Walsh & Hoyt: Accommodation Insufficiency and Paralysis

Congenital and hereditary accommodation. Insufficiency and paralysis. Congenital defects are a rare cause of isolated accommodation insufficiency. The ciliary body is defective in a number of congenital ocular anomalies, but in most cases vision is so defective that an inability to accommodate is never noted by either the patient or the physician. Aniridia and choroidal coloboma cause obvious defects of the ciliary body. Ciliary aplasia can occur in well-formed eyes in which the iris is intact and reacts normally to light. Acquired accommodation paresis. Isolated accommodation insufficiency. Accommodation insufficiency associated with primary ocular disease. Accommodation insufficiency associated with neuromuscular disorders. Accommodation insufficiency associated with focal or generalized neurologic disease. Accommodation insufficiency associated with systemic disease. Accommodation insufficiency associated with trauma to the head and neck. Accommodation insufficiency and paralysis from pharmacologic agents. Accommodation paralysis for distance: sympathetic paralysis.