2 Fletcher to Haglund, 17 August 1970, found in the James C. "Pnblic Relations," University Archives, University of Utah. "Public 7 7 "National Events Spark Campus Demonstrations," University Universityofof Utah UtahReview, Review,June June1970. 1970. 8 S Harris Vincent, "Groups No Longer Recognized," Daily Daily Utah . Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,44February February1971 1971. 6 118 University ' s plan to Controversial in the surrounding community was the University's construct some low-cost married student housing on die the south soutii side of Research Park. Brigham Madsen had originally planned on building these structures up by the Medical of Medicine came down sharply on such a plan and forced Center, but the College of of Research Park on Sunnyside Ave. The response from from Madsen to choose the site south of anyway.. More the neighbors was volcanic, but Madsen pushed through with construction anyway controversy erupted when it was revealed by Madsen that the buildings had been built but no utilities connected them. Salt Lake City finally had to connect the new apartments to 9 the city utility grid which was accomplished after intense negotiations. negotiations 9 Controversial among students was the landscaping project that began south soutii of of the Union. In place of of where there had been flat and open land, University Architect Jensen proceeded to have artificial mounds (known as berms) raised in the same area. Many trees were planted on these new hills and the process was mostly complete by summer, 1971 the hills had been thrown up to disrupt any further 1971.. Rumors quickly spread that die student protests. It is understandable why this would be thought considering rallies took place in the area south of the Union nearly every day during the previous spring's unrest. Bruce Jensen and Brigham Madsen both denied the charge that the berms were created to prevent demonstrations. Jensen even went so far to say that the berms created a natural diat die amphitheater which would make large meetings even easier. He also said that the hills ,9 Madsen interview, 31-36. 119 would channel traffic through the sidewalks as students would be less prone to take shortcuts by hiking the hills.10 10 While the statements of Jensen and Madsen that the berms had nothing to do widi with the protests may be true, there are issues to consider. A close look at the 1968 University of Utah Master Plan shows no indication of berms in the maps, drawings, nor text. This is of incredible, considering that the plan is so detailed that it specifies what kind of trees and shrubs will be planted and where. It is therefore likely that the plan to build the berms was drawn up after 1968, which period was associated with widi increasing campus demonstrations. Of course, the berms may be exactly what Jensen and Madsen claim they are: a way to break the monotony of campus and help channel traffic along certain paths. are: One thing was certain. The University had been transformed quite dramatically from from 11 1971 when he finally finally left.11 1964 when Fletcher first arrived, to 1971 The End of the Fletcher Administration of Dr. James C. Fletcher to In February, 1971 1971,, Nixon announced the name of become the new director of of NASA. Fletcher decided to accept the position, and stated I, 1971. 1971 . He further said that that he would leave the University as its President on May 1, he would like to come back to the University, possibly in two years. years . Preparations began immediately for an interim president. 12 In an interview with Chronicle Chronicle Editor-in-Chief Editor-in-Chief Heidi Heidi Sorensen, Sorensen, Fletcher Fletcher said said that that of the library, the the most important achievements of of his presidency were the completion of 10 Madsen interview, 23-24; Jensen interview, 22-24. University of Utah Master Plan, 1968. 12 "Dr. Fletcher Confirmed Conftrmed For NASA Position," University 1. Universityof of Utah UtahReview, Review,March March197 1971. 10 11 11 12 120 bonding issue that allowed construction to go forward on several buildings, the construction of the Sports and Recreation Center, and expansion in the University's University' s undergraduate and graduate programs. Among the challenges Fletcher felt the University faced, parking problems and expanding academic programs made the top of of the list. When asked about the parking problem, he simply said, "We expected the increase in didn't't expect each of them to bring a car." car." He finally concluded that if students, we just didn the University continued to grow and develop as it had over the last seven years, it would \3 be unthinkable to not return.13 that former Provost and Professor of After some searching, it was announced tiiat of Law Alfred Emery would become the acting president for one year. Fletcher would be given an opportunity to come back after a year at NASA, and if he declined, a new president would be found. Emery was rather surprised by the announcement, finding finding out about his of Higher Education publicly appointment just fifteen minutes before the State Board of announced him as the new president. This failure to consult Emery beforehand would 14 reflect Emery's Emery' s brief brief and albeit troubled presidency.14 At the end of of April, 1971 1971,, Fletcher finally left the University after a term of nearly seven years. He was lauded by many in the University and community. Randy Dryer said concerning Fletcher, "He is willing to listen to student problems and unlike many administrators is willing to take immediate action if the facts warrant it." The Chronicle Chronicle praised Fletcher as being an honest and candid man, and summed up the Fletcher years this way: 13 J3 Heidi 14 Heidi Sorensen, "Fletcher Leaves 'Better' University," University," Daily Daily Utah UtahChm Chronicle, March197 1971. nic/e, I 1March 1. Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,2424March March197 1971. I' Ron Mitchell, Alfred C. Emery Named Acting Pres." Daily Utah 1. 121 121 He has been classified as a rebel, a soft-hearted soft-hearted idealist and a cold-blooded business man. But above all he is a president of of an institution dedicated to higher learning. This he never forgets, and he never stops working for its advancement. He is impatient with mediocrity. He is a humorist, relieving the pressures of of his job and situation with jokes, laughter, and a winning smile. smile. The Fletcher years will end Friday, but the influence won't. We will be headed in new directions, directions but of this University will always be Fletcher's. Fletcher's. a part ofthis ' The article also mentioned that during Fletcher's Fletcher' s administration, the University's University ' s acreage had expanded by 87%, the permanent facilities in new buildings had increased by 85%, 85%, 15 and that student enrollment had increased by 54%. 54%.15 The next month two new administrations began: Emery's administration at the University of of Utah and Fletcher's administration at NASA. Fletcher would not return to of NASA until 1977. the University in one year or at all. He remained the director of 1977. During his administration, he oversaw the last of the Apollo missions, the linking of an American and Soviet spacecraft spacecraft in the Apollo-Soyuz Project, and the Viking Missions to Mars. He approved the Space Shuttle and the Voyager space probes which utilized many of the developments of faculty he had helped to hire. hire. He retired to private industry once more after leaving NASA. In 1986, President Ronald Reagan reappointed Fletcher to head NASA and help it recover from the Challenger disaster. Fletcher was director another three years before retiring in 1989. 1989. He died two years later on December 22,1991 22, 1991 in his home in suburban Washington of lung cancer. 16 Emery ended up being President of the University of Utah for two years. years. His Fletcher's altiiough some changes in personnel administration continued most of ofFletcher 's policies, although took place. Unfortunately, Unfortunately, Emery's term as President was marred by conflicts with the 15 "Fletcher Ends University Reign," Daily Utah Utah Chronic/e, Chronicle,2828April April1971 1971. . Biographical Profile on James C. Fletcher, http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/Biographies/fletcher.html http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office!paolHistorylBiographies/fietcher.html 15 16 16 NASA 122 State Legislature (which had begun during Fletcher's administration). He once said concerning the lack of legislative funding that "the University of of Utah may be more excellent than the state can afford. It may be more excellent than the state can tolerate." As Emery had decided he would be a temporary president, he was not afforded afforded the same office. When a new president, David Pierpont respect as other persons who had held the office. staff remodeled Emery's office Gardner, was selected in 1973, University staff office while Emery was on vacation to make it suit Gardner's tastes, indicative of how little consideration was given to Emery by many. Emery finished his thankless task as University President 17 and returned to the Law School. 17 When David Gardner took over the University of Utah in 1973 for the next decade, the Medical Center and other health sciences were centralized geographically, the library was still very new with its collection expanding from the Marriott million, and the Research Park had a growing number of occupants. The University which Gardner inherited was influenced influenced a great deal by what Fletcher had started and what Emery had continued. The aftermath aftermath of the Fletcher years would become the opportunities of the Gardner years. Forgetting the Unquiet Crisis On June 2, 1980, the North Physics Building was named for Dr. James C. C ls It was part of Fletcher.18 of an ongoing process where the buildings located on University after former Presidents of the University. The historic circle would Circle were named after 17 17 Todd Bjorklund, "A Chronological History of of the University of Utah: Utah: the University University of of Utah in the 1970s," unpublished manuscript, American West Center's Center' s Chronological History Project, University Umverslty Archives, University of Utah, 16, 39-40. 18 \8 Fletcher Building Plaque, Presidents Circle. 123 later be renamed Presidents Circle. Any visitor to the campus of of 1980 would see a unified system of signage, campus lights with spherical tops, and a system of of wide, pedestrian malls. All of of these were completed during the Fletcher years as the building program was concluded and the 1968 Master Plan began to unify the campus in many ways. If the campus was more united physically, opinion on the Fletcher years was as divided as ever. As director of of the Marriott Library's Special Collections Department, Everett Cooley saw a need to have people involved in the University record their stories. 1983, interviewing several people who The Everett Cooley Oral History Project began in 1983, had been employees or students at the University of Utah. Many of these interviews covered the Fletcher years and the only definite conclusion that could be drawn was the campus was still divided about the meaning of those years. Some aspects of of the Fletcher years were distorted. One example was an interview with Ray R. Canning. Canning was Dean of the College of Letters and Sciences during the Fletcher Administration, at the time the single largest college on campus. Canning recounted the Park Building sit-in. He said that the students had not planned a sit-in, but simply wanted the newspapers to get a picture of them confronting the President, after which they would disperse. According to Canning, Fletcher had at first refused to come out and greet them (which may be true). When Fletcher did come out, he told the students he had said all that he was going to say the previous day and dien then wheeled back and 124 124 returned to his office. office. According to Canning, Fletcher had not stayed long enough for a '9 offended the students, photograph, offended students, and in frustration the students simply simply began a sit-in. sit-in.19 While aspects of this account account may be true, true, many many parts parts of it are are not. not. Articles Articles While some some aspects of this may be of it in the Chronicle in the Chronicle clearly clearly indicated indicated that that students students had had every every intention intention of of conducting conducting aa sit-in sit-in from from the thebeginning. beginning.Law Lawprofessor professor Richard RichardYoung Younghad hadtold toldthe thestudents studentstotoexpect expectaashort short statement from Fletcher. Finally, both the Deseret News News and and the the Salt Salt Lake Lake Tribune Tribune of Fletcher addressing the sitting students in the Park Building. Most published pictures of of of Canning's account of the sit-in cannot be trusted. Yet Canning does capture the antipathy most faculty members had towards Fletcher. Canning continued in the interview to say that he thought that Fletcher was a bright person, but a poor choice to 20 head the University University of of Utah. Utah?O head the This dichotomy between Fletcher being "the right man" or "a disaster" was very pronounced in the interviews that Everett Cooley conducted. When it came to published works in the 1980s concerning the Fletcher administration, however, authors opted to Remembering: the take a more moderate view. In assembling the 1981 1981 book Remembering: theUniversity Universityofof Utah, Utah, Elizabeth Elizabeth Haglund Haglund collected collected essays, essays, most most of of which which concerned concerned the the University University during the 1920s I 920s to the 1950s, but also included essays tiiat that talked about the disturbances and crises of the 1960s and 1970s. It should be noted, however, that two of of the four Of the two which were essays that mentioned this time period were written during it. Of the massive campus growth during that time period. written later, one simply mentioned die 19 Ray R. R. Canning Interview with Everett Cooley, 16 16 November November 1983, 1983,Everett Everett Cooley Cooley Oral Oral History History Project Project (Accn 814), Manuscripts, Marriott Library, University of Utah, 48-50. (Aecn 20 20 Ibid., 53. 53 . 19 125 The other, by former English Professor Dorothy Snow, spent a good bit of time on the culture of the University during the 1960s: "The student restlessness of the 1960s the University of Utah, but with a few exceptions, the influence of die the hippie infected me the criticism of Vietuam war was vocal rather than violent." She does movement and die of the Vietnam admit me the ROTC bombing, the student sit-in, and the old bookstore burning, but says ""...this ... this last was a work of supererogation because the building was already in the process of of being demolished." She concludes that: The administration had been extremely wise and had held the students on a very loose rein. As a result, trouble was kept to a minimum. Occasionally townspeople- and othersotiiers- were upset by student officers officers inviting notorious characters to use the campus as a forum, but youth simply proved itself itself as always able to absorb a great many shocks and to demonstrate its tremendous resilience. Snow retired in 1970, shortly after the incidents she mentioned took place. place 221t In Paul Hodson's Hodson 's 1987 book, Crisis Crisis On On Campus, Campus, he hespends spendsmost most of ofhis histime time talking about the amazing campus growth that took place. He does, however, step back and reflect on the different different Presidents he served under. After discussing Fletcher's ...Big Jim made it work reshuffling of vice-presidents, Hodson concluded that, ""...Big constant reshuffling and, in spite of of a few jolts during the musical chairs process, those of us who felt Fletcher' s relations with odier other ourselves in the meat grinder survived." In discussing Fletcher's Fletcher' s candidness: people, Hodson mentioned Fletcher's Some elements of the Salt Lake City community found his leadership exciting and dynamic. Others found it abrasive. On one occasion, I commented to him that the posture being taken on a particular issue would strike some as being intellectually arrogant. "Let's face it, Paul Paul," ," he said, "we are intellectually arrogant." 21 Elizabeth Haglund, ed., Remembering: TheUniversity UniversityofofUtah Utah(Salt (SaltLake LakeCity: City:University UniversityofofUtab UtahPress, Press, Remembering: The 1981), 135-140. 21 126 Hodson further recounted Fletcher's excellence in mathematics and science, calling his 22 career 22 appointment to NASA a logical extension of of Fletcher's career. the Other books that appeared during 1989-1990 focused on single departments at me Nine Lives) University like the Graduate School of Education (Campbell's Nine Lives) or or the the Medical Medical of Health On) with with small small chapters chapters that that covered covered the the Center (Chachas' The The Gift 0/ Health Goes Goes On) Fletcher years. Over the next decade, the discussion on the Fletcher era shifted from debate about its merits and impact to no discussion at all. all. During the Sesquicentennial of the of Utah in 2000, discussion of of the University's history was limited or lacking. University of The University was a marvelous essay University a/Utah: of Utah:150 150Years Yearsa/Excellence, of Excellence, was a marvelous essay Craig Denton's The on the University's impact on Utah, but contained little history and no memory of the Fletcher era. Denton admitted that he had not sought to write a history, but capture the 23 University as it was. was 23 The unquiet crisis of the Fletcher years was also conspicuously absent from the KUED documentary, "Flagship in the Desert: 150 Years at the University of of Utah." The documentary detailed much of the University's history, but after discussing Olpin, not much more was said. The massive building program and establishment of a Research Park were mentioned, but Fletcher was not. In a section on student activism, Elizabeth Haglund described Utah as being quiet compared to other schools in the nation, which of the old was true. She described students setting fire to the old bookstore (as pictures of 22 22 23 23 Hodson, Crisis 265-267.. Crisis On Campus, Campus, 265-267 . . . Craig Denton, Denton, The Craig The University University of of Utah: Utah:150 150Years YearsofofExcellence Excellence(Salt (SaltLake LakeCity: City:UmvefSlty UniversityofofUtah Utah Press, 2000), ix-x. ix-x. Press, 2000), 127 127 bookstore interior interior flashed flashed on on the the screen, screen, giving giving the the impression impression that that this this happened happened when when itit bookstore was was aa bookstore), bookstore), but but did did not not mention mention that that itit had had burned bumed down. down.Another Another person person being being interviewed interviewed took took up up half halfthe the time time in in the the section section describing describing aa protest protest against against the the Ayatollah Ayatollah Khomeini of Khomeini in in response response to to the the U.S. U.S. hostages hostages seized seized in in Iran Iran during during 1979. 1979. A A picture picture of Fletcher Fletcher addressing addressing the the 3,000 3,000 students students on on May May 6, 6, 1970, 1970, flashed flashed on on the the screen screen briefly, briefly, but but without any kind of of description. description 2244 without While While both both the book and the the documentary are well done,tiiey they neglect to describe the University University of of Utah magically magically jumped jumped from from a crowded post-World War War II II how the research center and the kinds of of pressures that came with that University into a massive research transition. Two other Sesquicentennial related histories that did a better job were the the transition. Utah Chronicle's Chronicle 's serialized serialized""150 150 Years" and the J. 1. Willard Marriott Library Daily Utah of Utah Sesquicentennial Exhibition." Special Collections' "University of Two articles in the "150 Years" series revolved around the Fletcher era: Shane McCammon's "Down With the Man...and Man ... and the U," and Brett Olson's Olson ' s "Bell-Bottomed Activists." The frrst, first, which covers the 1960s, focuses primarily on the protest movements Activists." of the late 1960s and debates whether the Administration overreacted or not. not. Interviews SDS activist Kathryn Collard show with Professors J. D. Williams, James Clayton and SDS were seen as as violent and rude by some and peaceful and and quiet by others. how the protests were The second, which covers the 1970s (and follows the previously written and unpublished Chronological History of the the University of Utah Utah fairly fairly closely), closely), sums sums up up that decade decade in Chronological the subtitle: subtitle: "The "The 1970s 1970s Hit Hit the the U. and and Students Students Transform from Building Burners Burners into the from Building 24 Flagship in in the the Desert: Desert:150 150Years Yearsatatthe theUniversity UniversityofofUtah, Utah,prod. prod,and andwriter writerMichael MichaelDunn, Dunn,6060 minutes, " Flagship minutes, KUED, 2000, DVD . KUED, 2000, DVD. 128 Apathetic Commuters." Olson mentions the attempted Chronicle Chronicletakeover, takeover,the thePark Park Building sit-in, the defeated student strike, and the burning of of the Intercultural Center. Other events are left out. The photographs selected for the article show the Chronicle's Chronicle's picture of the Intercultural Center ablaze (with the Marriott Library in the background) 25 and a student holding up a case number after his arrest in the Park Building. Building." of the Fletcher administration overall would be Special The best summary of of Collections' Sesquicentennial Exhibition, but it too has some errors. Titled "A Time of Tensions, 1964-1973," the the article article describes describes the the administrations administrations of of both both Fletcher Fletcher and and confrontation are listed, Emery. All of the major events during the post-Kent State confrontation of the ROTC and the explosion at the National Guard building, including the firebombing firebombing of buming time line is off. but the timeline off. The article mistakenly refers to the Intercultural Center burning taking place during the large May 6th protest, the Park Building occupation "a short time later," and the National Guard bombing taking place "early the next morning." Another error is the statement that Andy Warhol appeared at the University. A final problem is research at the University completely to the following crediting the development of ofresearch presidents, something which Fletcher was very involved in. Yet these errors are small compared to leaving out the entire seven years of Fletcher's presidency. presidency 2 6 Today, forty years after after the events of the Fletcher era, more research on the time period is being done. Continuumarticle articlementioned mentionedthe dienew newcomputer computerscience science done. A recent Continuum of the 1960s and a paper on the Andy Warhol hoax was presented at the 2008 program of 25 "Shanne Shanne McCammon. McCammon, "Down With the Man Man...and ... and the U," Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,1919January January2000; 2000;Brent Brent Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,2626January January2000. 2000. Olson, "Bell-Bottomed Activists," Daily Utah 26 of Utah Sesquicentennial Exhibition, "A Time of 26 Marriott Library Special Collections University of of Tensions," accessible at http://www.lib.utah.edu/150/06/index.html http://www.lib.utah.edulI50106/index.html 129 Undergraduate Research Symposium. 27 Fletcher's university, however, appears to be disappearing more and more. The most recent Campus Master Plan calls for the demolition of of the Business Complex and the old Medical Center, both of which were completed during Fletcher's time. Orson Spencer Hall and Milton Bennion Hall, although built before Fletcher, were also part of of the cultural landscape of of those years and may also be demolished. The Marriott Library will soon fmish finish a transforming renovation. Massive changes to walkways and signage not seen since the 1968 Master Plan are in the works. The possibility of forgetting the unquiet crisis is real.28 28 Remembering the Unquiet Crisis Why should the University of Utah consider the Fletcher era? What conclusions could be drawn from the experience of the unquiet crisis? How do those years impact the University today? Such questions could be asked about any historical time period. Perhaps there are no clear-cut answers. In terms of from the plans which Olpin of the growing campus, Fletcher benefited from had made previously and the support for the bonding issue which Governor Rampton provided. Fletcher added plans of his own and actually saw some of of them come to fruition (like the Research Park). However, Fletcher's Fletcher'S push for modernity lost some things of of historical value that the University had, like the Stewart School. He disaffected disaffected a large part of his faculty with his business-style approach to many of the University's 27 27 Kelly J. P. Lindberg, "Pioneers on the Digital Frontiers: the U's U 's Role in Revolutionizing Computer Vol. 16, 16, No. No. 33 (Winter (Winter 2006-07); 2006-07); Scotti Scotti Hill, Hill, "Andy "Andy Warhol's Warhol's Utah Utah Hoax: Hoax: Pop Pop Technology," Continuum, Conrinuum, Vol. Art Identity and the Aesthetics of Indifference," Paper presented at the University of Utah Undergraduate ofIndifference," Uruverslty of Research Symposium, 3 April 2008. 2008 . . 28 28 Skidruore, MeetlOg, 28 February 2008. Skidmore, Owens, and Merrill, Campus Master Plan Town Hall Meeting, http://campusmasterplan.utah.edu/meetings/022808_TownHall.pdf http://campusmasterplan.utah.edulmeetings/022808 _TownHall.pdf 130 problems. And it was true that Fletcher could be an arrogant and demanding man who was difficult difficult to work with. Was Fletcher the right man or a disaster? Like most people he was somewhere in of difficulties between. It fell to him to lead the University through a period of difficulties that no one could foresee. He had to deal with criticism from those in the community who said the University was becoming a hotbed of radicalism and those in the student body who said J. Bauman's Bauman ' s statement on the Administration was crushingly conservative. To paraphrase 1. Ralph Mabey (another leader who was appointed over much opposition), he had a 2299 difficult job, and he did a good job. job difficult Perhaps Alfred Emery captured the tension between these two visions of Fletcher during Emery's Emery' s inaugural address. Emery had been on the Faculty Committee that had opposed Fletcher. He said: President Fletcher joined this University under something less than optimum circumstances. The general attitude of of the University community was a 'show me' demeanor, and show us he did. His greatest contribution has been to the development of excellence in the institution, it was President Fletcher who brought to the University a sense of purpose and a demand for excellence that inspired members of the academic community and commanded their dieir loyalty, their 30 dedication. dedication. Emery's statement may be overly positive, but it can be said that Fletcher might have done worse, and that the University of of Utah survived the unquiet crisis relatively unscathed. 29 "See See "The Chrony Rebellion" in Chapter 5. 30 JO Craig Hansen, "Emery Embarks on ' 12 Lost '" Daily . Lost Labors, Labors,'" Daily Utah UtahChronic/e, Chronicle,3 3May May1971 1971. 131 131 APPENDIXA: A:The TheUniversity Universityof ofUtah Utah in in 1965 1965 APPENDIX Mapof ofthe theUniversity Universityof ofUtah, Utah, 1965, 1965,Univenity UniversityArchives ArchivesMap MapCollection, Collection,SpeciaJ SpecialCollections, Collections,Marriou MarriottLibrary. Library,University University Map ofUtab. of Utah. 132 of Utah in 1970 APPENDIX B: The University of Map the University of Utah, 1970, University Archives Map Collection, Special Collections, Marriott Library, University Uni\'ersity Map of of the of Utah. ofUtah. 133 133 APPENDIX C: Centralization of the Medical Center College of Pharmacy (under construction) Details from University of Utah Maps, 1965 and 1970, University Archives Map Collection, Special Collections. Collections, MamoU Marriott Library, University of of Utah. 134 APPENDIX D: The Chronicle Rebellion: Walkout w -a Ii 'Q I: •i . ; rON oo s C ---- ~- --: Doily Utah Chronicle, 19 February 1968 lilii ! SI! «H!!«i! " . ! i i k l l , U| : i ( !li ~::--===--==-=~= ~~:g::.F2~E?~ ii-'i : !l II'-1 l ! its I Ii j ! i\\\ ~t;Ef1:-:;F.!..=F·::.i§ ii lill ill III; i I! in! i J i!'"lii! III I ~~~'~~ -~-::~- _==~=".::.t.w::r:=-..:== ; x I~ 'Designs For World Health' *M 'i'Vlii inKffniil &' Win I i ! j»" lifi'l'': ON ea su •8 u. Dai(v Utah Chronicle, 16 February 1968 oslilifiiil "2..:':.: ::::' 'Man Faces N ~~~~!~ lliill " i| ?i II if I I lift I in in ProbtHK ...I --,:-·:;-"'_-·----·_--s=~- =1111: Encouft~ - « Urn m ± ill l i M Indian Wor1I. Own AH ....' · '" - 00 NO Hike - i i ! tufifiii ~E"..:.::..~ ~~-SSL::-: 'Focus' Program Gov't ~I: <:tty Ind"n - " __ ..,,-_ Daily Utah GJuonicJe ^ ~':' -- 2#» o c s g 5 s Daily Utah Chronicle, 2 >sf 00 vO ON i 1 <u u. -Si s s s I a 5 1 I s 136 136 APPENDIXF:F:Summary Summaryof ofMajor MajorEvents EventsininMay, May,1970 1970 APPENDIX May 1X970 88 May 970 Facultydebates debates Faculty resolutionsin in resolutions Kingsbury Hall. Kingsbury Hall. Park Building sit-in leads 85 arrests. 10 Protest rallies held south of 1 3 May 1 9 7 0 Nalional National Guard Guardbuilding buildingalat666 666 Guardsman Guardsman Way Waybombed, bombed,causing causing $10,000 $10,000damage. damage. Adapted Adaptedfrom from3nanaerial aerialphotograph photographtaken takeninin1966. 1966,located locatedininFort FortDouglas DouglasLands LandsRecords Records(Ace (Ace335), 335), : Property 968, University Box BoxI,1,Folder Folder1313: PropertyAcquisition, Acquisition,1955-1 1955-1968, UniversityArchives, Archives,University UniversityofofUtah Utah 5 May 1970 BIBLIOGRAPHY Primary Sources: Unpublished Sources: Affairs Records, (Ace (Acc 506) University Archives, Archives Associate Vice-President for Academic Affairs ' University of of Utah. Chipman, Elaine Whitaker. Diary and Diploma. Private Collection. College of (Ace 280) University Archives, University of Utah. of Engineering Records, (Acc College of (Acc 242) University Archives, University of Utah. of Law Records, (Ace College of of of Letters and Science Records, (Acc (Ace 235) University Archives, University of Utah. Cooley, Everett. Oral History Project, (Accn 814), Manuscripts, Special Collections, J. Willard Marriott Library, University of Utah. of Utah. Fletcher, James C. Papers, (Acc (Ace 199) University Archives, University of Fort Douglas Lands Records, (Acc (Ace 335) University Archives, University of Utah. Fraternity Park Records, (Ace (Acc 96) University Archives, University of Utah. Gardner, David Pierpont Papers, (Acc (Ace 387) University Archives, University of Utah. 21 and 202) University Archives, University of of Library Administration Records, (Acc (Ace 21 Utah. Marriott Library Records, (Accn 1138) Manuscripts, Special Collections, J. Willard Marriott Library, University of Utah. Olpin, A. Ray. Journals, (Acc (Ace 219), University Archives, University of Utah. Minutes. University Archives, University of of Utah, Minutes. of Utah. Regents of the University of (Ace 233) University Archives, University of Utah. Student Affairs Affairs Office Office Records, (Acc University Architect and Campus Planning Office Records, (Acc (Ace 353) University Archives, University of Utah. 138 University Archives Map Collection, Special Collections, J. Willard Marriott Library, of Utah. University of (Acc 239) University Archives Archives, University Vice-President for Health Services Records, (Ace of Utah. Published Works: KUED, May Fletcher, James C. A Year Year End Report Report to to the the Community: Community:Broadcast BroadcastOver Over KUED, May J970. Salt Lake City: University of 28, 1970. of Utah Press, 1970. 10: Rapids, Utah Students Students View ViewTheir TheirUniversity. University.Cedar Cedar Rapids, 10: Frank N. Magid Associates. Utah Frank N. Magid Associates, 1969. Rampton, Calvin L. As IJ Recall. Salt Lake City: University of of Utah Press, 1989. Skidmore, Owens, and Merrill. Campus Master Plan Town Hall Meeting Presentation, 28 February 2008. http: // campusmasterplan. utah.edulmeetings/022808 _ TownHall. pdf http://campusmasterplan.utah.edu/meetings/022808_TownHall.pdf year June 30,30, University of of Utah. University University of of Utah UtahFinancial FinancialReportfor Report forthethe yearended ended June 1972. Salt Lake City: University of Utah, 1972. 1964-1971 . University of Utah. General Catalogs. Salt Lake City: University of Utah, 1964-1971. University of of Utah. Master Plan. Salt Lake City: University of Utah, 1968. ofof Utah. SanSan Wilbur Smith and Associates. Campus Campus Planning PlanningTraffic TrafficStudyStudy-University University Utah. 1968 . Francisco: Wilbur Smith and Associates, 1968. Periodicals: Biblio Billboard, Billboard, 1964-1971. The Daily Utah Utah Chronicle, Chronicle,1962-2000. 1962-2000. The Daily Deseret News, 1964-1970. Tribune, 1964-1970. Salt Lake Tribune, University of of Utah UtahReview, Review,1967-1971. 1967-1971. University 139 Secondary Sources: Unpublished Sources: Bjorklund, Todd. "A Chronological History of of the University of Utah: the University of of in the 1970s." Undated, unpublished manuscript, American West Center's Utah In Chronological History Project, located at the University Archives, University of of Utah. Published Works: Campbell, Roald F. Nine Lives: Leadership and 's School and the the University Universityof ofUtah Utah's Schoolofof Education, 1869-1988. Education, 1869-1988. Salt SaltLake LakeCity: City:Graduate GraduateSchool Schoolof ofEducation, Education,University University of of Utah, 1990. Caputo, Philip. 13 Seconds: Seconds: AA Look Look Back Back at at the theKent KentState StateShootings. Shootings.New NewYork: York: Chamberlain Bros., 2005. Chachas, Mary Pappasideris. The ofof The Gift of of Health Health Goes Goes On: On:AAHistory Historyofofthe theUniversity University Utah Utah Medical Medical Center. Center.Salt SaltLake LakeCity: City:University Universityof ofUtah UtahHealth HealthSciences SciencesCenter, Center, Office for Community Relations, 1990. Office Chamberlin, Ralph V. The The University Universityof ofUtah: Utah:AAHistory HistoryofofItsItsFirst FirstHundred HundredYears, Years, 1850 to 1950. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1960. Denton, Craig. The The University : 150 Lake City: Universityof of Utah Utah: 150Years YearsofofExcellence. Excellence.Salt Salt Lake City: University of of Utah Press, 2000. Gehrn1ich, Gehmlich, Dietrich K. "A History of of the College of Engineering, University of Utah." 2003. http://www.coe.utah.edu/about/history.pdf http ://www.coe.utah.edulaboutihistory. pdf Hafner, thethe Origins of of thethe Hafher, Katie and Matthew Lyon. Where Where Wizards WizardsStay StayUpUpLate: Late: Origins Internet. New Internet. New York: York: Simon Simon and and Schuster, Schuster, 1996. Remembering: the Lake City: University Haglund, Elizabeth, ed. Remembering: theUniversity UniversityofofUtah. Utah.Salt Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1981. 1981. of Hibbard, Charles G. Fort Douglas, Utah Utah 1862-1991 1862-1991AAFrontier FrontierFort: Fort:The The Civil War Civil War to to Desert Storm. Storm. Fort Collins, CO: Vestige Press, 1999. Higgins, Linda M. The of Utah Utah1850-1919: 1850-1919: Chronological Narrative. The University University of AA Chronological Narrative . SaltSalt Lake City: American West Center, Umverslty University of of Utah, 1980. 140 at at thethe Hodson, Paul W. Crisis On On Campus: Campus: The The Exciting Exciting Years Yearsof ofCampus CampusDevelopment Development University University of of Utah. Utah.Salt Salt Lake Lake City: City: Keeban Keeban Corporation, Corporation, 1987. 1987. Desert: 150 Years KUED. KUED. Flagship in the Desert: Years at at the the University Universityof ofUtah. Utah.Written Writtenand and Produced by Michael Dunn. 60 min. min. KUED, 2000. DVD. Lucas, Christopher J. American Higher Education: Education: AA History. History.New NewYork: York:St. St.Martin's Martin's Griffin, 1996. D.C. : James C. Fletcher, NASA, Launius, Roger D. "A Western Mormon In Washington D.C.: and the Final Frontier." Pacific Historical Historical Review, Review,Vol. Vol.64, 64,No.2 No. 2(May, (May,1995): 1995): 217-241. ofUtab Marriott Library Special Collections. "University of Utah Sesquicentennial Exhibition." http://www.lib.utah.edulI50/06/index.html 2000. http://www.lib.utah.edu/l 50/06/index.html NASA. Biographical Profile of James C. Fletcher. http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/paoiHistorylBiographies/fletcher .hunl http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/Biographies/fletcher.html Marriott: the City: O'Brien, Robert. Marriott: theJ.J.Willard WillardMarrioll MarriottStory. Story.Salt SaltLake Lake City:Deseret DeseretBook, Book, 1977. Sabine, Gordon A. G. ofof Arizona State University, G. Homer: Homer:AABiography Biographyofofthe thePresident President Arizona State University, 1960-1969. Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University Libraries, 1992. Salus, Peter H. Casting Casting the the Net: Net:From FromARPANET ARPANETtotoINTERNET INTERNET and and Beyond. Beyond. Reading, Reading, MA: Addison Wesley Publishing Company, 1995. : Famous to to Utah. SaltSalt Lake South, Will. Andy Warhol WarholSlept SleptHere? Here?: Famousand andInfamous InfamousVisitors Visitors Utah. Lake City: Signature Books, 1998. The University City: University ofUtab of Utah Libraries. The Universityof ofUtah UtahLibraries. Libraries.Salt SaltLake Lake City: [l975?]. University of Utah Press, [1975?]. Periodicals: Continuum,, 2006. 2006. Continuum