Walsh & Hoyt: Navigation

Navigating a route relies on visual perception, attention, spatial abilities, and memory. Topographic disorientation (TD) is a term that has been used to describe patients who have navigation problems despite normal or near-normal visual sensory abilities. Patients with TD may have lesions in inferotemporal regions, posterior parahippocampal regions, and hippocampus, especially in the right hemisphere. Causes of TD include stroke, trauma, and neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimers disease. Associated problems include visual agnosia and other memory-related disturbances. Topographagnosia. Landmark agnosia. Egocentric disorientation. Heading disorientation. Anterograde topographagnosia.