Appendices_Early_Farming_and_Warfare_in_Northwest_Mexico

Appendices for the book Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico

Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 3.1 Mapping Methods Depending on our objectives and levels of funding, a variety of techniques were used to map features at Cerro Juanaqueña and other cerros de trincheras in northwestern Chihuahua. During the early stages of the project we needed to produce a map showing the overall scale and configuration of the site, but very little funding was available. Under these circumstances we had little choice but to undertake "tape and compass" mapping. We began by establishing an origin point at the summit of the mountain, and then used a Brunton compass mounted on a tripod to extend north-south and east-west base lines from the origin point. Next we used a 50 meter tape measure and a combination of pin flags and engineer's flagging to mark 20 meter intervals along the two base lines. As we mapped each section of the site, secondary base lines were extended as needed to establish a gridwork of marked points at 20 meter intervals. These served as reference points for mapping feature locations onto graph paper at a scale of about 1:400. Distances from the marked reference points were either paced or estimated as the cultural features were sketched onto the graph paper. Different sections of the site were mapped in different episodes until all cultural features had been captured. The end result was a schematic map showing the locations of all terraces, rock rings, and other features. This map was reproduced and enlarged, and it served as the principal base map for locating excavation units and for documenting artifact locations, both those collected and those documented through in-field recording. Later in the project we obtained aerial orthophotographs and it became possible to superimpose the tape and compass map over the aerial photograph. Although some adjustments were needed to make the two images correspond exactly, this exercise did show that the tape and compass map was remarkable accurate. The tape and compass map provided a very useful schematic representation of cultural features on the site, but for some purposes we needed a much more detailed and literal representation of the features. For this purpose, one of our team, Bruce Moses who had considerable experience as a professional surveyor, used a total station to map a portion of the site. Working with one assistant, Moses shot points at average intervals of about 10 meters in critical areas of the site. Using the computer programs Surfer and CorelDraw he generated a precise topographic map of a portion of the site, with contours at 1.0 cm intervals (Figure 3.03). These maps were used to show the relationship of the cultural features to local topography and to estimate volumes of construction materials used in terrace construction. About half way through the project a grant from the National Geographic Society allowed us to take aerial photography of all of the cerros de trincheras in northwestern Chihuahua, and to develop stereoscopic models of four. This work was done by Cooper Aerial Photography of Tucson, Arizona. We wanted final maps of the four sites to have a scale of 1:1000 with 1.0 meter contour intervals. This scale was selected because it was large enough to allow depiction of small features such as rock rings, but small enough to fit entire sites on one or two adjacent sheets. To produce maps at this scale, the aerial photography needed to be taken at a scale of 1:8000, using a nine inch wide film strip. Because of camera distortion only a seven inch wide strip is actually useable for mapping purposes. Therefore, we assumed that each pair of overlapping aerial photographs would produce a mappable area 1280 meters wide on the ground and 731 meters long, along the flight line. This area is called a "stereo model." Some of the sites we were interested in could be captured in one stereo model, but larger sites such as Cerro Juanaqueña and Cerro el Canelo required two such models. After determining the size of the stereo models that were required, we plotted them on 1:50,000 topographic maps available from the Mexican Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI). This allowed us to define the flight lines and to show the aerial photography contractor exactly how we wanted the sites to be framed. A day or two before the flight was scheduled we went to each site and established ground control points. These points are used to calibrate the scale of the photographs precisely. Five are required for each stereo model, one near each corner and one in the middle, preferably at a maximum elevation difference from the others. The ground control points must be visible in the finished aerial photographs. We marked these points using 18 inch white plastic paneling, laying them out in an "X" pattern on the ground, with 4 foot long legs. The precise vertical and horizontal relationships were then documented using the total station. In a few cases one or more of the ground markers was lost or destroyed before the aerial photography was taken. In these instances we had to return to the site with the finished aerial photographs, find some other feature on the ground that could be confidently identified in the photograph, and then tie the feature to the other control points using the total station. From these data Cooper Aerial Photography generated 1:1000 scale orthophotographs of the sites, and a 1:1000 scale topographic map with 1.0 meter contour intervals, in both paper and electronic versions. The large scale aerial photographs were used to map cultural features at some of the sites. To do this we began with a paper copy of the orthophotograph, and marked the locations of all cultural features that we could identify simply by looking at the photograph. Then we took the annotated aerial photograph to the field, where we confirmed that all of the indicated features were, in fact cultural features, and added many additional features that were not obvious in the photograph. Returning from the field, we then used "heads up" digitizing to transfer the annotations onto an electronic copy of the photograph, working in the GIS program ArcView. The annotation layer is saved as a separate layer that can be displayed or analyzed without the underlying photograph. Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 3.2 INFORME al Consejo de Arqueología Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia El Proyecto UNA INVESTIGACIÓN ARQUEOLÓGICA DE LOS SITIOS CERROS CON TRINCHERAS DEL ARCÁICO TARDÍO EN CHIHUAHUA, MÉXICO Las Investigaciones de Campo de 1997 por Robert J. Hard, Ph.D. Center for Archaeological Research The University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio, Texas 78249-0658 U.S.A. y John R. Roney, M.A. Bureau of Land Management United States Department of the Interior 435 Montaño, N.E. Albuquerque, New Mexico 87107 U.S.A. 31 de marzo de 1997 Índice Lista de Figuras ................................................................................................................................................... ii Lista de Tablas ..................................................................................................................................................... ii Introducción ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Métodos de Investigación .................................................................................................................................... 1 Resultados.......................................................................................................................................................... 10 Implicaciones ..................................................................................................................................................... 34 Obras Citadas ..................................................................................................................................................... 36 i Figuras 1. Mapa del Área - Cerro Juanaqueña ................................................................................................................ 2 2. Foto Aéreo del Cerro Juanaqueña - Puntos de Indicación Marcan una Tirada de 400 m de Terrazas .......... 2 3. Plano del Cerro Juanaqueña - Áreas de Investigación ................................................................................... 4 4. Detalle del Sureste del Cerro Juanaqueña ...................................................................................................... 6 5. Área Delineado con más Intensidad - Noreste del Sitio ................................................................................. 7 6. Plano de la Terraza, T1 y Círculo de Piedra, R1a ........................................................................................ 11 7. Sección del Pendiente de T1 y R1a, Vista al Norte...................................................................................... 12 8. Perfil del R1a, Vista al Sureste ..................................................................................................................... 12 9. Plano de la Terraza, T6 ................................................................................................................................. 13 10. Sección del Pendiente de T6, Vista al Norte ............................................................................................... 14 11. Perfil del T6, Vista al Norte ........................................................................................................................ 14 12. Plano del Círculo de Piedra, R28 ................................................................................................................ 17 13. Sección del Pendiente del R28, Vista al Norte ............................................................................................ 18 14. Perfil del R28, Vista al Norte ...................................................................................................................... 18 15. Plano de la Terraza, T167 ............................................................................................................................ 19 16. Sección del Pendiente de T167, Vista al Norte ........................................................................................... 20 17. Perfil de T167, Vista al Sur ......................................................................................................................... 21 18. Plano de la Terraza, T222 ............................................................................................................................ 22 19. Sección del Pendiente de T222, Vista al Sur, Sureste ................................................................................. 23 20. Perfil de T222, Vista al Noreste .................................................................................................................. 23 21. Plano del Círculo de Piedra, R250 .............................................................................................................. 25 22. Sección del Pendiente del R250, Vista al Sur ............................................................................................. 26 23. Perfil del R250, Vista al Este ...................................................................................................................... 26 24. Plano de la Terraza, T537 ............................................................................................................................ 28 25. Sección del Pendiente de T537, Vista al Norte ........................................................................................... 28 26. Perfil de T537, Vista al Sur ......................................................................................................................... 29 27. Puntas de Proyectil del Período Arcáico Tardío ......................................................................................... 30 Tablas 1. Cuatro Fechas (AMS 14 C) de Cerro Juanaqueña ...................................................................................... 30 ii Los llamados "Cerros de Trincheras" son una de las más impresionantes formaciones prehistóricas, producto de la actividad humana, encontradas en el noroeste de México y suroeste de los Estados Unidos. Estos sitios arqueológicos consisten de extensos complejos de terrazas localizados en las cimas y laderas de cerros y pequeñas montañas aisladas. Los mejores ejemplos documentados se encuentran en el norte de Sonora y el sur de Arizona. Además, Roney (1996 a, b) ha localizado dos sitios adicionales en cerros de trincheras que datan del período arcáico tardío. Se cree que los grupos de habitantes en el noroeste de México y el suroeste de los Estados Unidos vivían en pequeños hacentamientos muy dispersos y altamente móviles, y que sus economías de subsistencia estaban orientadas más hacia la caza y la recolección que a la agricultura. El surgimiento de un cerro de trincheras completamente desarrollado durante este período inicipiente es algo que resulta totalmente inesperado y que contradice las creencias acerca de este período. Para algunos de estos sitios se han sugerido fechas de antiguedad que datan del 800 años d.C., aunque se cree que la mayoría hayan sido construídos entre los años 1000 y 1350 d.C. Existen varias interpretaciones sobre cerros de trincheras que, aunque diferentes, no son mutuamente excluyentes (e.g. Downum et al. 1994; Downum 1986; McGuire & McNiff 1990; Sauer & Brand 1931; Wilcox 1979). Algunos de estos terrenos podrían haber sido utilizados para la agricultura de tipo especializado, lo cual concuerda con la intensa producción agrícola del período prehistórico tardío. Las pocas excavaciones realizadas en cerros de trincheras han revelado repetidamente evidencia de su ocupación residencial, lo cual hace pensar que estos sitios fueron utilizados como fuertes o lugares de refugio durante períodos de guerrilla o guerra organizada. La escala y magnitud del más grande sitio de cerros de trincheras del período prehistórico tardío, indica que éste fue un importante centro poblacional, político y religioso (McGuire & McNiff 1990; McGuire et al. 1993). Cerro Juanaqueña está ubicado al norte de Chihuahua (ver figura 1). El sitio de interés fue construído en las cimas y pendientes de un cerro de basalto de 140 metros de altura, el cual se proyecta por encima de la rivera del Río Casas Grandes (ver figura 2). Las construcciones en el área cubren ocho hectáreas, incluyendo ocho kilómetros de muros de piedra apilada y de tierra y piedra compactada, así como 100 círculos de piedra. El cerro carece de las formas rocosas verticales comunmente encontradas en los cerros de trincheras en Sonora y Arizona. Sin embargo, es muy similar a estos en aspectos como el tamaño, la escala de sus construcciones, la morfología, y la presencia de material arcilloso como lo son sus círculos de piedra. Cerro Juanaqueña se asemeja además a muchos cerros de trincheras de la época prehistórica tardía en cuanto a su evidente uso de carácter residencial. Introducción Métodos de Investigación Cada una de estas interpretaciones es posible, dado el tipo de sociedades con alto numero de población, relativamente sedentarias y dependientes de la agricultura que han sido encontradas en el noroeste de México y el suroeste de los Estados Unidos durante el período prehistórico tardío. Sin embargo, las excavaciones realizadas en 1997 revelan que por lo menos el Cerro de Juanaqueña, de dimensiones considerables, se encontraba en uso desde hace 1000 años a.C. Existe evidencia de la cultivación de maíz y calabaza, y que se extienden desde el centro de México hasta el suroeste de los Estados Unidos durante esta época. Lister (1958) encontro depósitos de maíz en la Cueva Golondrina, que indica su existencia en el noroeste de México antes del período cerámico. Fondo Varias excavaciones de prueba fueron realizadas en 1997 en cuatro terrazas y tres círculos de piedra. El trabajo de campo fue llevado a cabo entre el 2 y el 28 de junio de 1997 en el Cerro Juanaqueña, bajo permiso emitido por el Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH), y con la concurrencia de Nazario L. Prieto Orvaños, Presidente Municipalio de Janos, y Lorenzo Barajas, Presidente del Ejido de Janos. El trabajo fue dirigido por el Dr. Robert J. Hard y John R. Roney, con la colaboración de Rudi Benskin, Art MacWilliams, Bruce Moses, Jennifer Nisengard, 1 110 o Arizona 32 108 o 106 New Mexico Figura 1. Mapa del Área - Cerro Juanaqueña o o Texas Cerro Juanaquena 30 o Sonora Figura 2. Foto Aéreo del Cerro Juanaqueña - Puntos de Indicación Marcan una Tirada de 400 m de Terrazas Chihuahua A 1 A 2 Gerry Raymond, Kari Schmidt, Cindy Tennis, y José E. Zapata. Nuestro equipo fue asistido por los señores Martín Lucero, Casimiro Lucero, y Lorenzo Hernández, vecinos de Janos y Oaxaca. Así mismo, el Dr. Lee Nordt participó en el trabajo de campo durante la semana del 16 de junio de 1997, realizando estudios geomorfológicos. Este estudio fue auspiciado por la National Science Foundation (Fundación Nacional para la Ciencia). Las excavaciones se realizaron en siete diferentes sitios del Cerro Juanaqueña. Los objetivos primordiales fueron obtener muestras de carbón para el fechado de radiocarbóno, restos botánicos para datos acerca de los medios de subsistencia utilizados, así como la localización de restos de estructuras primitivas. excavación. Para identificar depósitos basureros, por ejemplo, se buscaron áreas de suelos más obscuro, áreas donde existiera carbón en cuevas de roedores, o bien áreas donde existieran pequeños fragmentos de huesos, especialmente en mantos de hormigueros. Además se intentó seleccionar estructuras que estuvieran relativamente intactas, sin erosión o deflación por los vientos. Se intentó así mismo conservar un balance entre la selección de estructuras en diversas partes del sitio, por un lado, y la proximidad entre éstas para propósitos organizacionales, por otro lado. Cuando una formación prominente era seleccionada para prueba, se trataba como una unidad independiente identificada con su propio número. Antes de excavar, cada formación se describía en detalle. Una linea de base se trazó a lo largo de la formación, perpendicular a la cuesta del cerro. Utilizando un nivel de cuerda y linea, se hacía un bosquejo a lo largo de la línea de base, así como un plano detallado, incluyendo cualquier tipo de artefacto encontrado en la superficie. Procedimientos de Excavación Para este proyecto se utilizó una versión modificada del sistema de indagación de orígen llamado Nivel/ Locus (LeBlanc 1976). Las formas e instrucciones usadas durante la temporada de 1997 se anexan en el Apéndice 1. Cerro Juanaqueña se identifica con el número de sitio asignado por el Reconocimiento Regional de Paquimé, 95-366. Dentro del sitio, cada una de las terrazas, paredes, y círculos de piedra que aparecían en el mapa de cinta y brújula fueron numeradas en secuencia. Los números de las terrazas se marcaron con la letra "T", las paredes con la letra "W" y los círculos de piedra con la letra "R". Por ejemplo, "T135" es un número arbitrario que identifica de manera única a una terraza en particular en el sitio. A continuación se planeaban las excavaciones correspondientes usando estacas y cuerdas. Cada excavación era generalmente de un metro cuadrado con orientación a la línea de base previamente establecida. Sin embargo, el sistema Nivel/Locus permite que cada pozo de excavación varie en su tamaño y forma. Los pozos de excavación fueron numerados en secuencia, de acuerdo al nivel de profundidad, comenzando con la ubicada más arriba. Normalmente se utilizaron niveles de 10 cm, pero esta medida varió de acuerdo a las necesidades requeridas por la naturaleza del terreno u otras condiciones. Las profundidades fueron medidas a partir de puntos de datum arbitrarios adyacentes a cada pozo de excavación, usando un nivel de cuerda y linea. Las relaciones espaciales entre los diferentes puntos de datum y los pozos de excavación fueron establecidos utilizando el instrumento EDM o medición electrónica de distancia (ver la sección sobre Deliniación del Cerro). En ocasiones se usaron subíndices para identificar nuevos descubrimientos. Así, T135a y T135b representan dos estructuras distintas. Un total de 574 estructuras fueron numeradas, incluyendo 468 terrazas y 106 círculos de piedra. Otros tipos de estructuras o formaciones como hornos, fosos, madrigueras de roedores, etc., que fueron identificados durante las excavaciones se designaron como "subformaciones." El mapa maestro del lugar muestra todas estas formaciones numeradas. En ocasiones se encontraron varios indicios culturales o naturales, tales como boquetes de postes y madrigueras de roedores, los cuales se excavaron separadamente dentro de cada nivel para después ser La ubicación de todas estas estructuras se muestra en la figura 3. Cada ubicación se seleccionó juiciosamente, de acuerdo a los objetivos de la 3 G F E B C D TERRAZAS A = T6 B = T167 C = T5 37 CIRCULOS DE PIEDRA D = R1a E = R2 8 F = R 222 G = R250 MN 0 25 50 75 100 METROS Figura 3. Plano del Cerro Juanaqueña - Áreas de Investigación 4 A identificados como "subformaciones" etiquetadas con letras. para los datos de medios de subsistencia. Varias muestras de polen fueron tomadas directamente de diferentes superficies durante las excavaciones, así como a partir de muestras estratográficas una vez concluídas las excavaciones. Las muestras de radiocarbóno fueron tomadas in situ cada vez que resultaba posible. El relleno extraído fue colado usando una tela de malla de un octavo de una pulgada y todo hueso animal y artefactos, incluyendo los sedimentos de orígen lítico, fueron recuperados. Unicamente las muestras de carbón de madera potencialmente fechables fueron recuperadas de las cribas. Sin embargo, el maíz y toda otra planta fueron recuperados en su totalidad. Al concluir la exploración de cada nivel, se trazó un plano del suelo y se llenó una forma de Pozo-Nivel, la cual incluye información sobre la profundidad y el volumen del nivel, la naturaleza de los sedimentos extraídos, y la evidencia arqueológica y muestras recolectadas (ver apéndice 1). A medida que eran recolectadas, las evidencias arqueológicas y muestras recibieron un "Número de Bolsa". Dichos números siguen una secuencia para cada estructura. Los excavadores mantuvieron una lista progresiva de números de bolsa, sus contenidos y proveniencias en el Resumen de Estructuras (ver apéndice 1). Lee Nordt también extrajo muestras para análisis petrográfico con microscopio geológico. Dichas muestras fueron removidas en forma de cubos intactos del material proveniente de las Terrazas 167, 537, y 6. Después de concluir las excavaciones hechas en cada terraza y círculo, los trabajadores que realizaban las excavaciones resumieron los resultados y prepararon diagramas estratigráficos descriptivos. Esta información, junto con el plano y bosquejos preparados antes de cada excavación, y la lista de especímenes arqueológicos y muestras encontradas constituyen el Resumen de Estructuras. Delineación del Cerro El mapa de cinta y brújula utilizado para el proyecto de 1997 fue elaborado por John Roney durante los proyectos de 1995 y 1996 realizados por Paul Minnis y Michael Whalen. Dicho mapa consistió de una representación esquemática de los hallazgos culturales sobrepuesta a la información topográfica extrapolada a partir del Cuadrángulo de Janos a escala de 1:50,000 (H12b59). Este mapa permitió enumerar cada hallazgo, evaluar la escala del sitio, localizar colecciones de artefactos, y organizar los esfuerzos de excavación. Sin embargo, este mapa no daba información adecuada sobre el volumen de las construcciones encontradas, ni de la relación de éstas con la topografía del lugar. Además incluía errores de escala de magnitud desconocida. Por esta razón se elaboraron nuevos mapas usando un instrumento de medición electrónica de distancia (Sokkia EDM). Este proceso comenzó con el establecimiento de 10 puntos de control, algunos de ellos localizados en el sitio y otros en lugares adyacentes. Dichas ubicaciones, marcadas con estacas color naranja, sirvieron como estaciones de base para el perfeccionamiento de los mapas (ver figura 4 y figura 5). Cada excavación se realizó a mano, utilizando paletas de albañil y escobillas. Las zanjas y pozos de prueba se excavaron hasta los mantos rocosos para todas las estructuras, usando niveles arbitrarios que eran por lo general 10 cm de hondo. Sin embargo, estas pruebas indicaron que la mayoría del sedimento está compuesto de relleno artificial colocado por detrás de las paredes de terracería como espacio nivelador. Aunque este material contenía valiosos depósitos basureros, ricos en carbón y hueso animal, no es probable que arroje evidencia de actividades culturales in situ. En muchos casos, las superficies que datan de la ocupación prehistórica del lugar se encuentran solo a uno o dos centímetros bajo la superficie actual. Por esta razón, para varias de las formaciones se removieron solo unos cuantos centímetros de tierra y así dejar al descubierto el área de interés. Los excavadores tomaron varias muestras grandes de tierra para flotación, ya que uno de los objetivos principales era el recuperar material vegetal carbonizado apropiado para el fechado de radiocarbóno AMS así como semillas carbonizadas 5 9/10 41 18 CIMA DEL MONTICULO SUPERFICIE DE TERRAZA MONTON DE PIEDRAS 42a 640 0 32b 14 41a 10 20 METROS 80 40 CURVA DE NIVEL = 50 CENTIMETROS 32 27 39 17 ! = 8 38 38b 16 38a 26 620 37 7 31 28 37 25 1004 6 15 36 1 48 5 .00 1003 24 167 35 167a 600 5 0 1 47 1 48 537 5 23 176a 176 539 22 4 166 14 175 580 11 11 13 3 12 2 174 174 1480 1001 2 560 172 165 173 1 1a 14 168 173 75 1 47 164 5 156 169 155 171 157 1006 170 540 1 49 0 160 158 162/163 159 161 500 520 540 Figura 4. Detalle del Sureste del Cerro Juanaqueña 6 560 580 M N 14 14 75 74 T41 T39 14 76 T17 T8 T16 T38 77 T38b 14 78 14 T27 9 14 80 147 T26 T38a 148 1 T7 148 148 4 3 148 2 R -2 8 T1004 T25 T-6 T15 T1003 T-5 3 7 14 84 T24 14 83 T5 T23 T539 T22 14 82 MN 14 81 14 80 T14 T13 T11 0 5 T3 10 15 METATE MANO PUNTA DE PROYECTIL PETROGRABADO CRUCIFORME 20 MONTON DE PIEDRAS METROS TERRAZA CUADROS DE EXCAVACION CURVA DE NIVEL = 10 CENTIMETROS Figura 5. Área Delineado con más Intensidad - Noreste del Sitio 7 Los puntos previamente establecidos durante 1995 y 1996 fueron sujetos a medición electrónica de distancia. De esta manera se logró estimar la magnitud del error de la primera medición. Al mismo tiempo, se midió electrónicamente la distancia de puntos adicionales en el sitio y adyacentes a la pendiente del cerro para generar un mapa topográfico más exacto. excavación se encontraban más activas. Por ejemplo, resultó más probable hallar artefactos diagnósticos en aquellas áreas en las que la cuadrilla pasaban más tiempo. Además, el hecho de encontrar un artefacto en un determinado punto del lugar incrementaba el tiempo dedicado al mismo. No obstante, también se invirtió tiempo en áreas donde no se había hallado ningún artefacto con anterioridad. Como resultado se puede decir que existen ciertas áreas donde estos artefactos son más comunes de encontrar que en otras. Dicha hipótesis puede ser investigada en futuros estudios, dado que se documentó toda proveniencia de los artefactos encontrados. La segunda fase consistió en detallar una porción de 130 m (N-S) por 120 m (E-O) del sitio, localizada en el cuadrante sureste. Esta área incluía aproximadamente 60 terrazas (ver figura 4). Para tal efecto se midieron puntos localizados en intervalos de uno a 10 metros, sobre superficies superiores de terrazas, perímetros superiores e inferiores, y pendientes de terrazas. Hallazgos superficie como herramientas manuales, puntas de proyectil, tazones de piedra, y utensilios para molienda fueron incluídos en el mapa, así como los pozos de excavación. Bruce Moses diseñó dichos mapas a partir de los datos obtenidos por EDM y utilizando los programas de cómputo Surfer y Corel Draw en el Centro para la Investigación Arqueológica de la Universidad de Texas en San Antonio (UTSA-CAR). Los artefactos se numeraron en secuencia, comenzando con el número 63. Los números del 1 al 63 se refieren a artefactos que fueron hallados durante el Reconocimiento Regional de Paquimé, o bien aquellos que fueron numerados mas no integrados a colecciones. En ocasiones se encontraron dos artefactos en la misma ubicación, para los cuales se utilizaron subíndices. Así, 10a y 10b representan dos artefactos distintos. Una vez en el laboratorio, estos artefactos fueron dibujados y etiquetados con un número de identificación. Colección de Materiales Superficie Investigaciones Geomorfológicas Las investigaciones previamente realizadas en el Cerro Juanaqueña hacen constar un número de artefactos de diagnóstico inusuales encontrados sobre el superficie del sitio. Dichos hallazgos han creado especulaciones acerca de la antiguedad del lugar y de la naturaleza de su ocupación. El Cerro Juanaqueña se localiza junto a la llanura del Río Casas Grandes. Su ubicación es un factor importante para entender su ocupación a finales de la Era Arcáica. En 1997, Lee Nordt de la Universidad de Baylor, trazó tres terrenos aluviales a través de la fotografía aérea. En seguida se excavaron una serie de zanjas para localizar cualquier superficie contemporánea al Cerro Juanaqueña y así entender mejor la historia geomorfológica de la llanura. Dicho esfuerzo permitió identificar cuatro unidades estratográficas. La más antigua formó una superficie estable durante la época que el Cerro estaba siendo ocupado, aproximadamente 3000 años antes el presente (AP), basado en pruebas de carbono 14. Esta superficie es preservada a dos metros bajo la superficie que actualmente cubre el lado opuesto (el lado oeste) del río del Cerro Juanaqueña. Aún no se han localizado depósitos contemporáneos en el lado este del río, lo que hace suponer que muy probablemente se Por esta razón se invirtió cierto tiempo estudiando la superficie del sitio, buscando artefactos diagnósticos. También se encontraron otros artefactos durante la elaboración de mapas y a medida que los investigadores pasaban de una excavación a otra. La ubicación de todo artefacto de interés se marcó con cinta de ingeniería color naranja para ser localizados fácilmente. Aproximadamente una vez por semana, uno o dos miembros de la cuadrilla revisaba cuidadosamente el sitio, recigiendo todo artefacto marcado para así indicar su ubicación exacta en los mapas. Dicha distribución se encuentra parcialmente en función a los sitios donde las cuadrillas de 8 encuentren a profundidades mayores de tres metros, que es más del mayor alcance del retroexcavador utilizado. Tales descubrimientos indican que varios importantes procesos de agregación e incisión al terreno de llanura han ocurrido durante varios miles de años. (de tela de seda) al embudo. Las muestras de flotación eran luego puestas lentamente dentro del agua y agitadas con extremo cuidado para que el material orgánico ligero flotara hacia la superficie y así caer dentro del embudo. La bolsa de malla en la boca del embudo capturaba la materia orgánica, dejando pasar solo los sedimentos más finos. Cuando ya no había más material orgánico que flotara, la bolsa conteniendo la porción de material orgánico ligero se ataba y colgaba en tendederos a la sombra para su secado. La porción más pesada de la muestra, la cual permanecía en la cubeta, se lavaba a través de una malla de un octavo de una pulgada. Los materiales retenidos por la malla fueron inspeccionados, las lascas y huesos separados, y el resto desechado. Todas las cantidades de hueso o carbón fueron así mismo procesadas a través de una criba de malla más fina, colocada bajo la malla de un octavo de pulgada. Los materiales que quedaron sobre la fina malla fueron enjuagados, luego secados y guardados para posteriormente ser clasificados ya sea como lascas o bien pequeños pedazos de hueso. Para propósitos de análisis, este material se nombró "La Porción Pesada" de la muestra de flotación. Procedimientos de Laboratorio Al final de cada jornada, el contenido de bolsas con artefactos líticos, incluyendo desecho lítico, se lavaban y secaban para después ser retornados a sus respectivas bolsas. Los números de cada bolsa se verificaban con los registrados. Cada tipo de colección (lítica, hueso, muestras de flotación, muestras de radiocarbóno, etc.) se depositaba en una caja distinta. Cada artefacto fue catalogado y estos datos fueron primero vaciados en formas que después se transfirieron a un banco de datos Excel. Las puntas de proyectil fueron dibujadas por Bruce Moses y/o John Roney. Art MacWilliams también contribuyó con características de las puntas de proyectil usando un banco de datos por separado. John Roney y Art MacWilliams construyeron un mapa con todos los hallazgos de superficie. A medida que el proyecto se acercaba a su fin, todas las colecciones se prepararon para ser conservados por el INAH. Los artefactos se clasificaron de acuerdo al lugar del que provenían, verificando siempre su número de catálogo. Se solicitaron en calidad de préstamo un grupo de muestras de radiocarbóno, polen, fauna, sedimento, y botánicas para ser llevadas a los Estados Unidos para su análisis. Dicha petición fue aprobada y las muestras mencionadas se prepararon para su exportación temporal. Los artefactos fueron llevados a INAH en Casas Grandes para su conservación. Lavados de Polen Los llamados lavados de polen fueron tomados de unos cuantos artefactos de piedra como manos, metates, machucador, y un tazón de piedra que fueron encontrados en un contexto particularmente bueno. Estas piezas fueron envueltas en plástico (tipo Saran) inmediatamente después de ser extraídas para minimizar cualquier contaminación por polen nuevo. La preparación comenzó por lavar una cubeta de plástico, un contenedor de plástico de medio litro, un cepillo de dientes, y un pequeño embudo con agua destilada para eliminar todo contaminante. Luego se procedió a rociar cada especímen con una solución del 10 porciento de ácido mercúrico y agua destilada con suficiente fuerza como para despegar la tierra y granos adheridos. En ocasiones se utilizó un cepillo dental para facilitar el proceso. Todo el ácido del lavado se colectaba en una cubeta para ser después transferido a un contenedor de plástico limpio a través de un embudo. Al juntar de 20 a 50 mililitros del Procedimientos de Flotación Las muestras para flotación fueron procesadas periódicamente utilizando un embudo especialmente construido en Janos y de acuerdo a nuestras especificaciones. El aparto consistía básicamente de un gran embudo y una cubeta de 10 litros suspendida por encima del embudo, y luego se le ligo una bolsa 9 encontro piso, boquetes de poste, hornos, o cualquier otro indicador de habitación. resultado, se sellaba y etiquetaba el contenedor. Estos procedimientos se llevaron acabo en días con poco viento para así minimizar la contaminación por polen. En ambas pozos de excavación, los primeros dos centímetros de superficie era una capa polvosa con guijarros que parecía provenir de deslaves. Bajo esta superficie se encontró otra un poco más compacta en ambas excavaciones. Los sedimentos contenían más cieno que la capa de encima. No se encontraron boquetes de postes, manchas o agujeros de horno u otros indicadores de que tal compacto represente una superficie viviente. Solo un metate roto así como varias protuberancias rocosas se encontraron en la superficie. A pesar de ello, esta fue la superficie más peculiar encontrada dentro del R1a, misma que se supone fue una supericie de uso prehistórico. Los sedimentos debajo de esta superficie son cieno color moreno mezclado con huesos, material lítico, y grava de forma angular proveniente de rocas del lugar. Los sedimentos muestran además bastante actividad de roedores. Esta excavación era aproximadamente 60 cm de grueso y descansaba sobre un manto rocoso. A pesar de que no se pudieron delinear los distintos estratos, se hallaron menos artefactos y una mayor acumulación de material carbonizado en los niveles más bajos. Por este motivo se cree que los niveles inferiores de tal depósito sean más antiguos que el R1a. Estudios Complementarios Documentación de Grabados en las Rocas Aproximadamente 30 petrograbados fueron fotografiados y trazados en el mapa del Cerro Juanaqueña. Otro grupo de petrograbados localizado aproximadamente a un kilometro al suroeste del lugar en las faldas de un cerro cercano también fue fotografiado. Reconocimiento de Otros Sitios Aparte del trabajo realizado en el Cerro Juanaqueña, tres nuevos cerros de trincheras fueron visitados. Para dos de ellos se delinearon mapas, mientras que para el tercero solo se tomaron notas del lugar. La elaboración sobre los hechos se encuentra en la seccion Registro de Nuevos Sitios. Los tres sitios son: Cerro de Tascate; Cerro Prieto de Santa Bárbara; y el tercero fue El Mirador o Cerro La Noria. El círculo de piedra parece haber sido construido sobre una superficie escabrosa y desnivelada la cual incluía una buena parte de manto rocoso (ver figura 8). Los depósitos luego deben haberse acumulado o bien haber sido colocados, dando como resultado una formación más compacta. Posteriormente se acumularon unos cuantos centímetros de sedimento suelto. La formación no muestra características de haber sido una estructura de tipo residencial. Es posible que haya sido un lugar de almacenaje, aunque existe poca evidencia acerca de su verdadero uso. Resultados Excavaciones Descripción del Círculo de Piedra, R1a El R1a es un círculo de piedra localizado en la terraza T1 (ver figura 6). Dicha formación es de hecho un arco, de no más de 100 piedras que forman lo que serían 200 grados de un círculo. Tal formación se seleccionó para prueba debido a su aparente buena conservación. Al principio se pensó que contendría un piso intacto o bien otros indicadores de su original construcción o función. Sin embargo, dos excavaciones de un metro cuadrado hasta los mantos de roca (ver figura 7) realizadas en forma transversal revelaron resultados negativos en el sentido que no se Descripción de la Terraza, T6 La T6 es una terraza de 23 m de largo localizada en la pendiente este, la cual es menos inclinada, de la parte central del Cerro Juanaqueña. La pared de la terraza forma un arco dentro de una fila más larga de arcos, 10 MN A A 1 MA = MANO MT = METATE OF = LASCA DE OBSIDIAN HS = PERCUTOR Figura 6. Plano de la Terraza, T1 y Círculo de Piedra, R1a 11 Figura 7. Sección del Pendiente de T1 y R1a, Vista al Norte Figura 8. Perfil del R1a, Vista al Sureste los cuales definen una pared más o menos continua de aproximadamente 180 m de longitud que serpentea a lo largo del lado noroeste del sitio. La superficie artificial nivelada de la Terraza 6 mide aproximadamente 70 metros cuadrados, rodeada por la pared de la terraza al noreste y por la pendiente rocosa al suroeste y pendiente arriba. Los desechos de roedores en esta terraza eran particularmente de color más oscuro, lo cual sugirió la presencia de depósitos basureros. Por esta razón se seleccionó esta terraza para excavaciones de prueba (ver figura 9 y figura 10). 12 MTf 6 MTf 2 MA 1 U13 6$ U12 U11 U7 U6 U17 U9 U5 U10 U15 U3 U14 MAf 6 U18 MTf 14 U4 MTf 10 PROBABLE BOQUETE DE POSTE U16 A MT 8 MTf 5 MTf 4 HS 4 MTf 13 MAf 1 MTf 4 MTf 3 MTf 11 1 A MTf 2 U2 MTf 9 U1 U8 MTf 39 MA 2 OF 5 SB 3 OF 1 MA = MANO MAf = FRAGMENTO DE MANO MT = METATE MTf = FRAGMENTO DE METATE SB = TAZON OF = LASCA DE OBSIDIAN SH = CONCHA = BOQUETTE DE POSTE MN 1 A A Figura 9. Plano de la Terraza, T6 13 0 1 2 METROS 3 4 A TIERRA COLUVIAL A TERRAZA 6 POZO 10 POZO 14 0 1 2 POZO 3 MONTICULO POZO 2 1 TIERRA COLUVIAL POZO1 3 METROS Figura 10. Sección del Pendiente de T6, Vista al Norte Al excavar una zanja de tres metros de longitud en el relleno detrás de la pared se logró descubrir un perfil estratográfico. Una de estas zanjas era de un metro de ancho, mientras que las dos restantes eran de medio metro. Se encontraron mantos rocosos a profundidades de 28 a 72 cm por debajo de la superficie actual. Para explorar en detalle esta superficie se removieron los primeros centímetros de tierra de un área adicional de 15.5 m² en la Terraza 6. Finalmente, se excavó un pozo de unos cuantos centímetros de profundidad, esperando así entender mejor su naturaleza. uno más con posibilidades de haberlo sido, un hoyo, y una pieza de un embadurnado quemado son indicios de arquitectura. Varios artefactos fueron además relacionados con la superficie. Más aún, el relleno bajo estas superficies contenía depósitos basureros en los que se encontraron fragmentos de hueso, artefactos, y restos incinerados de plantas. La capa superior de la terraza consistía de terreno muy suelto, mezclado con pedacería de origen moderno. Dicha superficie cubre una capa de tierra café compacta de dies centímetros de espesor. Dentro de este nivel se lograron definir por lo menos dos superficies compactas (ver figura 11). La superficie B se llegó a trazar continuamente a través de un número de cuadros Estas excavaciones resultaron muy productivas. Por lo menos dos capas compactas parecen mostrar rastros de haber estado ocupadas. Dos boquetes de poste y Figura 11. Perfil del T6, Vista al Norte 14 de excavación. La superficie G, localizada seis centímetros bajo la superficie A, se puso al descubierto solo en un pozo de excavación. comenzar a excavar este orifio no se sabía si era en realidad un boquete de poste. Sin embargo, su similitud con el boquete E hizo pensar que si lo era. Un tercer orificio, nombrado con la letra F, fue encontrado en el Pozo 16, mismo que puede haber sido otro boquete de poste. Este último consistía de 14 pequeñas piedras acomodadas en forma de dona con un diámetro de 15 cm. La falta de profundidad hace dudar que éste haya sido un boquete de poste. Localizado 4 cm más abajo que los otros dos boquetes, este tercer orificio se asoció con la superficie subyacente G. La estratografía en la zanja muestraba una tierra compacta, color morena que cobija una capa de color morena grisaseo obscuro la cual tenía un grosor de 20 cm. Esta tierra consistía de un cieno fino más suelto y con más piedras que el del estrato anterior. Bajo éste se encontraba una capa de 40 cm. de espesor de un café gris aún más obscuro consistente de un sedimento térreo muy fino mezclado con algo de arena y muchas piedras, la cual descansaba en el manto rocoso. Este relleno era principalmente de basurero con altas concentraciones de hueso animal y artefactos. Los tres orificios forman tres esquinas de un rectángulo de 2.3 m por 2.8 m. El cuarto orificio faltante nunca logró ser encontrado. Sin embargo, ya que la definición del boquete F es un tanto incierta, el significado de este conjunto de agujeros es únicamente especulativo. Además, la superficie G sobre la cual descansa el tercer orificio podría ser anterior cronológicamente a la superficie B, misma que se asocia a los otros dos boquetes. Dichos agujeros bien podrían ser los restos de una enramadas. Se invirtió una cantidad considerable de tiempo en la definición de las dos capas inmediatas a la superficie. La superficie B se descubrió primero durante las excavaciones. Esta era una superficie muy firme y compacta a cuatro o cinco centímetros bajo el terreno actual. La superficie no estaba preparada, pero se siguió a través de cuidadosas excavaciones. Los sedimentos que la cubrían tendieron a brotar, dejando al descubierto una superficie intacta. En ciertos lugares, esta superficie mostraba manchas de carbón y otros restos orgánicos, lo que se interpretó como un indicio de actividad cultural asociada a la ocupación prehistórica del sitio. Se logró descubrir un área de aproximadamente 17 metros cuadrados de esta superficie en la Terraza 6. Se encontraron numerosas rupturas sobre todo cerca del borde de la terraza y a lo largo de la zona en contacto con la pendiente natural del cerro. Sin embargo en la porción central de la terraza se encontraba bien preservada. En el Pozo 16 se encontró la superficie G, bien definida, seis centímetro bajo la superficie A, y 10 cm bajo el suelo actual. Una gran cantidad de material lítico y óseo se logró relacionar a esta superficie, asi como un metate que descansaba en el piso. Todo indica que la superficie G fue otra superficie ocupada. Sin embargo, el tiempo disponible no permitió una investigación más a fondo de la misma. Una porción de la Forma Prominente H se logró definir en esta superficie. Tenía forma de cazo, con 107 cm de diámetro en la boca y 19 cm de profundidad. No se realizaron excavaciones a falta de tiempo. En la superficie B se encontraron dos boquetes de poste mas un tercer orificio con características similares. El primero de ellos, nombrado con la letra D, era un orificio circular de 17 cm de diámetro y 7 cm de profundidad que se encontraba en la porción suroeste de la Terraza 6 en Pozo 4 (de excavación). Estaba rodeado por nueve piedras pequeñas (2-9 cm de diámetro). El sedimento en el fondo era más suave que la tierra de las paredes. El segundo foso, identificado con la letra E, era de 21 cm de diámetro y 10 de profundidad, localizado en el Pozo 7. Cinco piedras habían sido colocadas en el borde. Al Interpretación de T6 La pared de la terraza fue construida apilando guijarros hasta formar una valla de un metro de alto, detrás de la cual había aproximadamente 40 cm de una tierra obscura de basurero mezclada con adoquines (pequeños pedazos de piedra). No se sabe si esta provenga de la acumulación primaria de la actividad cultural, o si se trata de un relleno artificial; es decir, basurero desarrollado en otra parte y después redepositado detrás de dicha pared. Un fragmento de 15 fueron removidos de dos pozos de excavación adicionales de uno por dos metros para asi dejar al descubierto esta superficie. Finalmente, la mitad norte del pozo de excavación original (un área de 1 por 1 metro) se excavó hasta llegar al manto rocoso, el cual se encontraba a 25-50 cm de profundidad. un embadurnado quemado encontrado cerca de esta superficie sugiere la existencia de determinadas estructuras en este punto. Después de los depósitos basureros, 20 cm de tierra y adoquines con un menor contenido de origen cultural fueron depositados, formando una superficie relativamente nivelada de aproximadamente 60 cm encima del manto rocoso. Sus habitantes excavaron el Hoyo H en los depósitos detrás de la pared. La función de dicho hoyo se desconoce, aunque se cree que haya sido de carácter cultural. La progresión de los depósitos continuó cambiando, tornándose de un color más claro y casi sin piedras en los 10 cm superiores. Estos sedimentos incluyen una sucesión de superficies compactas definibles, ninguna de las cuales están preparadas ni tienen continuidad a distancia debido a su naturaleza efímera. Sin embargo, dos superficies relativamente bien definidas fueron identificadas dentro de esta zona. La primera (superficie G) se puso al descubierto solo en un pozo de excavación. La otra (superficie B) se descubrio a lo largo de toda un área, e incluía dos boquetes de poste. Sobre la superficie de un tercer posible boquete de poste se encontraron algunos artefactos. Esta última se cree que haya sido una superficie prehistórica de tipo ocupacional. Los primeros dos centímetros eran solo tierra suelta no consolidada, bajo la cual se encontró un estrato de 10 cm de grueso consistente de sedimentos compactos con grava y piedras disperso a través de este nivel. La porción superior de este depósito incluía varias áreas compactas definibles, las cuales pudieron ser excavadas en continuidad sobre un área de más de un metro, mas sin embargo ninguna de estas pudo ser seguida consistentemente a través de la formación. Bajo esta se encuentra un estrato de 20 a 40 cm de grosor el cual consistía de una matriz suave y suelta de color café con piedras y grava de tamaño mediano, asi como bloques de basalto más grandes. Dicho estrato se extendía hasta el manto rocoso, localizado a profundidades de 30 a 50 cm bajo la superficie actual. Varias áreas compactas fueron encontradas en la parte superior de esta formación, incluyendo un artefacto lítico cruciforme. No obstante, ninguna de estas formas pudo ser seguida contínuamente. Un total de seis metros cuadrados de superficie compacta se puso al descubierto. Las superficies tendían a romperse cerca de las rocas grandes adyacentes a los bordes de la formación. No se encontraron hoyos de poste, ni hornos, ni pisos preparados. El perfil estratográfico de esta formación es consistente con los encontrados en otros círculos de piedra y terrazas en el Cerro Juanaqueña. Descripción del Círculo de Piedra, R28 El R28 era una formación subrectangular de adoquines apilados de 3.5 por 4.5 metros, localizada cerca de la cima del Cerro Juanaqueña (ver figura 12 y figura 13). Su borde hacia el oriente era la pared de la terraza más alta, y sus otros tres lados estaban igualmente bien definidos. Esta formación, localizada en una ubicación única cerca a la cima del cerro era más grande que la mayoría de los otros círculos de piedra, y tenía una forma más rectangular. Por esta razón se interpretó como una estructura residencial y asi fue seleccionada para excavación. Descripción de la Terraza, T167 Debido a que el terreno de la superficie actual estaba muy cercano al manto rocoso, las excavaciones no fueron muy profundas (ver figura 14). Así, se comenzaron a excavar pozos de uno por dos metros en el cuadrante sureste de la formación. Se encontró una superficie compacta a los dos o cuatro centímetros bajo la superficie actual, y los sedimentos superiores La T167 es un área de 16 metros de longitud la cual es parte de una macroformación de 400 metros de largo circundando el sitio al norte, este, y sur. La pared de la terraza es una valla masiva de adoquines y piedras de basalto, aproximadamente 1.2 metros por encima del manto rocoso en su punto más alto y aproximadamente 6 metros de ancho en su base. La 16 MT 1 MT 3 MT 4 MT 5 U3 MT 6 A 1 U2 A U1 MT 17 MT 8 MT 7 MA 9 MA 10 HS 11 MA 14 MA 13 MA 15 MA 12 MT 16 MN A A 1 MA = MANO MT = METATE HS = PERCUTOR Figura 12. Plano del Círculo de Piedra, R28 17 0 1 2 METROS 3 4 CIRCULO DE PIEDRA POZO 2 0 1 2 TIERRA COLUVIAL PE N NA D IE T U NT RA E L TO AN TIERRA COLUVIAL M A A 1 POZO 1 3 METERS Figura 13. Sección del Pendiente del R28, Vista al Norte Figura 14. Perfil del R28, Vista al Norte conservada, su superficie era lo suficientemente grande como para haber sido usada como un sitio habitacional o como plataforma para una estructura, y era un buen ejemplo de una terraza grande. El propósito de las excavaciones de prueba fue encontrar estructuras u otras estructuras que revelaran detalles de construcción así como la estratigrafía. terraza nivelada artificialmente detrás de esta formación tiene 2-5 metros de ancho y cubre un área de aproximadamente 50 metros cuadrados (ver figura 15 y figura 16). Se estimó que el relleno de la terraza y las piedras de la valla contenían 96 metros cúbicos de relleno y piedra. Esta formación en particular fue seleccionada para prueba ya que estaba bien 18 6! MA 7 MA 2 MT 3 A A U2 MT 1 U1 U3 D ATUM CP 2 PS 4 AREA DE DESPOJOS DE CERAMICA Y METAL 6 $% MT 6 MT 5 6 $$ MN 0 1 2 3 4 METROS MA = MANO MT = METATE PS = MACHUCADOR Figura 15. Plano de la Terraza, T167 19 1 A TIERRA COLUVIAL TERRAZA POZO 2 0 1 2 MONTICULO DE PIEDRAS A 1 POZO 1 POZO 3 3 meters Figura 16. Sección del Pendiente de T167, Vista al Norte Las excavaciones se hicieron en forma de una larga zanja que descubría una sección transversal de la terraza y su pared. En la terraza en si, la zanja consistió de dos pozos de excavación, cada una de un metro de ancho y dos metros de largo. La parte de la zanja que cortaba a través de la pared se excavó como un solo pozo, o zanja, de un metro de ancho y diez metros de longitud. los espacios. No se logró discernir ninguna estructura o estratigrafía, y se concluyó que las piedras habían sido depositadas en un solo episodio de construcción. En algunos lugares, la tierra en los espacios entre las piedras retenía su morfología original, lo que sugirió que se había filtrado entre estos espacios en forma de lodo viscoso, reteniendo así su estructura "fluída". Aunque se encontraron artefactos en casi todos los niveles y contextos de esta zanja de prueba, ninguno de los depósitos contenía tierra con ceniza obscura como fue el caso de los depósitos identificados como basureros en otras áreas del sitio. Los primeros centímetros de sedimento sobre la pendiente de la valla es gravilla de deslave (Zona 1). Los depósitos detrás de la pared de la terraza contienen 30 cm de marga ligeramente dura y arenosa de color café mezclada con grava suelta (Zona 2). Bajo esta se encuentra un relleno intermedio, el cual consiste de una matriz compacta de barro arenoso con piedras de basalto y grava mezclados consistentemente y con ligeras laminaduras (Zona 3). Aproximadamente 40 cm debajo de la superficie actual, el depósito detrás de la terraza se torna en una marga de barro arenoso menos compacta y con más piedras de basalto, excediendo el 50 porciento del nivel (Zona 4). Este depósito se extendió hasta el manto rocoso a una profundidad de 40 a 80 cm. La valla (Zona 5) consiste de por lo menos 65 porciento de piedras y adoquines con marga de barro arenoso color negro. Entre el material botánico carbonizado encontrado en esta formación se encontraron dos piezas de Zea mays de doce hileras (Bolsa 42). Una de éstas fue enviada para su fechado de radiocarbóno [NSRL-3972]. Una pipa para fumar hecha de piedra también fue encontrada cerca del manto rocoso en el Pozo 1. Descripción de la Terraza, T222 La T222 era una terraza inusualmente ancha en forma de "D" en la cara empinada al oeste del Cerro Juanaqueña. Su superficie era de aproximadamente siete metros de ancho y un poco más de siete metros de largo. La porción nivelada y relativamente sin piedras de esta superficie mide aproximadamente 25 metros cuadrados. La pared de la terraza está construída de manera similar a otras paredes del sitio, básicamente en forma de apilamiento de piedras, la cual es probablemente de 1.5 metros de altura en su La sección transversal excavada a través de la pared de la terraza resultó ser una valla informal (por decir no es contrución de albañilería) de aproximadamente 1.2 metros de altura en su punto máximo y posiblemente seis metros de ancho en su base (ver figura 17). Estaba construída de adoquines de basalto apilados al azar, con rellenos de tierra obscura entre 20 21 Figura 17. Perfil de T167, Vista al Sur punto máximo. Ninguna otra formación, incluyendo arcos de piedra, se asoció a esta terraza (ver figura 18 y figura 19). más reciente. De ser así, existía la posibilidad de encontrar una superficie de terraza enterrada, y por consiguiente mejor preservada. Al final no se encontró nada de lo supuesto anteriormente. La Terraza 222 era identica en su construcción y estratigrafía a las otras terrazas probadas durante las excavaciones. La terraza se seleccionó para prueba por diferentes razones. Primeramente, estaba localizada en la pendiente oeste del cerro, área que no había sido sometida a prueba. En segundo lugar, era más grande y más redonda que el resto de las terrazas. Esto incrementó la posibilidad de que se tratara de una formación totalmente diferente, quizás una hoya. Finalmente se localizó una estrecha reptura plana en la pendiente de la pared de la terraza, hacia abajo de la pendiente y enfrente de la terraza. Se penso que esto podría indicar la superimposición de una terraza Dos pozos de excavación de un metro por un metro (Pozos 2 y 3) en la Terraza 222 fueron excavadas hasta el manto rocoso (ver figura 20). Ambas mostraron las mismas características estratográficas de otras terrazas que habían sido probadas durante la investigación de 1997, incluyendo una superficie relativamente bien definida a unos pocos centímetros de la superficie actual. Unos cuantos centímetros de relleno superfi- 6 ! 6 ! A 6 U 10 U2 U1 U 11 U7 U3 U4 U 12 U8 U6 U5 U9 U 13 U 14 U 15 U 16 A 6 MN 0 1 2 3 4 A METROS Figura 18. Plano de la Terraza, T222 22 A 1 1 A 1 TIERRA COLUVIAL TERRAZA MONTICULO POZO 15 POZO 5 POZO 4 POZO 1 0 1 2 3 METROS Figura 19. Sección del Pendiente de T222, Vista al Sur, Sureste Figura 20. Perfil de T222, Vista al Noreste 23 PENDIENTE NATURAL A cial suelto fueron removidos de 14 pozos de excavación adicionales de un metro por un metro para buscar hornos, boquetes de poste u otras estructuras en la superficie enterrada. Ninguna de estas fue encontrada. Interpretación de T222 La construcción de la Terraza 222 comenzó con la construcción de una pared de adoquín sobre una empinada pendiente. Algunos de los más grandes piedras de basalto disponibles fueron usadas para su construcción, cuyas dimensiones en su punto máximo se elevan a 1.5 metros por encima de la pendiente del cerro. Esta pared tiene un ángulo de inclinación de aproximadamente 45 grados, creando un hundimiento de 80 cm de profundidad y seis a siete metros de ancho entre la pared y la pendiente del cerro. Este hundimiento fue rellenado con piedras más chicas y tierra. Material de origen cultural se incorporó después en este el depósito artificial. Después de que el material relacionado a su construcción fue depositado, quedo una depresión de una profundidad de 10 a 15 cm entre la pared de la terraza y la pendiente del cerro. Tal depresión fue rellenada con sedimentos arenosos los cuales se cree que se depositaron naturalmente. Por encima de esta se encuentra una delgada capa de 8 cm de sedimentos naturales algo compactados, la misma que se estima sea el área de ocupación original. Un número de artefactos, incluyendo tres puntas de dardo del período arcáico tardío, fueron recuperados de estos depósitos. No se encontraron hornos, boquetes de poste, u otros elementos artificiales. Los primeros dos a cuatro centímetros de cada pozo de excavión consistían de una capa predominantemente suelta, bajo la cual se encontraba un depósito de crecimiento aluvial consistente de sedimentos naturalmente depositados que descansaban sobre el relleno artificial de la terraza. Dichos depósitos consistían de grupos alternados de sedimentos finos y arena. La parte superior de este depósito es ligeramente compacta e interpretada como un suelo de vivienda. Los excavadores notaron que estos depósitos cubrían el relleno de construcción de la terraza (descrito anteriormente), que eran compactos, y que algunos artefactos se encontraban acostados en diversos sitios de este depósito. Tres puntas de dardo del Arcáico Tardío fueron recuperados de estos sedimentos. Estas observaciones indican que este estrato representa el verdadero depósito de la actividad ocupacional sobre la Terraza 222. Bajo esta se encontró una zona de transición consistente de sedimentos mezclados, los cuales llenaban el espacio entre la pendiente natural del cerro en el lado este de la pared de la terraza localizada en el oeste, inmediatamente después de la construcción. Este estrato consistía principalmente de sedimentos arenosos con unas cuantas piedras. Análisis de T222 Dos ejemplos carbonizados de un tipo de semilla desconocida (Bolsa 79 y Bolsa 94), y 17 cópulas también carbonizadas de Zea Mays (Bolsa 100). Una parte de las semillas no identificadas (Bolsa 94, NSRL3974) y las cópulas de maíz [número de muestra no especificado] fueron enviadas para su fechado. La pared de la terraza y el relleno artificial detras de la terraza se extendían hasta el manto rocoso. Ambas formaciones consistían principalmente de adoquines de basalto con terreno polvoso, cienoso, y no estructurado entre las piedras. La pared de la terraza se podía distinguir claramente del relleno de la terraza porque contenía piedras más grandes. En contraste, el relleno detrás de la pared contiene más tierra y las piedras en éste tienden a ser más pequeñas. En algunos lugares los excavadores reconocieron depósitos individuales de relleno de grava apisonada de vaciado individual. Existían asi mismo artefactos y algun material botánico carbonizado en el relleno de la terraza, mas no depósitos basureros como los encontrados en otras partes del sitio. Descripción del Círculo de Piedra, R250 El R250 tiene un diámetro de aproximadamente 3.5 metros y está localizado sobre una terraza de 11 m de largo por 7 m de ancho (ver figura 21 y figura 22). La Terraza 251 se encuentra en la empinada pendiente de la cara oeste del Cerro Juanaqueña. El R250 fue construído en el lado sur de la T251, adyacente a la pendiente del lado oeste y al márgen de la terraza en 24 PI MA 16 MT 15 MT 12 MA 13 MT 19 MT 2 MT 21 MT 3 MA 17 6 # MT 18 MT 8 MA 3 MT 20 MT 22 MT 6 MA 7 D a tum PS 1 MT 4 A MA 14 MA 11 U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 A 1 4 # 6 "' MN A A 1 MA = MANO MT = METATE PS = MACHUCADOR PI = PIPA PARA FUMAR DE PIEDRA 0 1 2 3 4 METROS Figura 21. Plano del Círculo de Piedra, R250 el lado sur. El círculo de piedra se caracteriza por un diámetro exterior de 6 metros y tiene forma de un montículo de piedra. Se alza a aproximadamente 30 cm sobre la superficie de la T251. Su interior estaba relativamente libre de piedras, y su circunferencia la definían grandes adoquines. Las excavaciones se limitaron a cuatro pozos de excavación de un metro por un metro dentro del círculo de piedra. En suma estas excavaciones representaban poco más de la mitad del interior del círculo de piedra. Dos de los pozos fueron excavados hasta el manto rocoso, mientras que las otras solo llegaron a profundidades de 5 a 20 cm bajo la superficie actual. Esta formación se seleccionó para excavación debido a su aparente buena conservación y a su inusual cantidad de relieve. Se esperaba encontrar evidencia de uso de este círculo, tal como hornos o boquetes de poste. La estratografía del R250 era similar a la hallada en los demás puntos del sitio (ver figura 23). La superficie consiste de una capa de un centímetro a tres centímetros de grueso de sedimento suelto, bajo 25 A 1 TIERRA COLUVIAL CIRCULO DE PIEDRA TERRAZA POZO 6 POZO 5 POZO 4 0 1 2 3 METROS Figura 22. Sección del Pendiente del R250, Vista al Sur Figura 23. Perfil del R250, Vista al Este 26 MONTICULO DE PIEDRA A la cual existe un estrato consistente de sedimentos consolidados de aproximadamente 15 cm de espesor y con numerosas piedras, grava, y artefactos enterrados. Esta zona carece por lo general de grandes piedras salientes. Bajo este los sedimentos consistían de una matriz muy suave y suelta conteniendo grandes adoquines. Esta capa de pedacería y sedimentos que miden de unos cuantos centímetros a medio metro, cubre el manto rocoso y se supone que proviene de relleno artificial de origen cultural. pedazos de hueso, y una concha encontradas alrededor de una madriguera de roedor. Esta evidencia sugirió la presencia de material botánico carbonizado capaz de ser fechado. De esta manera, se excavaron cuatro pozos de un metro por un metro hasta el manto rocoso en el relleno de la Terraza 537. En casi todas estos pozos de prueba el manto rocoso se encontraba a aproximadamente 60 cm de profundidad, aunque algunos depósitos aislados de tierra llegaban hasta los 80 cm de profundidad (ver figura 26). Los depósitos en esta formación consistían de una marga arenosa de color gris más obscuro que en otras partes del sitio. La tierra era más clara cerca de la superficie, haciéndose más obscura a niveles más profundos. En los ultimos 30 cm los sedimentos eran mucho más obscuros y contenían cantidades substanciales de material lítico y muchos más huesos que en cualquier otro lugar de prueba. Lo obscuro del terreno y la cantidad de artefactos indicaron que se trataba de un depósito basurero. Además se utilizaron más adoquines y piedras para rellenar los niveles más bajos. La superficie compacta encontrada en la mayoría de los pozos de prueba no existía en la Terraza 537, la cual contaba con gran actividad de roedores. Una muestra de radiocarbóno de esta formación fue enviada en la Bolsa 74, la cual consistía de una mazorca de maíz [NSRL-3975]. Interpretación del R250 No se encontró indicio alguno de construcción u ocupación dentro del R250. Tampoco se logró distinguir la superficie de la terraza sobre la cual pudo haber sido construído dicho círculo de piedra. Es posible que el anillo haya servido como fundamento para alguna construcción sobre tierra, lo cual es imposible de confirmar dada la evidencia con la que se cuenta. Descripción de la Terraza, T537 La T537 se localiza sobre la pendiente que da hacia el este cerca de la cima del Cerro Juanaqueña. Se considera una formación inusual en el sentido de que es básicamente cuadrada en lugar de la tipica forma larga y curveada. Su longitud es de ocho metros de norte a sur y seis metros de este a oeste (ver figura 24 y figura 25). Debido a su suave pendiente es menos masiva que otras terrazas en el sitio. En su punto máximo la pared de la terraza es de aproximadamente 7 metros por encima del terreno original. El área de espacio nivelado detrás de esta terraza es de aproximadamente 30 metros cuadrados. Existe además un grupo de adoquines de basalto de menor tamaño (10 cm de diámetro o menos) regados a través de la superficie de esta terraza a unos cuantos metros al suroeste de los pozos de prueba. Existen varias estructuras similares cerca de la cima del cerro, y no se sabe si éstas estan relacionadas con la construcción de la terraza o si representan formaciones termales. Interpretacion de T537 La forma rectangular de esta terraza puede ser atribuída a la suave pendiente y a la reducida protruberancia en los contornos naturales del cerro. Resultó más fácil extender dicha terraza en dirección hacia la pendiente; la terraza típica es angosta y se extiende en forma paralela al cerro. Los depósitos basureros obscuro en los niveles inferiores son semejantes a los encontrados en la Terraza 6. Esto puede deberse a que sus ocupantes utilizaron el material de basurero como relleno de construcción. Otra alternativa sería que el sedimento con contenido de basura pudo haberse filtrado a través del relleno de construcción. La primera explicación parece más plausible. Esta fue la primera formación seleccionada para prueba debido a la tierra de ceniza, piedra fragmentada, 27 MADRIGUERA CON CENIZAS U1 DATUM U2 U3 U4 PS HUESO DE VACA A HUESOS DE VACA MA 6 MT HS MT 5 1 A SH 6#!% SH MA 1 6 ! MT 2 MT 3 MN 1 A A MA = MANO MT = METATE PS = MACHUCADOR SH = CONCHA HS = PERCUTOR 0 1 2 METROS 3 4 Figura 24. Plano de la Terraza, T537 Figura 25. Sección del Pendiente de T537, Vista al Norte LO ZA TICU A N RR TE MO A CASCOTE SOBRE LA TERRAZA POZO 2 0 1 2 POZO 3 TIERRA COLLUVIAL POZO4 3 METROS 28 A 1 Figura 26. Perfil de T537, Vista al Sur Rellono de Pozos y Zanjas en su construcción. Los niveles más bajos, de consistencia generalmente suelta, fueron rellenados con 50 porciento o más de adoquines y grava. Para dos casos este material de relleno contenía depósitos basureros (T137 y T6) mientras que en otros dos casos los sedimentos eran notablemente más obscuros que en los depósitos superiores. Esto podría deberse a la incorporación del horizonte A cercano dentro de los niveles más bajos del relleno. En varias de estas estructuras (T6, T167, R28, R250) se encontró una zona compacta por encima del material de relleno suelto. Se logró además identificar un suelo de vivienda con boquetes de poste en la T6, mas no se logró identificar otra superficie similar en ninguna otra de las formaciones. En total se excavaron una cobinación de 43 pozos y zanjas, en cuatro terrazas y tres círculos de piedra. Del total, 23 se excavaron a una profundidad desatendible de diez centímetros o menos, y los otros 17 se excavaron al manto rocoso. Antes de iniciar dichas excavaciones, una área cercana a distinta prueba se selecciono para la criba de tierra. El superficie de cada área se cubrio con hojas de plástico para aislar y luego recobrar el desecho que se iba cribando. Los últimos dos días de la investigación de campo se utilizaron para el relleno de pozos y zanjas. En cada pozo y zanja, antes de rellenar, se les colocaba una moneda y/o un bote de aluminio, luego se cubría con hoja(s) de plastico. El mismo desecho de tierra y piedras que se había cribado y aislado en las hojas de plástico se uso para rellenar los pozos y zanjas. El proceso se documento por medio de fotografías y estas fueron archivadas en el Centro para la Investigación Arqueológica de la Universidad de Texas en San Antonio (UTSA-CAR). Fechado Tres terrazas ampliamente separadas arrojaron piezas de maíz carbonizado (Zea mays L.) u otros restos de cosechas anuales buenas para el fechado de radiocarbóno AMS. Se han obtenido cuatro fechas a partir de este material (ver tabla 1). Estas son las primeras fechas carbono 14 reportadas de maíz encontrado en el noroeste de México. Todas las muestras fueron recuperadas ya sea del interior de la terraza o del relleno detrás de las paredes o vallas. La media agrupada de las tres fechas del maíz son: 3070 años calibrados (cal.) antes del presente (AP), basado en los procedimientos del programa de Wilson y Ward Resumen de Estructuras Las cuatro terrazas y los tres círculos de piedra que se probaron rindieron material fechable, así como muestras etnobotánicas, de fauna, líticas, y de polen. Las siete estructuras mostraron una sequencia similar 29 Tabla 1. Cuatro Fechas (AMS 14C) del Cerro Juanaqueña Proveniencia* Material IN STARR Lab No. Radiocarbóno años AP Dendrocalibradas 2. Rangos de E dad 167-42-3-56 Mazorca de Maíz 3983 2980±50 3330 (3200, 3150) 2970 537-74-4-55 Mazorca de Maíz 3986 2890±50 3200 (2980) 2860 222-100-2-105 17 Cúpulos de Maíz 3995 2930±50 3220 (3070) 2890 222-94-3-95 Cucúrbit a 3985 3310±60 3690 (3550, 3520, 3480) 3380 *Terraza-Bolsa-Pozo-Profundidad bajo superficie en centímetros. (1978) y de Stuiver y Reimer (1993). La cuarta fecha de una cucúrbita silvestre es un dato estadístico extremo de 3520 años calibrados (cal.) AP. arrivo del maíz. Es importante notar que la fecha más antigua para la calabaza silvestre del Cerro Juanaqueña es de aproximadamente 3520 cal. AP, fecha que es contemporánea con las cinco fechas extremas. Este valor medio agregado de tres edades de maíz es contemporáneo con 18 de las otras edades radiocarbóno (2700 AP) de maíz y calabaza del suroeste de los Estados Unidos. Las edades radiocarbóno de plantas cultivadas del Cerro de Juanaqueña y de otros 10 sitios son estadísticamente iguales con un nivel de confianza del 95 porciento (T'=23.33, ² = 31.4, n=21). La media agrupada de las 21 edades es de 2980 años cal. AP (Hard & Roney, 1998). Cinco fechas de maíz más antiguas resultaron significativamente diferentes del grupo de 2980 cal. AP (p<.05), cayendo entre 3300 y 3900 años cal. AP (Gilpin, 1994; Seymour, 1996; Smiley, 1994:174). Puntas de Proyectil Los artefactos encontrados en el Cerro Juanaqueña pertenecen al Período Arcáico Tardío (3500-1700 años AP). Huckell (1995) ha sugerido que el Período Arcáico Tardío se llame Período Agrícola Temprano para aquellos sitios donde el maíz esté presente. Un total de 254 puntas de proyectil han sido recuperadas del sito. Todas excepto seis provenían de contextos de superficie. De estas, 235 son puntas de dardo características del Período Arcáico. Las formas que predominan se clasifican como: San Pedro, Hatch, Hueco, En Medio, Shumla, o Diagonal Dentada (ver figura 27). Todas ellas provienen de los años 3500 1000 AP, siendo más comunes durante la primera parte de este rango cronológico (MacNeish, 1993:167-190; Estos datos indican que el Cerro Juanaqueña es contemporáneo con casi todas las fechas más antiguas de plantas cultivadas en el suroeste. Además, no existe gradiente de edad de sur a norte entre los primeros sitios de cultivo de maíz. El maíz se extendió desde el norte de México hasta el norte de Arizona y el norte de Nuevo México con tal rapidez que el fechado de radiocarbóno actual no ha podido trazar su desarrollo (Smiley, 1994). Finalmente, las cinco fechas extremas de un cuarto de milenio indican que una investigación más a fondo podría proporcionar datos de un medio cuarto de milenio para el Figura 27. Puntas de Proyectil del Período Arcáico Tardío 30 Roth & Huckell, 1992). Las exploraciones más limitadas de los sitios de Cerros Los Torres y Cerro Vidal han generado algunos de estos mismos tipos de puntas de proyectil. Utensilios de Molienda Se estima que 585 metates planos y hondos se encuentran en las pendientes superiores y la cima del sitio. Concavidades ovoides profundas en los metates hondos indican que estos fueron usados intensivamente por décadas para moler alimentos. Estos estimados se basan en una inspección sistemática de superficie del 11.2 porciento de una muestra estratificada de todas las estructuras en la parte superior del cerro. Todos los metates y 77 porciento de las manos están hechos de basalto del propio cerro. La profundidad promedio del desgaste de los metates hondos es de 8.4 ± 1.6 cm (n=26, nivel de confianza de 95%). La alta densidad de roca de suelo y su extenso desgaste confirma que la molienda de alimentos era una actividad primordial en este sitio residencial. Las manos encontradas en el Cerro de Juanaqueña tienen un área de molido promedio de 126.6 ± 16.2 cm² (n=63, nivel de confianza de 95%). Este tamaño pequeño sugiere el procesamiento de semillas indígenas mucho más que el del maíz (Hard 1997). Existe un pequeño número de otras puntas encontradas en Cerro Juanaqueña que posiblemente no pertenescan al período Arcáico Tardío. Cinco son puntas de flecha, las cuales parecen provenir de la actividad posterior al 500 años a.C. Otras 14 son de tamaño mediano entre puntas de dardo y puntas de flecha. Dos especímenes pueden ser clasificadas como puntas Cortaro, un tipo encontrado en el sur de Arizona, el cual podría ser un prototipo de la transición entre los períodos Arcáico Medio y Tardío (5500 - 3500 años AP) (Roth & Huckell, 1992). Otros Líticos El hallazgo de densidades significativas de deshecho lítico, promediando 6.5 vestigios por metro cuadrado, representan las etapas de reducción temprana y tardía. Esta presencia de percutores, cascotes, y preformas bifaciales indican que todas las etapas de manufactura lítica ocurrieron en las terrazas (Roney 1996a). Los materiales líticos como el horsteno, calcedonia, y riolita, no se encuentran en el sitio sino que fueron traídos de una ubicación desconocida. La semilitud de las puntas de proyectil con los colores de desecho horsteno sugiere que tales puntas eran manufacturadas en el sitio. Los yacimientos de materia lítica también están presente en el Cerro Los Torres y el Cerro Vidal, representando un arreglo similar de formas y etapas de reducción como las vistas en el Cerro Juanaqueña pero en densidades más bajas. Artefactos del Posarcáico Existe muy poca evidencia de actividades posarcáicos. Aparte de las cinco pequeñas puntas de flecha ya mencionadas, se encontraron piezas de alfarería en dos sitios. Uno de estos consiste de pedazos de un solo jarro fechado entre 700 y 1200 años d.C., mientras que el otro grupo ubicado en un área de 10 metros de diámetro consiste de aproximadamente 30 pedazos provenientes de tres jarrones sencillos y un objeto parecido a un sartén de campo del período Histórico. Por lo menos 30 petroglifos del Período Medio (1200 -1400 d.C.) y del Período Histórico y probablemente otros períodos también están presentes en las pendientes superiores de la cima del Cerro Juanaqueña (Gerald, 1990). En el Cerro Vidal no se han encontrado piezas de alfarería y solo siete pequeños guijarros provenientes de un área de tres metros de diámetro han sido recuperados del Cerro Los Torres (Roney, 1996 a, b). Otras clases de artefactos corroboran la edad Arcáica Tardío del Cerro Juanaqueña. Estos incluyen metates planos y hondos, manos pequeñas ovaladas y redondas, pipas para fumar de piedra tubulares, tazones o charolas poco profundas, y cruciforme (Ferg, 1997; Gregory, 1997; Mabry & Clark, 1994;Mabry, 1997; Silva, 1997). Un total de 18 manos, 4 metates, 2 pipas para fumar, 8 tazones de piedra, y 4 cruciformes fueron recuperadas tanto de excavaciones como de la superficie. 31 Restos de Fauna Discusión Acerca las Estructuras El análisis de 6,847 huesos de las excavaciones de 1997 determinó que 1,067 (15%) eran identificables (Schmidt y Nisendgard, 1998). La liebre (Lepus sp.) fue la especie más común representada con 877 elementos (82.2% de las especies identificables). El conejo (Sylvilagus sp.) fue la siguiente con 89 elementos (8.2%). El venado mula (Odocoileus heminous) y el antílope de cuernos (Antilocapra americana) fueron representados por 40 elementos (3.7%). También había 40 elementos producto de roedores (3.7%). El resto incluía 8 reptiles (incluyendo el caparazón de una tortuga), cuatro huesos de pescado, cuatro carnívoros, y cinco pájaros. A pesar de la ubicación del sitio junto al Río Casas Grandes, aves de agua y otras especies de río están sorpresivamente ausentes. La evidencia acerca de los medios de subsistencia indica que los ocupantes del cerro explotaban especies similares a las de otros grupos contemporáneos en la porción sur del suroeste y el noroeste de México. El elemento cultural más prominente en el Cerro Juanaqueña son las 468 terrazas, también conocidas como trincheras (ver figura 3). Estas se concentran en un área de cinco hectáreas sobre la cima y las pendientes superiores del cerro asi como en un área de tres hectáreas sobre las pendientes bajas del mismo. Las terrazas tienen por lo general forma de arco con una longitud promedio de 17.8 metros (SD = 9.98 m, N = 468) y un ancho de 7 metros (SD = 2.12 metros, n = 30). Sus habitantes prehistóricos las construyeron apilando adoquines de basalto hasta formar vallas de tres a seis metros de ancho en su base y hasta 1.2 metros o más de alto con secciones transversales semiparabólicas (ver figura 3). Los adoquines fueron simplemente montados uno en otro con muy poca organización, aunque ocasionalmente eran ensamblados para darle a la estructura una inclinación más pronunciada. No se han encontrado paredes verticales. Los espacios entre las paredes de las terrazas y las pendientes del cerro contienen pequeñas piedras y tierra. Restos Macrobotánicos Por lo menos dos niveles de complejidad organizacional pueden ser detectados en las terrazas, asi como alineación de ellas y formaciones macrocirculares. No existe mucha variabilidad entre las terrazas en cuanto a tamaño, forma y construcción. Las alineaciones son de 40 a 120 metros de longitud y fueron construidas a la misma elevación uniendo de tres a siete terrazas. Las terrazas individuales están subdivididas por los lóbulos de las paredes de la terraza o por paredes de cruce perpendicular. Las alineaciones de terrazas se encuentran tanto en las pendientes superiores como en las pendientes inferiores del Cerro Juanaqueña. Las macroformaciones circulares son el tipo más grande de organización. Estas consisten de lineas semicirculares de terrazas formando perímetros. Las macroformaciones múltiples son concéntricas. La macroformación en el Cerro de Juanaqueña es de 400 m de largo y consiste de aproximadamente 25 terrazas individuales colocadas una tras otra formando así el perímetro del lado este del sitio (ver figura 2). Dos fragmentos de mazorca de maíz carbonizados (Zea mays L.) se encontraron durante la excavación. También se encontró maíz en dos de los 41 muestras de sedimento para flotación (Adams, 1998). El maíz es una variedad de 12 zurcos que es consistente con el maíz encontrado en otros lugares en el noroeste de México y el suroeste de los Estados Unidos, incluyendo sitios del Arcáico Tardío. La ubicación del Cerro Juanaqueña junto al Río Casas Grandes sugiere que los habitantes practicaban la agricultura de inundación. Otras semillas carbonizadas encontradas incluyen chenopodium (Chenepodium) o amaranto (Amaranthus), calabaza silvestre (Cucurbita Digitata o C. Foetidissima), chía (Salvia sp.) césped de planicie (Eragrostis intermedia), zacates no identificados (Gramineae), regaliz silvestre (del tipo Astragalus nuttalliana), enea (Scirpus sp.), y ‘globemallow' (Sphaeralcea sp.). Todas estas son plantas potencialmente cultivables y su presencia aunada con la naturaleza del suelo rocoso implica que estas semillas indígenas eran de suma importancia. Aproximadamente 106 círculos de piedra se asocian claramente con las terrazas, ya que la mayoría de ellos fueron construídos en las superficies de las terrazas. 32 Estos varían desde estructuras muy bien definidas que aparentan haber tenido múltiples tiradas de piedra seca, a sutiles arreglos de adoquín. El diámetro promedio es de 2.8 m (n=20, SD=.62). Tres de estas formaciones (R1a, R250, R28) se sometieron a prueba en 1997, mas no se encontraron indicios internos u otros indicadores de su construcción y uso. formó con una pared de forma creciente con un perímetro exterior de 25.5 m y 3.5 m en su punto más grueso, con una altura máxima de 1 metro construida de piedras apiladas con una capa de sedimentos. La tarea de construir la pared de la terraza y rellenar detrás de la misma con adoquines resultó muy fácil. Piedras de basalto abundan en los alrededores y pueden facilmente ser colocados en posición. Se requirió de 35.1 horas hombre para levantar y apilar aproximadamente 20 metros cúbicos de piedras (ca. 6,500 piedras individuales) y así formar la valla y pedacería de relleno detrás de la misma. La adición de sedimentos finos resultó una tarea más dificil. A pesar de que había suficiente material apropiado para hacer la reproducción de una terraza, el terreno tuvo que ser levantado a mano. Aproximadamente la mitad del sedimento requerido para formar la parte superior fue extraido con varas puntiagudas para asi simular herramientas prehistóricas. Los trabajadores después utilizaron picos de metal. Se utilizaron cubetas para cucharear los sedimentos de la superficie en una forma quizas similar al antiguo uso de canastas. Si se hubieran usado las varas puntiagudas para completar la construcción se hubieran requerido 30 horas hombre para escarbar, palear y colocar tres metros cúbicos de sedimento para formar la superficie de la terraza. El total de trabajo necesitado para construir una terraza promedio se estima que sea de 65 horas hombre. Existen 468 terrazas en el Cerro Juanaqueña, lo que implica que su construcción requirió de 16 años hombre de trabajo y la transportación de casi 11,000 metros cúbicos o 20,000 toneladas métricas de piedra y tierra (Glover 1989). El número total de formaciones en el cerro indica una escala de mayor actividad laboral para la construcción de un sitio habitacional que resulta desconocido para un período de tiempo como este. El amplio rango de actividades representado por los artefactos asociados con las terrazas del Cerro Juanaqueña indica que una de sus principales funciones era el proporcionar superficies niveladas para su ocupación residencial. En una terraza se puso al descubierto un piso no preparado con boquetes de poste, asi como restos quemados de barro que posiblemente indiquen la presencia de una estructura hecha de barro. Las superficies de las terrazas y las pendientes de las vallas contienen grandes metates hondos, metates planos más pequeños, y pedacería de piedra. Los depósitos excavados en estas terrazas contienen tierra de ceniza, hueso animal carbonizado y no carbonizado, fragmentos de piedra de moler, asi como enormes cantidades de pedacería de piedra, todo lo cual representa desecho de actividad domestica. Costos Laborales Aunque el material cultural del Cerro Juanaqueña coincide con el encontrado en la región, la construcción en este sitio refleja un nivel de una población más numerosa, una mayor actividad laboral, y un extraordinario nivel de modificación de tierra en relación a otros lugares contemporáneos en el noroeste de México o el suroeste de los Estados Unidos, incluyendo viviendas de piedra, pequeños grupos de covachas y aldeas encontradas en el sureste de Arizona (Mabry & Clark, 1994; Mabry, 1997a, b, Gregory, 1997). De hecho el sitio es más grande que cualquier cerro de trincheras del periodo Preshistórico Tardío (McGuire et al. 1993). Para comprender mejor el aumento en actividad laboral representada por el Cerro Juanaqueña, solo basta ver como sus terrazas fueron construidas. Basado en otros datos experimentales, esta mayor actividad laboral es equivalente a la de un sitio con 63 hoyas grandes con superestructuras abundantes, o bien un pueblo con 140 cuartos de vivienda. Las estimaciones comparativas de trabajo para una hoya son: 60 días hombre para construir una hoya de 5 m por 5 m por 1.5 m de profundidad con postes de soporte y techo; o bien 53 días hombre para un jacal de pueblo y construcción de adobe para el primer cuarto de la casa de un pueblo (una habitación y dos cuartos de almacenaje) y 27 días para construir cada cuarto adicional con paredes compartidas (Wilshusen, Con la ayuda de dos trabajadores locales se construyó una terraza de 15 m de largo y 6 m de ancho representando la típica terraza del cerro. La terraza se 33 El Cerro Prieto de Santa Bárbara, es otro cerro de trincheras encontrado cerca de Parral, en el Municipio de Santa Bárbara. Este sitio se localiza en la cima y las pendientes de un cerro que se eleva a 50 o 60 metros por encima del terreno que lo rodea. Varios precipicios rodean el sitio hacia el norte y el este. La mayoría de las terrazas se concentran en la pendiente menos inclinada del sur, aunque algunos se localizan en las pendientes del oeste. Hay 450 metros de muros de terracería, así como 10 círculos de piedra. Encontramos cerámica de color moreno, liso; dos tepalcates de la época colonial, cuales parecen ser de jarros para aceite de oliva; artefactos líticos; y un depositio basurero. 1988:599-633). Lo significante es que el Cerro Juanaqueña es anterior a sitios de esta magnitud por no menos de 1500 años. Debido a que el período Arcáico Tardío es cuando los primeros indicadores de la transición de un estilo de vida mobil, de recolección y caza a uno basado en la agricultura sedentaria, la escala del Cerro Juanaqueña resulta particularmente significativa. Registro de Sitios Los siguientes tres sitios fueron registrados: El primer nuevo cerro de trincheras registrado es el Cerro de Tascate, el cual se localiza a16 km al norte de Ascención. El sitio está localizado en un cerro de 60 m de alto que da hacia la rivera del Río Casas Grandes. Dos paredes de terraza paralelas rodean un área de forma oval de aproximadamente 120 m por 80 m localizada en el centro de la cima del cerro. Las terrazas están separadas por 10 metros y se encuentran bien definidas en los lados norte, este y sur. La pendiente suroeste del cerro es una empinada y rocosa protuberancia que carece de terrazas. La más sobresaliente de estas terrazas tiene aproximadamente 220 metros de largo, mientras que la terraza más interior es de 200 metros de largo. Dentro del área definida por estas terrazas se localizan terrazas más pequeñas, dos montículos, varios círculos de piedra de cuatro centímetros de diametro, y un cercado rectangular de 10 m por 8 m localizado en la cima. Debido a que este sitio consiste principalmente de dos paredes de terraza paralelas, se asemeja al Cerro de la Virgen cerca de Janos, sitio que fue registrado por P. Minnis y M. Whalen como 95-394. El Mirador o Cerro La Noria, es el tercer cerro de trincheras que fue visitado. Había sido ya descrito y registrado en 1949 bajo los auspicios del Pueblo de Gila, y se le asignó el número Chih Y-2-1. Este cerro es muy parecido a Cerro Prieto de Santa Bárbara, especialmente en aspectos como el tamaño, ubicación topográfica, y la manera de su construcción. En la cima del cerro encontramos varios círculos de piedra. También encontramos cerámica de color moreno, liso; artefactos líticos; y un lugar con tierra obscura, cual indica la posibilidad de un depositio basurero. Implicaciones Hace solo algunos cuantos años se creía que la adopción de la agricultura y la formación de aldeas sedentarias en el noroeste de México y el suroeste de los Estados Unidos era un proceso altamente gradual. Las sociedades del periodo Arcáico eran pequeños grupos a nivel de bandas con patrones de residencia altamente mobiles y dispersos. Durante el período Arcáico Tardío, el cultivo casual de maíz y de otras plantas cultivadas se incorporó a esta forma de vida, sin tener un impacto significativo por más de un milenio antes del desarrollo de sociedades completamente agrícolas (e.g. Haury, 1962; Ford, 1981; Minnis, 1985; MacNeish, 1992; Wills, 1988). Aumentos de población, las aldeas sedentarias, las estructuras sociales más complejas y los sistemas de subsistencia que dependen de la producción agrícola no se desarrollaron sino hasta después de 1500 años AP en algunas áreas e incluso mucho después en otras (Hard 1997; Whalen, 1994). Muy pocos artefactos existían en el sitio. Un cascote y un par de lascas se encontraron en el cuadrante suroeste, y dos o tres guijarros, incluyendo uno muy policromado fueron encontrados dentro de la estructura rectangular en la cima del cerro. Aproximadamente a 200 o 300 m al noroeste del cerro, en una terraza natural justo encima de la rivera, existe un sitio habitacional del períodod Medio. La construcción original ha sido dañada a causa de la construcción reciente de una casa que ya ha sido abandonada. 34 Una serie de recientes avances hace dudar sobre este escenario, o por lo menos sobre su generalización sobre toda la región. En el sur de Arizona, sitios residenciales más recientes que 3000 años AP, incluyen abundante evidencia de cultivos de maíz (e.g. Huckell et al. 1995). Grandes aldeas ya se habían formado para 2500 años AP. Estas contenían numerosas hoyas, lugares de almacenaje, depósitos de basura, cementerios, y estructuras comunales (Huckell, 1990, 1995; Mabry 1997; Roth, 1996). La dependencia sobre el maíz era claramente creciente, asi como el aumento de aldeas y el sedentarismo. Los reportes preliminares sugieren que algo similar ocurría en el norte de Sonora (Sánchez et al. 1996). Combinados con la evidencia del Cerro Juanaqueña, estos datos muestran que la formación de hacentamientos humanos en las praderas del desierto de Sonora y el desierto de Chihuahua en la región suroeste y noroeste de México ocurrió simultáneamente con la agricultura incipiente de Mesoamérica a través del noroeste de México y el suroeste de los Estados Unidos. sitios del período Arcáico Tardío, indican claramente que el arquetipo que describe a cazadores y recolectores altamente móviles con residencia en campos de pequeñas bandas, debe dilatarse para incorporar modelos fuera de serie. Sin embargo, el establecimiento de aldeas no ocurrió sino después de otro milenio o más en las partes central y norte de la región suroeste, como lo demuestran los pocos sitios con cultivos de maíz hasta el 2000 al 1500 años AP. No obstante, aproximadamente en el 2000 años AP, en algunas áreas tales como la Black Mesa en el norte de Arizona y la Cedar Mesa en el sur de Utah, el uso del maíz ya era popular para sus habitantes (Matson, 1991). Sin embargo, en muchas otras partes del suroeste el maíz continuó siendo una porción menor en la dieta de recolección como lo sugiere el modelo tradicional hasta los siglos posteriores a 1500 años AP. Estas observaciones indican que la transición de grupos móviles de caza y recolección a aldeas agrícolas sedentarias no ocurrió en forma simple y lineal en el noroeste de México y suroeste de los Estados Unidos. El proceso de transición se caracterizó mas bien por combinaciones altamente variables de una población más numeroso, dependencia en la agricultura, y grados de sedentarismo. Nuestros descubrimientos en el Cerro Juanaqueña, al ser combinados con datos recientes obtenidos de otros 35 Obras Citadas ADAMS, Karen R. 1998 Plant Remains Recovered from Juanaqueña, A Late Archaic (3000 BP) Trincheras Site in Northern Chihuahua. Unpublished manuscript on file at the Center for Archaeological Research, San Antonio. Texas. DOWNUM, Christian E. 1986 Between Desert and River: Hohokam Settlement and Land Use in the Los Robles Community. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona No 57, University of Arizona Press, Tucson. DOWNUM, Christian E., Paul R. FISH, y Suzanne K. FISH 1994 Refining the Role of Cerros de Trincheras in Southern Arizona Settlement. Kiva 59:271-296. FERG, Alan 1997 Cienega Phase Rare Artifacts: Finding Their Place in Prehistory. Archaeology in Tucson Vol.11, No.3, Newsletter of the Center for Desert Archaeology. FORD, Richard I. 1981 Gardening and Farming before A.D. 1000: Patterns of Prehistoric Cultivation North of Mexico. Journal of Ethnobiology 1:6-27. GASSER, Robert E. y S. M. KWIATKOWSKI 1991 Food for Thought: Recognizing Patterns in Hohokam Subsistence. In Gumerman, G.J. (Ed.), Exploring the Hohokam: Prehistoric Desert Peoples of the American Southwest. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. GERALD, Rex E. 1990 Report on a U. T. El Paso Mini-Grant to Investigate Prehistoric Fortifications in a Primitive State in the Casas Grandes Area of Chihuahua. The Artifact 28:59-64. GILPIN, D. 1994 Lukachukai and Salina Springs: Late Archaic/Early Prehistoric Basketmaker Habitation Sites in the Chinle Valley, Northeastern Arizona. Kiva 60: 203. GLOVER, T.J. (Compilador) 1989 Pocket Reference. Sequoia Publishing, Inc., Morrison. GREGORY, David A. 1997 New Details of Cienega Phase Architecture. Archaeology in Tucson Vol.11, No.3, Newsletter of the Center for Desert Archaeology. HARD, Robert J. 1997 A Comparative Analysis of Agricultural Dependence in the Northern and Southern Jornada Mogollon Regions. In Proceedings of the Ninth Jornada-Mogollon Conference. R. P. Mauldin, J. D. Leach, and S. Ruth, editors. Publication 12, Centro de Investigaciones Arqueológicas. 36 HARD, Robert J. y John R. RONEY 1998 A Massive Terraced Village Complex in Chihuahua, Mexico Dated to 3000 Years Before Present. In Science, March 13, 1998. HAURY, Emil W. 1962 The Greater American Southwest. In Braidwood, R. and Willey, G. (eds.), Courses toward Urban Life, Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology 32, pp. 106-131. HUCKELL, Bruce B. 1990 Late Preceramic Farmer-Foragers in Southern Arizona: A Cultural and Ecological Consideration of the Spread of Agriculture into the Arid Southwestern United States. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Arid Lands Resource Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson. HUCKELL, Bruce B. 1995 Of Marshes and Maize: Preceramic Agricultural Settlements in the Cienega Valley, Southeastern Arizona, Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona No. 59, The University of Arizona Press, Tucson. HUCKELL, Bruce B., Lisa W. HUCKELL y Suzanne K. FISH 1995 Investigations at Milagro, A Late Preceramic Site in the Eastern Tucson Basin, Center for Desert Archaeology Technical Report 94(5). Tucson, Arizona. LEBLANC, Steven 1976 Mimbres Archaeological Center: Preliminary Report of the Second Season of Excavation, 1975. In Journal of New Archaeology 1:1-23. LISTER, R. H. 1958 .Archaeological Excavations in the Northern Sierra Madre Occidental, Chihuahua and Sonora, Mexico. University of Colorado Studies, Series in Anthropology No.7. MABRY, Jonathan B. 1997a Archaeological Investigations of Early Village Sites in the Middle Santa Cruz Valley. Anthropological Papers No. 18, Center for Desert Archaeology, Tucson. MABRY, Jonathan B. 1997b Rewriting Prehistory: Recent Discoveries at Cienega Phase Sites in the Santa Cruz Floodplain. Archaeology in Tucson, Newsletter of the Center for Desert Archaeology Vol.11, No.3, MABRY, Jonathan B. y Jeffery J. CLARK 1994 Early Village Life on the Santa Cruz River. Archaeology in Tucson 8:1-5. MACNEISH, Richard S. 1992 The Origins of Agriculture and Settled Life. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. MACNEISH, Richard S. 1993 Preliminary Investigations of the Archaic in the Region of Las Cruces, New Mexico. Historic and Natural Resources Report Number 9. Fort Bliss, Texas: United States Army Air Defense Artillery Center. 37 MATSON, R. G. 1991 The Origins of Southwestern Agriculture. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. MCGUIRE, Randall H. y John MCNIFF 1990 Cerros de Trincheras and the Cultural Landscape of Northern Sonora Mexico. Paper presented at the Annual Meetings of the Society for American Archaeology, Las Vegas, Nevada. MCGUIRE, Randall H., María Elisa VILLAPANDO y James P. HOLMLUND 1993 Cerros de Trincheras Mapping Project. Technical Report to the National Geographic Society for Grant #4451-91, Washington D.C. MINNIS, Paul E. 1985 Domesticating People and Plants in the Greater Southwest. In Ford, R. I. (ed.), Prehistoric Food Production in North America, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan Anthropological Papers 75, Ann Arbor, pp. 309-340. RONEY, John R. 1996a Cerro Juanaqueña: A Late Archaic Cerro de Trincheras in Northwestern Chihuahua. Paper presented at the Conference on the Archaic Prehistory of the North American Southwest, Albuquerque, New Mexico. RONEY, John R. 1996b Late Archaic Cerros de Trincheras in Northwestern Chihuahua. Paper presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of Society for American Archaeology, New Orleans. ROTH, Barbara J. y Bruce B. HUCKELL 1992 Cortaro Points and the Archaic of Southern Arizona. Kiva 57:291-314. ROTH, Barbara J. 1996 Regional Land Use in the Late Archaic of the Tucson Basin: A View from the Upper Bajada. In Roth, B. (Ed.) Early Formative Adaptations in the Southern Southwest. Monographs in World Archaeology No.25, Prehistory Press, Madison, Wisconsin. SÁNCHEZ, G., J. CARPENTER y María Eliza VILLAPANDO 1996 Of Language, Lithics and Lunch: Perspectives on the San Pedro Phase from La Playa, Sonora, Mexico. Paper presented at the Conference on the Archaic Prehistory of the North American Southwest, Albuquerque. SAUER, Carl Ortwin y Donald D. BRAND 1931 Prehistoric Settlements of Sonora with Special Reference to Cerros De Trincheras. University of California Publications in Geography 5, University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 67-148. SEYMOUR, Deni J. 1996 Early Corn and Settlement on the West Mesa. Paper presented at the Conference on the Archaic Prehistory of the North American Southwest, October 24-26, 1996. 38 SILVA, R. J. 1997 Atlatls to Arrows: Changes in Stone-Tipped Projectiles along the Santa Cruz River. Archaeology in Tucson Vol.11, No.3, Newsletter of the Center for Desert Archaeology. SCHIMDT, Kari y Jennifer NISENGARD 1998 Fauna from Cerro Juanaqueña. Paper to be presented at 62 nd Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology Conference, Seattle, March 27, 1998. SMILEY, F. E. 1994 Atlatls to Arrows: Changes in Stone-Tipped Projectiles Along the Santa Cruz River. In Archaeology in Tucson, Vol. 11, No. 3, Newsletter of the Center for Desert Archaeology, Tucson. STUIVER, M. y P. J. REIMER 1993 Extended C14 Data Base and Revised CALIB 3.0 C14 Age Calibration Program. Radiocarbon 35. WHALEN, Michael E. 1994 Moving Out of the Archaic on the Edge of the Southwest. American Antiquity 59:622-638. WILCOX, David R. 1979 Warfare implications of Dry-Laid Masonry Walls on Tumamoc Hill. Kiva 45:15-38. WILHUSEN, R. H. 1988 Architectural trends in prehistoric Anasazi sites during A.D. 600 to 1200. In Blinman, E., Phagan, C.J., Wilhusen, R.H.(compilers), Dolores Archaeological Program: Supporting Studies: Additive and Reductive Technologies. United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, pp.559633. WILLS, Wirt H. 1988 Early Prehistoric Agriculture in the American Southwest. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe. WILSON, S. R. y G. K. WARD 1978 Procedures for Comparing and Combining Radiocarbon Age Determinations: A Critique. Archaeometry 20(1):19-31. 39 Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 3.3 REPORT to Consejo de Arqueología Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia An Archaeological Investigation of Late Archaic Cerros de Trincheras Sites in Chihuahua, Mexico Results of the 1998 Investigations Robert J. Hard Center for Archaeological Research The University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio, Texas 78249-0658 U.S.A. and John R. Roney Bureau of Land Management United States Department of the Interior 435 Montaño, N.E. Albuquerque, New Mexico 87107 U.S.A. with contributions by Karen Adams, Susan Fish, Gayle Fritz, Kevin Hanselka, Bruce Moses, Lee Nordt, Kari Schmidt, Steven Shackley, Bradley Vierra, and José Zapata Translated by José Zapata April 26, 1999 Center for Archaeological Research Special Report, No. 25 Contents Figures ................................................................................................................................................................. ii Tables .................................................................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................................. iii Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Excavations.......................................................................................................................................................... 3 Additional Field Studies ...................................................................................................................................... 8 Analytical Results .............................................................................................................................................. 18 Summary and Conclusions ................................................................................................................................ 28 Appendix 1: Cerro Juanaqueña Feature Descriptions ....................................................................................... 33 Appendix 2: Cerro los Torres Feature Descriptions (94-287) ........................................................................... 53 Appendix 3: Cerro Vidal Feature Descriptions (95-392) .................................................................................. 57 Appendix 4: Modern Vegetation Found in the Janos Area, September 4-6, 1998 ........................................... 59 References Cited ................................................................................................................................................ 61 i Figures 1. Aerial photograph of Cerro Juanaqueña, with the Rio Casas Grandes floodplain in foreground. .................. 1 2. Five cerro de trincheras sites photographed with aerial imagery. ................................................................... 2 3. Cerro Juanaqueña with 1997 and 1998 excavations. ...................................................................................... 4 4. Cerro los Torres with 1998 excavation. .......................................................................................................... 5 5. Cerro Vidal with 1998 excavation. .................................................................................................................. 6 6. Idealized terrace construction stratigraphy. .................................................................................................... 7 7. Cerro Juanaqueña projectile points. ................................................................................................................ 9 8. Geomorphic map of the Rio Casas Grandes and Rio San Pedro................................................................... 12 9. Geomorphic cross-section of the Rio Casas Grande. .................................................................................... 15 10. Geomorphic cross-section of the Rio San Pedro. ........................................................................................ 15 11. Locational of rock art panels on Cerro Juanaqueña. ................................................................................... 19 12. Obsidian sources. ......................................................................................................................................... 21 13. Plan view of T97. ........................................................................................................................................ 33 14. Cross-section of T97 ................................................................................................................................... 34 15. Unit 1 and 2 profile, T97. ............................................................................................................................ 35 16. Plan view of T163. ...................................................................................................................................... 39 17. Cross-section of T163 ................................................................................................................................. 40 18. Unit 1 and 2 profiles, T163. ........................................................................................................................ 40 19. Plan view of T387. ...................................................................................................................................... 47 20. Cross-section of T387. ................................................................................................................................ 48 21. Unit 1 and 2 profiles, T387. ........................................................................................................................ 48 22. Plan view of T1, Cerro los Torres. .............................................................................................................. 53 23. Cross-section of T1, Cerro los Torres. ........................................................................................................ 54 24. Unit 1 and 2 profiles, Cerro los Torres. ....................................................................................................... 55 25. Rock-Ring Features on north end of Cerro Vidal. ...................................................................................... 56 Tables 1. Shovel Test Results ......................................................................................................................................... 3 2. 1998 Surface Collections ................................................................................................................................. 8 3. Geomorphic Radiocarbon Dates from Samples ............................................................................................ 14 4. Summary of AMS Radiocarbon Dating, 1997 and 1998 .............................................................................. 20 5. Summary of 1997 Faunal Analysis ............................................................................................................... 22 6. Number and Percentage of Identified Faunal Remains from 1997 Excavations .......................................... 22 7. Summary of Faunal Remains from Terrace 163, 1998 Excavations ............................................................ 23 8. Charred Reproductive Parts ........................................................................................................................... 25 9. Wood Charcoal .............................................................................................................................................. 25 10. 1997 Pollen Samples ................................................................................................................................... 26 11. Percentages of Pollen Grains by Taxa ......................................................................................................... 27 ii Acknowledgments We conducted the field work reported here between June 1 and July 3, 1998, with the permission of INAH's Counsel on Archaeology (Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, PA/21/98/No. 3143) and with the concurrence of the Municipalities of Casas Grandes and Janos, and the Ejidos of Casas Grandes, Hidalgo, and Janos. The study was funded by the National Science Foundation (SBR-97086210 and SBR-9809839). We could not have conducted this work without the support of these organizations and greatly appreciate the assistance their personnel have provided us. We greatly appreciate the assistance of the many individuals who have assisted us and we apologize for being unable to include everyone. We want to thank Ing. Joaquin García Barcena, President of INAH's Counsel on Archaeology (INAH-México); Antrop. José Luis Perea González, Director of Centro INAH-Chihuahua; Lic. Arturo Peña Zazueta, Administrator of Customs, Paloma, Chihuahua; Sr. Nazario L. Prieto, Mayor of Janos; Sr. Lorenzo Barajas, President of the Janos Ejido; Sr. C. Alfonso Bustillos, Mayor of Casas Grandes; Sr. Espiridión Terrazas of Nuevo Casas Grandes; and Sr. Cruz Lara, President of the Hidalgo Ejido. In the field, our project was greatly aided by the efforts of Jorge Bencomo, Casimiro Lucero, and Peter Wall, residents of Colonia Oaxaca and Colonia la Virginia. We also greatly appreciated the assistance and patience of Sr. Gerardo Barajas, Mayor's Secretary, Municipality of Janos; Sra. Geli Rubio and Sr. Saul Jaques, who provided our living accommodations in Janos; and Sr. Filiberto Lopez, for the many instances that he assisted us with repairs of various sorts. And for the attention, assistance, and the many delicious meals, we particularly want to thank Sra. Angelina Madrid and members of her family. We are extremely fortunate to have some of the finest colleagues in the world whose expertise, dedication, and personal qualities have made this project successful and enjoyable from the beginning. Thanks to: Dr. Karen Adams for her wonderful ethnobotanical analyses; Dr. Susan Fish for her detailed pollen work; Dr. Gayle Fritz for her careful analysis of our cheno-am samples; Dr. Lee Nordt for his unraveling of the geomorphology of the floodplain and the trincheras; Dr. Steven Shackley for his thorough obsidian work; and Dr. Brad Vierra for his sophisticated lithic analysis. The support of our home institutions has been essential to negotiate all the details necessary to conduct a project of this scale: The Bureau of Land Management has been very supportive of this project. At UTSA we would like to thank in particular Dwight Henderson, dean of the College of Social and Behavioral Sciences, for his support; Sherri Sunaz, administrative assistant at CAR, has performed hundreds of tasks related to the preparations for and administration of the project; Carol Hollingsworth, Kathi Kortz, and Cyndi Orth of Grants and Contracts and Mike Wright of CAR have expertly handled the many financial transactions; and Britt Bousman has served asinterim and associate director of CAR and kept CAR running smoothly while Robert J. Hard's attention and presence was focused on this project. Bruce Moses has prepared all of the excellent figures and William Bishel also has done a superb job preparing this document for publication. A UTSA Faculty Development Award was also instrumental in allowing Hard time to work on this report and other aspects of the project analysis and reporting. Finally we want to recognize the members of our team who bore the brunt of the heat, the hill, and the hard work; but always with good cheer: Kevin Hanselka, Bruce Moses, Jennifer Nisengard, Gerry Raymond, Rudi Roney, Kari Schmidt, Cindy Tennis, José E. Zapata, and Bridget Zavala. In addition we were aided by the wonderful assistance and company of Kim Rydel (Hard) and Christopher Hard. The assistance of José E. Zapata, who has also served as expert liaison and translator for the project has also been invaluable on many fronts, large and small. To each and everyone we are very grateful. Robert J. Hard and John R. Roney iii iv This informe summarizes the investigations undertaken at Cerro Juanaqueña and other related sites under the oficio No. C.A. 401-36/560 (22 de mayo de 1998) authorized by the Consejo de Antropología. The project was funded in 1997 by National Science Foundation (NSF) SBR-97086210 and in 1998 by NSF SBR-9809839. Our primary objective during 1998 was to recover charcoal for radiocarbon dating and macrobotanical analysis, as well as to expand the sample of faunal materials. Our strategy was to select 10 terraces on Cerro Juanaqueña for test excavation. Descriptions of these excavations are in Appendix 1. We continued geomorphological investigations of floodplain deposits, which were begun in 1997, as well as in-field analysis of ground stone and limited surface collection. With assistance from the INAH Centro Regional in Chihuahua we also arranged to have largescale aerial photographs taken of Cerro Juanaqueña and four other nearby cerros de trincheras, as well as a part of the floodplain near Cerro Juanaqueña. Analytical activities continued, and we are able to report two additional radiocarbon dates on materials excavated in 1997, as well as preliminary results of the Introduction Cerro Juanaqueña is a large cerro de trincheras located in northwestern Chihuahua, in the municipio of Janos. The site was built over 3000 years ago on the summit and slopes of a 140 meter high basalt hill which overlooks the floodplain of the Rio Casas Grandes and its major tributary, the Rio San Pedro. Large constructed terraces cover an area of about 8 hectares, with over 8 kilometers of terrace wall and 108 stone circles (see Figure 1). A large number of stone artifacts are found with these features, and excavations have revealed rich midden deposits with abundant bone and carbonized plant material (Hard and Roney 1998a). In our 1998 informe (reporting results of our 1997 field season) we described test excavations in three terraces and four stone circles, as well as mapping activities, collection of surface materials, geomorphic investigations of the Rio Casas Grandes floodplain, documentation of rock art, and reconnaissance at other similar sites. Figure 1. Aerial photograph of Cerro Juanaqueña, with the Rio Casas Grandes floodplain in foreground. View toward northwest. 1 UNITED STATES Lag. G uzm án M EXICO Lag. Santa M aria s C e rro los To rre s Sa n ta M aria G ra n d e C e rro el C a n elo C e rro la C ruz io Ri o Ca sas Rio Sa n P ed ro C e rro Ju a n a qu eñ a R C e rro V id a l MN Figure 2. Five cerro de trincheras sites photographed with aerial imagery. 2 geomorphological study, pollen analysis, and lithic analysis. In 1998 we expanded our project to include limited work at two other cerro de trincheras in the Rio Casas Grandes drainage, Cerro los Torres and Cerro Vidal (see Figure 2). Both of these sites were originally registered and mapped during Minnis and Whalen's project in 1996. Cerro los Torres is located about 20 km north of Nuevo Casas Grandes. The site consists of over 2 km of terrace walls and perhaps 20 rock rings built on an 85 m high isolated hill overlooking the floodplain. Although some pottery and a few arrow points have been found on Cerro los Torres, it also has dart points and other artifacts which are reminiscent of those at Cerro Juanaqueña. The terraces and stone Feature circles are also similar to the features on Cerro Juanaqueña. For these reasons we T 74 suspect that the site was originally built T 195 and used during the Late Archaic period. T 213 This site and our test excavations there T 217 are described more fully in Appendix 2. T 261 T 273 T 387 cavated soil was screened through 1/8-inch mesh screen. Artifacts and bone from these units were tabulated, but not curated. Instead they were put back into the holes as they were backfilled. The purpose of these units was to determine whether or not more extensive testing was likely to be productive in particular terraces. Positive results in these small test units led us to place larger test units in T387, T413, and R234a. Several other terraces appeared promising on the basis of surface observations but were not selected for more extensive testing because the small test pits yielded negative results (T74, T195, T213, T217, T261, and T273). The shovel tests and their results are summarized in Table 1. Table 1. Shovel Test Results Depth 30 cm 80 cm 40 cm 50 cm 40 cm 40 cm 52 cm Results 6 lithics 17 lithics, 1 bone 11 lithics, 3 bone 19 lithics, 9 bone 1 lithic, 1 bone Numerous lithics and bone fragments 28 lithics, 11 bone, 14 charcoal A few lithics and bones, significant charcoal 16 lithics, 11 bone Cerro Vidal is a third cerro de trincheras located adjacent to the Rio Piedras T 413 50 cm Verdes 6 kilometers south of Colonia R 234a 40 cm Juarez in the municipio of Casas Grandes Viejo. This site is located on an 120 m high hill. It includes approximately 2.3 km of terrace Test Units wall and about 40 rock rings. No pottery has been found, and although there are arrow points on the site, Ten terraces at Cerro Juanaqueña, one terrace Cerro its overall similarity to Cerro Juanaqueña in terms of los Torres, and one terrace at Cerro Vidal were seartifacts and form of its features suggests that it also lected for more intensive testing. Figures 3, 4, and 5 dates to Late Archaic times. Owing to newly acquired show maps of each site and the locations of our excadata, this last suggestion has been reconsidered. This vations. Appendices 1, 2, and 3 provide detailed desite and our test excavations there are described in scriptions of the individual terraces which were tested Appendix 3. as well as the results of these excavations. Our primary objective in these test units was to obtain charcoal for radiocarbon dating and macrobotanical Excavations analysis. In addition, we hoped to expand the sample of faunal material and to expose stratigraphic profiles which would help us better understand the formation processes on Cerro Juanaqueña. The terraces were seShovel Tests lected with several criteria in mind. First, results of the 1997 excavations suggested that bone and charIn 1998 we excavated nine small shovel tests at Cerro coal are not well preserved near the surface, so we Juanaqueña, each less than .5 m x .5 m in size. These attempted to select terraces which had deposits a meter units were excavated in 10 cm increments and the ex3 2 73 R2 34 a 2 34 10 ? R 25 0 R 28 6 R 22 2 5 37 1 67 R 1a 2 90 1 63 2 97 1 26 97 3 87 4 13 MN 0 25 50 75 1 00 METERS Figure 3. Cerro Juanaqueña with 1997 and 1998 excavations. 4 T1 T1 1 99 8 excava tion s w a ll/te rra ce b e d roc k le d g e ru b ble c a irn ou tcrop trail MN 0 25 50 METERS Figure 4. Cerro los Torres with 1998 excavation. 5 75 100 w a ll/te rra c e b e d ro c k le d g e ru b b le c a irn o utc ro p tra il T2 0 MN 0 25 50 METERS Figure 5. Cerro Vidal with 1998 excavation. 6 75 10 0 or more in depth. In addition we looked for ashy deposits, bone exposed on the surface, and artifact associations suggesting intensive use. Finally, at Cerro Juanaqueña we attempted to select terraces from various parts of the site, so that we could more confidently define the span of occupation. It is possible that different parts of the site were occupied at different times, and in order to investigate this possibility chronometric dates from different areas are required. surface deposits can be recognized by the presence of calcium carbonate in the sediment and encrusting the rock. Typically the sediments are very dark grayish brown to black, sandy clay loam, containing about 50 percent basalt pebbles and cobbles with a blocky structure. Above bedrock and original soil is the constructed cobble berm which defines the terrace wall (zone 2). This feature is composed of larger cobbles (5-20 cm) resting against one another, with relatively little soil (25-50 percent) filling the spaces between the rocks. Behind the terrace wall is the construction fill consisting of a brown sandy clay loam and up to about 25 percent pebbles and some cobbles placed behind the berm deposit which forms the terrace platform (zone 3). There is usually more soil in this deposit and the rocks are smaller, allowing it to be distinguished confidently from the terrace wall itself. In most cases the deeper portions of these deposits are very soft, becoming increasingly compact toward the surface. We hypothesize that during original construction of the terrace many voids remained between the cobbles, and that subsequently through several different mechanisms soil has made its way down to fill these voids. Above the cobble and soil terrace platform deposit we sometimes find a layer of very dark brown, fine sandy clay loam with some pebbles which is 5 to 20 cm thick (zone 4). Sometimes distinct horizontal zones of compaction can be recognized in this stratum. We believe that this is a layer of fine sediment which the prehistoric inhabitants of Cerro Juanaqueña placed on the terrace platform to provide an actual use surface. In the experimental terrace which we constructed these sediments worked their way down into the platform itself, filling voids between We were successful in recovering fragments of charred maize from both Cerro los Torres and Cerro Vidal. These samples will allow us to begin dating other cerros de trincheras. At Cerro Juanaqueña eight of the ten terraces tested yielded material suitable for AMS radiocarbon dating. Additional lithic artifacts, bone, and/or botanical materials were also recovered during these excavations and provide the basis for ongoing analyses (see below). We did not find any structural remains, post holes, storage pits, hearths, or other similar features in 1998. The profiles exposed in these test units have also given us a better understanding of formation processes on the cerros de trincheras. Figure 6 is an idealized stratigraphic profile which reflects our current understanding of the terrace deposits. Each individual terrace exhibits its own distinctive characteristics, but all conform to this general pattern. The deepest stratum in Figure 6 is bedrock. Resting on bedrock we sometimes recognize traces of the original soil which was present on the hillslope before construction of the terraces (zone 1). When present, these original colluvium 4 fin e se dim en t be rm w all 3 2 con struction fill origina l surfa ce colluvium b e d ro c k 1 Figure 6. Idealized terrace construction stratigraphy. 7 5 cobbles. If this happened in prehistoric times, it would have been necessary to periodically add new soil to the surface. Above this layer we often find a few centimeters of fine sandy loam which are also dark brown, although slightly lighter in color (zone 5). These appear to be post-occupational deposits, probably derived from material transported to the hill by aeolian processes, then redeposited as colluvium on the terrace surfaces leaving multiple fine laminae. Backfilling Table 2. 1998 Surface Collections Projectile Points Biface Cruciform Drill Notched Flake Utilized Flake Core/Split Cobble Stone Bowl Stone Pipe Mano Metate Pestle(?) Sherd Obsidian Nodule A combined total of 44 shovel tests, units, and backhoe trenches were excavated (see Geomorphological Studies and Appendices 1, 2, and 3). With the exception of the backhoe trenches, before initiating these excavations, an area within close proximity of the shovel test or unit was selected for screening of excavated soils. The surface area was then covered with plastic sheeting in order to isolate the screened soils, and subsequently facilitate the backfilling process. The last two days of field work were utilized for this process. Prior to backfilling, a coin and/or aluminum can was placed the test unit, which was then covered over with plastic sheeting. The units were then backfilled with the excavated backdirt. The process was photodocumented and the photographs are on file at the Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas at San Antonio (CAR-UTSA). Backhoe trenches were all backfilled as well. Cerro Juanaqueña 24 5 3 1 1 1 2 5 1 2 2 Cerro los Torres 7 1 Cerro Vidal 1 1 1 1 1 1 Digital images of all of the projectile points and other small chipped stone artifacts were captured by scanning them directly using a digital scanner (Houk and Moses 1998). Preliminary drawings of many of these artifacts have been made using CorelDraw7, based on the scanned image (Figure 7). Ground Stone The large numbers of manos and metates present on the surface of Cerro Juanaqueña offer an important source of information about the kinds of food processed, the extent of food processing, and the locations of residential activity. During the 1997 field season we conducted a detailed analysis of a surface sample of ground stone tools both from terraces that were tested and with transect sampling units. During the 1998 season we continued to collect surface ground stone data by making detailed observations on all ground stone tools found on the surface of each excavated terrace. Additional Field Studies Surface Collections During the 1998 field season we continued to collect artifacts from the surface of the three sites. As in past years the location of each artifact was carefully plotted on a large-scale maps of the sites. Each artifact is numbered individually and entered into the curated collection of artifacts and samples. Table 2 summarizes the items which were collected in this way from each of the three sites. During the surface mapping of each terrace and prior to initiating excavations, the crew placed pin flags by all ground stone tools, as well as other significant artifacts, and marked their location on the map. An identifying number was assigned to each ground stone tool. Later one or two team members would return to the terrace and walk over the surface a second time to 8 Figure 7. Cerro Juanaqueña projectile points. K and L are a cruciform and distal end of a bone awl. 9 II period in the Black Mesa region of northern Arizona. search for additional ground stone tools prior to recording the tools as the dense rocks on the terrace walls made the ground stone tools difficult to see. Each tool or tool fragment would then be closely examined and its attributes recorded. For the manos the following attributes were recorded in the field: feature, item number, material, number of ground surfaces, degree of wear, the presence of edge shaping, the presence of pecking, the presence of striations, striation direction, plan shape, cross-section shape, length, width, thickness, plan shape, and the surface depositional context (on terrace surface, talus slope, etc.). For the metates we recorded the same information as the manos and these additional attributes: metate type; the dimensions of the hole in the bottom of the metate, if present; the length and width of the grinding surface; and the depth of wear. In addition to this recording, we drew and photographed samples of various metate and mano forms and we collected a few of them. In 1998 we recorded 65 metate or metate fragments on the surface of eight terraces and one rock ring feature. Metate and metate fragments are more common than manos, with as many as 20 metate pieces occurring on one terrace. Combining the 1997 and 1998 metates and considering only whole metates, 55 whole metates have been recorded on 22 terraces and one rock ring, with as many as seven occurring on a single feature. All of the whole metates were made out of local basalt, although a few rhyolite metate fragments are present. Fifty-five percent of these were basin forms, 44 percent were slab forms and 1 percent were a combination slab and basin. The basin metates are large, with overall dimensions averaging 60 cm x 47 cm x 17 cm. The deeply worn basins have steeply angled sides that form almost a V-shape with deep wear that averages 8.2 cm (n=30) which indicates intensive food grinding activity over many generations. The slab metates are much smaller, averaging 32 cm x 29 cm x 12 cm (n=24), tend to be only lightly worn, and show no signs of resharpening or shaping. Clearly the slab metates were used far less intensively than the basin metates, probably for grinding a different food. It appears that there are at least two types of metate-mano sets. The spheroid to convex manos were apparently were used on the heavily worn, large basin metates while the flat manos were used on the smaller, lightly used slab metates. However, at this time we do not understand the specific functions of each type of set. In 1998 we recorded a total of 17 whole manos and seven mano fragments from the surface of nine terraces and one rock ring. Each terrace had between one and five manos present. The combined results of 1997 and 1998 indicate a total of 80 whole manos have been recorded from 32 features. Eighty percent of these were manufactured from the local basalt with the balance being made from rhyolite and unknown materials. There are at least two general groups of manos. One tends to be more circular or oval in plan and convex to spheroid in cross-section. This shape was likely used with the heavily used, large basin metates. The second form is flat in cross-section and was likely to have been used with the small grinding slab metates. The mean area of all manos is 141 cm2 and the mean length is 13 cm, indicating these are small compared to those found in later pueblo sites yet they are somewhat larger than typical Archaic manos. Recent research by Hard and others has suggested that mano size is related to agricultural dependence. The manos at Cerro Juanaqueña are roughly comparable in size to those from a number of pithouse period occupations in the Southwest that exhibit a moderate level of agricultural dependence (Hard et al. 1996). For example they are similar in size to manos used during the Dona Ana phase (ca. A.D. 1100-1200) in the southern Jornada area of southern New Mexico and west Texas and those used during the Basketmaker Aerial Photography and Mapping In 1998 we contracted with Cooper Aerial Photography, SA for low-level aerial photography (nominal scale: 1:8000) at five of the cerro de trincheras sites in the Rio Casas drainage. The five sites were Cerro Juanaqueña, El Canelo, Cerro los Torres, Cerro La Cruz, and Cerro Vidal (see Figure 2). Before the photography we established between five and ten ground control points at each site. The control points were marked on the ground and their vertical and horizontal relationships were measured using a total station or electronic distance measuring (EDM) equipment. 10 Livestock and thunderstorms destroyed five of the six control points at Cerro la Cruz before the photography was taken. However, at the other four sites the ground control points are visible in the aerial photographs and development of stereographic models can take place without any further fieldwork. The aerial photography was taken in July 1998. this map through ground-truthing, and to develop comparable information for some of the other sites. Riverine Geomorphological Investigations A significant component of our research has involved exploring the geomorphology of the riverine floodplains below the site in order to answer two questions: First, are there buried Late Archaic villages in the alluvium? Second, was the Rio Casas Grandes aggrading during the Late Archaic period? At the time of its occupation, Cerro Juanaqueña probably would have been part of a land-use system that included numerous sites in diverse ecological settings. Certainly the major drainages would have been intensively utilized. However, the archaeological survey conducted by P. Minnis and M. Whalen (1994) failed to locate a single Archaic site along the Rio Casas Grandes, despite the presence of numerous Viejo and Medio period sites. It is likely however, that Late Archaic sites were buried under riverine alluvium and are no longer visible on the modern surface. Cooper Aerial Survey Co. developed an orthophoto and topographic map from the 1:8000 scale aerial photographs of Cerro Juanaqueña. The orthophoto consists of a 1:1000 scale mylar print and blueline paper copies covering an area approximately 900 m x 1000 m in size, centered on Cerro Juanaqueña. We also obtained a digital CD-ROM copy of the orthophoto (100 mm ground resolution, 500 dpi at 1:1000). Many details of the cultural features are visible in these documents. The topographic map also covers an area 900 m x 1000 m in size. The mylar version of this document was printed at a scale of 1:2000 with one meter contour intervals, while the digital copy includes versions with both one-meter and five-meter contour intervals in AutoCad DWG and ASCII point file formats. In southern and southeastern Arizona large Late Archaic farming villages formed along the principal drainages that were particularly suitable for farming due to climatic induced changes in stream behavior (Huckell 1996). Prior to 4000 B.P. increased rainfall and warmer temperatures brought about rapid down cutting and erosion of stream channels. By 3000 B.P. this trend had reversed itself and more modern conditions with reduced rainfall and cooler temperatures prevailed. These conditions resulted in slowly aggrading floodplains. B. Huckell (1996) has proposed that an aggrading floodplain environment was particularly conducive to farming as overbank deposits provided excellent agricultural fields and slightly cooler temperatures would have enhanced the effective moisture available to plants. Were the conditions that were found in southern Arizona also present in northern Chihuahua? We have produced an accurate base map of the entire site by combining these two data sets (the orthophoto and the topographic map) with the tape-and-compass map prepared by Roney during Minnis and Whalen's 1995-1996 project. The tape-and-compass map was scanned, and the orthophoto and topographic map were imported directly into the computer drafting program CorelDraw7. The scale of these three images was manipulated until all were identical. We then superimposed the tape-and-compass map over the orthophoto and adjusted the locations of the cultural features to correspond to their locations as they appear on the orthophoto. A similar process was then completed using first the topographic map by itself, and then the orthophoto and topographic map used together. The final result is a computer file which consists of high resolution, rectified aerial imagery, topographic contours, and cultural features. These data sets are built on different layers, so we can work with any of the three along or with any combination of orthophotography, topographic map, and map of cultural features. In future years we hope to fine-tune In order to answer these two questions Lee Nordt, assistant professor of geology at Baylor University, examined the floodplains below Cerro Juanaqueña to search for buried Late Archaic sites and to reconstruct the alluvial history of the both the Rio Casas Grandes 11 and Rio San Pedro as they converge only one km northwest of Cerro Juanaqueña. Aerial photographs, maps, and field observations were used to construct a geomorphic map and valley cross-sections. A total of 18 backhoe trenches were excavated in 1997, and in 1998 16 new trenches were opened and seven of the previous years' trenches were reopened to examine the alluvial stratigraphy. All trench locations were first approved by either the land owner or ejido president, as appropriate. The backhoe trenches were also fenced to prevent harm to livestock. The modern surface of each trench location was carefully inspected to avoid any surface archaeological remains. Nordt made detailed stratigraphic descriptions of most of these trenches and collected soil samples for humate C14 dating. Sediment to be used for pollen analysis was also extracted from these humate samples for paleoenvironmental data. The discussion below incorporates the analysis of the 1997 investigations (Nordt 1998) and preliminary findings from the 1998 data as well as 16 radiocarbon dates. Six landforms were identified: the Holocene floodplain alluvium, the Holocene flood terrace alluvium (Jorge terrace), the Late Pleistocene flood terrace alluvium (Oaxaca terrace), a Pleistocene alluvial fan, a bedrock/fan alluvial complex, and bedrock (Figure 8). The bedrock/fan alluvial complex emanates from a valley north of the town of Janos and is Pleistocene in age. The yyyyyyyyyyyy ;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;; yyyyyyyyyyyy ;;;;;;;;;;;; yyyyyyyyyyyy yy ;; ;;;;;;;;;;;; yyyyyyyyyyyy ;;;;;;;;;;;; yyyyyyyyyyyy ;;;;; yyyyy ;;;;;;;;;;;; yyyyyyyyyyyy ;;;;; yyyyy ;;;;;;;;;;;; yyyyyyyyyyyy ;;;;; yyyyy ;; yy ;;;;; yyyyy ;; yy ;;;;; yyyyy ;; yy ;;;;; yyyyy ;; yy ;; ;; ;;;;;;;; yyyyyyyy ;; yy ;;;;;;;; yyyyyyyy ;; yy ;;;;;;;; yyyyyyyy ;; yy ;;;;;;;; yyyyyyyy ;; yy ;;;;;;;; yyyyyyyy ;; yy ;; yy ;; yy ;;y yyy ;;; ;;; yyy ;;; yyy ;;; yyy yyy ;; yy;;; ;; yy ; ;;;;;; ;; yy ; ;;;;;; ;;;;;; Holocene floodplain alluvium Holocene flood terrace alluvium Late Pleistocene alluvium e rand as G as io C Abandoned late Pleistocene valley R Pleistocene fan alluvium Bedrock/fan alluvium complex Bedrock Cerro Juanaqueña backhoe locality a p r q n m l k o Jorge terrace j i h ag f e h d O ax ac ol b d a Sa n te d Pe rra ce Ri o ro Sa n Pe d ro MN Janos 0 .5 1 2 km Figure 8. Geomorphic map of the Rio Casas Grandes and Rio San Pedro. 12 The Trincheras paleosol is the most significant with respect to this project as it is dated to approximately 3100 radiocarbon years B. P. based on two humate radiocarbon dates. This paleosol lies about 2 m below the modern surface of the Jorge terrace and probably would have been the surface that was exposed during the occupation of Cerro Juanaqueña. Attempts to locate buried archaeological sites in this paleosol have thus far been unsuccessful although the remains of a single, disturbed hearth, represented by 2-3 scattered burned rock fragments and a few small (1 cm) pieces of charcoal. Unfortunately the charcoal contained too little carbon to successfully date. distal end of this fan is present on the west side of the Rio Casas Grandes valley. The second fan is also Pleistocene in age, although portions have a Holocene alluvial veneer. This alluvial fan is present to the east and west of the Rio Casas Grandes valley (see Figure 8). Three alluvial landforms have been identified. The Late Pleistocene alluvial terrace is the highest and oldest landform of the Rio Casas Grandes and Rio San Pedro and has been named the "Oaxaca terrace" and is present on both sides of the Old Rio San Pedro. The Holocene flood terrace is known as the "Jorge terrace" and it is below the Oaxaca terrace on the west side of the Rio San Pedro as well as on the west and east sides of the Rio Casas Grandes. The Holocene floodplain is the modern alluvial floodplain of the Rio Casas Grandes and it is below the Jorge terrace. The Janos paleosol dates to approximately 2000 B.P., based on five radiocarbon dates. It is typically found between about 75-125 cm beneath the modern surface and was identified within the Jorge terrace and somewhat deeper in the Old San Pedro Valley. The Viejo paleosol is found between about 170-265 cm below the modern Rio Casas Grandes floodplain and it dates to approximately 1600 to 1500 B.P., based on two radiocarbon dates. This sequence of six datable deposits lying beneath the floodplain offers significant possibilities of locating buried archaeological sites contemporaneous with Cerro Juanaqueña as well as to reconstruct the changing form of the river as we continue our analysis and field work. Five paleosols have been identified buried under the Jorge terrace and within the Old San Pedro Valley as well as a buried peat layer. Paleosols form during periods of stability when flooding events are infrequent enough to allow the surface to become vegetated and an A soil horizon to form. As such they are one of the best contexts to locate buried archaeological sites. The deposits, from oldest to youngest are: the peat layer, the Antonio paleosol, the Pedro paleosol, the Trincheras paleosol, the Janos paleosol, and the Viejo paleosol. Table 3 lists the radiocarbon dates for each deposit and Figures 9 and 10 show the cross-sections. Trincheras Geomorphological Investigations A peat layer, dating to ca. 9000 radiocarbon years B.P. was identified in the Old San Pedro valley about 2.3 m below the modern surface. Peat is a deposit of plant remains which contains little mineral matter. It forms under constantly water-saturated conditions and the plant remains may not be fully decomposed (Waters 1992:31). Shortly after 9000 B.P. the Rio San Pedro migrated to the northeast about one km from the Old San Pedro valley to its modern location. Lee Nordt also conducted geoarchaeological investigation of the constructed terrace features on Cerro Juanaqueña for the purposes of better understanding the terrace formation processes including the identification of natural, anthropogenic, colluvial, and alluvial deposits. It was also hoped that his investigations would help us identify occupational surfaces and evaluate the possibility that floodplain deposits were transported from the Rio Casas Grandes up to Cerro Juanaqueña to use for construction. In 1997 and 1998 he made detailed stratigraphic descriptions of the terrace profiles of the terraces and collected samples for micromorphological thin sections and bulk soil analyses. In 1997 Nordt described T6 and T167 and in 1998 he described T10, T126, T163, R234a, T297, and T387. For comparative purposes he also made test The Antonio paleosol was identified in the Old San Pedro Valley about 150 cm below the surface and dates to about 4500 radiocarbon years B .P . The Pedro paleosol was located west of the modern Rio San Pedro channel, about 3.3 m below the Jorge terrace and it dates to approximately 3600 B.P. 13 14 a Old Pedro valley terrace B-123408 B-112285 b Pedro Antonio B-123411 B-123410 b 1 22 7(Probe) 22 2 2 2 18 10 12 9 16 6 4 4 17 BHT Beta Analytic BHT - backhoe trench field nos. Trincheras Janos B-123406 B-123409 Viejo Janos Janos Janos B-110620 B-110621 B-123413 B-110616 Janos Trincheras modern Viejo B-110619 B-110617 B-123412 B-112286 Viejo B-110618 Unit/Paleosol modern a B-123405 Sample No. c 13 c d 14410±60 8950±70 3630±80 4540±80 3330±50 2290±50 3140±100 2210±80 1520±60 1860±60 1910±60 1980±80 590±70 1400±60 470±50 210±70 C age (yr BP) 14 * C corrected 14C age 227-237 215-225 300-310 146-156 282-292 80-90 201-211 188-198 168-178 111-121 114-124 71-81 241-251 87-97 232-265 91-101 Depth below surface cm e 8000 BC 1965 BC 3335 BC 1615 BC 380 BC 1410 BC 345, 310, 210 BC AD 560 AD 145 AD 100 AD 45 AD 1400 AD 650 AD 1435 AD 1670, 1950 Material peat sediment humate calibrated from Stuiver and Reimer (1993) e 8040-7960 BC 380-165 BC hearth charcoal 395-360 BC 280-250 BC soil humate 1505-1285 BC soil humate sediment 1670-1525 BC humate 2120-2080 BC 2050-1890 BC soil humate 3360-3090 BC soil humate AD 1650-1690 AD 1925-1950 detrital charcoal tree root AD 1420-1455 (rejected) sediment AD 1300-1420 humate AD 620-675 soil humate AD 465-475 AD 515-620 soil humate AD 90-240 soil humate AD 55-160 soil humate AD 45-110 soil humate Calendar Years Line intercept One-sigma -25.0 values are estimates -20.3 -25 -22.2 -21.5 -20.5 -17 -25 -25.6 -25 -25 -19.3 -25 -25 -25 -25 -28.2 (‰) *13Cd Table 3. Geomorphic Radiocarbon Dates from Samples Th BH y ; ;; ;; y ; To BH Ti BH yyyyyyyy ;;;;;;;; yyyyyyyy yyyyyy;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy ;;;;;;;; ;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy yyyyyyyy yyyyyy yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy ;;;;;;;; ;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; yyyyyyyy yyyyyy yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy ;;;;;;;; ;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;; yyyy ;;;; ;;; ;;; yyyyyyyy yyyyyy yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy ;;;;;;;; ;;;; yyyy;; ;;;; ;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;; ;;;;; ; ;; ;;; ;;; Jorge terrace meters 0 1 2 3 4 5 G G floodplain F F F G E E G G E F D 1520 60 Casas Grande 1400 60 ;y ;; yy ;; 590 70 1910 69 1860 60 210 70 ;; loams 1980 80 Viejo paleosol sands Janos paleosol gravels Trincheras paleosol bedrock 0 stratified Viejo site 50 100 150 200 meters Stratigraphic units A-G hearth BHT x backhoe trench locality Figure 9. Geomorphic cross-section of the Rio Casas Grande. Tb BH 2290 50 meters 0 1 2 3 4 5 Th BH 2210 80 ;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;; yyyyyyyyyyyyyy yyyyyyyyyyyy ;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;; ;;;;;; yyyyy ;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;; yyyyyyyyyyyyyy ;;;;; yyyyy ;;;;;; ;;;;;; ;;;;; yyyyy ;;;;;;;;;;;;;; yyyyyyyyyyyyyy ;;;;;;;;;; yyyyyyyyyy ;;;;; yyyyy ;;;;;; yyyy ;;;; yyyy yyyyy ;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; yyyyyyyyyy ;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;; yyyyyyyyyyyyyy ;;;;;;;;;; yyyyyyyyyy ;;;;; yyyyy yyyyyyyyyy ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;; yyyyyyyyyyyyyy ;;;;;;;;;; yyyyyyyyyy ;;;;; yyyyy ;;;;;;;;;;;;;; yyyyyyyyyyyyyy ;;;;;;;;;; yyyyyyyyyy ;;;;; yyyyy Oaxaca terrace Oaxaca terrace A Jorge terrace Jorge terrace old San Pedro valley G F E G F F A G F E E C D2 E D2 D2 D1 B San Pedro 8950 70 14410 60 4540 80 3140 100 3630 80 3330 50 yy ;; ;; loams Viejo paleosol Medio site sands Janos paleosol hearth gravels Trincheras paleosol peat Pedro paleosol Stratigraphic units A-G abandoned channel Antonio paleosol BHT x 0 50 100 150 200 meters backhoe trench locality Figure 10. Geomorphic cross-section of the Rio San Pedro. excavations and stratigraphic descriptions of three shovel test units into the natural hillslope of the hill immediately south of Cerro Juanaqueña. Thin section samples have been submitted for T6, T167, and T163 as well as the shovel tests. In addition bulk soil analyses that will yield particle size distribution, calcium carbonate content, and organic carbon samples have been submitted for T163, T387, and the shovel tests. Preliminary results of the T6, and T167 geomorphological work were presented in our previous informe for the 1997 work. Thus far Nordt's analyses confirm the general schematic formation sequence described earlier in the "Test Unit" section. The micromorphological analysis found chert and quartz grains in the Cerro Juanaqueña terraces that are not indigenous to the hill. There are three possibilities that could explain their existence on the hill: 1) transported by aeolian processes from the floodplain; 2) a product of stone tool manufacture; 3) sediments may have been transported from the floodplain up to the hill by the inhabitants to use in construction. Although we cannot be certain, the first alternative is considered the most plausible at this time as the grains are rounded which is consistent with aeolian or fluvial contexts. 15 estimate that the total volume of rock and dirt used to build all of the terraces is about 31,500 cubic meters or about 58,000 metric tons. We estimate that the site represents about 30 person-years of labor, if modern 40-hour work schedules were used. Terrace Labor Costs and Function The 486 terraces and 108 rock rings constructed at Cerro Juanaqueña are striking and continue to challenge many existing notions concerning the Late Archaic period. Such questions as community size, regional population levels, level of sedentism, role of agriculture, social and political organization, level of intergroup conflict, and scale of land modification are now being reconsidered. One approach to understanding some of these issues is through the consideration of the labor needed to construct this site. These energetic estimates indicate that our workers moved an average of 1 cubic meter of rock and dirt every 1.9 person hours. This is 9-14 times faster than other archaeological building experiments and much faster than archaeologists can dig! The reason these terraces can be built relatively rapidly is that rocks were simply picked up, tossed, or sometimes rolled only a few feet before being dropped into place. Unlike most traditional building projects, the terrace construction involves only slight transport costs and their assembly consists of no more than dropping or tossing the rocks into place (Hard et al. 1999). Native Americans constructed the terraces by first piling the local basalt cobbles to form berms that bowed out in the center and pinched in at the ends against the slope. The pocket between the apex of the terrace and the slope behind was then filled in with smaller rocks and finally sediment to form almost level surfaces that average about 50 square meters in size. Many of the terraces form small groups when 2-5 terraces connect end-to-end. In one case about 25 joined terraces form a 400 meter long alignment along the northern, eastern, and southern site perimeter. We can put this labor investment into perspective through comparisons of labor costs for pithouse and pueblo architecture. This level of work appears to be roughly equivalent to about 135 large Anasazi-style pithouses (5 m x 5 m x 1.5 m deep) with support posts and roof or a 600 room pueblo consisting of 200 living rooms and 400 storage rooms. Sites of this magnitude were generally not constructed in Northwest Mexico or the American Southwest until late in the first millennium A.D., 1500-2000 years after Cerro Juanaqueña was constructed. The scale of the site clearly indicates that it was not constructed by the social unit expected for the period, a small foraging band. In fact, sites of this scale have been attributed to large agricultural societies with varying levels of sociopolitical complexity. In order to better understand the labor and organization needed to construct a terrace we built one during our first field season in 1997. During 1998 we had additional maps and aerial photos made of the site and we have recently conducted further analysis of these data. Were the Cerro Juanaqueña terraces built for farming? We evaluated the labor costs and potential productivity of farming these terraces to answer this question. The total flat surface area behind the terraces is estimated to be approximately 2.5 ha. Therefore it would have taken an astounding 4300 days to construct each hectare of planting surface. In contrast, prehispanic agricultural terraces in the Maya region and modern Mexican terraces are estimated to have construction costs of approximately 50-850 person days per hectare and the specialized Maya raised fields cost between 950-3000 person days per ha. to construct. Thus if Cerro Juanaqueña terraces were constructed for farming, their labor cost was more than five times the cost per ha expended by the Maya in their agricultural terraces and roughly similar to their extremely labor intensive raised fields. Such high ag- In 1997 we selected a hillside near Cerro Juanaqueña that also had a 20 percent slope, dense basalt cobbles and thin soil to construct a terrace. A team consisting of two local men and a member of our team, José Zapata, constructed a terrace that was similar to the prehistoric ones. Sr. Zapata kept a detailed record of the labor and materials used so we were able to estimate the total cost of constructing a terrace. They built the terrace in 65 person hours using about 30 cubic meters of rock and about 4 cubic meters of dirt. Using detailed maps, cross-sections, and computer analysis of the terraces at Cerro Juanaqueña we were able to 16 ricultural labor costs are only usually invested when there are very large populations, such as those found in complex civilizations. There is nothing to suggest Late Archaic populations even approached this level of occupational intensity or engaged in such intensive agricultural practices. If the total of 2.5 ha of flat surface found behind all 486 terraces was planted in maize the harvest would only support about 4 adults for a year, assuming each adult could be supported on approximately .6 ha per year, the farming land area each Tarahumara Indian needs today (Hard et al. 1999). ture such as those associated with the Paquime, Hohokam, or Trincheras culture sites. Even if we do eventually identify communal architectural features it is unlikely that they will have been constructed at significantly higher levels of labor effort than the domestic terraces. Based on ethnographic analogy and given the relative ease that a terrace can be constructed we would expect that the people who occupied Cerro Juanaqueña were largely egalitarian. Each family probably constructed their own terrace platforms rather than specialized builders. While family labor groups probably built the terraces, the location of at least some of the terraces was planned. The most obvious of these is the encircling chain of 25 joined terraces that form a site perimeter on three sides. The construction efforts of many different families would probably have been coordinated to achieve this. This suggests that one or more individuals were responsible for site planning and determining where some terraces were to be built. By applying what we know of ethnographic situations, we can suggest this leader may have had only limited authority. It has been suggested that some cerros de trincheras in Arizona were built as garden plots to take advantage of the longer growing seasons that exist on the hilltops and upper slopes above the cold air inversions of the drainages. However, the virtual absence of winter rain in the Chihuahuan Desert would make winter farming an unlikely purpose of the terraces. Also no water control features are found on the terraces. It appears that constructing these terraces for farming would have been impractical at best. Certainly farming would have been far more successful in the wide Rio Casas Grandes floodplain below the site. The evidence suggests the terraces were not constructed as agricultural features but were constructed as house platforms. Why would Native Americans have expended the labor to live on a hilltop? Not only are the construction costs substantial, but the daily energy costs of transporting water, wood, and food up to the hilltop village would not have been insignificant. Certainly there are plenty of locations near the river that were occupied in later centuries. The longest-standing explanation for the function of cerro de trincheras, defense, is the explanation we are now considering. Under this scenario people were motivated to construct house platforms on the hilltop because raids from competing groups were common. The terraces did not serve as defensive fortifications, but by merely aggregating on the hilltop the occupants maintained an effective defensive posture. The steep hillslopes would be difficult to attack, particularly if the only weapons were thrusting spears or spears used with throwers or atlatls. Given the nature of warfare in egalitarian or nonhierarchical societies, such a defense would likely be successful, particularly since sieges, which cut-off supplies to defenders, were not It appears that the Cerro Juanaqueña terraces were constructed as house platforms. The terrace surfaces and excavations reveal ample evidence of household debris including heavily worn, massive basin metates, manos, projectile points, chipped stone debris, ashy sediments, charcoal, charred maize, dense burned and unburned bone, significant quantities of flakes, and other stone artifacts. While no houses have been defined, in 1997 we exposed two small postholes and compact occupational surface in Terrace 6 and in 1998 we defined an additional clearly defined occupational surface in Terrace 163. However, a domestic function for these platforms would not preclude families maintaining small household gardens as part of the residential function. We have not yet identified any public architecture at Cerro Juanaqueña although public architecture among semisedentary and early sedentary societies is quite common. Certainly there are no mounds, constructed public platforms, or above-ground ceremonial walled buildings representing large-scale communal architec17 conducted by egalitarian societies as the attackers would not have the logistical support sieges require (Keely 1996). Strike and run was the preferred method of war. Temperature One of the proposed uses of the terraces was as agricultural terraces that were designed to take advantage of warmer temperatures and an extended growing season that may exist on hillsides above the cold air drainage. In fact, temperature data from Tucson indicates that the slopes and top of Tumamoc Hill have a five month longer growing season than the river valley below (Fish et al. 1984). In order to evaluate this possibility we placed a transect of eight digital, batteryoperated thermal cells in a transect from the Jorge terrace of the Rio Casas Grandes up the west side of Cerro Juanaqueña to the peak of the hill and partially down the east side of the hill. These battery-operated thermometers were set to take a temperature reading every six hours for one year. When we return in the summer of 1999 we will download the digital data from the thermal cells into a laptop computer so we may then examine the temperature differences, particularly through the winter months, between the river valley and hillslope. However, accumulating direct archaeological evidence in support of the defense hypothesis is difficult. We do not yet have any riverine sites to compare with the hilltop site nor to do we have such direct indicators as burials with evidence of injuries. At the current time we can speculate that these terraces were constructed as part of a defensive strategy while we continue to gather data and examine the issue. Rock Art Some additional photographs were taken to provide more detailed documentation of rock art at Cerro Juanaqueña, Cerro los Torres, and Cerro Vidal. Locations of the rock art panels at Cerro Juanaqueña are indicated on Figure 11. Analytical Results Collection of Modern Plants One of our principal research objectives is to learn more about relationships between the prehistoric inhabitants of Cerro Juanaqueña and their natural environment. An important first step in realizing this goal is documentation of modern vegetation in the vicinity of the site. In September, 1998 ethnobotanist Dr. Karen Adams made an inventory of plants growing in the Janos area, including collection of 63 botanical specimens. The inventory focused on Cerro Juanaqueña and the adjacent floodplain, river terraces, and modern agricultural fields. Other plants were documented at Ojo la Palatoada, a wetland located a few kilometers west of Janos. Altogether we documented 100 taxa from 37 different families. The specific plants are listed in Appendix 4. Radiocarbon Dating One of the principal objectives of our 1998 excavations was recovery of additional material for AMS radiocarbon dating, and this was a principal concern in selecting terraces for testing. We attempted to select terraces from different areas of the site, and because charcoal is better preserved in deeper terrace deposits, we attempted to select terraces with a meter or more of depth. Of the 10 terraces tested at Cerro Juanaqueña in 1998, eight yielded material suitable for radiocarbon dating. At both Cerro Vidal and Cerro los Torres we were also successful in obtaining fragments of carbonized maize which yielded radiocarbon dates that are reported in Table 4. Table 4 summarizes all of the dating results from 1997, and lists those samples which have been submitted from our 1998 season. All of the dated samples from 1997 as well as six samples from 1998 (T10, T97, T126, T167, T290, T297) come from terraces built 18 ? ? ? MN 0 10 20 30 40 50 METERS ro c k a rt p a ne ls Figure 11. Locational of rock art panels on Cerro Juanaqueña. on the summit and upper slopes of Cerro Juanaqueña. Two samples (T387, T413) are from terraces near the base of the hill. The samples from Cerro Vidal and Cerro los Torres were both excavated from terraces on the upper slopes of these two sites. 19 Table 4. Summary of AMS Radiocarbon Dating, 1997 and 1998 Provenience Material T537 T222 T6 T167 T222 T222 Maize cob 17 Maize cupules Fouquieria splendens Maize cob Cucurbita Cucurbita T10 T97 T126 T163 T290 T297 T387 T413 Maize cupule 2 Maize cupules Maize cupule Maize cupule 2 Maize cupules 2 Maize cupules Maize cupule Maize grain T1 Maize cupule T20 Maize cupule INSTARR Lab Radiocarbon years Dendrocalibrated 2σ age No. BP ranges AD Cerro Juanaqueña (1997) 3986 2890±50 910 (1030) 1250 3995 2930±50 940 (1120) 1270 10056 2980±70 1020 (1200, 1250) 1380 3983 2980±50 1020 (1200, 1250) 1380 10039 2980±40 1020 (1200, 1250) 1380 3985 3310±60 1430 (1530, 1570, 1600) Cerro Juanaqueña (1998) In progress " " " " " " " Cerro los Torres (1998) 10591 2920±55 BC 200 (100) 0 AD Cerro Vidal (1998) 10592 2100±40 1265 (1120) 930 ally selected for tool production and lower quality materials for core reduction, with obsidian being rare. The presence of waterworn cortex on all but the obsidian indicates that these materials were obtained from secondary river gravel sources. In contrast, obsidian appears to have primarily been obtained from primary sources since it exhibits nodular cortex without any waterworn rounding. Chipped Stone Approximately 3200 pieces of debitage, 20 cores, and 38 retouched tools were analyzed from the 1997 and 1998 test excavations at Cerro Juanaqueña during the 1998 season at the field lab by Dr. Brad Vierra of Los Alamos National Laboratory. This analysis included all of the chipped stone from 11 of the 17 features that have been tested thus far. In addition, all of the chipped stone artifacts recovered from the 1998 test excavations at Cerro Vidal and Los Torres were also analyzed. This material consists of about 240 pieces of debitage, two cores and two retouched tools from Cerro Vidal and 280 pieces of debitage, three cores, and three retouched tools from Los Torres. An in-field analysis was conducted of the gravels in the Rio Casas Grandes to determine if the material types represented in the Cerro Juanaqueña sample were similar to those available in these gravels. It appears that rhyolite also dominates the local river gravels. In addition, there are small amounts of chalcedony and basalt, but no chert was observed. Chert may therefore have been obtained from a more distant source. An x-ray flourescence analysis of 42 obsidian artifacts revealed that they were obtained from several sources (see below). Most of these items were identified as being derived from an unkown source, with less from Lago Fredico, Antelope Wells, Sierra Fresnal and Los Jagueyes. With the exception of the Antelope Wells source in southwestern New Mexico, and Several lithic raw material types are represented by the chipped-stone artifacts at Cerro Juanaqueña. The majority of the debitage is made of local rhyolite, with some chert, chalcedony, and obsidian. In contrast, most of the retouched tools were manufactured of chert and chalcedony with less rhyolite and obsidian. Overall, it appears that higher quality materials were gener20 the undetermined source, the remainder are from adjacent areas of Chihuahua. and tend to be manufactured on large thick flake blanks. The stone-tool technology at Cerro Juanaqueña appears to emphasize core reduction activities. This mostly consists of core flakes with few biface thinning flakes. Only 20 cores were present in the sample. They were reduced using both a split cobble and cobble uniface technique. It appears that local river cobbles were brought on to the site, and then fully reduced into small cores. Many of these are single platform or core fragments. In summary, the chipped-stone technology at Cerro Juanaqueña emphasizes the core reduction of local rhyolites that were presumably used as expedient flake tools. There is only limited evidence for the production of retouched tools from local chert, chalcedony, and nonlocal obsidians. Thirty-eight retouched tools were analyzed in the sample. They mostly consist of bifaces (11), retouched flakes (7), projectile points (6) and unifaces (6) with fewer notches, denticulates, an endscraper and a possible cruciform. The bifaces and and projectile points exhibit evidence of breakage during manufacturing, with some of the points also having been broken during use. The projectile points exhibit a range in morphology including side-notched, stemmed, and corner-notched forms. Two of the points have beveled edges. The unifaces have steep retouched edges Although most of the chipped stone on Cerro Juanaqueña is material which is available in the immediate vicinity, small amounts of obsidian and chert seem to be non-local stone. We do not yet know where the chert may have originated, but some progress has been made in identification of the obsidian from Cerro Juanaqueña. Figure 12 shows the location of known obsidian sources in northwestern Chihuahua. We submitted 42 samples of obsidian from Cerro Juanaqueña, three samples from Cerro los Torres, and three samples from Cerro Vidal to Dr. Steve Shackley, (Archaeological XRF Laboratory, Phoebe Hearst Museum of A rizo n a Obsidian Sourcing N e w M e xic o Te xa s e d n o ra a v r B o Ri n Ca rm La g o B a rre a l d e l e Ri o Sa nt a M a ria O jo Fred ric o Rio s de C a sa s Gran C e rro Ju a n a qu e ñ a Ri o Ri o Sie rra Fre sn a l G A n te lo p e W e lls Los Ja g u eye s Sie rra la B re n a So n o ra M N C h ihu a hu a Figure 12. Obsidian sources. 21 Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley) for source analysis. Faunal Remains Archaeological excavations at Cerro Juanaqueña in the summers of 1997 and 1998 produced a large collection of unmodified faunal remains and several modified fragments of bone. An extensive study of the faunal material recovered was undertaken in order to assess the composition of the assemblage and its potential for future research. The study is significant as it represents one of the first quantifiable studies of faunal data from the Late Archaic period in northern Mexico, as well as one of the first reports from a cerros de trincheras site. Shackley (1998) used an x-ray fluorescence spectrometer to quantify 10 trace elements in each sample (Ti, Mn, Fe, Zn, Th, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr and Nb). The results were statistically compared to trace element composition from known obsidian sources using the computer program SPSS for Windows. Of the 42 samples from Cerro Juanaqueña, 21 (50 percent) are from a single unidentified source. The high frequency of obsidian from this source may imply that it is located nearby. Eight samples (19 percent) match obsidian source samples from Lago Fredrico, a poorly A total of 9,885 bones were recovered during the 1997 documented secondary source of obsidian located excavations. Table 5 shows the total number of bones about 12 km east of Ascensión. Six of the Cerro analyzed from both excavation and flotation proceJuanaqueña samples (14 percent) match the Sierra dures, the number of identified specimens (NISP) for Fresnal source. Shackley believes that this obsidian each site, the number of different taxa identified, the originates in a series of coalesced volcanic domes at number of burned bones, and the percentage of the the north end of the Sierra Fresnal, but that it has been assemblage that showed signs of burning. widely distributed toward the north and east by erosion. Four Cerro Juanaqueña obsidian samples (9 perThe majority of the fauna identified consists of jackcent) come from the Antelope Wells source. Although rabbit (Lepus spp.), cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus spp.), the primary source of this obsidian is located 90 km and indeterminate leporids (see Table 6). Additionnorthwest of Janos, this obsidian has also been widely ally, a small percent of the sample is artiodactyl, indistributed by erosion and undoubtedly occurs closer cluding pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), mule to the site in alluvium. The remaining three samples deer (Odocoileus hemionus), indeterminate deer, and from Cerro Juanaqueña match source obsidian from indeterminate artiodactyl remains. The remaining Los Jagüeyes, a secondary source located along the Rio Santa Maria approximately 10 Table 5. Summary of 1997 Faunal Analysis km northwest of Progresso. The primary source and distribution of Sample Type No. Total Bones NISP No. of No. burned Percent Los Jagüeyes are unknown. Taxa burned Excavation 6852 1082 18 3481 51 The three obsidian samples from Flotation 3033 80 6 N/A N/A Cerro los Torres included two from Antelope Wells and one from Lago Fredrico. Table 6. Number and Percentage of Identified The three samples from Faunal Remains from 1997 Excavations Cerro Vidal included two from Antelope Identification Number identified (NISP) Percentage of assemblage Wells and one from an Fish 39 3.4 unknown source closely Reptiles 9 0.8 resembling that which Birds 5 0.4 was well represented at Small Rodents 78 6.7 Cerro Juanaqueña. Leporids (rabbits and hares) 987 85 Carnivores Artiodactyls 4 40 22 0.3 3.4 identified specimens are rodents including squirrels, pocket mice, deer mice, cotton rats, pocket gophers, and kangaroo rats; carnivores including coyote and badger; birds including quail, perching birds, and indeterminate species, reptiles including terrestrial turtles and non-venomous snakes, and small, indeterminate fish that are most likely minnows or suckers based on the size of the vertebra recovered. These percentages are presented in Table 6 and include the identified material from excavated contexts and flotation procedures. tribution of aquatic resources may be more significant than previously suspected, but that the material may be difficult to recover in excavation practices. If this is the case, materials recovered from flotation procedures may be especially important to overall assessments of subsistence practices at Cerro Juanaqueña. The faunal remains from Cerro Juanaqueña include similar taxa as those recovered from other early agricultural sites in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, possibly indicating a similar set of exploited resources throughout the area. However, a possible difference between Cerro Juanaqueña and other sites occupied in the greater Southwest may be in the manner and frequency in which artiodactyls were exploited since they are not abundant in the assemblage. At Cerro Juanaqueña the ratio to artiodactyls to leporids is lower than at most sites in the Southwest or Northwest as they are generally the second most abundant taxa (Bayham 1982; Lang and Harris 1984; Olsen 1982). For example, artiodactyls are far more common at sites in southeastern and south-central Arizona than at Cerro Juanaqueña (Bayham 1982; Greene and Mathews 1976; Huckell 1995; Schmidt et al. 1998; Szuter and Bayham 1989). Preliminary analyses of the faunal remains recovered from the 1998 excavations show patterns similar to those reported above. Analysis of 486 faunal remains from a single terrace (T163) show similarities in composition, percentage, and appearance to faunal remains analyzed from features identified during the 1997 excavations. The T163 fauna indicate that jackrabbits (Lepus spp.), cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus spp.), large mammals (including pronghorn [Antilocapra americana], mule deer [Odocoileus hemionus], and unidentified artiodactyls), and a variety of small mammals were important game species. Additionally, a single turtle carapace fragment (Terrapene sp.) and a small fish element have been identified from this terrace. Although the 1998 analysis is preliminary, percentages are clearly similar to the 1997 excavations (Table 7). Of the 1,242 identified specimens at Cerro Juanaqueña, only 43 are artiodactyl. Twenty-four of the artiodactyl remains are indeterminate, a designation based largely on small tooth fragments, 13 are indeterminate deer, one is mule deer and five are pronghorn. There are several possible explanations for the low artiodactyl relative abundance at Cerro Juanaqueña in comparison to other sites in the greater Southwest. In addition the small faunal material from all 1998 heavy fractions has been examined. This material sugests a greater recovery in number and percentage of fish, small mammals, and reptiles compared with the 1997 remains. This increase suggests that the con- Table 7. Summary of Faunal Remains from Terrace 163, 1998 Excavations Identification Fish Box Turtle Pocket Mouse Chipmunk Indeterminate Canid Cottontail rabbit Jackrabbit Pronghorn Indeterminate Artiodactyl Unidentified Number identified (NISP) Percentage of assemblage 1 1.25 1 1.25 1 1.25 1 1.25 1 1.25 13 16 59 74 1 1.25 2 2.5 406 - 23 First, large game, for whatever reason(s), may not have been available to the inhabitants of Cerro Juanaqueña. But, the fact that the ecological zones characteristic of this geographic area were similar to other areas that adequately supported artiodactyl populations renders this explanation insuffi- cient. It is also possible that local artiodactyl populations were impacted by human predation, although evidence of resource depression cannot presently be evaluated. Another possible explanation for the lack of artiodactyls is that the inhabitants chose not to use these resources in favor of small game, culturally not selecting for the use of large game. This alternative explanation is unlikely, as it entails people foregoing resources which provide much higher post-encounter net caloric returns than those provided by smaller game (Broughton, 1994a, 1994b; Szuter and Bayham 1989). The final explanation for the near absence of artiodactyl remains is that these resources were procured and processed at a location away from the site proper. the water is then poured through a .5 mm geological sieve. The light fraction is then carefully removed from the screen and allowed to dry. The heavy fraction, containing gravels, was retained to examine for small faunal remains and microlithics. Fifty light fractions were submitted to Karen Adams of the Crow Canyon Archaeological Research Center for analysis. The following results are based upon that analysis. The 1998 flotation samples were far more productive than the 1997 samples in that ten out of twelve features excavated produced charred reproductive plant parts. While the 1997 data implied that corn may have been less important at Cerro Juanaqueña than indigenous small seeded species, 1998 findings suggest that maize (Zea mays) agriculture played a significant role in the diet. Five charred cob fragments, four cob segments, and six kernel fragments were recovered from the screen during excavation in 1998, and similar remains, including maize cupules, were found in 42 of 50 flotation samples (84 percent, Table 8). Of the flotation material, 13 maize cupules and five kernel fragments came from Cerro los Torres and Cerro Vidal. The maize is a 12-rowed variety consistent with maize found at archaeological sites throughout the Southwest and northern Mexico, including other Late Archaic sites. The close proximity of the Rio Casas Grandes suggests that the inhabitants practiced floodplain agriculture. Some researchers (Binford 1978; Kent 1991; Schmidt 1999; Szuter and Bayham 1989) have discussed specialized activity areas located at some distance from primary areas of occupation. These small sites or caves appear to have been used specifically as animal processing areas, and often leave little in the way of tools or debitage. If the inhabitants of Cerro Juanaqueña used similar types of activity areas, we would not expect abundant artiodactyl remains at the site. Ultimately, other lines of evidence (geomorphological and paleoclimatological), and larger sample sizes obtained through additional excavations and analysis may provide evidence to support one or a combination of these hypotheses. As shown in Table 8, the next most common plants recovered were chenopodium or amaranth (chenoams), which occurred in 20 of 50 1998 flotation samples (40 percent). Other charred seeds found in the 1997 or 1998 samples include wild gourds (Cucurbita digitata or C. foetidissima type), unidentified grasses (Gramineae), bulrush (Scirpus sp. type), chia (Salvia sp. type), plains lovegrass (Eragrostis intermedia type), milk-vetch (Astragalus nutulliana type), globe-mallow (Sphaeralcea sp.), and Monocotyledon. Additional taxa found in 1998 that were not recovered in 1997 include Trianthema, Ferocactus, Physalis, and Euphorbia sp. type. Most of these taxa are known to be potentially economic seed plants, indicating that nondomesticated species played an important role in the diet as well. Macrobotanical Remains A principle goal of the 1998 field season was to obtain additional botanical remains for both ethnobotanical analysis and for radiocarbon dating. Although macrobotanical returns were generally low from the 1997 field season, the deeper deposits were the most productive. For this reason, the 1998 excavation strategy placed emphasis on recovering flotation samples from deposits 50 cm or more below the surface. In fact, individual terraces were selected for testing in 1998 based, in part, on their the potential for yielding deep deposits. In 1998, we took 163 float samples during excavation and floated them in the field lab, using the decanting method for field flotation. When water is added to the sample, the organic material floats to the surface, and 24 Table 8. Charred Reproductive Parts Taxa 1998 Ubiquity (from flotation) 1997 Ubiquity (from flotation) 0.84 0.05 0.4 0.14 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.06 0.02 - - - 0.2 0.07 0.02 - - 0.07 0.02 0.07 - - 0.05 - 0.02 Zea mays Cheno-am Gramineae Scirpus Trianthema Ferocactus Salvia Monocotyledon Eragrostis intermedia Physalis Euphorbia Astragalus nuttalliana Cucurbita digitata Sphaeralcea type Features (both flotation and screen) T10,T97,T126,T163, T222,T290,T297, T387, T413,T537, CV-T20, LTT1 T6,T10,T97,T126, T163,T222,T387,T537, CV-T20, LT-T1 T10,T222,T387,LT-T1 T10,T222,T387 T10,T387 T97 T163,T222 T222,T387 T222,LT-T1 LT-T1 LT-T1 T222 T222 T222 to be domesticated, it would be the first documented case of domesticated amaranth in northwestern Mexico at such an early date. These results are preliminary, and Dr. Fritz is continuing her analysis. In her preliminary analysis of the cheno-ams, Gayle Fritz, Associate Professor at Washington University, has identified charred amaranth and chenopodium. While the chenopodium from Cerro Juanaqueña is nondomesticated, scanning electron microscope work indicates thin seed coats on some of the amaranth specimens from Cerro Juanaqueña, Cerro Vidal, and Cerro los Torres, suggesting that at least some of the amaranth may represent a domesticated variety. Domesticated amaranth has been documented from a number of Hohokam sites throughout the American Southwest and in Late Archaic contexts at Fresnal Shelter in southern New Mexico (Fritz 1984; Tagg 1996). However, if some of the amaranth from Cerro Juanaqueña proves In addition to charred reproductive parts, flotation and excavation also produced wood charcoal from plants such as mesquite (Prosopis sp. type), saltbush (Atriplex type), Leguminoseae, Compositae type, ocotillo (Fouquieria type), and creosote bush (Larrea type). These taxa are listed in Table 9. The most common wood charcoal was mesquite, which makes a superior fuelwood. Also, ocotillo is commonly used as a building material. Table 9. Wood Charcoal Taxa Prosopis Atriplex Leguminoseae Compositae type Fouquieria type Larrea type 1998 Ubiquity (from flotation) 0.02 0.02 0.02 ------- 1997 Ubiquity (from flotation) 0.22 0.05 0.17 0.02 0.05 0.1 25 Features (both flotation and screen) T6, T163, T222, T387, LT-T1 T222, T387, LT-T1 T6,T222,T537, LT-T1 T222 R250,T6,T222 T222,T537 samples (see Table 10, Sample 2 from BHT6, dated 590 B.P.) yielded results not directly applicable to local environmental reconstruction. Although only about 600 years old, this sample had high frequencies of pine, oak, and juniper pollen, species which were almost certainly not common in the vicinity of Janos at A.D. 1400. Geological evidence indicates that this sample comes from alluvial deposits which were laid down during a time of rapid deposition. We believe that the pine and oak pollen originated in the headwaters of the drainage, was transported in water, and was then deposited on the floodplain along with other supended sediment. Such water transport and deposition of pollen is a well-documented phenomenon. For this reason Sample 2 is disregarded in the following discussion. Human Remains For the first time, in 1998 we recovered two or three fragments of human bone from T10. These pieces include a cranial fragment, and a tooth (lower premolar). All were recovered from a single level in T10. These remains, although few, suggest that burials are present at Cerro Juanaqueña. Pollen Analysis Pollen samples were submitted for analysis with two principal objectives: 1) recognition of environmental change, and 2) identification of economic activities such as cuiltivation and/or processing of food plants. Ten samples were submitted to Dr. Suzanne Fish, Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona for analysis (Table 10). Five of these samples were from dated soil horizons or depositional units located at various depths in the floodplain (Table 10, Samples 2 through 6). Three samples were pollen washes from a stone bowl, a metate, and a mano recovered during excavations on Cerro Juanaqueña. Another sample was taken from midden deposits behind one of the terraces on Cerro Juanaqueña. The tenth sample was taken from the surface of the floodplain, in an old field which had been fallow for several years. This sample provides an indication of pollen results which modern conditions are likely to yield. Prevailing models of paleoenvironmental conditions in Chihuahua are based primarily on analysis of packrat middens (Spaulding and Graumlich 1986; Van Devender et al. 1987; Van Devender 1990) supplemented by information from other sources (Metcalfe et al. 1997; Krider 1998). All of these models agree that climatic conditions approximating those of modern times were established by about 4500 B.P. For this reason we expected that the analyzed pollen would reflect plant species which are present in the area today. However, it did seem possible that relatively minor changes in climate which could have affected vegetation might have occurred in the past 3000 years (Krider 1998; Van Devender and Worthington 1977; Van Devender 1995). Human activities may also have Results of the pollen analysis are presented in Table affected vegetation in ways which could have altered 11 (Fish 1999). One of the samples had insufficient pollen rain. For example, with increasing cultivation pollen for analysis (see Table 10, Sample 5 from we might expect increased frequencies of cheno-ams, BHT16, dated 1980 B.P.). Another of the floodplain composites, and other plants which grow in disturbed areas. It also Table 10. 1997 Pollen Samples seemed possible that centuries of fuelwood gathering could have reNumber Location Context Age (BP) 1 Floodplain Modern Surface, Jorge Terrace 0 duced arboreal species such as cot2 BHT6 C5b, Alluvial deposits 590 tonwood and mesquite. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 BHT10 BHT12 BHT16 BHT2 T6 T6 T6 T167 Ab2, Viejo Paleosol Ab, Janos Paleosol Ab, Janos Paleosol AbK, Trincheral Paleosol Stone Bowl Metate Mano Midden 1420 1860 1980 3140 3000 (est.) 3000 (est.) 3000 (est.) 3000 (est.) 26 Pollen samples from soil horizons buried in the floodplain span the past 3000 years, and seem to reflect conditions very similar to those which prevail today in anthropogenic landscapes. Cheno-ams and composites Table 11. Percentages of Pollen Grains by Taxa Taxa 1 2.# 3 4 Sample Number 6 7 8 9 10 Zea mays & Gramineae 9 15 2.5 4.5 21.5 2 3 1.5 2.5 Compositae High Spine 19.5 2.5 5 3.5 4 3.5 7 2 6.5 Low Spine 16 11.5 30.5 27 19.5 21.5 22.5 18.5 16 Cheno-Am 39.5 28 47.5 43 28 49.5* 53.5* 6.5 58.0* Boerhaavia-type + 1 2 3 + 6 0.5 + 4.0* Sphaeralcea 1 0.5 + 0.5 2.5 Kalistroemia + + + + + 1 Onagraceae 0.5 + Eriogonum 2 1 1.5 + 0.5 Euphorbia-type 0.5 + Solanaceae 0.5 Labiatae 0.5 Tidestromia 0.5 Cyperaceae 0.5 Typha 2 Liguliflorae 0.5 0.5 Umbelliferae 0.5 0.5 Cylindropuntia + + Platyopuntia + Cereus-type + 0.5 Artemisia 1.5 4 3 1 1.5 2 2.5 2 Larrea 0.5 1.5 0.5 Prosopis + 1 0.5 cf. Leguminosae 0.5 Ephedra 1 1 0.5 2 1 1.5 Cephalanthus 0.5 Celtis 0.5 Agave + Pinus 6 35.5 1.5 3.5 4.5 3 0.5 2 1.5 Quercus 3 14 0.5 2.5 8.5 1.5 1 2.5 * Juniperus 2.5 + 1 0.5 4 0.5 + Salix + 1.5 0.5 1 1.5 1 Alnus 2.5 0.5 + 0.5 Indeterminate 4 5.5 1.5 4 6 6 7.5 3 3.5 # Sample rejected + Pollen type observed only in scanning material after tabulation of the 200 grain standard sum. * Pollen type occurring in aggregates of 6 or more grains. & Cultigen pollen tabulated as number of grains rather than percentage, and excluded from sum per standard procedures. dominate all of these samples, accounting for between 51.5 percent and 83 percent of the pollen. It is interesting that the frequency of these plants is lowest in the sample associated with a date of 3140 B.P. (Sample 6), which has a corresponding increase in grass pollen (Gramineae). This sample location may represent a more mesic microhabitat favoring grass or the growth of grass in a fallow section of a cultivated area. Distinguishing among these alternatives requires further corroboration. Pine (Pinus), oak (Quercus) and juniper (Juniperus) are consistently present, ranging from 3 percent to 17 percent in the floodplain deposits, with 27 11 percent found in the sample from the modern surface. These species do not grow in the immediate vicinity of Janos today, but are common at higher elevations. These frequencies can be primarily attributed to aeolian and perhaps secondarily to alluvial transport and deposition. wind, and the occurrence of aggretages could indicate a relatively immediate plant source for the pollen, or could indicate the direct introduction of immature floral parts by human beings. Chenopodium and Amaranth are both economically important species, which could have been processed in stone bowls and metates, although both also grow on Cerro Juanaqueña today. Willow (Salix) is a riverine species which is found in all of the floodplain deposits. There is no indication in the pollen record that either mesquite (Prosopis) or cottonwood (Populus) were ever significantly more common than today. Cottonwood pollen is a fragile type, however, and is normally recovered only under optimal conditions of preservation. Mesquite pollen occurrs only intermittantly, but such a record is not unusual for this naturally infrequent pollen type. Pollen from prehistoric contexts does include more aquatic plants than the modern sample. Sedge (Cyperaceae), cat-tail (Typha), and members of the parsley family (Umbelliferae) are all present in prehistoric samples, hinting that there may have been more permanent water in the Janos area. Cat-tail requires permanently damp conditions which could have been natural or the result of artificial impoundments by farmers. (The only Umbelliferae which we have identified in the modern vegetation is water parsnip, Berula erecta.) Summary and Conclusions Period of Occupation In the Solucitud for this project which was submitted to the Consejo de Arqueologia in April 1998 we identified several important research objectives. One of these was to determine more precisely the period of occupation at Cerro Juanaqueña. In the past year we have obtained two additional radiocarbon dates, and we are awaiting results from eight additional samples which have been submitted for dating. The results obtained so far confirm that major occupation of the site was around 1150 B.C. Furthermore, present indications suggest that the occupation was relatively brief, perhaps no more than 200 years. Cerro los Torres appears to be contemporaneous with Cerro Juanaqueña based upon an 1120 B.C. radiocarbon date. Cerro Vidal, however, appears to date to 100 B.C. The pollen washes from ground stone artifacts found on Cerro Juanaqueña and the sample from midden deposits behind Terrace 167 are similar to those from the floodplain in that they are dominated by Chenoams. These taxa are typically prominent in the culturally disturbed environs of prehistoric habitation in the Southwest. However, several species are present in these samples which are not found in the floodplain samples, including spurge (Euphorbia-type), cholla (Cylindropuntia), prickley-pear (Platyopuntia), hedgehog or related cacti (Cereus-type), and agave (Agave). Most of these are succulent plants which typically grow on rocky hillslopes; because relatively rare cactus and agave pollen is seldom recovered in samples from natural vegetation, these types likely reflect resource residues. Dr. Fish did note that Cheno-am pollen from the bowl, metate, and midden samples and the Boerhaavia-type pollen from the midden occurred in aggregates of six or more grains. Large clusters of pollen like these are not efficiently transported by Subsistence Subsistence was another issue which we proposed to explore. One of our most important findings during the 1998 field season was the ubiquity of maize. Maize has now been found in 13 of the 16 features which we have excavated, leaving little doubt that maize agriculture was one of the mainstays of the Late Archaic subsistence system in northwestern Chihuahua. In addition, the size of the manos is consistent with that of a group that acquires a substantial proportion of its diet from maize processing, yet less than that of a fully agricultural society. The tentative identification of domesticated amaranth is another very exciting development which raises a 28 number of new possibilities. Despite the occurrence of cultigens, it is clear that wild plant foods also contributed to the diet of Late Archaic peoples at Cerro Juanaqueña. Other charred plants recovered at the site include: chenopodium, wild gourds, unidentified grasses, bulrush, chia, plains lovegrass, milk-vetch, globe-mallow, Monocotyledon, Trianthema, Ferocactus, Physalis, and Euphorbia sp. Most of these taxa are known to be potentially economic seed plants, indicating that nondomesticated species played an important role in the diet as well. the site was built and used by a relatively sedentary population. The discovery that significant quantities of maize are present also reinforces the view that at least some part of the population was spending a significant amount of time at the site. Under current climatic conditions corn is planted in June, cared for during the growing season, and harvested in September. Storage is one of the important properties of a maize diet, and we assume that a large part of the annual crop was put aside for consumption during the lean winter and early spring months. Charred Astragalus seeds imply occupation in the spring, since this is an early flowering species. These lines of evidence suggest that at least some part of the population was present from spring through fall, and most likely into the winter as well. Finally, the chipped stone technology at Cerro Juanaqueña suggests a relatively sedentary lifeway. In general bifacial technologies which formal, curated took kits are associated with highly mobile settlement systems, while people following more sedentary ways of life usually have very expedient, informal lithic technologies (e.g.; Kelly and Todd 1988; Vierra 1993, 1996). The assemblages which we have analyzed from Cerro Juanaqueña are expedient and therefore suggest sedentism. None of the arguments presented here provide specific and quantifiable information about numbers of people or lengths of stay at the site, but they do suggest a relatively high degree of sedentism and are not consistent with the highly mobile settlement pattern which used to be thought of as a central characteristic of the Late Archaic period. Faunal analysis shows an overwhelming reliance on rabbits as over 90 percent of the identifable bone from 1997 and one terrace (T163) from 1998 excavations are Lagomorphs. Jackrabbit is almost ten times more common than cottontail. Other species found in cultural deposits represent less than 10 percent of the identifiable bone including mule deer, pronghorn antelope, squirrels, pocket mice, deer mice, cotton rats, pocket gophers, kangaroo rats, coyote, badger, quail, perching birds, turtles, snakes, and small fish. Surprisingly we are finding numerous small bones from fish, reptiles, and rodents in the heavy fraction portion of the flotation samples, a procedure which recovers bone smaller than 1/8 inch. This material from 1998 has all been examined and shows an increase in the number and percentage of fish, small mammals, and reptiles relative to the 1997 results. This increase suggests that the contribution of aquatic resources may be more significant than previously suspected. The faunal remains thus far identified at Cerro Juanaqueña are similar to assemblages recovered at other early agricultural sites in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, possibly indicating a similar set of exploited resources throughout the area. Aggregation Population aggregation is another important issue at Cerro Juanaqueña. Most previous models of early agricultural times in this part of the continent have envisioned small villages at most. It has long been thought that larger villages did not develop in this region until much later in time, A.D. 500 to 700 in some areas and as late as A.D. 1200 in other areas (e.g. Hard et al. 1996). However, we believe that Cerro Juanaqueña and perhaps other cerros de trincheras in northwestern Chihuahua were built and occupied by relatively large groups of people, perhaps several hundred or more. Sedentism Sedentism and mobility are two other closely related issues which we hope to investigate. We have developed labor estimates which show that construction of the walls and terraces at Cerro Juanaqueña would have required approximatley 30 person years. This observation, combined with the apparently brief period of construction and use of the site, certainly suggests that 29 Large macrofeatures are present at Cerro Juanaqueña, Cerro los Torres, and Cerro Vidal. These are large terrace/wall complexes which form continuous features bounding the sites on several sides. The macrofeature at Cerro Juanaqueña is 400 m long, and defines the northern, eastern, and southern margins of the terraced area. At Cerro los Torres an 800 m long macrofeature completely encircles the feature complex. Cerro Vidal is actually composed of a series of concentric macrofeatures, with the outermost bounding the site on the north, east, and south and reaching a length of 500 m. These features imply levels of planning and leadership which we do not usually associate with simple early agricultural communities. Furthermore, they bound areas up to 6 ha. in size. Although we cannot yet develop a quantitative estimate on the basis of this observation, there is a clear implication that these formally defined spaces accommodated the spatial needs of large groups of people. forms, although we have yet to identify house remains. The function of the rock rings remains unknown. In 1999, with permission from the Consejo, we hope to expose large areas on selected terraces and rock rings, a strategy which we believe will be more likely to reveal cultural features such as structures, storage pits, hearths, etc. (A. Villalpando and R. McGuire 1998, personal communication). In contrast, our 1998 excavations were small in size and were directed toward achieving maximum depth. We have developed labor estimates for construction of the terraces at Cerro Juanaqueña which imply that the terraces were not built primarily for agricultural purposes. For example, the construction costs of the flat areas behind the terraces is about 4300 person days per hectare. This even exceeds the estimated labor costs of constructing Maya raised fields! In addition, if the total area of potential farm land behind the 486 terraces on Cerro Juanaqueña were planted in maize the harvest would feed only about four adults for a year. While we estimate a single terrace could be built in only about 130 hours, the labor to build all of the terraces is about 30 person years or similar to that required to build a 600 room pueblo or 135 large pithouses. Another approach to estimating the size of the group occupying Cerro Juanaqueña is through estimation of the amount of wear on metates. Based on a systematic sample, we estimate that there are 300 deep basin metates on the site, with an average of 8.2 cm of wear. Experimental data show that basalt metates are worn down at a rate of .5 cm/year (Hard and Roney 1998b). These calculations imply an amazing 28,000 person years of occupation at the site. This number, 28,000 (I) should equal the average number of people who lived on the site in a given year (P) multiplied by the number of years of occupation on the site (A), multiplied by the proportion of the year during which the site was occupied (F): I = P x A x F. If we assume that the site was occupied for 9 months each year (F = .75) and that the site was occupied for 200 years (A = 200) then the average population at the site (P) is 187 people (P = 28,000/(200 x .75)) . We expect to refine these numbers as our research progresses. Use of the Floodplain Dr. Nordt has made excellent progress toward understanding the history of the floodplain of the Rio Casas Grandes in the vicinity of Janos. A detailed picture of the sequence of erosion and deposition spanning the past 14,000 years has been developed. This sequence includes Pleistocene alluvial terraces and fans, a 9000 year old peat layer, and five paleosols dating to 4500 B.P. (Antonio paleosol), 3600 B.P. (Pedro paleosol), 3100 B.P. (Trincheras paleosol), 2200 B.P. (Janos paleosol), 1400 B.P. (Viejo paleosol). This information will tell us much about environmental change in northwestern Chihuahua since the last glacial period. Unfortunately it appears that a large part of the 3000 year old surface, the surface which is contemporary with occupation of Cerro Juanaqueña, has been removed by erosion, although remnants remain on both sides of the Rio San Pedro near its confluence with the Rio Casas Grandes. Function of the Terraces Our 1998 findings with regard to terrace function is consistent with those from 1997. The presence of heavily worn ground stone tools, burned and unburned bone, dense chipped stone, and ashy deposits are all consistent with a function as a residential house plat30 Pollen from buried soil horizons dated by humates and charcoal suggests that for the past 3000 years the floodplain looked much as it does today. Aquatic plants are represented in the prehistoric samples, though, suggesting that there may have been more permanent water, but otherwise the pollen record is consistent with modern conditions. We did not find evidence of maize or other cultigens in any of the floodplain pollen samples, including the modern control sample. In summary, in the span of two years of fieldwork we have made dramatic progress in understanding Late Archaic adaptations. However, many questions remain which will be pursued, with the permission of the Consejo in 1999 and 2000. 31 Appendix 1: Cerro Juanaqueña Feature Descriptions Terrace 10 Stratigraphy Zone 1, or the lower-most layer, was between 35 and 55 cm thick and consisted of a dark, grayish brown (10YR4/2) sediment. The lower boundary of this zone is well-defined by the sloping bedrock. The west-end of this zone was about 35 cm thick, and the east-end about 55 cm thick. The zone extended from between 45-80 cm (west-end) and 60-120 cm (east-end) below surface. This variance was primarily the result of the sloping bedrock. Zone 1 contained a large number of fist-size rocks and a few larger rocks ($40 cm). Numerous artifacts were recovered from this zone, including: charcoal, maize, bone, lithics, human bone, and a projectile point. Zone 2 consisted of a brown (10YR5/3) sediment with a high gravel and ash content. This layer was loose and lacked structure, and the rocks were smaller than fist-size. A few larger rocks ($40 cm) were noticeable in Unit 2, but these are probably the result of displacement, rather than original terrace construction. The uppermost layer, or Zone 3, was not well-defined in profile, but discernible in its content of small gravels, ranging between .5 cm and 2 cm in diameter. This layer of sediment is likely the result of colluvium. Description Terrace 10 (T10) is a large 18 meter wide by 13 meterlong feature located in the northeastern quadrant of the site. The length of the terrace wall is 21 m, and the surface area is approximately 56 m2. This terrace is constructed of an estimated 27 m3 of sediment and rock. The depth of the berm wall to bedrock is 1.25 meters. Terrace 9a lies to the south of T10, T18 is upslope and to the west, and T89a is located downslope to the northeast. A number of surface artifacts were present, including 7 metates and fragments, and 3 manos. Our decision to test this terrace was guided by the following factors: Terrace 10 is geographically isolated from other previously tested features. The steep pitch of the talus slope suggests that this terrace would yield deep cultural deposits. The terrace berm is wellconstructed, and the surface area is substantial and well-preserved. Another indicator was the dark color (10YR 5/3) of the surface sediments. The combination of these indicators suggested that this terrace had been intensively occupied. Artifacts Excavation strategy The most significant artifacts from this terrace were the human bones recovered from Unit 2, Level 7. The bones consisted of a phalanx (possibly human), a very large pre-molar and a cranial fragment. Unit 1 material included a ground stone fragment from Level 2, a mano and metate from Level 6, and maize from Level 11. Maize was also recovered from Unit 2, Level 5 and Level 8. The majority of the cultural material recovered from Unit 1 and Unit 2 consisted of lithic and bone fragments. In both Unit 1 and 2, bone was absent from within the first level excavated. Two one by one meter units were located on T10. In an effort to define T10's horizontal and vertical boundaries, Unit 1 was located approximately 2 meters north of T9a and abutted the terrace berm to the west. Unit 2 was located adjacent and to the west of Unit 1. The units were simultaneously excavated to bedrock and proceeded in arbitrary 10 cm levels. When bedrock was encountered, the final level was excavated as a natural level to bedrock. Unit 1 was excavated to a final depth of 1.25 m below surface, and Unit 2 was excavated to 90 cm below surface. Flotation samples from Unit 1 were secured from Level 2 and then from Levels 5 through 12. The phalanx 32 was recovered from a flotation sample of Unit 1, Level 7. Flotation samples from Unit 1, Level 11 yielded maize and charcoal, and another charcoal sample from Level 12. The Unit 1, Level 11 maize was identified as a Zea mays cob fragment, and was submitted for radiocarbon dating. The Unit 2 flotation samples were taken from Levels 5 through 9. Maize and charcoal were found in the Level 5 sample, and another charcoal fragment from the Level 8 sample. The macrobotanical results from flotation samples for Unit 1, Levels 10, 11, and 12 (100 to 120 cm below surface), were the most productive. A total of 65 speci- mens were identified: Zea mays (53); Graminae (6), Cheno-am (2), Scirpus (2), and Trianthema (2). In contrast, the Unit 2 flotation samples proved very unproductive. Only 1 Zea mays cob fragment was recovered (previously noted) from Level 5. This rather wide disparity in macrobotanical remains, between units, did not carry-over into other cultural material such as lithic and bone. U nit 2 U nit 1 A MN 1 A C = c o re M Tf = m eta te HS = h a m m e rsto ne Figure 13. Plan view of T97. 33 Interpretation Terrace 97 The T10 stratigraphy reflects a typical terrace construction sequence. The lower-most zone, Zone 1 appears to represent the terrace leveling bed. This fill episode is comprised of sediments with small to largesize rocks, and a rather high artifact density. The density and assortment of artifacts recovered from this zone appear to be the result of bioturbation, erosion, and gravity. Colluvial deposits were not encountered between this lower-most zone and bedrock. This would indicate that bedrock was exposed at time of initial construction. Although lacking a definable surface, Zone 2 is reflective of an occupation surface which exhibits a uniform mixture of ashy deposits, lithic material, and bone. This artificial fill consisted of sediments with small to fist-size rocks, and very few larger (40 cm) rocks. The uppermost zone, Zone 3, is comprised of colluvial sediments and gravels that was deposited after the terrace was abandoned. Description T97 is located on the southern side of Cerro Juanaqueña, and faces almost due south, with a slight bearing to the east. At about 39 meters below the summit, it is one of the lowermost terraces of the upper terrace zone (Figures 13 and 14). T97 lies directly below terraces 103 and 104, and terrace 98 is located slightly above and to the east of T97. T97 is semi-circular in shape, and measures about 25 meters long by 5 meters wide at its widest point, with an approximate surface area of 101 meters. We estimate T97 to consist of about 118 m3 of rock and sediment. Bedrock is exposed on the lower talus slope, and there are several support walls immediately below the main terrace wall. Large rocks are distributed uniformly across the terrace surface. Lithics were common on the surface of T97, including several cores and bifaces, numerous flakes, and one hammerstone. The ground stone distribution was Figure 14. Cross-section of T97 34 gently sloped to the south down to about 100 cm below the surface in Unit 1. Excavation activities ceased when bedrock was completely exposed in both units. sparse, with one mano fragment found on the terrace surface, and two mano fragments and a basin metate fragment noted on the lower talus slope. T97 was selected for excavation in order to obtain datable materials from the south side of the site, and because the terrace deposits appeared to be relatively deep. Also, ants on the terrace were bringing large amounts of lithic debris and small bone fragments to surface. Stratigraphy We identified five stratigraphic zones in the west profile of Units 1 and 2; from the bottom up they are: Zones 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 (Figure 15). Zone 0 is a 5 cm layer of carbonate-encrusted gravels within a compacted matrix that sits on top of bedrock. We believe Zone 0 to represent the original ground surface on which T97 was built, as Zone 1 lies on top of it in Unit 1. Zone 1 is the terrace wall, and is dominated by small, medium, and large rocks within a 10YR5/3 sandy loam matrix. Zone 1 does not extend into Unit 2. Overlying Zone 0 in Unit 2 is Zone 2, which is the terrace fill of T97. Zone 2 is a 10YR5/3 sandy loam with relatively few small and medium rocks evenly Excavation strategy After T97 was mapped and all surface artifacts recorded, two excavation units were placed near the midline of the terrace, adjacent to the berm wall. Unit 1 was layed out at the terrace edge, and Unit 2 was placed immediately to the north of Unit 1. Units 1 and 2 were excavated simultaneously, to maintain consistency in the plan view maps for each level. Bedrock was encountered at about 80 below the surface in Unit 2, and it Figure 15. Unit 1 and 2 profile, T97. 35 distributed throughout. Both Zones 1 and 2 average about 60 cm thick. Terrace 126 Zone 3 overlies Zones 1 and 2 in both units. It is a compacted layer of 10YR4/3 sandy loam with smaller rocks and gravels mixed in. We believe Zone 3 to represent the prepared occupation surface of T97. On top of Zone 3 is Zone 4, a 5 cm thick layer of sandy colluvium on the modern surface of the terrace. Description Terrace 126 is located on the southeastern slope of Cerro Juanaqueña, about 19 meters below the summit of the hill. It is adjacent to Terraces 125 (to the west), and 127 (to the east). Terraces 125, 126, and 127 are well defined, as they are separated by distinct rock alignments. Terraces 113 and 114 are located directly downslope from T126, and T137 lies up slope. T126 is approximately 8.5 meters long and 7 meters wide at its widest point, and its surface area is about 44.2 m2. We estimate T126 to contain about 41.25 m3 of rock and sediment. The terrace surface slopes gently down to the south, and bedrock outcroppings are exposed at the surface level along the northern portion of the terrace. The outer berm wall on this terrace appears to have been subject to a great deal of erosion, as the outer edge of the terrace is slumped. Artifacts Although the number of cultural materials recovered from T97 is small, the majority of them are lithics and bone. They appear to be relatively evenly dispersed throughout all levels. Several pieces of shell were collected from Unit 2, Level 1, as well as one San Pedro projectile point. An undiagnostic point fragment from the same level was found in the screen. Two charred Zea mays cupules, one cob fragment, one cob segment, and a cheno-am seed were collected from Level 7 of Unit 1, and three charred Zea mays cupules and a Ferocactus seed were recovered from Unit 1, Level 8. The cob fragment from Level 7 has been submitted for radiocarbon dating. No significant artifacts were present on the surface of T126, save an obsidian flake to the north of Unit 2, and a few core fragments scattered on the terrace surface and along the lower slope. Also, a projectile point (surface item #340) was collected from the terrace surface, just south of the exposed bedrock. T126 was selected for testing because at the time no dates were available for the southern side of the site, and because the terrace was estimated to contain approximately one meter of fill. Interpretation As with other terraces on Cerro Juanaqueña, it appears that T97 was constructed using a natural shelf formed by bedrock. We believe that Zone 0, a thin (5 cm), compact layer high in calcium carbonate directly on top of bedrock, represents the original ground surface on which T97 was built. A large berm wall of rock was built on the outer edge of the shelf, and then a fill consisting of sediment and smaller cobbles was dumped behind this berm to form a level occupation surface. We believe Zone 3 to represent the prepared occupation surface of T97, as it is more compacted than the other layers. The cultural debris recovered during excavation most likely filtered down from the occupation surface into the terrace fill through the activities of roots, small animals, erosion, and gravity. Excavation Strategy T126 was first mapped and all significant surface artifacts were recorded and collected. We then laid out two adjacent, one meter by one meter units at the southern edge of the terrace, perpendicular to the berm wall, in a north to south direction. The units were placed in this position in order to define the terrace wall construction. Unit 1 was located at the terrace edge, and Unit 2 was placed immediately to the north of Unit 1. Both units were excavated simultaneously in 10 cm levels. At Level 2 in Unit 2 we encountered a hard packed surface, which we pedastalled and gave a subfeature designation ("Hard Packed Surface A"). 36 This area was well-documented in the notes and plan views. After further exploration, we determined that "Hard Packed Surface A" was a natural feature, and thereafter it was excavated in 10 cm levels. Overlying Stratum 5 is the modern surface, a 3 cm thick layer of sandy loam. Artifacts Bedrock was first encountered in Unit 2, Level 10, at about 85 cm below the terrace surface. The bedrock sloped gently down to the south, until it reached its lowest point at about 1 meter below the surface at the south wall of Unit 1. Excavations on T126 ceased when bedrock was completely exposed in both units. As noted earlier, one obsidian flake and one projectile point (#340) were found on the terrace surface prior to excavation. Materials collected from T126 during excavation include lithics (primarily rhyolite and chalcedony, with a few obsidian flakes as well), faunal remains (including cottontail, a great deal of jackrabbit, snake, rodent, and a fish vertebrae), carbon samples (both charcoal and maize), and one small piece of shell. The majority of artifacts were recovered from the lower levels of excavation. There was a peak in artifact densities in Unit 1, Level 9 (about 90 cm below the surface), from which we recovered 70 lithics (five of which were obsidian flakes), 419 bone fragments, and a substantial amount of charcoal. Stratigraphy Five stratigraphic zones were identified in the east profile of Units 1 and 2 on T126. The lowermost, Zone 1, lies immediately above bedrock in Unit 1, and does not extend into Unit 2. This zone is about 20 cm thick, and consists of a 10YR3/2 silty loam with a very "powder-like" consistency, and numerous gravels. Near the bedrock, there is a large amount of calcium carbonate deposits mixed in with the matrix. Larger rocks are relatively scarce in this zone. Zone 2 lies immediately above Zone 1, and consists of the wall fill of T126. Zone 2 averages about 90 cm thick, and extends from the surface down to Zone 1 in Unit 1. Zone 2 represents only the southern 15% of Unit 2. This zone consists mainly of large (20-25 cm) basalt cobbles, with some smaller rocks (<15 cm) and gravels mixed in. The matrix is a 10YR3/2 silty loam. There was a peak in artifact densities near the bottom of Zone 2. Zone 3 borders Zone 1 in Unit 2, but does not overlie it, as Zone 3 lies directly on top of bedrock. This zone, which averages about 50 cm thick, is a dark gray brown (10YR4/2) silty loam that is dominated by smaller rocks and gravels. There are numerous CaCO3 deposits toward the bottom of Zone 3, especially immediately above bedrock. Zone 4 lies on top of Zone 3. It averages about 30 cm thick, and consists of small to medium rocks, which make up about 80% of the zone. The matrix of Zone 4 is a dark grey brown (10YR4/2) sandy silt. This zone is somewhat compacted, and we believe this to be the original occupation surface. This surface is about 15 cm below the modern surface. Zone 5 lies on top of Zone 4, and averages about 15 cm thick. The zone consists of a 10YR4/2 silty sand, dominated by small rocks. Some root disturbance is present. The only maize noted during excavation came from Unit 1, Level 10, 260-278 centimeters below datum. However, flotation samples provided many more maize fragments, including numerous cupules and 2 kernel fragments, and one charred cheno-am seed, also from the deeper levels of excavation. Zea mays cupules from Unit 1, Level 9 have been submitted for radiocarbon dating. Interpretation The presence of exposed bedrock on the terrace surface and the gentle slope of the bedrock noted during the excavation of Units 1 and 2 suggest that the inhabitants of Cerro Juanaqueña constructed T126 by building a tall berm of large rocks on the edge of a naturally formed shelf. A relatively deep layer of sediment, gravels, and cobbles was then dumped behind this wall to provide a level occupation surface. No prepared living surface was encountered during the excavation of T126. However, while profiling, a relatively level compacted layer was identified as the possible occupation surface. Over time, colluvial and eolian processes buried this occupation surface under about 15 cm of sediment. 37 The presence of most of the cultural materials in the deepest excavation levels implies that a great deal of downward vertical movement has taken place in the deposits of T126. It appears that cultural materials have filtered down through the open spaces in the terrace fill. Insect, rodent, and root disturbance probably contributed to this process. Excavation strategy Two 1 by 1 meter units were located side by side and perpendicular to and about 1 m back from the terrace wall, and oriented east to west. Initially, both units were excavated in 10 cm levels, but this strategy changed when several compacted surfaces were located. Unit 1 was excavated to a final depth of 66 cm below surface, and Unit 2 was excavated to 64 cm below surface. Terrace 163 Unit 1, Level 1 was excavated down to a compacted surface, designated Surface B, which was also located and similarly designated in Unit 2. Excavation of Unit 1, Level 2 proceeded past a second surface, designated Surface C, which was located in Unit 2, Level 2. A third surface, designated Surface A, was located 3 cm beneath Surface C. An arbitrary level of 10 cm was then excavated, and when excavation proceeded to the next level, a fourth surface was located, designated Surface D. The remaining levels, Levels 6, 7, and 8, in Unit 1, and Levels 7 and 8 in Unit 2 were excavated in arbitrary 10 cm levels. Description Terrace 163 (T163) measures 16 meters wide by 9 meters and is located on the southeast quadrant of the hill (Figures 16 and 17). The length of the terrace wall is 15 m, and the surface area of this terrace is approximately 33 m2. The terrace is constructed of an estimated 68 m3 of sediment and rock. The depth of the berm wall to bedrock is about 66 centimeters. The berm wall is almost rectangular in shape (north to south), except for the north half of the talus, which is oriented to the northwest at a 45 degree angle. The terrace surface was fairly level and bedrock outcrops were noted at the far west end of the terrace surface. A rock concentration was located about .5 m to the northwest of Unit 2, and another about 3 m to the north of Unit 1. Located in the vicinity of T163 were T164 to the north, T171 upslope to the west, and T162 located to the south. A wall-like feature is located about 1 m to the south of Units 1 and 2, and extends 5 m downhill to the southeast. This wall-like feature and the T163 berm wall are separated by a well-worn path. This feature is one of the few walls that extend downslope, as opposed to across the slope, on the site. Stratigraphy The lower-most zone was comprised of a very dark, grayish brown (10YR3/2) loam with 3 cm to 25 cm size rocks (Figure 18). This zone was between 30 and 46 cm thick and materialized rather abruptly at about 20 cm below surface. Owing to ash content, rock size and density, this zone was subdivided into two zones: Zone 1a, the lower-most zone, is resting on bedrock and consisted of a dark loam with an abundance of ash and a heavy concentration of medium to largesize rocks. In contrast, Zone 1b had less ash and a lighter concentration of smaller rocks, most of which were fist-size. The upper limit of Zone 1b was Surface D, which was distinctly dark, compact, and smooth. Zone 2 was about 8 cm thick and consisted of a dark brown (10YR3/3) silty loam with a slightly lower ash content than Zone 1, and very few rocks. Zone 3, about 7 cm thick, consisted of a brown (10YR4/3) loam that lacked a significant amount of rocks. The upper limit of Zone 3 included Surface A and Surface C, both of which appear to originate from laminated colluvial deposits. The uppermost zone is Terrace 163 was selected for testing based on its location on the southeast side of the hillslope and the need for testing in this quadrant of the site. Also, the decision to test this feature was based on its location along the south end of the 400 m long macro-feature, and its apparent depth, which suggested we might locate better preserved botanical specimens. 38 MN = b e d ro c k M A = m ano M T = m e ta te A 1 A MA M Tf MT MT Figure 16. Plan view of T163. divided into Zone 4b and Zone 4a. It was about 4 cm thick and comprised of a brown (10YR4/3) silty, powdery loam with very few pebbles and rocks. This zone includes Surface B and it also appears as a laminated colluvial deposit. 39 Figure 17. Cross-section of T163 Figure 18. Unit 1 and 2 profiles, T163. Artifacts of other macrobotanical specimens was moderately successful. Twenty-two specimens were recovered from the flotation samples, and all were from within the last 20-30 cm of fill. Fifteen specimens were recovered from Unit 1 (7 Cheno-am seeds, 7 Zea mays cupules, and 1 Salvia); and 7 specimens from Unit 2 (2 Cheno-am seeds, 2 Prosopis charcoal, 2 Zea mays cob fragments, and 1 cupule). Artifact densities among zones were fairly consistent, in terms of the amount of lithic material recovered from Zones 4, 3 and 2 (0-20 cm below surface) and Zones 1a and 1 b (20-66 cm below surface). In contrast, the occurrence of bone was higher in Zones 1a and 1b (approximately 350 bone fragments) as opposed to about 280 in Zones 2 and 3. Charcoal was recovered from Unit 1, Levels 3, 5, 6, 7, and 8, and from Unit 2, Levels 6, 7, and 8. Projectile points were recovered from Unit 2, Level 6, and maize from Unit 2, Level 8. The Zea mays specimens (2 cob fragments) were submitted for radiocarbon dating. The recovery 40 used to construct T234 is estimated at 218.6 m3, which is quite large. Interpretation The stratigraphic profile of this terrace presented a well-defined terrace construction sequence. Although not excavated, but owing to the absence of colluvial sediments below Zone 1a, it seems likely that the 1 m high berm wall was laid onto exposed bedrock. The height of the berm wall is based on the 66 cm depth of Unit 1, and an estimated 35 cm of berm construction exposed above surface. Zone 1a represents the rock fill added behind the berm wall, which was comprised of medium to large-size rocks. An additional layer, Zone 1b, of smaller rocks and sediments was then laid to create a level living surface. The upper limit of Zone 1b was clearly marked by Surface D, a compacted, moderately undulating occupation surface. The lack of weathering and pitting suggests Surface D may have been roofed, which is consistent with a compact, well-preserved surface with few artifacts resting on it. The higher densities in ash, charcoal, and bone material recovered below Surface D is also consistent with the downward movement of artifacts, especially lithic material, through rocky deposits. After abandonment, the original living surface, Surface D, was overlain by 3 laminated colluvial deposits. The first deposit was designated Surface A, which was then capped by Surface C and then by Surface B. Artifacts recovered from within these colluvial sediments can be attributed to redeposited material from upslope terraces. Numerous artifacts were recorded on the terrace surface and talus slope of T234 including a projectile points (#379), a partial bone awl (#378), a biface (#380), two spherical manos, several mano fragments, a basin metate, and a hammerstone. A shovel test was placed at the northern end of the terrace where the bone awl was recovered and adjacent to an area of bioturbated soils. One additional piece of altered bone, possibly the tip of a second bone awl, as well as other burned bone fragments and lithic debitage were recovered from this shovel test. An associated feature, Ring 234a (R234a), is located approximately 4 m north of the shovel test and appears to have been built concurrently with construction of T234. The outline of R234a is discernible as a broken circle (3.75 diameter) of basalt cobbles embedded into the colluvium of the modern surface. Artifacts directly associated with this subfeature include several metate fragments, a spherical mano, a hammerstone and several pieces of lithic debitage. Because investigation of rock rings has thus far been limited to the testing of three similar features during the 1997 season, it was decided that R234a would become the focus of excavations on this terrace. Excavation Strategy Terrace 234/Ring 234a Initially, all surface artifacts on T234 were recorded and mapped. A shovel test was placed in the northern portion of T234 in the area where the bone awl and several pieces of charred bone were observed. After the shovel test produced additional carbonized materials, it was decided that two units would be laid out in the nearby feature, R234a. We selected R234a in the hopes of gaining insight into the function of the rock rings. Units 1 and 2 were placed inside the rock ring near the front (western) edge in an area expected to represent a moderately deep fill. These units were excavated simultaneously in 10 cm levels and were closed only after bedrock had been exposed in both units. Bedrock extended down to a maximum depth of 85 cm below the surface in the western portions of Unit 1. Feature Description Terrace 234 (T234) lies approximately 11.5 meters below the summit of Cerro Juanaqueña along the northwestern face and was tested by the placement of a shovel test and 2 excavation units. The wall of this oblate terrace stretches approximately 48.6 meters north/south. The berm walls are unusually well preserved at the northern end of this feature and some stacking of cobbles appears to be present. Terrace widths vary between 2 and 3.5 meters and the total surface area is 248 m2. The total volume of material 41 Stratigraphy Interpretation Five stratigraphic zones were identified in the south profile of Units 1 and 2 on R234a. Although an uppermost, overlying lense of colluvium wasn't recorded in the profile, it is possible that this zone was too thin and broken to be apparent. Zone 5 is the lowest identified stratum of both units and appears to be a deep, loose matrix of clay loam intermixed with medium size (4-10 cm) cobbles laid directly on bedrock. This zone appears to represent the major portion of construction fill associated with this feature. This material is deepest at the eastern and western edges of the units and forms a hollowed out "bowl" shape in the middle. The zone averages 35 cm thick, and consists of a 10YR3.5/2 clay loam supported by small cobbles and gravels. Zone 4 immediately overlies Zone 5 and forms a thin layer (.13 cm) of non-calcareous loam which appears to have been deposited horizontally within the "bowl". Zone 3 overlies Zone 4 and is distinguished by a slight change of color from a very dark grayish brown (10YR 3.5/2) toward a dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) . Zone 2 also appears to have been deposited horizontally and consists of a silty clay loam with .5% gravel inclusions. This zone is a dark brown 10YR 4/2.5 with a blocky structure and averages 7 cm thick near the center of the two units. Finally, Zone 1 represents the uppermost stratum and includes the modern surface. Zone 1 is composed of a thin veneer (.3 cm) of fluvial material interspersed with pebbles and is distinguished from Zone 2 by its platy structure. This stratum is composed of a dark brown 10YR 4.5/3 fine silty clay. Because habitation is considered a possible function of rock rings, careful attention was paid to the uppermost deposits to determine whether subfeatures such as occupational surfaces or hearths were present. However, no indication of an occupational surface was encountered. It appears that R234a was constructed by the piling of large cobbles directly upon the underlying bedrock and associated colluvium, creating a bowl-shaped depression. Subsurface testing also suggests that the large cobbles were piled in to create the ring and no formal stacking was discernible. However, it is also possible that at least part of this depression could have been created by wall fall. The stratigraphy seen in the south wall profile of Units 1 and 2 indicate that the rock ring extends well into the sub-surface and was not just an ephemeral construction on the living surface. However, the exact sequence of events relating to the building of the ring within the overall construction sequence of T234 could not be ascertained during our limited investigations. Terrace 273 Description Terrace 273 is located on the northwest slope of Cerro Juanaqueña, about 5 meters below the summit. It is just above T275 and T276, and between T272 (to the south), and T66 (to the north), and faces west. T273 is semicircular in shape, has a surface area of about 96 m2, and is about 18 meters long and 6 meters wide at its widest point. The southern boundary (between T272 and T273) is distinct, and is formed by a rock wall approximately one meter high. The northern boundary (between T273 and T66) is less obvious, and is marked by a subtle scatter of smaller cobbles. No subfeatures were noted either on the surface of T273 or during subsurface excavation. Samples and Artifacts Numerous float samples were taken from Units 1 and 2 in the hopes of obtaining datable material for R234a. Unfortunately, as with other rock rings tested at Cerro Juanaqueña, no botanical or carbonized material were recovered. Lithic debitage was also very sparse; the upper 30 cm. yielded the largest quantity before dropping off dramatically in the lower levels. The only formal tools recovered were collected from the surface of R234a. T273 was selected for excavation because it was necessary to obtain datable material from the north and northwest parts of the site, and because we observed 42 ants on the terrace bringing a large amount of lithic debris and small bone fragments to the surface. We placed one shovel test pit near the center of the terrace. Although from the surface the terrace had appeared to have deeper deposits, the shovel test reached bedrock at only 10 cm. However, there was enough lithic and bone material present in the test pit to warrant further excavation. Artifacts Prior to 1998, three items were collected from the surface of this T273: a projectile point tip (surface collection #97), a biface (#275), and a biface midsection (#98). In 1998, four projectile points were recovered from this terrace: one on the terrace surface (#371), one in Level 1 of Unit 1, one in Level 2 of Unit 1, and one on the talus slope below T273 (#370). Seven metates are scattered across the terrace surface and the talus slopes above and below T273, and several groundstone fragments were collected from Units 1 and 2, Level 1. Lithic materials and animal bone fragments were recovered from all excavation levels, but were most abundant in Level 1, where at least 100 lithics and 50 bone fragments were recovered from each unit. The artifact densities steadily decreased as we approached bedrock. The only macrobotanical sample recovered from T273 was a small fragment of charcoal from Unit 1, Level 2. This is probably due to the shallow depth of the deposits on T273, which may have adversely affected the preservation of the macrobotanical remains. Excavation strategy First, T273 was mapped and all surface artifacts were recorded. Then we set out two adjacent, one meter by one meter units on the southern end of T273, in a generally southwest to northeast direction. Both units were excavated simultaneously in 10 cm levels, and excavations ceased when bedrock was exposed. Bedrock was exposed at 17 cm below the surface in the northwest, and it sloped down to about 60 cm below the surface in the southeast. Stratigraphy Interpretation We identified three stratigraphic zones in the north profile of Units 1 and 2. Immediately above bedrock lies a layer of wall fill (Zone 3) that consists of sediments with rocks of various sizes mixed in. The matrix is a granular, light brown (10YR4/2.5) silty loam, with numerous rock inclusions. Rocks within the matrix range from small gravels to medium cobbles, but mostly consist of large boulders, which are part of the wall feature of T273. Near the bedrock, there is a large amount of calcium carbonate deposits in the matrix. Evidence of small-scale disturbance is present throughout both units, and is represented by the presence of small roots and insects, such as ants, termites, and beetles. The shallow depth of the bedrock at such a close proximity to the terrace edge suggests that T273 was constructed by building a berm of large rocks on the outside edge of a natural shelf formed by the bedrock of the cerro. To complete the terrace, a shallow layer of terrace fill, consisting of small cobbles, gravels, and sediment, was then piled up behind this berm. The wall fill is visible in the north profile of the excavation, and the terrace fill is visible in the south profile, because the excavation units were laid out at the terrace edge roughly parallel to the berm wall. No apparent prepared occupation surface was noted during the excavation of T273. The presence of cultural materials in the subsurface levels can be explained in several ways. One possible explanation is that cultural debris has filtered down from the occupation surface through natural processes, such as insect, rodent, and root disturbance. The presence of insects noted during excavation supports this notion. Zone 2 lies on top of Zone 3, and consists of a 3-8 cm thick layer of dark grayish brown, loose granular silty loam, with numerous gravels. On top of Zone 2, at the surface, lies Zone 1, which is a very thin (2 cm) layer of brown (10YR5/3) eolian silty loess. 43 Terrace 290 Stratigraphy The terrace stratigraphy appears uncomplicated, consisting of 3 distinct depositional events. The lowermost zone, Zone 1, was a fine, loose, gravelly loam. The sediment was a brown (10YR4.5/3) even mixture of sand, silt, and clay. The difference in soil color between Zone 1 and Zone 2 was almost unnoticeable, but these zones were contrasted by the lack of cobbles and more pebbles in Zone 2. The sediment in Zone 2 consisted of a dark brown (10YR5/3) fine, silty loam with gravels. Zone 3 consisted of a thin layer (<4 cm) of brown (10YR5/3) colluvium or topsoil. Overall the sediments in each of the three zones were comparable and seem to reflect similar depositional events. Description Terrace 290 (T290) is a large terrace located on the southwest side of the hillslope. The terrace is 28 meters wide by 16 meters long, with the talus extending down to Terrace 293. The surface area is approximately 61 m2, and the length of the terrace wall is 19 meters. The terrace was constructed of an estimated 87 m3 of sediment and rock, and is a maximum of 95 cm deep, measured from the top of the berm wall to bedrock. In proximity to T290 are T287 to the northeast and T294 to the south. The T290 talus appears to have been dispersed and forms an eroded area between T293 and T294. The surface of T290 is cobble-covered and appears to relate to the erosion, and these are consistently large (>25 cm). The surface artifacts number about 50, with approximately 20 being comprised of manos, metates, and hammerstones. Artifacts The artifacts recovered from Units 1 and 2 were typical of those found at Cerro Juanaqueña. Bone, lithic material, shell, and a complete mano were recovered. Artifact densities were low but seemed to be highest in the upper levels. Most of the bone was not well-preserved. The few fragments that were identifiable, were that of jackrabbit. The only charred macrobotanical specimens recovered from flotation were 4 Zea mays cupules from Unit 1, Level 5. Some of these specimens were submitted for radiocarbon dating. Terrace 290 was selected for testing primarily because it appeared to be at least 1 meter deep and in view of the high density of surface artifacts. Additionally, ashy deposits were found on the surface of the terrace which suggested the presence of charred plant material. Excavation strategy Interpretation Two units, designated Unit 1 and Unit 2, were excavated. Both units were 1 by 1 meter units, and each was excavated to bedrock. Unit 1 was deeper and was excavated to a depth of 70 cm below surface (100 to 170 cm below datum) and Unit 2 was excavated to 61 cm below surface (96 to 157 cm below datum). The units were located so that Unit 1 encompassed the ashy surface stains, with Unit 2 adjoining Unit 1 to the north. The placement and excavation of this units also permitted a view of the wall construction and its relationship to bedrock. The depth of this terrace was shallower than expected, extending to between 60 and 70 cm below surface. The terrace was constructed by leveling the natural surface with Zone 1, a 40 cm thick layer of sediment and medium to large-size rocks. A definite break in gravels and rock size was noted between Zone 1 and Zone 2. This leads us to suggest that Zone 2 may be attributed to the construction of an activity surface. This zone tapers to about 1 cm thick at opposite ends, and is thickest (16 cm) at the center. This forms a noticeable depression which is most likely attributable to the natural settling of the initial fill (Zone 1). After the terrace was abandoned, 2 cm of colluvial sediments were deposited on its surface, forming Zone 3. 44 behind this zone is an area containing considerably fewer large cobbles and more medium-sized cobbles (5-10 cm) embedded into a loose matrix of smaller cobbles and silty loam (10YR 3/2). Zone 3 was very hard to distinguish from Zone 2 as large cobbles were common in both units. The only distinguishing characteristic of this zone is the reduction in the number of large cobbles. Zone 4 overlays Zones 2 and 3 and consists almost entirely of small cobbles and fine silty loam (10YR 4/2). Zone 5 represents the movement of colluvial material across the post-occupational surface and is composed of thin lenses (<3 cm) of dark brown (10YR 4/2) fine silty clay primarily distinguished by their platy structure. Feature Description T297 is one of the lowermost features of the upper terraces at Cerro Juanaqueña. Facing toward the southwestern, this terrace lies 31.5 m below the summit of the hill in an area of steep natural slope (>15E). The walls of this oblate terrace stretch approximately 50.6 meters vary from 2.5 to 5 meters wide. The total surface area of T297 is 187 m2 and contains an estimated volume of 27.8 m3 of fill material. T297 was selected because of its central location on the lower western face of the cerro in an area containing a relatively high density of chipped and ground stone artifacts. Upon closer inspection of the terrace surface, ashy soil was observed on the surface near several disturbances at the front of the wall in the northwestern corner of T297. Two excavation units were placed on the terrace surface just above this ashy material, the western edge of Unit 1 being located at the apex of the berm. Samples and Artifacts Five projectile points, numerous metate fragments, a mano, biface, and cruciform have been recorded and/ or collected from T297. Chipped stone artifacts were recovered from across the terrace surface while most ground stone artifacts were found fragmented and scattered along the downhill slope of the T297 berm wall. Excavation Strategy All surface artifacts on T297 were recorded and mapped. Units 1 and 2 were then placed adjacent to one another near in an area of particularly deep construction at the front edge of the terrace at the northern end of the feature. Unit 1 was laid out with its western edge resting on the apex of the berm wall. These units were excavated simultaneously in 10 cm levels and were closed when bedrock was exposed. Bedrock was first encountered 83 cm below the surface of Unit 2 and reached a maximum depth of 125 cm below the surface of Unit. Most of the lithic debitage recovered during excavation came from the top 20 cm (Zone 5) in the both units. This material appears to be associated with the prehistoric surface and later fluvial episodes which sheet washed debitage across the post-occupational surface. The density of lithic materials drops dramatically around 30 cm below the surface of both units and only increases again at the lowest levels of the berm fill. Botanical remains were also recovered from levels 9 and 11 of Unit 1 and levels 7 and 8 of Unit 2 on Terrace 297. These included numerous Zea mays cupule fragments and several charred kernel fragments. A sample of the Zea mays cupules was sent to INSTARR Laboratories at the University of Colorado to undergo radiometric dating. Stratigraphy Five zones were observed in the profile of the southern wall of Units 1 and 2. Zone 1 consists of a thin, broken layer of colluvium and calcified cobbles spread across both units just above bedrock. Directly above this zone in Unit 1 was a thick stratum (100 cm) of large, unconsolidated cobbles (> 10 cm) embedded within a loose matrix of smaller cobbles (<5 cm) and silty loam (10YR 3/2). Zone 2 appears to sweep upward to the west and appears to represent the main effort of berm construction on this terrace. Directly Interpretation Terrace 297 was likely formed in one brief construction sequence. The berm wall seems to have been the 45 initial effort of construction with large cobbles being borrowed from the surrounding hillside and tossed into a long arcing ridge which stretches 97 meters around the hill. A second effort included the leveling up of the terrace surface by piling additional cobbles along the back slope of the wall. No real effort appears to have been made to maintain a size specific sorting of material during these two phases aside from the general dominance of large cobbles directly included in the berm wall fill. No occupational surface was discernible either during excavation or in the unit profiles. wall was constructed to a maximum height of 1.2 m above bedrock. The terrace contains about 95 m3 of rock and sediment fill. Terrace 387 was tested due to the presence of a number of surface artifacts, including flakes, about six core fragments, an obsidian piece, and river cobbles. This was notable as artifacts are rare on the surface of the lower terraces. In addition, the terrace had a clearly defined berm wall that had little evidence of erosion. From surface appearances the fill was at least one meter deep. Finally, a shovel test, excavated in 10 cm levels into the terrace, was productive and indicated the presence of charred maize, wood charcoal, and significant numbers of artifacts and bone confirming that further testing of this terrace would probably be productive. Faunal remains mirror the general trend which occurs with lithic debitage excavated from T297. Bones tend to concentrate vertically in two general areas. The first area of higher density appears between 20 and 30 cm below the modern surface and correspond well with the lithic debitage recovered from the top levels of the units. A second concentration of bone occurs in the lower levels of unit 1 and appears to represent the downward migration of faunal materials within the larger spaces of rock used in wall construction. This mirrors the general pattern seen at other units on Cerro Juanaqueña where artifacts appear to be dispersed evenly across and just below the modern surface and then increases again only in the lower levels nearest the center of the berm wall. The terrace surface was relatively bare of large rocks but gravels were present. Also noted and mapped were three circular or ovoid rock rings, about 1-2 m in diameter. However these were located in the rock talus slopes; two were down slope and one up slope. It is unknown if these are actually cultural features or natural formations produced as a result of burrowing animals. Excavation Strategy Terrace 387 Two adjoining 1 m-x-1 m units were oriented along the width of the terrace. Unit 1 was placed about 1 m back from the edge of the terrace with the hope of locating the edge of the berm wall in the profile. The two units were excavated together in 10 cm levels and their contents were kept separate. Eleven levels were excavated to a depth of 120 cm below the modern surface. Description Terrace 387 is in the lower group of terraces on the west side of the site (Figures 19 and 20). It is one of the uppermost terraces among a cluster at the southern end of the site. It is one of five terraces that forms a northwest-southeast alignment approximately 75 m long. The terrace is separated from Terrace 388 to the southeast by a short protusion of rock and from Terrace 386 to the north by the manner in which the in curving wall of Terrace 387 pinches inward toward the hill. Terrace 387's berm wall is 20 m long. Up slope, the lower edge of the Terrace 379 forms its eastern boundary. The surface of Terrace 387 is 100 m2 and is 13 m at its widest point and 18 long. The berm Stratigraphy We identified five stratigraphic zones in the north profile of Units 1 and 2; from the bottom up they are: Zones 4, 3a, 3b, 2, and 1 (Figure 21). The lowermost, Zone 4, rests on bedrock and was present in both Units 1 and 2. It undulates between 20-40 cm thick and consists of a silty loam with a Munsell color value of 46 A A C 1 C C OF C C C C = co re O F = o b sid ia n fla ke MN Figure 19. Plan view of T387. 47 Figure 20. Cross-section of T387. Figure 21. Unit 1 and 2 profiles, T387. 48 10YR5/2.5. Calcium carbonate encrusted rocks were common as well as coarse gravels, and weathered rock. This deposit appears to be colluvium and eroded bedrock deposits that were formed by natural processes and lie between bedrock and ancient surface prior to terrace construction. Chipped stone and bone density tapered off substantially in these deposits. Zone 2 is a thin compacted layer that lies below the thin surface Zone 1. It is only 5-8 cm thick and somewhat compacted grayish-brown (10YR5/3), silty loam. It follows the terrace slope but it does not appear to be an occupation surface. In places the rocks in this zone protrude through Zone 1 to erupt on the surface. Artifact counts were low in this zone. Zone 3 makes up the bulk of the terrace construction fill as it is 70 cm thick, beginning about 10 cm below the surface. In the laboratory Zone 3 was subdivided into Zones 3a, the down slope berm wall, and 3b, the fill between the wall and the hillside. The nearly vertical boundary between the two is clearly visible as a marked decrease in rock density. Zone 3a is the rock fill that forms the berm wall and it is only present in the profile of Unit 1. Dense, loose rocks vary in size from 3 cm to 45 cm and these are intermixed with a loose grayish-brown (10YR5/2) silty loam with a powder-like consistency. Rock size and density tended to increase downward with no compaction or structure evident. Both lithic and bone counts peak toward the bottom of this deposit with as many as 60 lithics in a 10 cm level. Zone 1 is a the aeolian surface deposit that is 2-5 cm thick that is present across most of the site. It is a silty loam grayish-brown (10YR5/3) with some small gravels and a platy structure. This zone disappears in part of the profile due to the intrusion of several large rocks. Artifacts One Shumla dart point was collected from Unit 1, Level 5, about 50 cm below the surface and a piece of ground stone was found in Level 4. Lithic and bone recovery increased markedly in the lowest 30 cm of Stratum 3a, the berm wall; and to lesser extent with respect to the bone in lowest 20 cm in Stratum 3b. Zea mays was the most common taxa recovered and it was present in all levels below level 4. A sample from Unit 1, Level 7 was submitted for radiocarbon dating. Other charred seeds found include: Graminae, Chenoams, and Scirpus. In addition monocotyledon tissue, Prosopis charcoal, and Atriplex charcoal were recovered. Plant recovery was the highest at the bottom of Zone 3a and 3b. Zone 3b consists of the fill behind the terrace wall on the western upslope side of the feature. This deposit was present in Unit 2 and the western half of Unit 1. It extends from 5-90 cm below the surface and contains less rock than Zone 3a. Rocks were common in this unit, although not as dense as in Zone 3a. The sediments were loose and color was similar to Zone 3a. A slightly compacted surface was detected about 85- 90 cm below the surface, at the bottom of Zone 3b, resting on the rocks that make-up the top of Zone 4. This surface is slightly darker, as it is a mottled, pale brown (10YR6/3) and the fill immediately above it had a high quantity of charcoal and ash. Bone and lithic counts increased here, as did bone size. The surface was labeled as "Compacted Surface A". The surface sloped at the same gradient as the natural bedrock and continued into the northern half of Unit 1. This surface was probably the original ground surface on which the terrace was constructed. Rock size and artifact counts dramatically dropped below this surface in Zone 4. Interpretation Terrace 387 was constructed on the surface of Cerro Juanaqueña that is now about 90 cm below the surface. Based on our general knowledge of terrace construction and details from this excavation, it appears that the berm or terrace wall was constructed first by piling large to small rocks (3-45 cm) to form a berm about 9 m wide, 18 m long and about 90 cm high at its apex. This berm then formed a pocket between the hillslope and the berm that was filled with a mix of rocks and sediment, with more sediment and smaller rocks being used than in the berm. This construction formed the terrace surface, presumably the upper zone or occupation surface was formed by placing a layer 49 of dirt on the top to form a smooth occupation surface. However, only a hint of this is evident on the northern end in the upper levels of Unit 2. Although we do not have any house remains the existence of a large amount of domestic debris including lithics, bone, charred plant remains, a projectile point, and ground stone fragment indicate that this terrace was occupied. It is unknown precisely where the occupation surface was, it may have been at the top of Zone 3 or the top of Zone 2. During the occupation event trash has dumped onto the surface of the berm wall. Presumably the trash then filtered downward through the interstices in the rock until its downward movement was halted by the more tightly compacted original ground surface. Here the trash aggregated in its the highest densities. It is unlikely this trash originated by eroding down slope from a terrace above as there is no terrace directly above it in this low cluster. It is also unlikely the trash was deposited on the surface prior to terrace construction as there is a gradually increasing artifact and bone density from top to bottom of the feature. This scenario would require systematic upward movement of substantial quantities of material after the terrace was abandoned. Zone 1 accumulated as a result of aeolian deposition after abandonment. a pecking stone, a bifacial tool, and a flat, complete mano. T413 was selected for testing for several reasons. First, it was necessary to obtain datable material from the lower terrace zone in order to establish the temporal relationship between the upper and lower zones. Also, T413 appeared to have a deep terrace deposit and it had an abundant surface artifact assemblage. Ants on the terrace were bringing large amounts of lithic debris and bone to the surface. Finally, a shovel test placed near the central outer edge of the terrace produced abundant charcoal and charred maize fragments. Excavation strategy We set out two adjacent, one meter by one meter units in a generally north to south direction, perpendicular to the terrace wall, about one meter north of the edge of T413. The southern unit was designated Unit 1, and Unit 2 was immediately to the north. Both units were excavated simultaneously in 10 cm levels. Bedrock was encountered first in the north wall of Unit 2, at a depth of 115 cm below the surface. It eventually sloped down to about 140 cm below the surface in the south wall of Unit 1. Excavation ceased when bedrock was completely exposed in both units. Terrace 413 Stratigraphy Description We identified four stratigraphic zones in the east profile of Units 1 and 2. Zone 4 lies immediately above bedrock. It is a relatively thick (65 cm) layer of grayish brown (10YR5/2) of loose granular loam matrix, with 79-80% carbonate-encrusted pebbles and cobbles. Zone 3 lies on top of Zone 4. It is a 45 cm thick layer of grayish brown (10YR5/2) loose, granular loam. Small, medium, and large cobbles are mixed throughout, but not as many as in Zone 4 (30-40%), and CaCO3 deposits are absent. Zone 2 is a 5 cm thick, compacted layer that overlies Zone 3. It is a grayish brown (10YR5/2) silty loam with few gravels intermixed. Overlying Zone 2, at the surface, is a thin (2- 3 cm) layer of light brownish-gray (10YR5.5/2) aeolian silty loess, with some very small gravels. T413 is in the lower terrace zone on the south-southwestern side of the hill. It is the lowest terrace excavated on Cerro Juanaqueña thus far. T413 is situated among seven small terraces that are all in close proximity, including T409 to the north, T392 to the north/ northeast, T458 to the east, T463 to the southeast, T466 to the immediate south, T423 to the southwest, and T412 to the west. T413 measures about 20 meters long by 8 meters wide, has an approximate surface area of 76.73 m2, and is ovoid in shape. As a result of displacement from above features, small (<15 cm) rocks are scattered over the surface of the terrace. Surface artifacts were evenly distributed across the terrace surface and talus slope, and consisted of eight river cobbles of various sizes, two cores, an obsidian flake, 50 Artifacts Interpretation Lithic material and bone was recovered from the majority of the first 8 levels of excavation on T413, but their abundance was much reduced relative to that of most of the other terraces. One ground stone fragment was recovered from Unit 1, Level 1. By far, the most abundant cultural material collected from T413 was charcoal and charred plant remains. Because of the abundance of this material, we took several flotation samples from most levels of excavation in order to obtain as much datable material as possible. The charcoal began turning up in Level 2 of Unit 1, and in Level 1 of Unit 2. A fragment of burned maize cob was recovered from Level 7 of Unit 2, and a possible kernel fragment collected from Unit 1, Level 9. Although virtually no cultural material was collected below Level 10 in Unit 1 and Level 7 in Unit 2, we continued taking flotation samples through Level 11 of both units to increase the chances of recovering cultural materials if they were present. We believe that Zone 4 represents the original surface colluvium on which T413 was built. This is supported by the abundance of calcium carbonate throughout the layer, implying its great age. The depth of this layer is a result of the deposition of colluvium from the slopes above, prior to terrace construction. Zone 3 is the terrace fill that was deposited on top of the original surface colluvium to construct T413. The berm wall fill which supports the terrace fill was not visible in the excavation units, because Unit 1 was placed too far away from the terrace edge. A layer of finer material would then have been deposited on top of the terrace fill to complete the occupation surface. Due to its compact nature, it is possible that Zone 2 represents this original occupation zone. Aeolian and colluvial processes then deposited the thin (3 cm) layer of fine silty loess which covers the occupation surface. The activities of insects and other natural agents probably account for the subsurface cultural materials in T413. The presence of insects in the excavation units, as well as the presence of cultural debris even in the original colluvium layer below the terrace, supports this notion. Through these processes, artifacts originally deposited on the occupation surface have migrated downward through the subsurface levels over time. The flotation samples produced a significant amount of charred maize. In Unit 1, numerous Zea mays cupules, cob fragments, and kernel fragments were recovered from Levels 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9. In Unit 2, one cupule and two kernel fragments were found in Level 2, and a cob segment was found in Level 7. The nine kernel fragments found in Unit 1, Level 7 have been submitted for radiocarbon dating. 51 Appendix 2: Cerro los Torres Feature Descriptions (94-287) Introduction Artifact Distribution Cerro los Torres is one of two additional cerros de trincheras tested during the 1998 season. This site is located approximately 40 kilometers south of Cerro Juanaqueña along the Rio Casas Grandes. Cerro los Torres is situated on an outlying promontory almost 1.5 kilometers east of the modern riverbed and rises approximately 85 m above the surrounding floodplain. Cerro los Torres is within eyesight of several other cerros de trincheras, including Cerro el Gallo 7.6 km to the north and Cerro la Cruz 7.5 km to the south. Today, most of the land to the south and west of Cerro los Torres is being cultivated by well water irrigation. In addition, much of these modern ejido lands have been modified by the construction of canals and channels across the floodplain of the Rio Casas Grandes. Lithic artifacts are common on Cerro los Torres, although the artifact scatter is not as dense as at Cerro Juanaqueña. In addition to debitage, cores, hammerstones, drills or awls, bifaces, and projectile points were noted. Combining collections made during Minnis and Whalen's project in 1996 and those made by us in 1998, a total of 19 projectile points have been collected from this site. Of these, 11 appear to be dart points, 7 arrow points, and 1 specimen could be either. Manos and metate fragments also occur on the site, but not in the frequencies observed at Cerro Juanaqueña. These seem to correspond with the general morphology of those found at Cerro Juanaqueña. Most of these fragmentary metates appear to be formed from a pinkish andesite. One stone bowl was collected in 1998. A number of pictographs thought to date from the Medio period ( A.D. 1150- 1400) are found on the southern and western rim of the summit. The vast majority of terraces on Cerro los Torres were situated on the more gently sloping northeastern side of the hill. Rather than facing the floodplain, most of the terraces look east-northeast toward a pass between the Sierra la Escondida and the Sierra Capulin. The terraced portion of this hill occupies approximately 2 ha, concentrated within the upper third of the hilltop. Altogether there are over 2 km of terraces and walls, and perhaps 20 rock rings. One of the most striking aspects of this site is the macrofeature which surrounds the complex of features, defining a rough circle about 240 m in diameter centered on the summit. On the south, west, and northwest this feature is a 500 m long continuous constructed cobble berm resembling contiguous terraces in some places, but angling across the hillslope in other places. On the northeastern slope of the hill the macrofeature is defined by some of the lowermost terraces, which are contiguous with one another to form a more or less continuous feature 300 m in length. The area defined by this feature is about 4 ha in size and includes some of the steepest areas of the hill, areas which do not have constructed features. Virtually all of the terraces and rock rings at Cerro los Torres are consistent with the types, shapes, and sizes that are those found at Cerro Juanaqueña. Local people report that some years ago a plain redslipped ceramic vessel was found in a pile of cobbles on the summit of the hill. Near this pile of rocks we have found seven small sherds in a 3 m diameter area. One of these was an incised brownware and three others had a reddish brown slip. The other five were plain brownwares. An eighth sherd was found 100 m away on the northern slope of the hill. Terrace 1 Description Terrace 1 (T1) was selected because of its central location as well the presence of an ashy gray soil near the berm wall in the center of the terrace (Figures 22 and 23). One basin metate fragment and a mano fragment were also recorded in association with this feature. T1 faces toward the east and rests approximately 52 MT M Tf MA A A 1 M A = m ano M T = m e ta te O F = o b sid ia n fla ke H S = h a m m e rsto ne MN Figure 22. Plan view of T1, Cerro los Torres. but a third unit 1 m by .5 m in size was later added to recover additional botanical remains. 7 meters below the summit on the northeastern side of the hill. The walls of this short oblate terrace stretch approximately 13 meters from north to south and vary in width from 3 to 6 meters. Units 1 and 2 were placed near the front edge of the terrace and were excavated simultaneously in 10 cm levels. Ashy soil was encountered in the eastern portions of Unit 1 and another unit (Unit 3) was added to recover additional flotation samples. Unit 3 further aided in the interpretation of the construction sequence by exposing a more complete profile. The terrace fill on T1 proved to be moderately deep and bedrock was first encountered at 50 cm below the surface in Unit 2. Bedrock continues to dip toward the east and reaches a maximum depth of 98 cm below the surface in Unit 3. Excavations ceased when bedrock was exposed. Excavation Strategy All surface artifacts on T1 were recorded and mapped and a cross section of the feature was established. The center of the terrace was selected for testing after ashy soil was observed emanating from a disturbance just below the apex of the berm. Initially, two 1 m by 1 m excavation units were placed on the terrace surface, 53 Figure 23. Cross-section of T1, Cerro los Torres. Samples and Artifacts Stratigraphy Artifact and botanical remains seem to follow a similar pattern as seen at some of the tested terraces at Cerro Juanaqueña. Lithic debitage peaks in Units 1 and 2 between 10 and 20 cm below the terrace surface but remains fairly consistent at all depths of the berm wall in Unit 3. Faunal remains were primarily recovered from the lower levels of Units 1 and 3 and appears to conform to a pattern of downward migration through the crevices of the berm wall. These units proved to be 20-40 cm deeper than similar slopes on Cerro Juanaqueña. The lowermost zone of artificial construction (Zone 5) consists primarily of larger cobbles (> 10 cm) concentrated in Units 1 and 3 and sweeps upward to the surface in the east (Figure 24). This zone appears to represent the back slope of berm construction and is distinguished by high quantities of ashy debris in the lower levels of Units 1 and 3 . These large cobbles are supported by a loose small cobble (<10 cm) /silty loam matrix (10YR 4/3) and directly overlay a thin layer (.5 cm) of pre-occupational colluvium. Directly west of this zone is thick (30-50 cm) zone (Zone 4) of loose cobble/silty loam matrix (10YR 4/3) which extends across Units 1 and 2. This material is distinguishable from the berm fill only in the fewer number of very large cobbles inclusions in the matrix. Zone 3 is a matrix of silty loam which overlays the unconsolidated fill of Zones 4 and 5. Zone 2 is relatively free of large or medium cobbles (>5 cm) and likely represents the ancient living surface. Much of this stratum is clearly laminated and there is a distinctive increase in artifact density in the lower portions of this zone. Finally, the top 3-8 cm across the surface of the units (Zone 1) consists of a fine colluvium wash which appears to have been deposited in post occupational periods. An abundance of botanical remains were recovered at Cerro los Torres and includes in descending order of frequency; Zea mays, cheno-am, Eragrostis intermedia, Physalis, Gramineae, Atriplex, Leguminosae, and Euphorbia sp. A Zea mays cupule and three kernel fragments recovered from level 8 of Unit 3 were sent to INSTARR Laboratories at the University of Colorado for radiometric dating. Interpretation The construction sequence of T1 likely occurred in one brief phase. T1 appears to have been constructed directly upon thin colluvial surface of this eastern facing slope. The berm wall appears to have been formed first by the piling large and medium sized cobbles to form an oblate arc. It is possible that the ashy sedi54 Figure 24. Unit 1, 2, and 3 profiles, Cerro los Torres. Although no clear living surfaces or hearths were found during excavations of T1, the presence of large quantities of ash, bone, and botanical remains deep within the berm wall indicate that such activities did occur on this terrace. ment and bones recovered in the lower levels of Units 1 and 3 were incorporated into the fill at this time, but there is no direct evidence that this was the case. The area directly behind the berm wall was next filled in and leveled with smaller cobbles and sediment from the surrounding hillside, forming a surface upon which daily activities could be carried out. Surface artifacts indicate that this terrace as well as others nearby were used for a variety of activities including lithic reduction and the grinding of seeds and/or other plant parts. 55 Appendix 3: Cerro Vidal Feature Descriptions (95-392) including Cerro la Tinaja 12.4 km to the northwest, Cerro Moctezuma 5.0 km to the northeast, and Cerro la Boca de San Diego 3.8 km to the southeast. The floodplain immediately below the site is farmland irrigated by water diverted from the river and carried along a system of acequias. The features are on the summit of the hill, as extend down its gently sloping northern, eastern, and southern sides. The western side of the hill drops steeply to the river and was apparently too steep to be conducive to construction of terraces. Introduction Cerro Vidal rises 120 m above the Rio Piedres Verdes which runs along the western base of the hill. Cerro Vidal is a volcanic hill and is principally composed of basalt. The cerro lies near the junction of the Piedres Verdes and the Rio Palanganas which unite to form the Rio Casas Grandes. Cerro Vidal is some 30 kilometers upstream and southwest of Cerro los Torres and is 70 km south of Cerro Juanaqueña. The Sierra la Breña one of the northernmost ranges of the Sierra Madre Occidental towers above the sprawling plains approximately 10 km to the west. Cerro Vidal is within eyesight of several other cerros de trincheras and related features, The prehistoric constructions are centered on the highest point of the hill and are very comparable to the terraces and rock rings described for Cerro Juanaqueña and Cerro los Torres. There are approximately 2.3 km M Tf M Tf M Tf M Tf a p e x o f b e rm w a ll c o re m e ta te fra g m e n t m a n o fra g m e n t b e d ro c k a sh y c o n c e n tra tio n Figure 25. Rock-Ring Features on north end of Cerro Vidal. 56 M N pation at Cerro Vidal. All surface artifacts on T20 were recorded and mapped, and a cross section of the feature was drawn. Units 1 and 2 were laid out approximately 20 cm behind the berm wall on the terrace surface and excavated simultaneously in 10 cm increments. Unit 2 reached bedrock first at 60 cm below the surface and a maximum depth occurred in Unit 1 at 85 cm below the surface. of terrace and wall on Cerro Vidal, and perhaps as many as 40 rock rings (Figure 25). Although the terraces at Cerro Vidal were constructed as individual arcs, like those at the other cerros de trincheras in Chihuahua, at this site the coalescence of individual terraces into macrofeatures is especially obvious. The overall plan of the site has the form of a series of six concentric ovals, defined by macrofeatures. The outermost of these is over 500 meters long and encloses an area of about 3.4 ha. Within this area are 25 rock rings, another 15 rock rings occur outside the main terrace complex. Stratigraphy Four stratigraphic zones were identified in the southern profile of Units 1 and 2. Zone 4b is the lowest stratum and consists of a thin, broken layer of colluvium and calcified cobbles spread across both units just above bedrock. Zone 4a is composed of a very loose, fine, silty loam matrix with some cobble and pebble inclusions. This matrix has a dark grayish brown color (10YR 4/3) and differs from terraces excavated at Cerro Juanaqueña by its relatively low percentage of large and medium sized (>5 cm) cobbles. Zone 4a varies in thickness from 35 cm in Unit 2 to 60 cm in Unit 1 and appears to represent the bulk of terrace fill for T20. Zone 3 is a more compact layer of brown to dark brown (10YR 4/3) silty loam sediments and ranges from 8 cm to 13 cm thick. Large and medium cobbles are virtually absent from this stratum. It appeared likely from observations in the field that the top of this layer could signify the occupational surface. Zone 2 directly overlies Zone 3 and contains a higher percentage of pebble inclusions (>5%). Zone 2 averages .10 cm thick and is a dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) color. Zone 1b is a very hard-packed platy matrix of silty clay loam and is a grayish brown (10YR 5/3) color. Finally, Zone 1a includes the top 1-3 cm across the surface of the units and consists of a fine colluvium wash likely deposited in post occupational periods. Artifact Distribution Although the range of artifacts at Cerro Vidal is similar to that at Cerro Juanaqueña, the artifact density on the surface of this site is noticeably lower. In addition to debitage we have noted cores, hammerstones, drills or awls, bifaces, cruciforms, and projectile points. The projectile points include 10 dart points and 6 smaller projectile points which may be arrow points. No pottery has been found at this site. Few metate fragments were noted, but there is a large number of small, expedient manos. Terrace 20 Description T20 is a relatively small arc-shaped terrace and part of a larger macro-feature which faces northeast toward Cerro Moctezuma. This feature is similar to terraces found at Cerro Juanaqueña in overall form and is constructed from local basalt. The terrace wall is approximately 10 m long and the surface area of the terrace is approximately 25 m2. T20 was selected because of the large number of ground stone fragments on the terrace surface, its location near the peak of the hill, and because terrace deposits appeared to be rather deep. Samples and Artifacts The recovery of lithic debitage at Cerro Vidal was relatively high (>100) through 60 cm below the surface where counts began to steadily decrease with each additional level. There was no pronounced difference of lithic artifacts between the two units. Little bone was present. Excavation Strategy The central objective was to recover carbonized material for C14 dating to determine the period of occu57 exposed during excavation. Consequently, very little information was gained as to the formation processes of T20. The compaction of sediments in zone 3 suggest that it may have been a living surface. Several medium sized cobbles (5-10 cm) were found to rest at the top of Zone 3 and were likely placed there during the period of occupation or immediately there after. Ashy material and several tiny flakes of charcoal were observed in the lower levels of Unit 1 during excavations. Botanical remains recovered from levels 5 and 7 of Unit 1 included 3 copules of Zea mays and two Cheno-am seeds. The Zea mays cupules were sent to INSTARR Laboratory at the University of Colorado to undergo radiometric dating (see Table 4). Interpretation Because Units 1 and 2 were set back 20 cm behind the berm wall, very little of the wall construction was 58 Appendix 4: Modern Vegetation Found in the Janos Area, September 4-6, 1998 Opuntia (cholla) Opuntia (prickly pear) Opuntia leptocaulis Physalis hederaefolia Gray Pleuraphis mutica Buckley Proboscidea Prosopis glandulosa Torr. Senna bauhinoides Gray Senna wislenzenii Gray Setaria macrostachya H.B.K. Solanum eleagnifolium Sporobolus wrightii Munro ex. Scribner Stipa comata Talinum aurantiacum Engelm. Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn. Trianthema portulacastrum L. Tridens muticus (Torrey Nash.) var. muticus Trixis californica Kellogg Unknown shrub Yucca (narrow leaf) Zizyphus obtusifolia (Torr. & Gray) Gray Cerro Juanaqueña Agave aff. palmeri Engelm Agave sp. Albutilon malacum S. Watson Alliona incarnata L. Allionia sp. Aloysia wrightii Amaranthus palmeri Wats. Apodanthera undulata Gray Aristida ternipes Cav. var. ternipes Aristolochea aff. Wrightii Seem Asclepias aff. Brachystephana Torr. Bebbia juncea (Benth.) Greene Bouteloua curtipendula Bouteloua Rothrockii Vasey Brickellia Cevallia sinuata Lag. Chenopodium incanum (Wats.) Heller Chloris virgata Swartz Croton lindheimerianus Scheele Cucurbita digitata Gray Dalea wrightii Gray Dasylirion wheeleri Wats. Digitaria californica (Bentham) Henrard Ephedra Eragrostis intermedia Hitchc. Eriogonum spp. Erioneuron pulchellum (H.B.K.) Tateoka Ferocactus Fouquieria Gutierrezia Hibiscus denudatus Benth. Iva ambrosiaefolia (Gray) Gray Jatropha macrorhiza Benth. Kallstroemia grandiflora Torr. Lycium ? Macroptilium atropurpureum (D.C.) Urban Manihot davisiae Croizat Matricaria Mentzelia multiflora (Nutt.) Gray Muhlenbergia Porteri Scribner ex. Beal Nicotiana obtusifolia Mart. & Gal. Floodplain and River Terraces Agave aff. palmeri Engelm Allionia sp. Amaranthus palmeri Wats. Ambrosia spp. Ambrosia trifida Atriplex canescens Atriplex wrightii Wats. Baccharus sarothroides Cephalanthus occidentalus L. Chenopodium sp. Chloracantha spinosa (Benth.) Nason Chloris virgata Swartz Cucurbita digitata Gray Cucurbita foetidissima Cucurbita sp. (possibly palmeri) Datura Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link Erigeron Helianthus annuus Ipomoea spp. 59 Chenopodium sp. Chloracantha spinosa (Benth.) Nason Cucurbita foetidissima Eragrostis cilianensis (All) Vign. Lutati ex Janchen Helianthus annuus Hibiscus sp. Ipomoea spp. Mentzelia multiflora (Nutt.) Gray Polygonum Robinia pseudoacacia L. Solanum eleagnifolium Sorghum halapense Juglans Kallstroemia grandiflora Torr. Mentzelia multiflora (Nutt.) Gray Opuntia (cholla) Opuntia (prickly pear) Populus Portulaca halimoides L. Proboscidea Prosopis glandulosa Torr. Salix spp. Salsola pestifer Solanum eleagnifolium Solanum sp. Sorghum halapense Sphaeralcea angustifolia (Cavanilles) G. Don Sporobolus airoides (Torrey) Torrey Trianthema portulacastrum L. Verbesina Xanthium Yucca (narrow leaf) La Palotada Anemopsis californicus (Nutt.) Hook & Am Berula erecta (Huds.) Cov. Cyperus odoratus L. Datura Fraxinus Nastursium Polygonum Scirpus pungens Typha Wislizenia refracta Engelm. Xanthium Modern Agricultural Fields Amaranthus palmeri Wats. Atriplex wrightii Wats. Cephalanthus occidentalus L. 60 References Cited Bayham, F. E. 1982 A Diachronic Analysis of Prehistoric Animal Exploitation at Ventana Cave. Doctoral dissertation, Arizona State University, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor. Binford, L. R. 1978 Nunamiut Ethnoarchaeology. Academic Press, New York. Broughton , Jack M. 1994a Declines in Mammalian Foraging Efficiency During the Late Holocene. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 13:371-401. 1994b Late Holocene Resource Intensification in the Sacramento Valley, California: The Vertebrate Evidence. Journal of Archaeological Science, 21(4):501-514. Fish, Suzanne 1999 Pollen Results from the 1997 Field Season at Cerro Juanaqueña. Manuscript on file at the Center for Archaeological Research, San Antonio, Texas. Fish, S. K., P. R. Fish, and C. E. Downum 1984 Hohokam Terraces and Agricultural Production in the Tucson Basin. In Prehistoric Agricultural Strategies in the Southwest, edited by S. K. Fish and P. R. Fish, pp. 55-71. Anthropological Research Papers No. 33. Arizona State University. Fritz, Gayle 1984 Identification of Cultigen Amaranth and Chenopod from Rockshelter Sites in Northwest Arkansas. American Antiquity 49:558-572. Greene, J. L. and T. W. Matthews 1976 Faunal Study of Unworked Mammalian Bones, Appendix 5. In The Hohokam: Desert Farmers and Craftsmen, edited by E. W. Haury, pp. 367-373. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Hard, Robert L. and John R. Roney 1998a A Massive Terraced Village Complex in Chihuahua, Mexico Dated to 3000 Years Before Present. Science, March 13, 1998. 1998b Continuing Archaeological Investigations of Late Archaic Cerros de Trincheras Sites in Chihuahua, Mexico. Grant Application to the National Science Foundation. Hard, Robert J., Raymond P. Mauldin, and Gerry R. Raymond 1996 Mano Size, Stable Carbon Isotope Ratios, and Macrobotanical Remains as Multiple Lines of Evidence of Maize Dependence in the American Southwest. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 3: 253-318. Hard, Robert J., José E. Zapata, John R. Roney, and Bruce K. Moses 1999 Terrace Construction in Northern Chihuahua, Mexico at 1150 B.C. and the Present. Paper submitted to the Journal of Field Archaeology, under review. 61 Houk, Brett and Bruce Moses 1998 Scanning Artifacts: The Use of a Flatbed Scanner to Image Three-Dimensional Objects. SAA Bulletin 16(3):36-39. Huckell, Bruce B. 1995 Of Marshes and Maize: Preceramic Agricultural Settlements in the Cienega Valley, Southeastern Arizona, Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona No. 59, The University of Arizona Press, Tucson. 1996 Middle to Late Holocene Stream Behavior and the Transition to Agriculture in Southeastern Arizona. In Early Formative Adaptations in the Southern Southwest, edited by B. Roth. Monographs in World Archaeology No. 25, Prehistory Press, Madison, Wisconsin. Keely, L. W. 1996 War Before Civilization. Oxford University Press, New York. Kelly, Robert L., and Lawrence C. Todd 1988 Coming into the Country: Early Paleoindian Hunting and Mobility. American Antiquity 53:231-244. Kent, S. 1991 Mobility Strategies and Site Structure. In The Interpretation of Archaeological Spatial Patterning, edited by E. M. Kroll and T. D. Price, pp. 33-59, Plenum Press, New York. Krider, P. Reen 1998 Paleoclimatic Significance of Late Quaternary Lacustrine and Alluvial Stratigraphy, Animas Valley, New Mexico. Quaternary Research 50:283-289. Lang, R. W. and A. H. Harris 1984 The Faunal Remains from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, New Mexico: A Study in Short Term Subsistence Change. Arroyo Hondo Archaeological Series, Vol. 5, School of American Research, Santa Fe. Metcalfe, S. E., A. Bimpson, A. J. Courtice, S. L. O=Hara, and D. M. Taylor 1997 Climate Change at the Monsoon/Westerly Boundary in Northern Mexico. Journal of Paleolimnology 17:155-171. Nordt, Lee 1998 Geomorphology Results from the 1997 Field Season at Cerro Juanaqueña. Manuscript on file at the Center for Archaeological Research, San Antonio, Texas. Olsen, J. W. 1982 Prehistoric Environmental Reconstruction by Vertebrate Faunal Analysis, Grasshopper Pueblo. In Multidisciplinary Research at Grasshopper Pueblo, Arizona, edited by W. A. Longacre, S. J. Holbrook, and M. W. Graves, pp. 63-72, University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Schmidt, Kari M. And Jennifer Nisengard 1998 Fauna from Cerro Juanaqueña. Paper presented at the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Seattle. 62 Schmidt, Kari M. 1999 Logistical Mobility and Faunal Remains: A Diachronic Study from the San Simon Valley of Southeastern Arizona. Masters thesis on file, University of Oklahoma, Norman. Shackley, M. Steven 1998 Source Provenance of Archaeological Obsidian from Cerro Juanaqueña, Cerro Vidal, and Cerro Los Torres, Northwestern Chihuahua. Manuscript on file at the Center for Archaeological Research, San Antonio, Texas. Spaulding, W. G., and L. Graumlich 1986 The Last Fluvial Climatic Episodes in the Deserts of Southwestern North America. Nature 320:441- 444. Szuter, C. R. and F. E. Bayham 1989 Sedentism and Animal Procurement Among Desert Horticulturalists of the North American Southwest. In Farmers as Hunters: The Implications of Sedentism, edited by S. Kent, pp. 80-95, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England. Tagg, M. D. 1996 Early Cultigens from Fresnal Shelter, Southeastern New Mexico. American Antiquity, 61:311-324. Van Devender, Thomas R. 1990 Late Quaternary Vegetation and the Climate of the Chihuahuan Desert, United States and Mexico. In Packrat Middens: The Last 40,000 Years of Biotic Change, edited by J. L. Betancourt, T. R. Van Devender, and P. S. Martin, pp. 104-133. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. 1995 Desert Grassland and History: Changing Climates, Evolution, Biogeography, and Community Dynamics. In The Desert Grassland, edited by Mitchel P. McClaran and Thomas R. Van Devender, pp. 68-99. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Van Devender, Thomas R., R. S. Thompson, and J. L. Betancourt 1987 Vegetation History in the Southwest: The Nature and Timing of the Late Wisconsin-Holocene Transition. In North America and Adjacent Oceans During the Last Deglaciation, edited by W. F. Rudiman and H. E. Wright, Jr., pp. 323-352. Geological Society of America, Boulder. Van Devender, Thomas R., and R. D. Worthington 1977 The Herpetofauna of Howell=s Ridge Cave and the Paleoecology of the Northwestern Chihuahuan Desert. In Transactions of the Symposium of the Biological Resources of the Chihuahuan Desert Region, United States and Mexico, edited by R. H. Wauer and D. H. Riskind, pp. 85-106. National Parks Service, Transactions and Proceedings Series No. 3, Washington D. C. Vierra, Bradley J. 1993 Archaic Hunter-Gatherer Mobility in the American Southwest. In Across the Colorado Plateau: Anthropological Studies for the Transwestern Pipeline Expansion Project, edited by T. W. Burchett, B. J. Vierra, and K. L. Brown, pp. 385-397. Office of Contract Archaeology and the Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque. 63 1996 Late Archaic Settlement, Subsistence and Technology: An Evaluation of Continuity vs. Replacement Arguments for the Origins of Agriculture in the Northern Southwest. Paper presented at the Conference on the Archaic Prehistory of the North American Southwest, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque. Waters, Michael R. 1992 Principles of Geoarchaeology: A North American Perspective. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Whalen, Michael, and Paul E. Minnis 1994 Informe Tecnico Final al Consejo de Arqueología, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia del Proyecto El Sistema Regional de Paquime,Chihuahua, Mexico. Manuscript on file at the University of Tulsa, Oklahoma. 64 Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 3.4 Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 3.5 Una Investigación Arqueológica de los Sitios Cerros con Trincheras del Arcaico Tardío en Chihuahua, México Robert J. Hard, José E. Zapata, y John R. Roney con contribuciones de Karen R. Adams, Ph.D., Thomas Boutton, Ph.D., Lee C. Nordt, Ph.D., Bradley J. Vierra, Ph.D., J. Kevin Hanselka, Jennifer E. Nisengard, Gerry R. Raymond, y Kari M. Schmidt INFORME AL CONSEJO DE ARQUELOGÍA INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ANTROPOLOGÍA E HISTORIA Traducción por José E. Zapata y Lily Arely Aguilera Center for Archaeological Research The University of Texas at San Antonio Special Report, No. 27-S 2001 INFORME al Consejo de Arqueología Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia Una Investigación Arqueológica de los Sitios Cerros con Trincheras del Arcaico Tardío en Chihuahua, México Robert J. Hard, Ph.D. Department of Anthropology The University of Texas at San Antonio José E. Zapata, M.A. Center for Archaeological research The University of Texas at San Antonio Y John R. Roney, M.A. Bureau of Land Management United States Department of the Interior con contribuciones de Karen R. Adams, Ph.D., Thomas Boutton, Ph.D., Lee C. Nordt, Ph.D., Bradley J. Vierra, Ph.D., J. Kevin Hanselka, Jennifer E. Nisengard, Gerry R. Raymond y Kari M. Schmidt Traducción por José E. Zapata y Lily Arely Aguilera Frontispicio: Fotografia de Adriel Heisey Center for Archaeological Research The University of Texas at San Antonio Special Report No. 27-S October 2001 Indice Indice .................................................................................................................................................................... i Figuras ................................................................................................................................................................. ii Tablas .................................................................................................................................................................. iii Agradecimientos ................................................................................................................................................. iv Presentación ........................................................................................................................................................ 1 Estudio Comparativo .......................................................................................................................................... 11 Sitio de Ofelia Sáenz - Excavaciones de Zanjas ................................................................................................ 12 Geomorfología: Resumen de la Estratigrafía de los Depositos Aluviales del Cerro Juanaqueña ...................... 15 Registro de Artefactos Encontrados Sobre la Superficie .................................................................................. 22 Aerofotogrametría Oblicua ................................................................................................................................ 23 Resultados Analíticos ......................................................................................................................................... 24 La Investigación de Algunos Sitios al Sur de Chihuahua ................................................................................... 37 Recorrido de Unos Sitios: Cerros de Trincheras en el Noroeste de Chihuahua ................................................ 45 Resumen y Conclusiones ................................................................................................................................... 54 Obras Citadas .................................................................................................................................................... 58 i Figuras Figura 1. Mapa de la región - noroeste de Chihuahua. ........................................................................................ 1 Figura 2. Cerro Juanaqueña mostrando las formaciones excavadas. .................................................................. 2 Figura 3. Plano de la T487. .................................................................................................................................. 4 Figura 4. Alzada en corte de la T487. .................................................................................................................. 5 Figura 5. Foto de la T487 - unidades 4 y 5, mostrando el hoyo B. ...................................................................... 6 Figura 6. Plano de la T508. .................................................................................................................................. 7 Figura 7. Alzada en Corte de la T508. ................................................................................................................. 8 Figura 8. Cerro El Canelo mostrando las formaciones excavadas durante la temporada 2000. ....................... 10 Figura 9. Plano geomorfológico del área del Cerro Juanaqueña, mostrando las siete zanjas de estudio del 2000. ..................................................................................................................................... 13 Figura 10. Estratigrafía aluvión de la Terraza Jorge. ......................................................................................... 17 Figura 11. Estratigrafía aluvión del sitio Noria de Ofelia. .................................................................................. 17 Figura 12. Alzada en corte del Valle del Río San Pedro, mostrando las fechas de radiocarbon. ...................... 19 Figura 13. Alzada en corte del Valle del Río Casas Grandes, mostrando las fechas de radiocarbon. ............... 19 Figura 14. Muestras de isótopos estables C. ..................................................................................................... 21 Figura 15. Datos del radiocarbon basados en Oxcal. ........................................................................................ 39 Figura 16. Plano del Cerro Táscate. .................................................................................................................. 45 Figura 17. Plano del Cerro La Virgen. ............................................................................................................... 46 Figura 18. Plano del Cerro La Fundición. .......................................................................................................... 47 Figura 19. Plano del Cerro Los Torres. ............................................................................................................. 48 Figura 20. Plano del Cerro Vidal. ...................................................................................................................... 49 Figura 21. Plano del Cerro La Angustura de Galeana. ...................................................................................... 50 Figura 22. Cerros LeBarón. ............................................................................................................................... 51 ii Tablas Tabla 1. Resumen de los Sondeos de Prueba ...................................................................................................... 3 Tabla 2. Resumen de las Zanjas en el Sitio de Ofelia Sáenz ............................................................................. 14 Tabla 3. Zonas Estratigráficas, Según lo Definido Dentro la Zanja Tr 5b ......................................................... 15 Tabla 4. Resumen de Artefactos Registrados y Recobrados de la Superficie (1997-2000) .............................. 23 Tabla 5. Resumen de Todos los Artefactos Registrados, Pero no Recolectados, del Cerro Juanaqueña - 1999 a 2000 ........................................................................................................... 23 Tabla 6. Núcleos y Lascas Bifaces según el Tipo de Material .......................................................................... 24 Tabla 7. Tipo de Material según el Tipo de Plataforma ..................................................................................... 25 Tabla 8. Tipo de Material según la Preparación de la Plataforma ..................................................................... 25 Tabla 9. Tipo de Desecho del Periodo Viejo según el Tipo de Material ............................................................ 26 Tabla 10. Tipo de Desecho del Periodo Medio según el Tipo de Material ......................................................... 26 Tabla 11. Colección del Sitio según el Tipo de Material ..................................................................................... 27 Tabla 12. Colección de los Sitios según el Tipo de Desecho ............................................................................. 27 Tabla 13. Colección de los Sitios según el Tipo de Plataforma .......................................................................... 28 Tabla 14. Restos de Plantas Carbonizadas ........................................................................................................ 30 Tabla 15. Carbón de Leña ................................................................................................................................. 31 Tabla 16. Restos de Fauna de la Excavaciones en el Cerro Juanaqueña, del 1997 a 2000, por NISP y Porcentaje ................................................................................................................................ 33 Tabla 17. Restos de Fauna de la Flotación del Cerro Juanaqueña, del 1997 a 2000, por NISP y Porcentaje ... 34 Tabla 18. Restos de Fauna de Excavación del Cerro El Canelo - 1999 y 2000, por NISP y Porcentaje .......... 34 Tabla 19. Restos de Fauna de la Flotación del Cerro El Canelo - 1999 y 2000, por NISP y Porcentaje .......... 35 Tabla 20. Restos de Fauna de Excavación del Cerro los Torres - 1998, por NISP y Porcentaje ...................... 36 Tabla 21. Restos de Fauna de la Flotación del Cerro los Torres - 1998, por NISP y Porcentaje ...................... 36 Tabla 22. Datos del Radiocarbono del Cerro Juanaqueña ................................................................................. 38 Tabla 23. Datos Sobre los Cerros de Trincheras al Norte de Chihuahua .......................................................... 52 iii Agradecimientos Este fue el cuarto año de las investigaciones y se realizo durante el mes de junio de 2000, bajo la autorización del Consejo de Arqueología (CA 401-36/0669 y CA 401-36/0710), Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH), y con la concurrencia de los Municipios de Janos, Casas Grandes, Ascención y Galeana, y los Ejidos de Casas Grandes, Hidalgo, y Janos. Este estudio fue auspiciado por la National Science Foundation (SBR97086210; SBR-9809839), y dirigido por el Dr. Robert J. Hard y el Arqlgo. John R. Roney. Nos da mucho gusto extender un muy merecido reconocimiento a todas esas personas quienes contribuyeron y apoyaron nuestros estudios, con la meta de definir y darle luz a las antiguas culturas que habitaban los valles ribereños del norte de Chihuahua. Trataremos de recordar a todos, y anticipamos nuestras disculpas por cualquier involuntaria omisión. Queremos agradecer de manera muy especial a las diversas personas que por su apoyo incondicional hicieron posible nuestros estudios. Primeramente al Ing. Joaquin García-Barcena, Presidente del Consejo de Arqueología, INAH-México; Antrop. José Luis Perea González, Director del Centro INAH-Chihuahua y en actual, director del Centro INAH-Zacatecas; al Lic. Eduardo Terrazas Ramos, Administrador de la Aduana, Palomas, Chihuahua; Sr. Leonel Molina, Presidente Municipal de Janos; y al Sr. Trinidad Madrid, Presidente del Ejido de Janos. Agradecemos también a los señores Jorge Bencomo y Casimiro Lucero de Colonia Oaxaca, quienes debido a sus labores y dedicación ya se consideran parte del "Equipo Juanaqueña." Por sus multiples atenciones agradecemos al Profr. Gerardo Pérez, Secretario Particular del Presidente Municipal de Janos; igualmente agradecemos a los patrones de nuestra estancia en Janos a la Familia Jaques y al Sr. Vicente Prieto; por sus atenciones y deliciosas comidas, se le debe un reconocimiento muy especial a la Sra. Angelina Madrid y a la Sra. Anita Muñoz; y al Sr. Filiberto Lopez, quien sigue dándonos la mano con su asistencia artesanía. Con respecto a la continuación de nuestras labores en elaborar planosde varios sitos cercanos, de hacer estudios geomorfológicos y hacer reconocimientos sin levantamiento, agradecemos la cordialidad y paciencia de las señoras Adriana Fuentes y Petra Chávez, y a los señores Naúm Prieto, Ernesto Cruz, Nazario Prieto, Antonio García, Ventura García, Arturo García, Felimon Domínguez, Reymundo Carrillo, Sammy LeBaron, y Pedro Payán. El reconocimiento de los sitios al sur de Chuihuahua no se hubiera realizado sin la asistencia de los señores Jesús Cano y Gabriel Moreno, y la comunidad del Ejido Empalme Aguilera. Verdaderamente, nos consideramos muy afortunados de poder seguir contando con la colaboración de nuestros estimados y hábiles colegas: la Dra. Karen Adams, por los estudios paleobotánicos; Dra. Susan Fish, por los estudios de polen; Dra. Gayle Fritz, por sus estudios etnobotánicos; Dr. Lee Nordt, que realizo los estudios geomorfológicos; y al Dr. Brad Vierra, por el análisis lítico. También fuimos muy dichosos de poder contar con la contribución del Sr. Adriel Heisey que de su avión ligero tomo unas magníficas fotos aéreas. El apoyo y ayuda de nuestras instituciones ha sido esencial para poder negociar todos los detalles necesarios para conducir un proyecto de esta escala, así como el Bureau of Land Management y la University of Texas at San Antonio. En especial, le damos las gracias al Dr. Dwight Henderson, decano de la School of Behavioral and Social Science (UTSA); Dr. Alan E. Craven, decano del College of Liberal and Fine Arts (UTSA), a la Sra. Sherri Suñaz, asistente administrativa y el Sr. Mike Wright, contador del Centro de Estudios Arqueológicos (UTSA-CAR), quienes han realizado una multitud de tareas relacionadas a la preparación y administración del proyecto; la Sra. Carol Hollingsworth, Sra. Kathi Kortz, y Sra. Cyndi Orth de la oficina Concesiones y Contratos quienes han manejado las muchas transacciones financieras; y al Dr. Raymond Mauldin quien ha servido como iv Interino y Director Asociado del UTSA-CAR y logro ejecutar una hábil operación del Centro mientras que la atención y presencia del Dr. Hard fue centrada en este proyecto. Y a Bruce Moses que sigue elaborando las excelentes figuras, José E. Zapata y Lily Arely Aguilera quienes tradujeron y editaron este informe, y la Sras. Maryanne King y Jennifer Logan que superviso la imprenta de este documento. Finalmente un reconocimiento muy especial para nuestro equipo: Kevin Hanselka, Richard Jones, Bruce Moses, Jennifer Nisengard, Gerry Raymond, Rudi Roney, Kari Schmidt, Bridget Zavala, y Elizabeth Bagwell; e igualmente a los estudiantes de la ENAH, Carlos Cruz Guzmán, Silvia Ivet Nava Maldonado, Irán Irais Rivera González, y Ranferi Juárez Silva, y la Sra. Julia Raymond que nos dieron la mano en Jiménez y Parral, Chihuahua. A todos y cada uno, muchísimas gracias, Robert J. Hard y John R. Roney v Presentación Excavaciones Este informe resume las investigaciones de campo de 2000 en el Cerro Juanaqueña y otros sitios relacionados, y también se proporciona los mas recientes resultados analíticos. Estos trabajos fueron autorizados en el 2000 por medio de los oficios CA 401-36/0669 y CA 401-36/0710 del Consejo de Arqueología, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH), México, D.F., y con la concurrencia de los Municipios de Janos, Casas Grandes, Ascención y Galeana. El proyecto fue respaldado por la concesión SBR-9809839 del National Science Foundation (NSF). Las excavaciones de esta temporada se enfocaron en el Cerro Juanaqueña y en el Cerro El Canelo. En el Cerro Juanaqueña se investigaron seis formaciones: un circulo de roca y cinco terrazas. En estas seis formaciones se excavaron cuatro sondeos de prueba y dos unidades. En el Cerro El Canelo, se investigó un circulo grande y la T94. Se excavaron seis sondeos de prueba en el circulo grande, y dos unidades en la T94. Estos estudios se resumen abajo. Grandes Rio Casas UNITED STATES Cerro Tascate MEXICO Lag. Guzman Lag. Santa Maria Cerro Juanaqueña ro Cerro la Virgen P Rio Sa n Cerro La Fundición ia ed Cerro Angostura Cerro el Canelo Santa Ma r Cerro Los Torres Cerro La Cruz i o Cerro la Tinaja R Cerro Moctezuma Cerro Vidal Arizona Cerro Bocilla de San Diego New Mexico Texas ra no So Nuestros informes anteriores (Hard y Roney 1998, 1999; Roney y Hard 2000) describen las obras y resultados de las campañas de 1997, 1998 y 1999, respectivamente. Los objetivos de la temporada 2000 fueron los siguientes: Seguir excavando en el Cerro Juanaqueña para recuperar muestras carbonizadas, de hueso, y macrobotánico; continuar los estudios geomorfológicos dentro del llano inundado; elaborar un extenso archivo de fotos aéreas de los sitios cerros con trincheras; llevar a cabo un reconocimiento arqueológico de la vecindad del Cerro Juanaqueña (véase Figura 1). Finalmente, y ligado a estos estudios, fue el llevar a cabo unas pruebas de excavación en tres cerros de trincheras localizados al meridional de Chihuahua, en el área de Jiménez y Parral. Estos últimos estudios se realizaron durante el mes de octubre del 2000. El informe actual describe las obras y algunos resultados relacionados a los dichos objetivos. Cerro de Galeana Chihuahua Cerros LeBarón Figura 1. Mapa de la región - noroeste de Chihuahua. 1 Cerro Juanaqueña Sondeos de Prueba Circulo de Roca 307a (R307a) Este círculo de roca se encuentra dentro del conjunto de terrazas al nivel superior del cerro y en el lado sur de estas mismas. Se excavaron tres niveles de 20 cm cada uno. El primer nivel fue compuesto de una matriz comprimida de sedimentos arenosos, color café, prismático y ligeramente fracturados en pequeños bloques e incluía basalto de chicos a grandes. De este nivel se coleccionó nueve muestras líticas. La matriz del segundo nivel fue de un gredal cienoso y bastante suelto, color café, e incluía grava y algunas piedras de 30 cm de tamaño. Solamente se coleccionaron dos muestras de micro-desecho lítico. No hubo cambio en la matriz del siguiente y último nivel, y se coleccionó nada mas que una muestra de micro-desecho lítico. El material parece haber sido relleno constructivo. Durante esta temporada se excavaron cuatro sondeos de prueba, cuadrangulares, de 50 cm por 50 cm. Estos sondeos se excavaron en tres niveles de 20 cm cada nivel y la tierra excavada fue cribada sobre una malla de un-octavo de pulgada (1/8"). El material recobrado se coleccionó para después ser analizado. Estos pozos se utilizaron para determinar, según los resultados inmediatos, si había caso en extender la exploración de la terraza. Debido a los resultados negativos de las cuatro pruebas, nada mas se hizo en estas terrazas. Lo siguiente es un breve repaso de estas pruebas. La localización precisa de estos se marca en la Figura 2, y los resultados se dan en la Tabla 1. Terraza 415 (T415) Esta terraza se encuentra dentro del conjunto de terrazas al nivel inferior del cerro y directamente al poniente de la R307a, descrita arriba. Se excavaron tres niveles de 20 cm cada uno. El primer nivel fue compuesto de una matriz de gredal cienoso fino y bastante suelto. Este nivel mostraba varias inclusiones, así como pequeños guijarros y piedras de basalto, una raíz bastante gruesa y un madriguera de roedor. De este nivel se coleccionó siete muestras líticas, un hueso, y carbón. La matriz del segundo nivel fue igual como la descrita arriba, seguía la presencia de raíces y piedras grandes, igual que grava. Solamente mas se coleccionaron tres muestras de material lítico, carbón y maíz. No hubo cambio en la matriz dentro de los primeros 10 cm excavados, pero el cambio fue notable a los 50 cm bajo el suelo. La matriz fue de una greda obscura, con una estructura fracturada en pequeños bloques. Se coleccionó solamente una muestra de carbón. R307a T415 T463 T465 T487 T508 Cerro Juanaqueña Pared de Terraza resalto del lecho de roca orilla de la talud MN 0 50 100 metros Figura 2. Cerro Juanaqueña mostrando las formaciones excavadas. 2 Tabla 1. Resumen de los Sondeos de Prueba FORMACIÓN R307a T415 PROFUNDIDAD 60 cm 60 cm 463 60 cm T465 80 cm RESULTADO 9 líticos y 3 desechos micro-líticos 10 líticos, 2 huesos, 3 muestras carbonizadas, y 1 muestra de maíz 12 líticos, 5 huesos, y 1 muestra carbonizada 5 líticos, 5 huesos, y 1 muestra carbonizada Terraza 463 (T463) Cerro Juanaqueña Pozos de Sondeo (Unidades) La T463 se encuentra al sureste de la T415, descrita arriba. La excavación de prueba en esta fue igual que la anterior. Se excavo a mano y a una profundidad de 60 cm. Debido a la matriz, que era tierra cenicienta y además que incluía unas piedras de entre 25 a 35 cm de tamaño, este primer nivel se excavó a 40 cm. Solamente se recuperaron nueve muestras líticas. El siguiente y último nivel se excavó a 60 cm y la matriz fue de una tierra bien fina y obscura, con muchas piedras de tamaño mediano a grande. Se recuperaron solamente tres muestras líticas, cinco huesos, y una muestra de carbón. Durante esta temporada solamente dos terrazas se excavaron con intensidad. La ubicación de las terrazas 487 y 508 se muestra en la Figura 2, véase arriba. Terraza 487 (T487) La T487 se encuentra dentro del conjunto inferior de terrazas y en el lado sur del cerro y pertenece al conjunto inferior de terrazas y esta situada en el cuadrante suroeste del Cerro Juanaqueña. La superficie de esta terraza mide unos 25 m de ancho por 6.5 m de largo (véase Figura 3). El talud de la terraza se inclina ligeramente rumbo a la T485 y T488; y la T470 y T493 se encuentran al sesgo arriba de la T487. La pared de la terraza se extiende a unos 18 m de largo y es de unos 0.5 m de alto. La profundidad máxima del material constructivo es de 1.05 metros. En comparación a las terrazas del conjunto superior, esta terraza mostró una relativa escasez de artefactos sobre la superficie. Pero de todos modos, se identifico un percutor, dos manos para moler, un metate de forma plana, y un fragmento de metate. Terraza 465 (T465) Esta terraza se encuentra dentro del conjunto de terrazas al nivel inferior del cerro y a unos 20 m al sureste de la T463, descrita arriba. Esta prueba fue de cuatro niveles de 20 cm cada uno, lo cual se excavó a mano. El primer nivel fue compuesto de una matriz de sedimentos arenosos gredal y bastante suelta, y prismática. Este nivel mostraba varias inclusiónes, así como piedras de basalto, guijarros, y raíces. Se coleccionó no mas que un solo lítico. La matriz del segundo nivel fue de un gredal cienoso suelto, que incluía piedras grandes y pequeñas. Este nivel estaba un poco ceniciento en una esquina, donde también estaba revuelta la matriz por causa de una madriguera de roedor y raíces. No se observo ningún resto carbonizado, pero si se colecto una pieza lítica. La matriz del siguiente nivel fue igual que el previo, y solamente se encontró una lítica y un hueso. La matriz siguió igual como el nivel anterior y se coleccionó dos muestras líticas, cuatro huesos, y carbón. Esta terraza fue seleccionada debido a que muy pocas de las terrazas del conjunto inferior se habían investigado previamente. Además, nos pareció potencialmente interesante debido a que los remanentes de un hormiguero mostraban depósitos cenicientos, igual que fragmentos de carbón y hueso. También parecía que esta terraza quizá seria de no menos de un metro de profundidad. Esta ultima característica nos a proveído buenos resultados en lo que se refiere al hallazgo de material que se pueda fechar. 3 Figura 3. Plano de la T487. El procedimiento de excavación fue el siguiente: las Unidades 2 y 3 sé excavaron simultáneamente; se descubrió un rasgo grande (designado Subrasgo Hoyo B) dentro de la Unidad 2 y dentro de una porción pequeña en la Unidad 3. Las Unidades 4 y 5 se excavaron para ver si podíamos definir el límite septentrional del Subrasgo Hoyo B. Las excavaciones en estas unidades se terminaron tan pronto que se definió de seguridad el rasgo. Pero luego se descubrio una área desprovista de piedras sobre el perfil de la pared del lado sur de las Unidades 2 y 3; por esta razón, se excavaron las Unidades 6 y 7, para ver sí acaso no había algo similar al Hoyo B. La excavación de la Unidad 7 se terminó después de haber excavado solamente 10 cm, por la misma razón que se termino la Unidad 1, siendo que estábamos muy cerca de la pared. Respecto a la Unidad 6, esta se excavó a una La estrategia de excavación fue de ejecutar 10 unidades en esta terraza, y estos se designaron Unidades 1-10 (véase Figura 4). La Unidad 1 fue de un metro cuadrado y se localizo a la orilla de la pared. Esta excavación se finaliza después de haber excavado solo 10 cm, porque se localizo muy cerca de la pared. Nuestra estrategia cambio, decidiéndonos mejor investigar el área alrededor del hormiguero donde, como ya se dijo, hallamos material que posiblemente se pueda fechar. Las Unidades 2-10 se localizaron en dicha área, y todas menos la Unidad 10, fueron de un metro cuadrado. La Unidad 10 fue de un metro por un metro y medio de tamaño. Las Unidades 2 y 9 fueron las únicas que se excavaron hasta dar con la piedra madre, mientras que las otras fueron excavadas a distintas profundidades para así definir rasgos o revelar datos constructivos. 4 A T470 Sesgo de la Talud Unidades 9 8 6 T487 Sesgo de la Talud 7 Se descubrieron unos detalles muy raros dentro de la expuesta estratigrafía de la T487. Se trata del Subrasgo Hoyo B, y posiblemente otro hoyo, que se construyeron un poco después de la construcción de la terraza. Estos hoyos parecen haber sido excavados al lado de la orilla de la pared de la terraza. El Subrasgo Hoyo B, es el que se define mejor debido a que se fue formado con piedras medianas (10 cm) y grandes (20 cm). Al centro de la Unidad 2, y a unos 153 cm bajo el dato, se encontró un suelo bien comprimido y arcilloso, lo que muy posiblemente pueda haber servido como forro. Según una fecha radiocarbono de maíz, el Hoyo B tiene una edad de 3130 AP. La ausencia de piedras, notable en el perfil de las unidades excavadas, da apariencia de que allí también hubo un hoyo. La mayoría del Subrasgo Hoyo B, se excavo dentro de las Unidades 6 y 8, donde se encontró muy pocas piedras. Es muy posible que el Subrasgo Cairn C, pudo haber sido el borde oriente del Hoyo B. 1 9 0 1m 10 8 6 7 3 2 5 4 A1 (5-10 cm) y medianas (10-20 cm). La siguiente capa, Zona 4, era de grava mezclada con una greda arenosa color gris. Finalmente, los depósitos del suelo superior, Zona 5, eran más oscuros que los anteriores, friables, y mostraban una consistencia fangosa-arenosa. Figura 4. Alzada en corte de la T487. profundidad de 180-190 cm bajo el dato, que fue equivalente al fondo de la Unidad 8, lo cual causo que se extendiera la investigación y la excavación de las Unidades 9 y 10. La Unidad 8 fue de mayor interés ya que se descubrió un racimo de piedras apiladas, esquinadas al noreste del fondo de esta unidad, lo que parecía ser un entierro tipo cairn. Por esta razón se extendió la investigación y se excavaron las Unidades 9 y 10. Este rasgo se designo Subrasgo Cairn C. La Unidad 10 se excavo a una profundidad de 170 cm, mientras que la Unidad 9 se excavo unos 10 cm mas, hasta dar con piedra madre (180 cm). Debido a los perfiles expuestos, estas excavaciones también nos ayudaron a contestar algunas dudas sobre el método constructivo de las terrazas. Entre los artefactos, se recolectaron huesos de animal, material lítico, conchas, e implementos para moler. Los artefactos más notables fueron una punta de proyectil, dos metates, tres cuentas y un colgante de concha. La mayoría de la concha se recupero de los niveles asociados con el Substrato Hoyo B. Muestras carbonizadas se hallaron dentro de casi todas las unidades. La excavación de los hoyos resultó en el descubrimiento de bastantes muestras macrobotánicas, incluso de hasta 115 cm de profundidad. Algunos especimenes botánicos adicionales se recuperaron por medio del proceso de flotación, y no menos que 20 muestras de cúpulas y mazorcas de Zea mays se recuperaron de las excavaciones y proceso de flotación. Muestras de polen se recuperaron del suelo del Hoyo B y de algunos implementos para moler. La estratigrafía de la T487 es muy similar en varios aspectos a la terraza típica del Cerro Juanaqueña, pero no cabe duda que en otros aspectos es distinta. Por ejemplo, identificamos cinco horizontes constructivos en la T487, y no los típicos tres. La Zona 1, al fondo y sobre la capa coluvial, se caracteriza por una capa de piedras grandes, despedazería del lecho, y greda arenosa color café-amarillento oscuro. La Zona 2 fue la que típicamente se descubrió dentro de los niveles más profundos, la cual consistía de un relleno comprimido color café, de una greda arenosa friable. La Zona 3 era una capa de greda arenosa, de un color café-gris oscuro, que incluía piedras pequeñas 5 En resumen, pensamos que esta excavación fue la más interesante ya que por primera vez descubrimos un hoyo que definitivamente estaba formado con piedras. Las excavaciones de 1997 también descubrieron un hoyo en la T6, pero este no estaba forrado con piedras. Aunque la técnica constructiva de la T487 es muy parecida al arquetipo del Cerro Juanaqueña, si se encuentran algunas diferencias. La T487, por ejemplo, es bastante profunda (ca. 0.8 a 1.05 m), especialmente en comparación a las del conjunto superior de terrazas. Respecto a la secuencia constructiva, lo siguiente se puede decir: El episodio inicial fue la formación de una superficie plana, lo que se realizó con un relleno de piedras medianas y grandes apiladas sobre la piedra madre (Zona 1). Luego se le agrego una capa gruesa de sedimentos y piedras pequeñas y medianas (Zona 2). La T487 muestra una gran cantidad de piedras como relleno, pero fue muy evidente la ocurrencia de piedras aisladas y en racimos. Muchas de estas piedras parecían estar desplazadas, lo que le da sustancia a la idea de que rellenos de sedimentos y piedras se le fue agregando a las terrazas simultáneamente. Los bultos, o racimos de piedra, sugieren que la terraza se relleno por medio de acarreos de canasta, dejando de esta manera evidencia de los hechos. La Zona 3 consiste de una mezcla de sedimentos sueltos, relleno comprimido, y guijarro. sobre la superficie original durante las épocas de abandono. En lo que se refiere a la construcción de la terraza, esto fue un poco distinto al arquetipo, aunque si sabemos de otros ejemplos. El detalle más notable fue el grosor de los depósitos superiores de la terraza, que por cierto carecían de piedras. La T487 se inicio con la construcción de la berma, lo que le da volumen y estructura a la terraza. El declive que resulta con la construcción de la berma se nivela con más relleno. Para rellenar el declive y realizar una plataforma, o por decir un cimiento, se fueron apilando varias capas de sedimentos con piedras. Y al final, el área de habitación, o actividad, se realizó con un relleno de sedimentos con muy pocas piedras. Este mismo método se utilizó en la construcción de la T6, T10, y T163, donde los superiores 20-30 cm de relleno consisten de sedimentos finos desprovistos de piedras. El Subrasgo Hoyo B se descubrió dentro de las Zonas 4 y 5, y aparentemente se excavó después de la construcción inicial de la misma terraza. Este hoyo parece haber sido forrado con guijarros medianos (1015 cm). Dado la recuperación de un número substancial de restos macrobotánicos, pensamos que este subrasgo se pudo haber utilizado para almacenaje. El Subrasgo Hoyo B no era visible a primera vista, y no fue definido hasta que la mayor parte de este rasgo se había excavado y expuesto en las Unidades 2 y 3. El segundo hoyo no fue designado hasta que la mayor parte de este rasgo se había excavado y expuesto en las Unidades 2 y 3. El segundo hoyo no fue designado como subrasgo en el campo, siendo que no se definía tan bien como el Hoyo B (véase Figura 5). De cualquier manera, las observaciones y dibujos hechos en campo indican que este rasgo también era hoyo. Los dos hoyos se colocaron en contra esquina uno del otro. Estos hoyos no eran perceptibles sobre la superficie debido a que los sedimentos coluviales se fueron depositando Figura 5. Foto de la T487 - unidades 4 y 5, mostrando el hoyo B. 6 Terraza 508 (T508) recolectamos material lítico dentro de los tres niveles excavados y de maíz entre 40-60 cm bajo la superficie. La T508 es de una forma rara, oblicuo-irregular, se encuentra dentro del conjunto inferior de terrazas y esta a unos 70 m al sureste de la T487, descrita arriba. Las terrazas 505 y 506 se encuentran a sesgo arriba y las terrazas 510, 511, 512, y 513 están a sesgo abajo de la T508. La terraza mide unos 10.4 m de ancho y 3.2 m de largo. El talud de la T508 se extiende unos 6 m al noroeste y 10.5 m al suroeste (véase Figuras 6 y 7). La profundidad máxima del material constructivo es de 1.8 m, pero como no se observo piedra madre, podemos suponer que la T508 puede ser más profunda. La T508 fue seleccionada porque un reconocimiento de la superficie reveló que un hormiguero mostraba depósitos cenicientos y desecho de talla. Así fue que se tomo la decisión de excavar un sondeo de prueba, designado Unidad 1, de 0.5 m por 0.5 m y en niveles de 20 cm, y puesto directamente sobre el hormiguero. De esta manera pudimos determinar el potencial de la terraza para recuperar maíz carbonizado. La excavación del sondeo resultó positiva, ya que De acuerdo con los resultados positivos de la Unidad 1, decidimos extender la investigación de esta terraza y excavar una unidad de un metro cuadrado. La Unidad 2 se localizó a unos 80 cm al norte de la Unidad 1 y al borde de la pared de la terraza para así lograr el máximo potencial para recuperar maíz carbonizado, y hacer algunas observaciones sobre la técnica constructiva de una de las terrazas del conjunto inferior. La excavación se realizó en 14 niveles de 10 cm cada uno y se tomaron muestras de los sedimentos para el proceso de flotación que se utiliza para recobrar material macrobotánico, maíz carbonizado, y los más pequeños fragmentos de hueso de mamíferos, reptiles y de pez. Aunque nunca se dio con la piedra madre, la excavación se termino después que los últimos tres niveles resultaron estériles de material cultural. Según el perfil de la terraza y observaciones de los sedimentos excavados, la indicación fue de que ya habíamos Figura 6. Plano de la T508. 7 A T506 Sesgo de la Talud Unidades 3 2 T508 Sesgo de la Talud A1 1 0 1m 3 2 Figura 7. Alzada en corte de la T508. excavado más allá del talud artificial y que estábamos dentro de los sedimentos naturales de origen coluvial. Cerro el Canelo - Sondeos de Prueba Se identificaron tres zonas estratigráficas, las cuales representan una construcción arquetípica de terraza. La Zona 1, un relleno de 40 cm de grueso, se encontró sobre el fondo de la terraza, o sea, los sedimentos naturales mencionados arriba. Esta zona era de sedimentos coluviales de color café pálido, incluía un gran numero de nódulos carbonatos, y el relleno era de piedras pequeñas a grandes. La Zona 2 era un estrato bastante grueso, de unos 70 cm. Esta zona fue compuesta de sedimentos finos fangosos, y un gran numero de piedras de varios tamaños, pero muchas eran grandes (>20 cm). La Zona 3, que se encuentra en la parte superior de la terraza, era compuesta de una capa delgada (4-6 cm) de depósitos eólicos. Los artefactos se recuperaron dentro de los primeros 90 cm de excavación, o sea, dentro de las Zonas 2 y 3. Fueron muy escasos los artefactos recolectados de la Zona 1. En total, la recolección de artefactos de esta terraza fue relativamente escasa. De todos modos si logramos encontrar material carbonizado en la T508, así como una muestra de carbón del quinto nivel (~60-70 cm bajo el suelo), y según una fecha radiocarbono, tiene una edad de 3050 AP. Este rasgo cultural es un círculo de roca bien grande, claramente definido y simétrico, localizado al norte del Cerro El Canelo, y sobre el declive formado entre El Canelo y otro cerro más pequeño. El círculo de roca es de 70 m de diámetro y forma una área de casi 4 m cuadrados. El cerro pequeño al noroeste del círculo tiene ocho terrazas pequeñas, dos círculos de roca pequeños, y una pared de roca que rodea la cumbre. Varios círculos de roca se encuentran alrededor del perímetro norteño del círculo grande. Estos son el R370, que esta adyacente y al norte del círculo grande, luego el R371, R372, y R373 que se encuentran entre 10 a 15 m al norte y al noreste del perímetro externo. El Círculo Grande La superficie de esta formación esta predominada por gravas de basalto y escoria, e incluye muy poca roca grande. En algunas áreas, especialmente dentro el cuadrante noroeste, la piedra madre florece de la superficie, lo que indica que los depósitos culturales se encuentran en niveles superiores. Hay bastante evidencia de estorbo por roedores en forma de basureros de ratas en varias puntas a lo largo del perímetro, igual que madrigueras de otros roedores 8 visibles sobre la superficie en varias partes. Los hormigueros también son muy comunes. Aunque si observamos artefactos sobre la superficie, estos fueron muy escasos. Consisten de talla, incluyendo desecho pequeño y algunos núcleos pequeños, dispersados uniformemente a través de la superficie de esta formación. Aunque si hubo talla de horsteno, el material dominante era la calcedonia, que ocurre naturalmente en el lecho alrededor de la base del Cerro El Canelo. Prueba Núm. 3 se localizó a la orilla pero fuera del círculo y en el cuadrante suroeste. Logramos excavar hasta 25 cm bajo el suelo en esta prueba. Se colectó una sola lasca de la superficie y dos mas lascas se recuperaron dentro de los primeros 10 cm excavados. La Prueba Núm. 4 fue localizada en el perímetro este de la formación. Aunque a principios parecía que los depósitos eran profundos, una vez mas dimos con el lecho a unos 20 cm bajo el suelo. No se recuperó ningun artefacto de esta prueba. La siguiente prueba, Núm. 5, fue puesta en el perímetro noreste del círculo. Aunque los depósitos fueron más profundos, dando con el lecho a 30 cm bajo el suelo, de todos modos no encontramos ningún artefacto. La última prueba, Núm. 6, se localizo a lo largo del perímetro en el cuadrante noroeste del círculo, y de esta tampoco se encontró ningún artefacto. En 1999, se llevaron a cabo unos sondeos de prueba para establecer la antigüedad de este sitio, determinar los procesos de construcción y función. También deseábamos evaluar la asociación de esta formación con las terrazas y círculos encontrados sobre Cerro El Canelo. Aunque las pruebas de 1999 produjeron poco material carbonizado, estas muestras se consideraron contaminadas. Por esta razón, nos decidimos volver a probar una vez más este sitio, y en esperanzas de recuperar restos macrobotánicos carbonizados. Desdichadamente, no se puede proponer mucho sobre esta formación tan rara. Nuestra meta de recuperar material carbonizado para fechar no fue fructífera. Es muy claro que los sedimentos asociados con este círculo no son nada profundos, y por esta razón no conducentes a la preservación de restos carbonizados. La dimensión grande y simétrica de esta formación sugiere que es indiscutiblemente artificial; lo que queda en duda es la edad del círculo. Se ha sugerido que la formación es el vestigio de un corral histórico, tal como los que en el actual se usan en el área para sostener ovejas y cabras. Sin embargo, no hay alguna evidencia concreta para aceptar esta teoría. El alternativo es que la fecha de 600 AP (hueso que se colecto en 1999) es correcta, y que este sito entonces es del periodo Medio (1150-1450 d.C.). Lo malo de esta interpretación es que el sitio carece de artefactos del período Medio. Finalmente, otra es que la formación puede ser asociada a la última ocupación arcaica evidente del Cerro El Canelo. Si ésta última llega ser el caso, este círculo puede representar una de las más antiguas estructuras comunales del meridional del área suroeste (Southwest); lo que predice unas implicaciones significativas con respecto a la organización social y política Arcaico Tardío al noroeste de Chihuahua. No obstante, antes de que se pueda ofrecer alguna interpretación fija, se requieren fechas más confiables que puedan establecer la antigüedad de este grande círculo de la roca. La estrategia del 2000 fue de localizar unos sondeos de prueba sobre la superficie de esta formación, para así recolectar materiales culturales, especialmente restos carbonizados. Para esto, se excavó una serie de sondeos de 50 cm por 50 cm. Parte del plan era de extender la excavación si acaso alguna de estas pruebas resultaba en la recuperación de materiales culturales. Además de las excavaciones, la idea era de también hacer un recorrido más detallado de esta formación, para así describir y fotografiar el círculo con más detalle. En fin, se excavaron seis sondeos de prueba, y cada uno se excavó en niveles de 20 cm. En cuando una prueba no producía algún resto cultural, la búsqueda comenzaba en otra localidad. La Prueba Número 1 se excavó a lo largo de la pared, y en el cuadrante sureste del círculo. Nada más se pudo excavar 20 cm bajo el suelo, porque a ese punto se encontró el lecho. El único material que se colecto fue una sola lasca, y eso que fue de la superficie. La segunda prueba, Núm. 2, fue colocada dentro del cuadrante noreste. Desgraciadamente, esta prueba también dio con el lecho a unos 20 cm bajo el suelo. De esta prueba se colectó cuatro lascas dentro de los sedimentos. La 9 Cerro el Canelo - Pozos de Sondeo (Unidades) La construcción de esta terraza es típica, ya que identificamos tres zonas estratigráficas. El material cultural fue observado y recuperados de la criba, y del proceso de flotación. El alcance máximo de artefactos se realizo en el Nivel 3 (140-150 cmbd) en la Unidad 1 y en el Nivel 5 (160-170 cmbd) en la Unidad 2. Esta escasez de artefactos fue dramática dentro los niveles más profundos. El carbón de leña fue recuperado del Nivel 2 (130-140 cmbd) en la Unidad 1 y Nivel 3 (140-150 cmbd) en la Unidad 2. Terraza 94 (T94) Durante esta temporada se excavaron solamente dos unidades, y las dos fueron sobre la Terraza 94. La T94 es de forma oblicua irregular situada dentro de la zona media del lado norte del cerro. La T94 es de 11 m de largo y entre 2 y 3 de ancho. La cuesta del talud extiende entre 3 a 5 m hasta dar con la T208. La superficie de la terraza es plana y cubierta de guijarros de basalto, con una concentración de estos mismos al lado norte en donde comienza el talud. El lecho de la piedra madre resalta en varios lugares. Adyacentes a la T94 están las terrazas T95 al oeste, T92 al este, y T93 al sureste (véase Figura 8). Los artefactos observados sobre la superficie de la terraza consistieron en un núcleo, un mortero sobre el lecho, y un fragmento de metate tipo tazón. Dos núcleos y un percutor se observaron entre el talud del lado norte. Círculo de Roca Grande La meta principal de esta excavación era la necesidad de localizar muestras carbonizadas para fechar este cerro. La T94 fue seleccionada debido a que un montoncito de tierra asociado con una madriguera de roedor mostraba sedimentos cenicientos. Para maximizar el potencial de recobrar material carbonizado, se instalaron dos unidades. La Unidad 2 se localiza en el borde de la terraza y la Unidad 1 al sur de la Unidad 2. Las dos unidades se excavaron hasta dar con el lecho. La Unidad 1 dio con piedra madre a 63 cm bajo el suelo, y la Unidad 2 hasta 78 cm bajo el suelo. Cerro El Canelo pared de la terraza resalto del lecho de roca orillade la talud MN 0 50 100 metros Figura 8. Cerro El Canelo mostrando las formaciones excavadas durante la temporada 2000. 10 No se identificaron rasgos asociados con superficies artificiales (e.g., pisos habitacionales). Los artefactos significativos incluyen un fragmento de biface, un dardo bien pequeño de obsidiana. Aunque se recupero bastante carbón, no hubo muestras de maíz. siglos, pensamos que los datos serán de mucho valor en cuando se discute los procesos y cambios morfológicos de la herramienta lítica igual que algunas observaciones sobre los recursos fauna y técnica cerámica. Relleno de Sondeos, Unidades, y Zanjas Para que no quede duda, es preciso aclarar que no excavamos los sitios, ni colectamos alguna pieza cerámica. La prueba que hicimos era de estudiar y recolectar algunos fragmentos de material que aparecían sobre la superficie y de cribar los montones de tierra asociados con el saqueo y hacer una recolección selectiva de este material. Antes de continuar, es preciso describir el muy metódico proceso de rellenar nuestras excavaciones. Las excavaciones no se iniciaban hasta no documentar por medio de fotos y dibujos, el área que se iba a impactar. Despues de esta documentación, con excepto de las zanjas, se seleccionaba una área cercana para la criba de tierra. Antes de iniciar la criba de tierra, la superficie se cubrió con hojas de hule para aislar y luego recobrar la misma tierra y desecho, y con esto rellenar los pozos. Sitio Janos del Periodo Viejo Este sitio es del periodo Viejo y se localiza al meridional del pueblo de Janos. Los límites de este antiguo pueblo son difíciles de definir, debido a un desarrollo urbano que se extiende a este lado de Janos y que obviamente va impactando al sitio. De todos modos si se puede suponer que fue un pueblo de adobe bastante grande. El sitio a sido extensivamente saqueado, lo que es muy aparente debido a no menos de cien montones de tierra que son visibles en cuando uno se va acercando al sitio. Se encuentra un desplazamiento sumamente amplio sobre la superficie, que consiste de muestras de tepalcate sencillo y decorado, talla, y fragmentos de implementos para moler. Fragmentos de hueso también son muy notables sobre la superficie, pero lo mas seguro es que es una mezcla de hueso de deposición reciente y antigua. El relleno se llevo a cabo durante la última semana de obra de campo. Las zanjas se rellenaron primero, utilizando la misma tierra excavada y el relleno se comprimía, asegurando no dejar algún hoyo. Con respecto a las unidades, se les colocaba una moneda y/o bote de aluminio, y luego se cubría con hojas de hule. Entonces el mismo desecho de tierra y piedras que se habían excavado se uso para rellenar los pozos. El proceso de rellenar se documentaba así en cuando se llevaba a cabo, por medio de fotografías y estas se archivaron en la colección del proyecto, en el Centro de Investigación Arqueológica (UTSA-CAR). Como ya se comento, el sitio a sido saqueado. La evidencia cuenta con no menos de cien hoyos de entre 50 cm a 100 cm de profundidad, y algunos son de casi 2 m de largo. Es demasiado el material cultural visible sobre los montones de tierra. Entre el material se encuentran fragmentos de implementos para moler, varios tipos de tepalcate, fragmentos de hueso, y bastante talla. También es muy evidente el carbón y material histórico. Al fin, logramos recolectar algunas muestras de la criba de algunos montones de tierra asociados con los hoyos de saqueo. Se colectaron algunas muestras de tepalcate, talla, obsidiana, y hueso. Estudio Comparativo El siguiente narrativo detalla el proceso de prueba de material lítico, de hueso y tepalcate que se llevo a cabo en tres sitios tardíos que se encuentran en el llano inundando cercano. El sitio Janos es del periodo Viejo (700-1150 d.C.), mientras que los sitios Antonio y Lucero son del periodo Medio (1150-1450 d.C.). El objetivo de este estudio de prueba fue de encontrar y comparar el material lítico, hueso y tepalcate con las muestras del Cerro Juanaqueña. Aunque sabemos que estos sitios son distintos en edad y se separan por varios 11 Sitio Lucero del Periodo Viejo tepalcate fue mucho más que la de talla, aunque colectamos muy pocas muestras de tepalcate. Este sitio del periodo Viejo se localiza a medio kilómetro al sur del Cerro Juanaqueña. Este sitio también a sido saqueado pero no tan extensivamente como el descrito arriba. El sitio se caracteriza por un desplazamiento ligero de tepalcate, que se extiende unos 100 m de norte a sur, comenzando así al sur de un tanque de ganado y rumbo a un cauce antiguo. Este sitio también se encuentra entre un chaparral y bastante retirado de habitaciones y otras estructuras modernas. Notamos tres hoyos de saqueadores, rectangulares, a unos 20 m del cauce. Seleccionamos un montón de tierra que se asociaba con un hoyo de saqueo no muy grande, a la orilla del cauce, donde sobre la superficie era visible un desplazamiento de talla y tepalcate. Decidimos cribar los 20 cm superiores, pero aún asi fue más frecuente la criba de los 5 cm superiores de tierra. Como ya explicamos, no excavamos sino solamente cribamos los sedimentos previamente excavados por los saqueadores. No cabe duda que había un número de montones de tierra, pero mejor decidimos tomar muestras de los que visiblemente mostraban una gran cantidad de artefactos. Solamente los primeros 20 cm de tierra se removieron. Aunque el proceso fue expediente, de todos modos fue exacto. La tierra se cribaba hasta que se había colectado unas 200 muestras de talla. Tan pronto que se estudiaba, la talla se regresaba al montón en donde se había encontrado. Del tepalcate, nada mas se colectaron las piezas más grandes. Las muestras pequeñas de tepalcate sencillo y de Plaza roja también se regresaron al montón de donde provenían. También se colectaron unas cuantas muestras de tepalcate decorado que se encontraba sobre la superficie. Se colecto el 100 porciento de hueso que encontramos en la criba. Al final, recorrimos el sitio y colectamos todo el desecho de obsidiana que encontrábamos sobre la superficie (~20 piezas) y núcleos de pedernal. El sitio se volvió a visitar por segunda vez, para recolectar un número de huesos. El hecho se debe a que se considero oportuno poder llevar a cabo un análisis Estable Isótopo de las muestras de hueso. Continuamos estos procesos por unas dos horas. Se recolecto toda la talla hasta que teníamos unas 200 muestras de talla. Se colectaron algunas muestras de tepalcate, de las más grandes y decoradas, y se regresaron las más pequeñas (~<2cm). Todas estas muestras de tepalcate eran de tipo sencillo o corrediza en rojo. Hallamos un solo tepalcate que parecía ser del tipo Viejo café-rojo a unos 20 m del hoyo que se estaba poniendo a prueba, y se regreso enseguida. No hubo hallazgo de hueso. Todas las pruebas fueron dentro de un radio de 5 metros. No se hallo ninguna talla de obsidiana sobre la superficie. Sitio de Ofelia Sáenz - Excavaciones de Zanjas El Sitio de Ofelia Sáenz está situado en la Colonia La Oaxaca, o más bien, en un rancho abandonado que se encuentra a dos kilómetros al poniente del Cerro Juanaqueña. El área fue sometida a prueba basada en información que se nos presento directamente de uno de los principales. Según la historia oral de un ranchero vecino de La Oaxaca, hace unos 20 años que el y otros habían encontrado restos humanos a unos 2 m bajo el suelo, cuando construían una noria. Debido a esta información inicial, pensábamos que el Sitio de Ofelia pudiera proporcionar datos de un sitio del Arcaico Tardío y contemporáneo al sitio del Cerro Juanaqueña. La geografía del área, igual que los datos geomorfológicos, sugería que el supuesto sitio se había establecido sobre una terraza coluvial formada durante Sitio Antonio del Periodo Medio Este sitio del periodo Medio se localiza a un kilómetro al suroeste del Cerro Juanaqueña, y es muy aparente que sé ha saqueado extensivamente. En el actual, el sitio parece como un montículo que resalta unos 2 m del llano en que esta situado. Este sitio se encuentra entre un chaparral muy retirado de habitaciones u otras estructuras modernas. El sitio mide 150 m de norte a sur y 80 m de oriente a poniente. Se puede suponer que este fue un pueblo mediano de construcciones de adobe. Los hoyos de saqueo son numerosos, entre 20 a 40, y son de casi 2 m de profundidad. La superficie esta casi cubierta de tepalcate y la recolección de 12 pared del lado sur de la zanja BHT5a. El Dr. Nordt identificó un rasgo cultural entre 103 a 119 cm bajo la superficie, en el perfil del lado oriente. Otra zona cultural se encontró y documento entre 110 a 124 cm bajo la superficie en el extremo sur de la zanja BHT5b, cual correspondían a los depósitos culturales en la zanja BHT5a. Dentro la zanja BHT5a, el Dr. Nordt identificó el paleosol Janos dentro de una profundidad de 51-69 cm bajo la superficie, cual se encuentra sobre el rasgo cultural mencionado arriba. También observó el paleosol Trincheras a unos 163-188 cm bajo la superficie en la zanja BHT5a. Los paleosols Janos son generalmente de 1900 años AP, los paleosols Trincheras son de 3000 años AP. Debido a estos datos, se puede el Pleistoceno o sobre un canal abandonado que se encuentra bajo de la misma terraza. Pruebas de Zanja Con el uso de un trascabo, se excavaron cinco zanjas dentro de la propiedad Sáenz y al lado oriente de la casa principal. Este sitio se puede localizar dentro la Figura 9 (véase abajo, designada BHT-5). Las zanjas se designaron BHT5a, BHT5b, BHT5c, BHT5d, y BHT5e. El área impactada fue de unos 25 m orienteponiente y 30 m norte-sur. En la Tabla 2 abajo, se presenta un resumen de la localización de las cinco zanjas, y de los datos que se usaron para delimitar el sitio. MN 0 Los límites del sitio fueron definidos por medio de la concentración de depósitos basureros, encontrados dentro de tres de las cinco zanjas que se excavaron. Los depósitos basureros se observaron dentro las zanjas BHT5a, BHT5b, y BHT5e, las cuales se encuentran dentro de una área de unos 17 m norte-sur y 8 m oriente-poniente (136 m²). Las zanjas se excavaron a un metro de ancho, entre 3 a 5 m de largo, y a una profundidad media de 2 metros. Los perfiles expuestos de la zanja BHT5a y BHT5b se estudiaron y documentaron. El Dr. Lee Nordt también tomo la oportunidad de estudiar y describir los suelos, o capsa, de la zanja BHT5a. 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 llanura moderna, aluvión terraza (Jorge) inundada holoceno, aluvión kilometros terraza (Oaxaca) Pleistoceno tardió, aluvión antiguo valle de San Pedro, aluvión abanico aluvial Pleistoceno complejo de abanico aluvial/lecho de roca lecho de roca Localidades descritas R i o es C a s as G r an d Cerro Juanaqueña BHT-6 Noria P7-00 BHT-1 e d ro BHT-2 Sa n P BHT-3 El siguiente es un resumen generalizado de los estratos según el estudio y descripción del Dr. Nordt. Estos datos son de los suelos expuestos de la Rio Estratigrafía BHT-4 Figura 9. Plano geomorfológico del área del Cerro Juanaqueña, mostrando las siete zanjas de estudio del 2000. 13 Tabla 2. Resumen de las Zanjas en el Sitio de Ofelia Sáenz ZANJA ORIENTACIÓN LOCALIZACIÓN Tr 5ª Tr 5b oriente-poniente norte-sur Tr 5c Tr 5d Tr 5e oriente-poniente oriente-poniente oriente-poniente al poniente un metro al oriente de Tr 5a al sur al oriente Al norte PRESENCIA DE ZONA CULTURAL sí sí no no solamente en el lado oriente Dos mas subrasgos se identificaron dentro de la zanja BHT5b. Subrasgo A, otro hoyo, se encontró en el extremo sur de la zanja BHT5b, y era de unos 50 cm de ancho. La profundidad de este hoyo es de unos 20 cm. Se recogieron dos muestras de carbón, pero no se encontraron artefactos. El rasgo fue definido por un color gris-ceniciento y la piedra quemada. Del Subrasgo A y por medio del proceso de flotación, también se recobro dos muestras carbonizadas, una cúpula de maíz y una semilla de chemo-am. El Subrasgo B se encontró al lado sur de la zanja BHT5b, y era de unos 20 cm de ancho y 15 cm de profundidad. Este subrasgo también se identifico debido al sedimento ceniciento, del cual se recobro una muestra de material carbonizado. asumir que el depósito cultural que se encontró es de una antigüedad de entre 1900 a 3000 años AP. En fin, podemos definitivamente adelantar que esta zona cultural es de 2500-50 AP. Esta fecha de radiocarbono se realizo por medio de una muestra de leña carbonizada, recobrada dentro de la zona cultural de la zanja BHT5b, a 118 cm bajo el suelo. Los depósitos coluviales, identificados como material cultural, parecen estar situados más abajo que, y a sesgo bajo, el banco Pleistoceno inmediatamente al poniente de las zanjas. Esto sugiere que el sitio se localizo encima o cerca de la superficie del banco Pleistoceno, lo que implica que los depósitos culturales que se identificaron en las zanjas fueron depositados por procesos coluviales y en realidad son depósitos secundarios. Sin embargo, hay que considerar que se identificaron unos rasgos en forma de hoyo dentro de la zona cultural de la zanja BHT5b y otro mismo en la BHT5a. Estos rasgos sugieren que la zona cultural si fue una superficie de habitación en la cual los hoyos fueron excavados. La Tabla 3 presenta las zonas estratigráficas. Resumen Esta investigación descubrió una capa cenicienta de depósitos coluviales en las zanjas BHT5a, BHT5b, y BHT5e, que incluían especimenes de carbón, piedra quemada, y algunas lascas de talla. Lo que por lo pronto indicaba que el supuesto sitio del Arcaico Tardío estaba localizado sobre el banco Pleistoceno al poniente de las zanjas o cerca al canal abandonado según lo que pudo definir el Dr. Nordt en su inspección de los suelos de la zanja BHT5c. Igualmente, el Dr. Nordt sugirió que la localización de los depósitos coluviales, entre los paleosols Janos y Trincheras, indicaba que los depósitos eran de una fecha entre 1900 a 3000 años AP. Como presentado arriba, se confirma la fecha de este rasgo de ocupación a 2500 AP; una edad mediana a la que había sugerido el Dr. Nordt en campo. Es interesante notar que esta Rasgos Culturales Se identificaron tres rasgos culturales en dos de las zanjas. En la zanja BHT5a, se identifico lo que parecía ser un hoyo, designado Subrasgo A, en el extremo oriente del lado norte. El rasgo fue definido por un color gris-ceniciento, lo que marcó claramente el subrasgo así como el estrato de depósitos culturales. El único artefacto observado dentro del área definido como el Subrasgo A era una piedra quemada en la pared de la zanja. 14 ocupación es aproximadamente contemporánea a la ocupación de las Terrazas 413 y 415, que se encuentran dentro del conjunto inferior del Cerro Juanaqueña. indicar que también se encontraba una superficie habitacional sobre el banco Pleistoceno. Sin embargo, los rasgos que encontramos dentro de las zanjas sugieren que la superficie inferior del canal abandonado también pudo haber sido ocupado. Lo más La natura de los depósitos que incluía una mezcla de probable es que este depósito cultural representa grava coluvial, sugiere que un campamento se pudo depósitos intactos y coluviales. Es decir, tenemos un haber situado a sesgo arriba y adyacente al banco campamento sobre el banco Pleistoceno y otro a sesgo Pleistoceno de Oaxaca. Esto se confirma por el hecho abajo de este mismo. Debido a la acción coluvial, los que un recorrido sin levantamiento del área al poniente depósitos se mezclaron en el campamento localizado de las zanjas encontró tres manos parecidas a las del sobre el canal abandonado. La zanja BHT5e marca el Arcaico. Debido a un recorrido sin levantamiento de límite norteño de los depósitos coluviales, mientras la superficie al poniente de las zanjas, encontramos que la zanja BHT5b marco los límites de los depósitos tres manos parecidos a los del Arcaico, lo que parece al oriente. Sin embargo, no se pudo definir los límites de los depósitos al Tabla 3. Zonas Estratigráficas, Según lo Definido Dentro poniente. la Zanja Tr 5b NIVEL BAJO EL SUELO (CM) Superf. - 15 HORIZONTE Y DESCRIPCIÓN NOTAS C, Greda, color gris-café oscuro (10 YR 4.5/2) 15 - 32 Bk, Greda, color café (7.5 YR 5/3) 32 - 43 Ab1, Greda fangosa, color café (7.5 YR 5/2) 43 - 51 Bw, Greda fangosa, color café oscuro (7.5 YR 3/3) 51 - 69 A1b2, Greda fangosa, color café bien oscuro (7.5 YR 3.5/2) 69 - 87 A2b2, Greda fangosa, color café (7.5 YR 5/3) 87-103 Bk, Greda fangosa, color café oscuro (7.5 YR 3/2) Geomorfología Resumen de la Estratigrafía de los Depositos Aluviales del Cerro Juanaqueña Lee C. Nordt paleosol Janos 103 - 119 BCl, Greda fangosa, color café (7.5 YR 5/3) Depósitos culturales (2500±50 BP) 119 - 138 BC2, Greda fangosa, color café bien oscuro (7.5 YR 3.5/3) o puede ser Ab 138 - 163 C, Greda fangosa, color café (7.5 YR 4/3) 163 - 188 Ab3, Greda, color café (7.5 YR 5/3) 188 - 228 Bw1, Greda cienosa, color café (7.5 YR 4/3) paleosol Trincheras 15 Presentación Durante la temporada de campo del 2000, se estudiaron y describieron siete zanjas y una noria que fue excavada a mano. El propósito de estos estudios fue de continuar en busca de depósitos aluviales del Holoceno medio a temprano, de seguir en busca de rasgos arqueológicos, y de hacer un estudio de un sitio enterrado en el lugar de Ofelia, o Noria de Ofelia. Las zanjas BHT-1, BHT-2, BHT-3, y BHT-4 se excavaron dentro el área de la terraza Jorge, entre la confluencia del Río Casas Grandes y Río San Pedro (Figura 9). Estas cuatro zanjas se excavaron con el propósito de prospectar y por esta razón no se tomaron muestras. También en la terraza Jorge, la zanja P7-00 (excavada en 1999) se volvió abrir y excavar más profunda para poder colectar dos muestras más de radiocarbono e igual que muestras adicionales de isótopo establo C. El sitio que aquí se nombra "La Noria" y que se describió, había sido recientemente excavado a mano por unos vecinos de la Colonia Oaxaca, y de esta se colectó una muestra de radiocarbono. La zanja BHT6 se excavó sobre un canal abandonado de la terraza Jorge, a lo largo de una escarpa de la terraza Oaxaca del Pleistoceno tardío. Se colectaron dos muestras de radiocarbono de esta zanja. La zanja BHT-5 se excavó dentro un rasgo cultural enterrado y situada entre el contacto de la terrazas Oaxaca y la terraza Jorge. Dos extremos de la zanja fueron descritos: el oeste de BHT5a y el este de BHT-5a. Aunque no fue detalladamente descrita, se colectó una muestra de radiocarbono de la BHT-5b, inmediatamente adyacente a la BHT-5a. Todas las descripciones de las zanjas se presentan en el apéndice. Se presenta una representación grafica de los perfiles suelo-estratigráfica en las Figuras 10 y 11. Las secciones transversales estratigráficas aluviales, elaboradas en 1999, se modificaron debido a la adición de nuevas fechas de radiocarbono, y se presentan en las Figuras 12 y 13. nombre (designación), fechan entre ca. 6900 y 5500 AP, y están cubiertas por los paleosols Janos y Viejo. El paleosol Antonio, identificado dentro la zanja P1099, entre la terraza Oaxaca y el Río San Pedro, fecha entre ca. 4800 y 3300 AP y es inserción lateral a la unidad sin designación (véase Unidad D, Figura 12). El paleosol Janos se ha identificado como un paleosol soldado de bi-secuencia en algunos lugares. Se obtuvo una edad de radiocarbono humato de 1380±80 de la parte superior del paleosol Janos dentro la P7-00 (Figura 10). Esta edad se encalladura con las fechas más antiguas de los depósitos Viejo por cientos de años (véase la Unidad F, Figura 12). Es posible que la deposición no estaba en curso a lo largo de los lados externos del valle en la vecindad de la zanja P7-00, durante la deposición de depósitos Viejo y la formación de la llanura moderna. Así es que probablemente el paleosol Viejo se formó sin ser molestada hasta 1380 años AP cerca de la zanja P7-00. La noria que se describió se localiza al lado oriente del valle de Casas Grandes y al pie del Cerro Juanaqueña (Figura 9). Dentro esta noria, los paleosols Viejo y Janos fueron descritos, el último con una fecha de 2150±40 debido a una muestra de humato (Figura 10). Desemejante a las expuestas estratigrafías adyacentes de la terraza Jorge, no se encontraron ningunos depósitos de arena o bajío de grava hasta una profundidad de 4-m, casi 1.5-m más profundo que en áreas adyacentes. Puede ser que los depósitos que fechan a las épocas Trincheras comiencen cerca del nivel del agua bajo el suelo en la Noria entre una profundidad de 3 a 4-m (Figura 9). Si es así, puede ser que haya restos de depósitos que fechan a un tiempo antes de Janos, a lo largo de la pared del valle, que no fueron erosionados por el abandonado canal Viejo, mostrado en la Figura 9. Estratigráfica Aluvial La zanja BHT-2 confirma la secuencia estratigráfica típica observada bajo la terraza Jorge, donde los depósitos eólicos modernos entierran los paleosols Viejo y Janos (Figura 9). La zanja BHT-3 y zanja BHT-4 revelan una lamina de depósitos Viejo que entierran una capa gruesa de depósitos Janos (Figura 9). Un perfil A-Bk relativamente bien desarrollado fue expuesto dentro la BHT-3, que mostraba un bajío de grava al fondo. En la BHT-4, el bajío de grava brota casi hasta la superficie. Estos datos sugieren que durante la época Janos, dentro esta parte de la cuenca, existía una llanura ondulada de grava en la vecindad del canal. Las características redoximorfico de hierro indican que durante las etapas tempranas de deposición, el nivel de agua bajo el suelo era alto a lo largo del canal. La zanja BHT-6 fue excavada dentro un canal abandonado, que es visible en la terraza Jorge cerca de donde hace contacto con la terraza Oaxaca (Figura 9). No es claro si esto fue el arroyo de tronco del Río San Pedro durante la época Janos, o un canal lateral. Se observaron los paleosols Viejo y Janos dentro de esta zanja (Figura 10). También fueron evidentes unos depósitos de canal gruesos en la mitad inferior de lo que fue expuesto. Dos fechas de radiocarbono de leña dispersada, son consistentes con la deposición del Los depósitos más antiguos dentro del área del proyecto vienen de la zanja P7-00 en la terraza Jorge entre el Río Casas Grandes y el Río San Pedro (Figura 9 y 10). Esta unidad y paleosols asociados aun sin 16 Figura 10. 0 P7-00 BHT-6-00 Noria-00 ~800 AP 50 100 F 1380±80 VI profundidad (m) JA 150 200 2310±40 2250±40 5510±40 JA 2150±40 SN 250 6900±50 JA 2480±40 300 350 Facie Aluvial 400 450 0 BHT-5a Oeste Figura 11. BHT-5a Este 50 100 VI Paleosols JA Rasgo 2500±40 profundidad (m) 150 200 250 gredal cienosa, greda, greda arenosa (depósito de inundación) marga, greda arenosa, arena (punto arenal) guijarros (bajío de grava) eólico plano de estratificación VI Viejo JA Janos TR Trincheras SN Sin Nombre nódulos de calcio carbonato filamentos de carbonato de calcio edad radiocarbon 300 350 Figura 10. Estratigrafía aluvión de la Terraza Jorge. y Figura 11. Estratigrafía aluvión del sitio Noria de Ofelia. canal durante la época Janos. La muestra más profunda de radiocarbono fue asociada con hueso carbonizado. ribereña y de guijarros coluviales, derivados del margen de la desinflada terraza Pleistoceno de Oaxaca. Una característica lateral continua se descubrió a una profundidad de unos 60-cm al lado extremo poniente de la zanja, en la cuesta de la terraza Oaxaca y a una profundidad de unos 75 a 100-cm en el lado extremo oriente de la zanja. Esta característica fechó a 2500±40 y confirma la correlación a los sedimentos depositados durante la época Janos. Es probable que en el mejor de los casos, la característica se formó durante un La zanja BHT-5 fue excavada dentro el lugar de Ofelia, en donde hacen contacto las terrazas Oaxaca y Jorge (Figura 9). Se observaron los paleosols Viejo, Janos, y Trincheras dentro esta zanja (Figura 10). La mayoría de la secuencia en ambos extremos de la zanja (BHT5a oeste y BHT-5a este) contuvo una mezcla de aluvión 17 período de una aparente estabilidad del medio ambiente. Según las fechas de otros lugares, la estabilidad del medio ambiente y formación de los paleosol Janos no se realizó hasta cientos de años después de la habitación. Se supone que la superficie constructiva de la terraza Jorge se formó por medio de múltiples de cortezas y rellenos. La unidad aun sin nombre, fue depositada entre ca. 6900 y 5500 AP (Unidad C, Figura 12), aunque el bajío de grava que se encuentra bajo la fecha de 6900 AP es más antiguo. La deposición de la siguiente unidad comenzó entre 5500 y 4710 AP y continuó entre 4710 y 3630 AP (Unidad D, Figura 12). El paleosol Antonio se formó durante este tiempo, de lo que se puede encontrar huellas en el viejo valle San Pedro. La siguiente unidad (Unidad E, Figura 12 y 13) se depositó a principios de entre 4701 y 3630 AP, y se termino alrededor de 1800 a 2200 AP. Un episodio de un período de una aparente estabilidad del medio ambiente se inicio a como 3000 AP, lo que causó la formación del paleosol Trincheras. El paleosol Janos forma lo que es la superficie de esta unidad. Se puede encontrar huellas de ambos paleosols al viejo valle San Pedro. Resumen Las complejas secciones transversales estratigráficas aluviales del valle, elaboradas en 1999 se muestran en las Figuras 12 y 13, con la adición de nuevas fechas de radiocarbono recobradas durante la temporada 2000. Se pueden avanzar varios puntos sumarios según los trabajos elaborados en el 2000. Hay depósitos del Holocenos medio dentro el amplio valle aluvial (entre 6900 a 5510 AP), pero se han descubierto solamente en un lugar, la zanja P7-00 (Figura 9, 10, y 12). Esto indica que ocurrió una erosión extensa del canal durante el Holoceno tardío, lo que removió mucho de lo que fue el registro del Holoceno medio. Se encuentra un canal abandonado (BHT-6), a lo largo de la pared del valle entre las terrazas Jorge y Oaxaca, que fecha a la época Janos (Figura 9, 10, y 12). No es muy claro si acaso hubo un arroyo de tronco o un canal lateral más tardío del Río San Pedro. Si nos basamos en las observaciones de la Noria, es posible que haya depósitos que fechan a un tiempo antes de Janos, a lo largo d la pared del valle, entre la terraza Jorge y el Cerro Juanaqueña (Figura 9, 10, y 13). Los datos mostrados en la zanja P7-00 también indican que la formación del paleosol Janos pudo ser más tardía, entre 1300 y 1400 AP, en ciertos lugares. Se encontraron materiales arqueológicos dentro los depósitos Janos en la zanja BHT-5 y zanja BHT-6, y que fechaban a puntas en tiempo muy similares. La siguiente unidad (Unidad F, Figuras 12 y 13) fue depositada a como 1690 AP y no despues de 800 AP Esta también se puede encontrar dentro el viejo valle del Río San Pedro. Esta unidad forma parte de la inserción moderna del llano del valle a la terraza Jorge, y también ocurre dentro de la banda de meandro del canal abandonado en el lado oriente del Río Casas Grandes. La unidad de la superficie moderna fue depositada sobre los pasados 800 años a lo largo del canal moderno dentro de la llanura, que también tiene contrapartes eólicas que cubren la mayoría del paisaje de la terraza. Debido a que la terraza Oaxaca y depósitos aluviales asociados son de una edad del Pleistoceno tardío, la potencial de que se pueda encontrar algunos rasgos culturales enterrados es baja. De acuerdo con el estado actual de conocimiento, pensamos que los rasgos que fechan al Holoceno temprano y épocas más recientes, se pueden encontrar enterrados dentro el viejo valle San Pedro. Fuera del viejo valle San Pedro, los rasgos culturales que fechan al Holoceno medio son reducidos dentro de la confluencia del Río San Pedro y Río Casas Grandes, y entre el Río San Pedro y terraza Oaxaca. Los rasgos culturales que fechan al Holoceno tardío Al fin, se propone que la terraza Oaxaca (Unidad A) fue depositada durante el Pleistoceno tardío. Aparentemente, a unos 8800 AP, el Río San Pedro corría sobre el viejo valle San Pedro. Los depósitos de turba se acumularon dentro el valle y en asociación con el nivel de agua bajo el suelo hasta por lo menos unos 8800 AP, cuando ocurrió la diversión del canal moderno. 18 Figura 12. Alzada en corte del Valle del Río San Pedro, mostrando las fechas de radiocarbon. Figura 13. Alzada en corte del Valle del Río Casas Grandes, mostrando las fechas de radiocarbon. 19 se pueden encontrar en la mayoría de las áreas bajo la terraza Jorge o en el viejo valle San Pedro, con aquellos que fechan a los pasados 1600 años reducidos a la llanura moderna. (BHT-6), de sedimentos del Holoceno depositados después de 7000 años AP, pero antes de 600 AP (BHT2, Pr-11, P7-00), y de sedimentos del Pleistoceno depositados antes de 14,000 AP (BHT-25) (Figura 14). Se colectaron cuatro muestras isotópicas de los sedimentos modernos expuestos en la zanja BHT-6 (Figura 14). Los valores 13C se confinan estrechamente entre -20‰ y -21‰. El valor más profundo se realiza a 590±70 AP, durante la deposición del bajío del canal. Los tres valores superiores reflejan el carbón orgánico de aportación de información de deposición y pedogénica, probablemente durante los últimos doscientos años. Aunque no parece que los cambios históricos de la utilización del suelo han afectado los valores isotópicos en esta área, la zanja BHT-6 fue excavada en un escenario del canal cercano que pudo haber sido influenciado por condiciones riparianas. Valores isotópicos modernos adicionales fueron obtenidos de exposiciones en la zanja BHT-2 y BHT25 (Figura 14). BHT-2 está situado en la terraza inundada Jorge. Aquí, el valor moderno 13C fue -17‰. En la BHT-25, situado en la terraza Oaxaca del Pleistoceno, el valor moderno fue -19‰. Estos valores reflejan una colección mezclada de plantas de C4 y de C3 que crecen sobre la llanura durante los últimos 600 años. Interpretación Paleoambiental Los isótopos estables de carbón orgánico de paleosol se pueden utilizar para reconstruir los paleoambientes. Por medio de análisis isótopo, se puede distinguir tres comunidades de plantas. Las plantas C4 consisten de sacate de una estación caluroso que crecen típicamente en climas subtropicales y tienen valores 13C -13‰. Las plantas C3 consisten de sacate de una estación fresca, de árboles, de arbustos, y de forbs que crecen en una variedad de climas y condiciones ecológicas. Típicamente, los valores 13C -27‰. Sobre todo, las plantas CAM son de especie de cactos desérticos que tienen valores isotópicos que son de un rango del espectro C3 al C4. Las plantas C4 muestran una fuerte correlación positiva a temperatura, mientras que debido a la variedad de condiciones ecológicas en que crecen las especies C 3 previene su uso en interpretaciones paleoambientales. A menos que sean en gran abundancia, las plantas CAM tienden tener poca producción biomasa subterránea, y por esta razón tienen mucho menos influencia en la composición isotópica de la materia orgánica del suelo, que las plantas C4 y C3. Para este informe, los cambios en la producción de biomasa del suelo asociada a las plantas C4 (según lo estimado por isótopos estables C), serán utilizados como poderes del paleoclima. Los datos isotópicos fueron obtenidos de cinco unidades estratigráficas aluviales y de paleosols asociados bajo la unidad aluvial moderna en la BHT2, Pr-11, y P7-00 (Figura 14). La deposición de la unidad estratigráfica más profunda y antigua comenzó poco después de 7000 AP y terminó no más tarde de 5500 AP, en cuando se comenzó a formar el paleosol aun sin nombre (P7-00). Los valores 13C tienen un rango de unos -19.5‰ en la base del paleosol y -17.5‰ cerca de la tapa del paleosol. La deposición de la unidad siguiente comenzó poco después de 5500 AP y terminó con la formación del paleosol Antonio a no más tarde de 4790 AP (Pr-11). Los valores 13C tienen un rango de -20.5‰ en la base del paleosol, hasta un permil de entre -13‰ y -15‰ en la tapa. Esto indica el incremento de biomasa de la planta C4, desde la base a la tapa de los paleosols aun sin nombre y de los paleosols Antonio. Si no se asume alguna influencia de condiciones riparianas, estos valores sugieren que los paleosols se formaron durante intervalos más calurosos y fueron acompañados por una disminución Las firmas isotópicas dentro de escenarios aluviales se pueden derivar de una de dos fuentes: durante la deposición detritus, o durante el pedogénesis con aportaciones de información in situ. Es más probable que las aportaciones de información pedogénica representan condiciones de ambiente climáticas en suelos de desagüe libre. Dependiendo en el facie aluvial, los detríticos isótopos estables C puede que si, o no, representen condiciones riparianas localizadas. Isótopos Estables C Las muestras de isótopos estables C fueron recolectadas de sedimentos modernos de la llanura, que se depositaron durante los últimos 600 años 20 del paleosol Trincheras indican que fue algo más caluroso cerca a 4800 AP que a 3000 AP. de frecuencia de inundaciones. Comparando los valores isotópicos de la parte superior de los paleosols en BHT-2 y P7-00 indican que fue algo más caluroso en 4800 AP que en 5500 AP. La siguiente unidad estratigráfica aluvial fue depositada entre aproximadamente 3000 y 2000 AP, y terminó con la formación del paleosol Janos comenzando a como 2200 AP (BHT-2, Pr-00). El paleosol Janos se divide por una capa de inundación en la P7-00, con la formación continuando hasta alrededor de 1300 AP. La parte superior del paleosol Janos se comenzó a formar a como 2200 AP. Los valores isotópicos en la BHT-2 tienen un rango de cerca de -19‰ en la parte más inferior y de -17‰ en la parte superior, entre 3000 y 2200 AP. En la P7-00, los valores 13C están entre cerca -17‰ a -16‰ durante este intervalo. En la parte superior del paleosol Janos (BHT-2) los valores aumentan pero muy poco a La deposición de la siguiente unidad comenzó poco después 4800 AP y terminó a como 3000 AP, con la formación del paleosol Trincheras (BHT-2). Según los valores más bajos de 13C el clima llegó a ser más fresco durante la renovación de deposición aluvial que enterró el paleosol Antonio. También es posible que las condiciones riparianas marginales existieron durante la deposición de la parte inferior de la unidad Trincheras, y si es así, el clima regional realmente pudo seguir siendo relativamente caluroso según lo registrado en el paleosol Antonio. Sin embargo, los valores 13C -18‰ en las superficies de los horizontes 13C 13C 13C -23 -21 -19 -17 -15 -13 0 -23 -21 -19 -17 -15 -13 0 modern VI VI 50 ~800 AP 100 150 BHT-6 590 70 TR 3140 100 250 13C -23 -21 -19 -17 -15 -13 0 300 BHT-2 200 JA 150 2250 40 UN 200 300 5510 40 6900 50 P7-00 Facies Aluviones Greda, gredal cienoso, greda arenosa Profundidad (cm) BHT-25 3330 50 modern AN 50 150 1380 80 100 250 250 100 2290 50 150 200 200 250 JA 100 Profundidad (cm) ~1600 AP Profundidad (cm) Profundidad (cm) ~800 AP 50 50 Profundidad (cm) -23 -21 -19 -17 -15 -13 0 14410 60 4790 40 Greda, greda arenosa Arcilla, gredal Guijarros 300 Plano de estratificación Paleosols VI Viejo JA Janos TR Trincheras AN Antonio Sn Sin Nombre Nódulos de calcio carbonato Nódulos de filamentos de calcio 350 400 -23 -21 -19 -17 -15 -13 13C Figura 14. Muestras de isótopos estables C. 21 ~5500 AP Horizonte Bt arcilloso Edad radiocarbon Extrapolación según la BHT-1 eso de 1300 AP. En la BHT-2 los valores muestran ser más altos entre 1600 y 1000 AP, antes de volver a 17‰ en el suelo moderno. Es probable que las fluctuaciones observadas en la P7-00, para este intervalo de tiempo, representan variaciones en la área de fuente de sedimentos. la profundidad excede la intrusión de raíces modernas de las comunidades de planta C4. Basado en una fecha de radiocarbono y artefactos diagnósticos de otros lugares en el área del proyecto, se propone que el paleosol Viejo, cerca de la tapa de la columna, se formó entre 1600 y 800 AP. Los valores isotópicos entre el -14‰ y -15‰ en la BHT-2 indican que la producción C4 fue similar a cuando se formo el paleosol Antonio. Durante la formación del paleosol Viejo, las plantas C4 consistían de entre 80% y 90% de la producción de biomasa del suelo. En la P7-00, dos puntos calurosos son presentes durante este intervalo pero es evidente que hay una cierta influencia por los procesos de deposición en los valores isotópicos. El cambio a valores 13C más ligeros y las condiciones modernas, ocurrió poco después de 800 AP en la columna isotópica. En 1999 iniciamos un programa de registro sistemático de los artefactos encontrados sobre la superficie del Cerro Juanaqueña. Este recorrido y registro de artefactos sé continuo y terminó durante la temporada del campo del 2000. La obra se realizo por nuestro equipo que recorrió cuidadosamente cada terraza y áreas adyacentes, que formaban parte del conjunto de terrazas del nivel superior del cerro. El recorrido se llevo acabo en intervalos de no más de 2-m, procurando localizar metates, fragmentos de metate, manos para moler, fragmentos de manos, núcleos, y percutores. Los posibles efectos de condiciones riparianas en las partes más inferiores de cada paleosol pueden ser eliminados solamente por una observación de valores isotópicos en los horizontes de la superficie. Es indudable que ocurrieron dos puntos altos de intervalos calurosos sobre los últimos 7000 años: el primero ocurrió entre 5000 y 4800 AP y el segundo cerca de 1000 AP. Fue durante estas épocas que las colecciones de planta consistieron principalmente de sacate de estaciones calurosos (C4). Durante los períodos que intervienen, la especie C3, que se asumía ser sacate de estaciones frescas, mostró crecientes de entre 30% y 50%. Cada artefacto que se localizaba se marcaba con una banderín. En cuando se iba terminando el recorrido de alguna terraza y área adyacente, los límites del área de búsqueda se marcaban en un plan del sitio, de escala 1:250. Después de registrar los artefactos de esta manera, los artefactos señalados se les asignaba un número secuencial, especifico a cada terraza. Por ejemplo, el artefacto T163-4 fue el cuarto ítem registrado en la Terraza 163. Para los hallazgos fuera del área de la terraza, se les asignaba un prefijo "I" para indicar un artefacto "aislado," tal como I-12. En la parte sureste del cerro, definió unos cuadrantes de 20-m por 20-m cuales se les asigno letras secuenciales, como prefijos, para registrar artefactos encontrados fuera de los límites del complejo de terrazas. Registro de Artefactos Encontrados Sobre la Superficie Recorrido de la Superficie La ultima columna isotópica fue obtenida de muestras de la BHT-25 en la terraza Oaxaca del Pleistoceno tardío (BHT-25). Lo interesante es que bajo del valor isotópico moderno, los valores 13C entre -14‰ y -15‰, indican la presencia de casi una comunidad de pura planta C4 y de condiciones calurosos. Es probable que esto representa los efectos cumulativos de las comunidades de planta C4 que se establecieron durante el Holoceno, durante uno de dos intervalos calurosos. Es probable que el valor más bajo 13C 21.5‰ es más representante de las condiciones climáticas del Pleistoceno tardío a 14,000 AP, donde Como ya dicho, la localización de cada ítem fue marcada en un plan del sitio, pero también se anotaron algunos otros datas relevantes, en una hoja de codificación. Por fin, logramos recorrer las superficies del conjunto de terrazas al nivel superior del Cerro Juanaqueña. Además, registramos un total de 4,008 artefactos encontrados sobre estas superficies y se ubicaron dentro un plan principal del sitio. Dentro las Tablas 4 y 5 se presentan algunos datos relevantes a esta obra. 22 Recolección de la Superficie Tabla 4. Resumen de Artefactos Registrados y Recobrados de la Superficie (1997-2000) TIPO DE ARTEFACTO Biface Tazón Cerámica Núcleo Cruciforme Taladro Material histórico Percutor Lítica, desecho angular Lasca Nódulo de lítica Muestra de lítica Mano/Metate Mano Otro material Pipa Punta de proyectil Paleta Maja Malacate Uniface Total Durante la temporada del 2000, terminamos la recolección de los artefactos encontrados sobre la superficie, así como todas las puntas de proyectil, cruciformes, tazones de piedra, pipas de piedra para fumar, pedazos grandes de obsidiana, y algunos otros artefactos inusuales encontrados en el Cerro Juanaqueña. Algunos de éstos fueron encontrados mientras recorríamos el sitio, entre una unidad de excavación a otra, pero muchos más fueron encontrados durante el esfuerzo sistemático descrito arriba. Al final, un total de 860 artefactos fueron recobrados sobre las cuatro temporadas. Las frecuencias de varios tipos de artefactos recogidos durante las cuatro temporadas de campos (1997-2000) se resumen en la Tabla 5. C. JUANAQUEÑA 229 57 17 42 15 15 1 7 44 46 6 12 2 12 10 11 299 6 6 3 13 860 Aerofotogrametría Oblicua Otro objetivo de la temporada del 2000 fue de elaborar fotografías aéreas oblicuas de alta calidad de los cerros de trincheras en el norte de Chihuahua, para ver si así de esta manera puédanos comunicar con más eficacia la escala y configuración de estos sitios. Por cierto que la grandeza de éstos sitios arqueológicos es tan dramática, que es difícil capturar un verdadero sentido del tamaño y disposición total con fotografías terrestres. Para realizar este objetivo contratamos los servicios del célebre fotógrafo Adriel Heisey. Tabla 5. Resumen de Todos los Artefactos Registrados, Pero no Recolectados, del Cerro Juanaqueña - 1999 a 2000 TIPO DE ARTEFACTO Núcleos Percutores Fragmentos de Manos para Moler Manos completos Fragmentos de Metate Metates completos Total El Sr. Heisey se especializa en la toma de fotos del paisaje durante la madrugada y al atardecer, siendo oportuno de la luz y sombra espectacular durante estos tiempos del día. Estas fotos se toman de un avión ligero que el Sr. Heisey diseño y construyo por sí mismo. Durante la temporada de campo del 2000, el Sr. Heisey tomó aproximadamente 425 fotografías, que incluyen los siguientes sitios: Cerro Táscate, Cerro Juanaqueña, Cerro La Virgen, Cerro La Angostura, Cerro El Canelo, Cerro La Fundición, Cerro Los Torres, Cerro La Cruz, Cerro La Boquilla de San Diego, Cerro Vidal, Cerro La Tinaja, Cerro La Angostura de Galeana, Cerros LeBarón, el sitio Noria de Ofelia, las obras geomorfológicos, Cerro Moctezuma, varios sitios del período Medio localizados cerca a Janos, y varios rasgos agrícolas del período Medio. NÚMERO 1911 530 420 216 714 247 4008 23 Resultados Analíticos Con excepto a la obsidiana, estos tipos de material son localmente disponibles entre las gravas del Río Casas Grandes. De hecho, prácticamente toda la corteza presente en el desecho exhibe evidencia de haber sido desgastado por agua (96%). En lo que se refiere a la obsidiana, este material fue muy escaso, representando solamente el dos por ciento de la colección, siendo un núcleo, dos guijas agrietadas, dos guijas sin modificación y cuatro herramientas retocadas. Un análisis de radiografía fluorescencia de 46 artefactos de obsidiana, recobrados de contextos excavados, indica que el 80 porciento proviene de dos fuentes desconocidas. Los otros nueve artefactos provienen del Lago Federico, Sierra Fresnal, Los Jagüeyes, y de Antílope Wells. Estos tipos aparecen entre los nódulos erosionados y extensivamente distribuidos en el área, así que es difícil establecer una distancia precisa entre el Cerro Juanaqueña y las fuentes disponibles. Los primeros tres tipos se encuentran en las cuencas del Río Casas Grandes y Río Santa María, y la fuente de Antílope Wells está extensivamente distribuida a no más de 50 km al noroeste del Cerro Juanaqueña. Material Lítico Bradley J. Vierra A partir de cuatro años de investigación en el Cerro Juanaqueña, hemos recobrado y analizado un total de 15,090 muestras de desecho de talla lítica, 72 núcleos, ocho piedras exóticas no utilizadas, tres percutores, y 131 piezas de herramienta retocada. La discusión de estos artefactos líticos será en referente a la selección del material y a las actividades de reducción. Luego esta misma colección se va a comparar con una muestra de artefactos líticos que obtuvimos durante la campaña del 2000. Esta pequeña muestra proviene de los suelos estorbados por saqueadores, de los sitos "Lucero Viejo" y "Antonio Medio," situados en el valle de Río Casas Grandes y al pie del Cerro Juanaqueña. El análisis de los desechos de talla indica que el material esta dominado por la riolita (48%), con menos ejemplos de calcedonia (39%), y pedernal (9.5%) y otros materiales. Aunque la muestra de núcleos y herramienta retocada es pequeña, de todos modos se representa la misma variación en tipo de material. Sin embargo, un análisis estadístico de las frecuencias entre los núcleos versus lascas bifaces, basado en el tipo de material, revela algunas diferencias significativas (chi-cua=235.4, df=4, p=<0.001; Tabla 6). Una evaluación de las residuales ya ajustadas indica que hay relativamente más lascas de núcleos de riolita versus lascas bifaces de calcedonia y obsidiana. Solamente 56 núcleos y tres percutores se recobraron durante las excavaciones. Según las observaciones de campo, la mayoría de núcleos y percutores se distribuyen dentro de las zonas de desperdicios, situadas a lo largo del borde de las terrazas. Puesto que muy pocas pruebas de excavación fueron situadas sobre el área central de estos rasgos, muy pocos núcleos se recuperaron. No obstante, estos artefactos tienden ser completamente reducidos, con la mayoría siendo completamente agotadas o fragmentos rotos. Tabla 6. Núcleos y Lascas Bifaces según el Tipo de Material TIPO DE MATERIAL Riolita Obsidiana Calcedonia Pedernal Otro 2894 47 942 645 3.1 10.7 -4.0 -14.3 1.5 3.3 Lasca biface 156 14 219 49 0 -10.7 4.0 14.3 -1.5 -3.8 chi-cuadrado=235.4, df=4, p=<0.001 El valor mostrado al arriba de la celda representa el número de artefactos y el valor al abajo representa los residuales ajustados. Los significativos positivos (p=<0.05) se muestran en letra más oscura. TIPO DE LASCA Lasca de núcleo 24 Parece como que los habitantes se traían los guijarros del río al sitio para luego ser reducidos. Se encuentran guijarros de riolita no utilizados. Los ejemplares de núcleos reflejan, sobre todo, el uso de una técnica unidireccional de reducción en guijas preparados o lascas grandes, y la talla de lascas de plataformas corticales sin preparación en unifaces de la guija. pequeña que se transportan por los elementos naturales sobre el sesgo y que se retienen sobre las concavidades de las terrazas. Un estudio de las lacas completas indica que el 41 porciento son lascas corticales de núcleos, el 38 porciento son lascas nocorticales de núcleos, y el 21 porciento son lascas bifaces, lo que refleja que todos los segmentos atribuidos al proceso de reducción están representados. Los datos relacionados al tipo de plataforma del desecho corresponde con los datos relacionados a la técnica de reducción de núcleo. Es decir, la mayoría de las plataformas son de uni-faceta (50%) o cortical (38%), con algunas plataformas siendo de multi-faceta (8%), rotas por compresión (3%) y diedro (2%). La gran cantidad de corteza, y la presencia de plataformas corticales y uni-faceta indica que las unifaces de guija y las plataformas de núcleos preparados fueron Sobre todo, el desecho lítico consiste de micro-desecho (55.1%) y de lascas de núcleo (30.9%), con algunas lascas bifaces (2.9%), desperdicio angular, fragmentos de lasca indeterminada, lascas de recorte de núcleo y de otros desperdicios. Estos datos indican que se practico un rango de actividades relacionadas a la reducción de núcleos y de la producción y retoque, en el sitio. Pensamos que la gran cantidad de microdesecho, en parte esta relacionada con la despedazería Tabla 7. Tipo de Material según el Tipo de Plataforma TIPO DE PLATAFORMA Cortical Uni-facetado Multi-facetado Riolita 1034 875 104 16.2 -11.6 -7.9 Calcedonia 145 488 122 -13.6 8.3 9.2 Pedernal 123 289 35 -6.0 6.0 -0.2 chi-cuadrado=309.2, df=4, p=<0.001 El valor mostrado al arriba de la celda representa el número de artefactos y el valor al abajo representa los residuales ajustados. Los significativos positivos (p=<0.05) se muestran en letra más oscura. TIPO DE MATERIAL Tabla 8. Tipo de Material según la Preparación de la Plataforma PREPARACIÓN DE LA PLATAFORMA Ausente Presente Riolita 1869 65 6.8 -6.8 Calcedonia 575 72 -7.2 7.2 Pedernal 392 26 -0.8 0.8 chi-cuadrado=57.4, df=2, p=<0.001 El valor mostrado al arriba de la celda representa el número de artefactos y el valor al abajo representa los residuales ajustados. Los significativos positivos (p=<0.05) se muestran en letra más oscura. TIPO DE MATERIAL 25 Las herramientas retocadas son dominadas por bifaces, con pocas puntas de proyectil y piezas retocadas. La herramienta informal, así como piezas retocadas, de muesca y denticuladas constituyen alrededor de un tercio de la colección. En contraste, las herramientas formales como bifaces y puntas del proyectil forman parte de la mayoría de la colección. Esta misma colección cuenta con algunos unifaces, un taladro, un perforador y un cruciforme. La mayoría de las piezas retocadas fueron manufacturadas sobre lascas grandes y gruesas, con los bordes retocados unidireccionales y angulosos (ca. 70º), el resultado de una percusión dura de martillo. La mayoría de las bifaces y de puntas de proyectil parecen haber estado quebradas durante la talla e igual que de uso. Las puntas de proyectil incluyen escotadura lateral, escotadura esquinada y en formas con espiga. reducidos en sitio. El análisis estadístico de la frecuencia de plataformas cortical versus las de unifaceta, según el tipo de material, demuestra que hay considerablemente más plataformas corticales de riolita, uni-faceta de pedernal y de plataformas uni- y multi-faceta de calcedonia (chi-cuadrado=309.2, df=4, p=<0.001; Tabla 7). Total que el análisis indica que diversa trayectoria de reducción puede ser representada entre los varios tipos de material. Es decir, los unifaces de guija de riolita se pudieron haber utilizado para producir lascas sencillas, los núcleos preparados de pedernal para lascas y herramienta en lasca soporte (e.g., herramienta marginalmente retocada), y núcleos preparados de calcedonia preparadas para herramienta en lasca soporte (e.g., herramientas bifaciales). De hecho, hay considerablemente más lascas de calcedonia con plataformas preparadas que lascas de riolita o de pedernal (chi-cuadrado=57.4, df=2, p=<0.001) (Tabla 8). Esto indica que se invertio bastante tiempo en la preparación de las plataformas, para el retiro de lascas soporte que luego se utilizaron en la producción de herramientas retocadas. ¿Cómo se compara el grupo de artefactos líticos del Cerro Juanaqueña a los más tardíos sitios del periodo cerámica? Si el conjunto de artefactos líticos del Cerro Juanaqueña refleja una aldea sedentaria, entonces se supone que estas mismas deben ser similares al conjunto Tabla 9. Tipo de Desecho del Periodo Viejo según el Tipo de Material TIPO DE DESECHO Desecho Lasca de núcleo Micro-desecho Frag. lasca no identificada Otro Total Basalto 2 3 0 0 Riolita 26 59 50 1 0 5 1 137 TIPO DE MATERIAL Andesita Calcedonia 0 4 1 4 0 12 0 0 0 1 Pedernal 1 3 0 0 Total 33 70 62 1 0 4 1 167 0 20 Tabla 10. Tipo de Desecho del Periodo Medio según el Tipo de Material TIPO DE DESECHO Desecho Lasca de núcleo Micro-desecho Frag. lasca no identificada Otro Total TIPO DE MATERIAL Obsidiana Calcedonia Basalto Riolita Andesita 1 2 32 101 0 6 0 1 7 0 78 0 2 0 0 10 1 212 0 8 26 Pedernal Total 0 16 2 8 35 134 1 0 31 2 0 0 119 2 0 2 0 49 10 1 291 Tabla 11. Colección del Sitio según el Tipo de Material MATERIAL TYPE Basalto Riolita Calcedonia Pedernal 8 118 99 41 -0.3 -9.2 6.6 5.9 sitio Viejo 5 137 20 4 -0.2 5.3 -4.0 -2.9 sitio Medio 10 212 49 10 0.4 4.5 -3.1 -3.4 Chi-cuadrado=97.5, df=6, p=<0.001 El valor mostrado al arriba de la celda representa el número de artefactos y el valor al abajo representa los residuales ajustados. Los significativos positivos (p=<0.05) se muestran en letra más oscura. COLECCIÓN Terraza 97 Tabla 12. Colección de los Sitios según el Tipo de Desecho TIPO DE DESECHO Desecho Lasca de núcleo Lasca de biface 12 141 8 -4.5 3.1 3.7 sitio Viejo 33 70 0 4.1 -3.4 -1.6 sitio Medio 35 134 0 1.0 -0.2 -2.3 Chi-cuadrado=37.8, df=4, p=<0.001 El valor mostrado al arriba de la celda representa el número de artefactos y el valor al abajo representa los residuales ajustados. Los significativos positivos (p=<0.05) se muestran en letra más oscura. COLECCIÓN Terraza 97 de artefactos líticos del sitio más tardío. Para poner en prueba esta hipótesis se recobraron muestras de un sitio del periodo Viejo y periodo Medio, situados dentro la llanura de Río Casas Grandes y al pie del Cerro Juanaqueña. Estos dos sitios habían sido saqueados, y nosotros entonces solamente cribamos los montones de escombro para recobrar algunas muestras. Se recobro un total de 166 piezas del sitio del periodo Viejo y 281 piezas del sitio del periodo Medio (Tablas 9 y 10). Una comparación de los tipos de material lítico indicó algunas diferencias significativas entre las colecciones (chi-cuadrado = 97.5, df=6, p=<0.001) (Tabla 11). Resulta que la T97 contiene más calcedonia y pedernal, versus más riolita en las colecciones de los sitios de periodos cerámica. Según lo ya discutido, estas diferencias en la selección del material prima para la lítica, por lo general representan prejuicios entre la producción de herramienta versus actividades de reducción de núcleos. De hecho, una comparación entre los tipos de desecho de la colección indica que hay considerablemente más lascas de núcleo y de biface en la colección de la T97, versus una colección de desecho más angular en el sitio del período Viejo (chi-cuadrado=37.8, df=4, p=<0.001) (Tabla 12). Aunque esta tabla ilustra que la colección del período Medio también contiene desechos más angulares que la colección de la T97, la residual ajustada no es Debido a la disparidad en los tamaños de muestras de desecho entre el Cerro Juanaqueña y los otros dos sitios, mejor decidí seleccionar y utilizar la colección de una sola terraza que exhibía un rango similar en tipos de desecho que el sitio en total, y que fuera de una colección de no más de 300 artefactos. Bajo estas condiciones, decidí utilizar la colección recobrada de la terraza 97 (T97), con un conjunto de 266 artefactos. 27 Tabla 13. Colección de los Sitios según el Tipo de Plataforma TIPO DE PLATAFORMA Cortical Uni-Facetado Multi-facetado 30 51 9 -4.6 3.2 3.4 sitio Viejo 31 21 0 1.2 -0.5 -1.7 sitio Medio 61 30 1 3.5 -2.7 -1.9 Chi-cuadrado=27.7, df=4, p=<0.001 El valor mostrado al arriba de la celda representa el número de artefactos y el valor al abajo representa los residuales ajustados. Los significativos positivos (p=<0.05) se muestran en letra más oscura. COLECCIÓN Terraza 97 significativa en el nivel de 05. Al fin, una comparación de los tipos de plataforma de estas colecciones también indica algunas diferencias significativas. Es decir, la colección de la T97 contiene considerablemente más plataformas de uni- y multi-facetea versus más plataformas corticales en la colección del periodo Medio (chi-cuadrado=27.7, df=4, p=<0.001; Tabla 13). Aunque la figura ilustra que la colección del periodo Viejo también contiene plataformas más corticales que la colección de la T97, la residual ajustada de esta celda tampoco es significativa al nivel .05. mantenimiento de herramientas. Sin embargo, no se caracteriza por un énfasis acrecentado en la producción y uso de herramientas sencillas de lasca, sino que se trata de un equilibrio entre la reducción de núcleos y actividades relacionadas a la producción/ mantenimiento de herramienta bifacial. Este estudio refuerza los resultados de mi investigación, anteriormente elaborada, que sugiere que la colección lítica del Cerro Juanaqueña fue similar a otros sitios residenciales del Arcaico Tardío. En contraste, las colecciones de algunos campamentos de verano del Arcaico Tardío en el norte de Nuevo México muestran un énfasis en la producción y mantenimiento de herramientas bifaciales. La colección del Cerro Juanaqueña también contrasta con los sitios Pueblo tardíos en los cuales el énfasis es la reducción de núcleos (Vierra 1999). Si nos basamos solamente en la colección lítica, los artefactos de Cerro Juanaqueña sugieren una tecnología y economía orientada hacia una mezcla de búsqueda de alimentos y agrícola. En total, la colección de la T97 refleja un mayor énfasis en la producción de herramientas bifaciales producidas de núcleos de calcedonia o de plataformas de núcleos de pedernal. Este resultado contrasta con las colecciones de los sitios del periodo cerámica que dan énfasis a la producción de lascas (y lo que parecen ser herramientas de lasca informales), que fueron separadas de plataformas corticales sin preparación sobre unifaces de guija de riolita. Este modelo es similar a los resultados del estudio de Miller (1995) de unas colecciones de sitios del período Viejo y Medio en el área cercana a Paquimé. Estos sitios también dan énfasis al uso de riolita localmente disponible, para la producción de herramientas de lasca informales. La colección de material lítico del Cerro Juanaqueña es dominada por el uso de materiales locales de riolita, calcedonia y pedernal, e igual que con una pequeña colección de obsidiana exótica. Esta misma colección representa una gama completa de la reducción de núcleos y de actividades relacionadas a la producción/ mantenimiento de herramienta bifacial. Este modelo se contrasta con lo que, en los sitios locales del periodo Viejo y Medio, es un mayor énfasis en la reducción de núcleos. Se supone que estos mismos sitios tardíos (cerámicos) deben reflejar una economía que depende mucho más en el cultivo de maíz. En resumen, la colección del material lítico del Cerro Juanaqueña parece ser dominada por el uso de materiales localmente disponibles. También refleja la gama completa de actividades relacionadas a la reducción de núcleos y de la producción/ 28 Un total de 38 fracciones ligeras y 90 muestras carbonizadas fueron sometidas a la especialista en etnobotánica del proyecto, Dra. Karen Adams, para análisis. Las Tablas 14 y 15 presentan un resumen de estos resultados, así como los resultados previos (Adams 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000). Las muestras de flotación del 2000 fueron considerablemente más productivas que las muestras recogidas y analizadas en 1999. De las 38 fracciones ligeras que se examinaron, solamente dos de ellas no tenían ningún material carbonizado. Se encontraron semillas carbonizadas y otras partes reproductivas de planta en 30 de las muestras, cuales representaban 12 taxa. También se identificaron siete taxa de carbón de leña. Macrobotánica Karen R. Adams y J. Kevin Hanselka La meta principal del Proyecto Trincheras ha sido la recuperación de restos de plantas carbonizadas, para obtener fechas radiocarbono al igual que elaborar un análisis etnobotánico. Los resultados de nuestros estudios anteriores indican que la recuperación de muestras carbonizadas, bien preservadas, son más fructíferas dentro de los niveles más profundos de las excavaciones. Por esta razón y cuando lo fue posible, la estrategia de excavación daba énfasis a la recuperación de depósitos a 50 cm o más bajo el suelo, para el proceso de flotación. Durante la campaña del 2000, nos centramos en excavar unas terrazas dentro el conjunto inferior. La selección de terrazas para investigar se influenció por la posible profundidad de estas mismas. Nuestras muestras se centraron en las dos excavaciones substanciales de las terrazas T487 y T508 en el Cerro Juanaqueña, y en la T94 del Cerro El Canelo, localizada casi en la cima del cerro. Las semillas carbonizadas del 2000 rindieron la identificación de seis nuevos taxa, incluyendo Juglans sp. (nuez), Leguminosae (legumbre), Prosopis sp. (mesquite), Portulaca sp., Rhus aromatica, y Helianthus sp. (girasol). Ahora tenemos un total de 21 taxa que probablemente representan elementos alimenticios. El Zea mays es el más común, y las semillas de Chenopodium/Amaranthus siendo la segunda más común. Otra taxa se dominan por los forbs, nuez, mesquite, biznaga, y espadaña. Durante las excavaciones del 2000, se colectaron 69 muestras de sedimentos para el proceso de flotación. La mayoría fueron procesadas en el laboratorio de campo, usando el método decantación para la flotación de muestras en campo, descritas por Bohrer y Adams (1977). Este método ha resultado ser muy productivo en anteriores temporadas de campo. Los procesos se inician con la colocación de la muestra de sedimentos en un balde con agua; cuando el agua se agita suavemente, el material orgánico ligero se separa de la matriz y flota a la superficie. El agua entonces se pasa sobre un tamiz geológico bien fino (.5 mm). La fracción ligera se recoge cuidadosamente de la malla fina y se permite secarse al aire libre. La fracción pesada, que contiene grava, también se conserva para cuidadosamente examinar y pizcar restos pequeños de fauna y microlítica. Un total de ocho muestras que se colectaron durante los últimos dos días de campo no fueron exportadas de México hasta noviembre 2000, y luego procesadas en Albuquerque, New Mexico. Las muestras de carbón que se recobraron en 2000 son similares a ésas de años anteriores. La leña de Prosopis sp. (mesquite) parece haber sido la más común y probablemente el tipo más preferido de leña. La Atriplex sp. (chamizo) era la segunda más común y hubiera proporcionado una fuente de pedazos pequeños para uso como leña. La alta frecuencia de Fouquieria sp. (ocotillo) sugiere que pudo haber servido como madera para la construcción, mientras que parece inverosímil que hubiera sido una fuente importante de combustible. La compilación de carbón sugiere que el antiguo medio ambiente que rodeaba el Cerro Juanaqueña, sostenía un conjunto de plantas muy similar al actual. La alta frecuencia de maíz sugiere que fue una porción significativa de la dieta del sitio del Cerro Juanaqueña. No se recuperó ninguna muestra de maíz del Cerro El Canelo en 1998 o 2000, ya que por lo general la recuperación de planta fue muy escasa. 29 Tabla 14. Restos de Plantas Carbonizadas TAXA PARTE DE LA PLANTA RECOBRADA 2000 UBIQUIDAD (FLOTACIÓN) N=38 1999 UBIQUIDAD (FLOTACIÓN) N=30 1998 UBIQUIDAD (FLOTACIÓN) N=50 1997 UBIQUIDAD (FLOTACIÓN) N=41 TOTAL UBIQUIDAD (FLOTACIÓN) N=159 RASGOS CULTURALES (FLOTACIÓN Y CRIBA) Maíz (Zea mays) Fragmentos de mazorca y de granos Cúpulas .68 (26) 0.03 (1) 0.84 (42) 0.05 (2) 0.45 Cheno-am (Chenopodium sp. or Amaranthus sp.) Semillas .26 (10) 0.03 (1) 0.42 (21) 0.18 (8) 0.25 Sacate (Gramineae) Fragmentos de pedúnculo Caryopsis Fragmentos de pedúnculo Tejido Achene Screen 0.10 (3) 0.12 (6) 0.07 (3) 0.08 .05 (2) --- --- 0.02 (1) 0.02 T10, T97, T126, T163, T167, T222, T287, T290, T297, T387, T413, T537, T487, T508, T415, CVT20, LT-T1, OW-BHT5B, FP*-1 T6, T10, T97, T126, T163, T222, T387, T413, T537, T487, CVT20, LT-T1, EC-T41/R40, EC-T94 T10, T222, T387, T413, T487, LT-T1, FP*-1 T222, T387, T487, T463, EC-T94 --- --- .08 (3) --- 0.02 (1) --- 0.03 Semilla, fragmento de tejido Caryopsis 0.06 (3) --- --- --- 0.06 (3) 0.07 (3) Semillas --- Semillas .08 (3) --- --- Semillos --- --- 0.04 (2) 0.02 (1) --- Seed --- --- Semilla --- --- Semilla --- --- Semilla --- --- Screen --- 0.02 (1) 0.06 (3) --- .05 (2) .03 (1) .03 (1) .03 (1) .03 (1) --- Monocot (Monocotyledon) Espadaña (Scirpus sp.) No identificado Amor seco curvado (Eragrostis intermedia) Horsepurslane (Trianthema sp.) Chia (Salvia sp.) Garbancio (Astragalus nuttalliana) Barrel cactus (Ferocactus sp.) Malva rosa (Sphaeralcea sp.) Euphorbia (Euphorbia sp.) Groundcherry (Physalis sp.) Nogal (Juglans sp.) Leguminosae Fragmentos de cascara de nuez Semilla Mezquite (Prosopis sp.) Portulaca sp. Cotyledon frag. Semilla Rhus aromatica Semilla Girasol (Helianthus sp.) Achene PORCENTAGE DE RASGOS DE SITIOS DEL ARCAICO TARDÍO (FLOTACIÓN Y CRIBA) N=33 54% 39% 18% 14% 0.04 T10, T222, T387 T487, EC-T94, OW-BHT5B T222, LT-T1 6% --- 0.03 T10, T487 6% 0.07 (3) 0.05 (2) 0.03 T163, T222 6% 0.02 T222 3% --- 0.01 T97 3% 0.02 (1) --- 0.01 T222 3% 0.01 LT-T1 3% --- 0.02 LT-T1 3% --- --- T487 3% --- --- .01 T487 3% --- --- --- .01 T487 3% --- --- --- .01 EC-T94 3% --- --- --- .01 T487 3% --- --- --- .01 EC-T94 3% 0.02 (1) --- .02 9% 6% Calabaza silvestre Semilla ----------T222 3% (Cucurbita digitata or C. foetidissima) Todos los rasgos del Cerro Juanaqueña, con excepto a: CV = Cerro Vidal, LT = Cerro LosTorres, EC = Cerro El Canelo. FP* = Sitio del la Llanura (No del Araico Tardío). 30 Tabla 15. Carbón de Leña TAXA 2000 UBIQUIDAD FLOTACIÓN ( ) N=38 1999 UBIQUIDAD FLOTACIÓN ( ) N=30 1998 UBIQUIDAD FLOTACIÓN ( ) N=50 1997 UBIQUIDAD FLOTACIÓN ( ) N=41 TOTAL UBIQUIDAD (FLOTACIÓN) N=121 Mezquite (Prosopis sp.) .21 (8) --- --- 0.22 (9) 0.07 Orzaga (Atriplex sp.) .08 (3) --- 0.02 (1) 0.05 (2) 0.02 RASGOS CULTURALES (FLOTACIÓN Y CRIBA) BR1, R1a, T6, T10, T20, T97, T126, T163, T175, T222, R286, T287, T387, T413, T537, T415, T465, T463, T487, T508, EC-T41/R40, EC-T94 T6, T163, T222, T387, T413, T463, T487, LT-T1, EC-T94, FP*-1 T175, T387, T413, T487, T508, FP*-1 T387, T413, T487, T508 T6, T222, T487, EC-T94 T6, T222, T537, LT-T1 T222, T287, T487 PORCENTAGE DE RASGOS DE SITIOS DEL ARCAICO TARDÍO (FLOTACIÓN Y CRIBA) N=33 67% 27% Nogal .03 --------15% (Juglans sp.) (1) Álamo/Sauce .05 --------12% (Populus/Salix) (2) Ocotillo .14 ----0.05 0.02 12% (Fouquieria sp.) (5) (2) Legume no identificado --0.02 0.10 0.04 12% (Leguminosae) (1) (4) Girasol, familia criba ----0.02 0.01 9% (Compositae) (1) Gobernadora ----0.10 0.03 T222, T537 6% (Larrea sp.) (4) Sabino 0.03 ----0.01 T163, T413 6% (Juniperus sp.) (1) Cenizo .03 0.05 ----0.02 EC-Large Circle 3% (Fraxinus sp.) (1) (2) Dicot no identificado 0.03 ----0.01 EC-Large Circle, 3% (Dicotyledon) (1) FP*-1 Todos los rasgos del Cerro Juanaqueña, con excepto a: CV = Cerro Vidal, LT = Cerro LosTorres, EC = Cerro El Canelo. FP* = Sitio del la Llanura (No del Araico Tardío). estándares (Grayson 1984; Klein y Cruz-Uribe 1984), y para cada hueso se anotaron los siguientes atributos: la identificación mínima taxonómica, el elemento, la porción de elemento presente del elemento, el lado, la edad, la fusión, la presencia y grado de quemadura, los factores tafonómicos naturales, los patrones de rotura, las patologías, y el número de especimenes presentes. Además, se anotó otras modificaciones notables sobre la superficie de la muestra, sean provenientes de roedor y/o carnívoro. Los Restos de Fauna Kari M. Schmidt y Jennifer E. Nisengard A partir de cuatro temporadas de campo (1997-2000) en el Cerro Juanaqueña y otros cerros relacionados, se ha logrado una colección de aproximadamente 34,000 especimenes de hueso de fauna bien preservado. El análisis de este hueso representa uno de los estudios cuantificables más grandes, relacionado a datos de la fauna que provienen del período Agrícola Temprano del norte de México. La información de este análisis, igual que algunos otros datos de investigaciones de sitios "Cerros de Trincheras," demostrará ser una contribución significativa a nuestro conocimiento de los sistemas de asentamientos y subsistencia, característicos de esta región y período arcaico. Cerro Juanaqueña En general, la colección de huesos esta en buen estado de preservación, tienden ser muestras grandes, y por estas razones son ideales para análisis. Aunque el desgaste por acción atmosférica está presente en las muestras, la frecuencia y severidad es generalmente reducida, sugiriendo que no pudieron haber sido expuestas a los elementos por un período de tiempo muy largo antes de su deposición. Los huesos muestran una mínima evidencia de haber sido grabados por acción de raíces, de roe por roedor o carnívoro, y de El hueso que se colecto fue analizado y, cuando fue posible, se asigno al mínimo nivel taxonómico. Este análisis siguió los procedimientos zooarqueológicos 31 Juanaqueña, muestra una gran divergencia. Es posible que la diferencia indica que las muestra recuperadas, hasta el momento, reflejan un panorama conclusivo de las actividades de subsistencia en el Cerro Juanaqueña, o puede indicar un prejuicio en la muestra. Mientras que los lepóridas y artiodáctilos dominan dentro de contextos excavados (cribados), el pez y roedores son los más abundantes dentro de contextos de flotación. Es probable que esta disparidad es debida simplemente al uso de malla de un-octavo de pulgada (1/8") en el campo, y el uso de malla de undecimosexto de pulgada (1/16") para las muestras de flotación, y por estas razones es probable que los restos de fauna refleja el rango verdadero de las actividades de subsistencia en el Cerro Juanaqueña. digestión-carnívoro, y fueron muy pocos los casos notados. Las instancias de quemadura al hueso, aunque presente, fue observado en un porcentaje relativamente pequeño, en cuanto se considera a la colección total. Muy pocas patologías fueron registradas. Durante las cuatro temporadas de campo en el Cerro Juanaqueña, un total de 32,117 huesos se han analizado, provenientes de contextos de excavación y flotación. Un total de 16,759 huesos se han recuperado de actividades de excavación. De éstos, 2,214 (13%) se han identificado por lo menos al nivel de clase. El 86 porciento de la fauna identificada consiste de liebre (Lepus spp.), conejo de cola blanca (Sylvilagus spp.), y de conejos indeterminados (Leporidae) (véase Tabla 16). De esta misma muestra (2,214), un porcentaje de seis consiste de restos artiodáctilos, incluyendo ovejas de cuerno grande (cf. Ovis canadensis), berrendo (Antilocapra americana), ciervos indeterminados (Odocoileus sp.), venado de cola prieta (Odocoileus hemionus), posible bisonte (cf. Bison bison) y artiodáctilo indeterminado (Artiodactyla). Entre los especimenes restantes identificados (8%), se incluye pez pequeños, víboras y culebras (crotalids y colubrids), lagartos, tortugas terrestres (Terrapene sp.), tortugas indeterminadas, sapos (Scaphiopus sp.), pájaros indeterminados (Aves), codornices (Callipepla sp.), pato (Anatidae), pájaros posaderos (Passeriformes), roedores y ardillas indeterminadas (Rodentia y Sciuridae), ratón (Perognathus sp.), taltuza (Geomys sp.), rata canguro (Dipodomys sp.), rata de algodón (Sigmadon sp.), canids indeterminados (Canidae), coyote (Canis latrans), y tejón (Taxidea taxus). Sin embargo, también es probable que los roedores están sobre representados dentro de las muestras de flotación dado que era difícil discernir un origen cultural contra un origen no-cultural entre los fragmentos pequeños que no fueron quemados. Además, es interesante observar que los restos del roedor están distribuidos a través de la secuencia de deposición, quizás indicando una extensa mezcla de los depósitos si su origen es tafonomía, o de un uso constante si su origen es cultural. De todos modos, dado lo que sabemos sobre la formación de las terrazas y sobre el movimiento de los depósitos (Hard y Roney 1998b, 1999; Nordt 1999), es más probable que el alto número de restos de roedor en contextos de flotación representa actividades de posdeposición. Cerro el Canelo, Cerro Vidal, y Cerro los Torres Además de las excavaciones extensas en el Cerro Juanaqueña, nuestras investigaciones también fueron conducidas en tres otros sitios de cerros de trincheras en el noroeste de Chihuahua. Aunque las muestras del Cerro El Canelo, Cerro Vidal y Cerro los Torres, son mucho más pequeñas que las del Cerro Juanaqueña, estas exhiben unos patrones de niveles de ensambladura muy similar. Los análisis muestran que los mismos tipos de especies están representados en las ensambladuras de los cuatro sitios de cerros de trincheras, y aparecen en una relativa abundancia muy similar. Es probable que estas semejanzas representan actividades de asentamiento y subsistencia características de sitios de cerro de trincheras. Además de los restos recuperados de contextos excavados (cribados), el proceso de flotación de las muestras del Cerro Juanaqueña produjo un total de 15,358 huesos. De este total, solamente 328, o muy apenas un porcentaje de dos, se han identificado por lo menos al nivel de clase. La Tabla 17 presenta los resultados de análisis de la fauna recobrada por flotación del Cerro Juanaqueña el 1997, 1998, 1999, y 2000. Una comparación superficial de los porcentajes relativos a restos identificados y no identificados, en contextos de excavación y flotación del Cerro 32 Tabla 16. Restos de Fauna de la Excavaciones en el Cerro Juanaqueña, del 1997 a 2000, por NISP y Porcentaje IDENTIFICACIÓN NÚM. IDENTIFICADO (NISP) Pez Tortuga terrestre Tortuga indeterminada Culebra indeterminada Lagartija indeterminada Sapo (Spadefoot toad) Ave indeterminada Codorniz Pájaro posadero Pato Roedor indeterminado Ardilla indeterminada Ratón de bolsilla Ratón venado Rata cañera Rata canguro Taltuza de bolsillo Liebre Conejo de cola blanca Conejo indeterminado Cánido indeterminado Coyote Tejón Artiodáctilo indeterminado Venado indeterminado Berrendo Borrego cimarrón Venado de cola prieta Bisonte Total de Restos Identificados Total de Restos No Identificad. Total de Restos de Fauna 6 10 7 35 3 3 6 3 9 2 32 5 13 8 18 1 3 1600 257 55 3 6 2 73 PORCENTAJE DE LA COLECCIÓN IDENTIFICADA 0.3 0.5 0.3 1.6 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.1 1.3 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.1 0.1 72.3 11.6 2.4 0.1 0.2 0.1 3.4 23 24 5 1 1 2214 1.0 1.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 100 14,545 -- 16,759 -- hasta dar con el lecho. Los restos de fauna recuperados dentro contextos excavados y de flotación, se analizaron y se presentan en las Tablas 18 y 19. Cerro El Canelo Este sitio esta localizado a unos 20 km al sureste del Cerro Juanaqueña, y se excavo durante la temporada de campo del 1999. Se excavo una unidad de un metro por dos metros hasta dar con el lecho. Debido al recubrimiento de bastante material cultural, se volvió a excavar en la temporada del 2000. Nuevamente se volvió a excavar una unidad de un metro por dos metros, Los restos de hueso de fauna del Cerro El Canelo se recuperaron, igual como en el Cerro Juanaqueña, de muestras de flotación así como de excavación. El proceso de flotación produjo un total de 1,181 huesos 33 Tabla 17. Restos de Fauna de la Flotación del Cerro Juanaqueña, del 1997 a 2000, por NISP y Porcentaje IDENTIFICACIÓN NÚM. IDENTIFICADO (NISP) 87 PORCENTAJE DE LA COLECCIÓN IDENTIFICADA 26.5 Culebra indeterminada 19 5.8 Lagartija indeterminada 2 0.6 Anfibio indeterminado 4 1.2 Ave indeterminada 1 0.3 176 53.7 Liebre 4 1.2 Conejo de cola blanca 6 1.8 Conejo indeterminado 26 8.0 Artiodáctilo Indetermínate 3 0.9 328 100 15,030 -- 15,358 -- Pez chico indeterminado Roedor indeterminado Total de Restos Identificados Total de Restos No Identificad. Total de Restos de Fauna Tabla 18. Restos de Fauna de Excavación del Cerro El Canelo - 1999 y 2000, por NISP y Porcentaje IDENTIFICACIÓN NÚM. IDENTIFICADO (NISP) 1 PORCENTAJE DE LA COLECCIÓN IDENTIFICADA Ratón de bolsillo 1 0.6 Ratón venado 5 2.8 Tortuga (Box turtle) 0.6 Conejo de cola blanca 11 6.1 Liebre 153 85.5 Berrendo 4 2.2 Artiodáctilo indeterminado 4 2.2 Total de Restos Identificados 179 100 Total de Restos No Identificada Total de Restos de Fauna 236 -- 415 -- 34 Tabla 19. Restos de Fauna de la Flotación del Cerro El Canelo - 1999 y 2000, por NISP y Porcentaje IDENTIFICACIÓN NÚM. IDENTIFICADO (NISP) 3 PORCENTAJE DE LA COLECCIÓN IDENTIFICADA Pájaro posadero 1 7.1 Roedor indeterminado 8 57.2 Liebre 2 14.3 Total de Restos Identificados Total de Restos No Identificad. Total de Restos de Fauna 14 100 1167 -- 1181 -- Pez 21.4 de flotación. El proceso de flotación produjo un total de 218 huesos en el Cerro los Torres. De este total, solamente 10 (4.5%) fueron identificados por lo menos al nivel de clase. Los resultados se presentan en la Tabla 21. de El Canelo. De este total, solamente 14 (un porcentaje insignificativo) fueron identificados, por lo menos al nivel de clase. La Tabla 19 presenta los resultados de análisis de 1999 y 2000 muestras producidas de actividades de la flotación en Cerro El Canelo. Aunque está claro que las colecciones de Cerro los Torres, Cerro El Canelo, y Cerro Vidal, son mucho más pequeñas que lo que se recuperó del Cerro Juanaqueña, de todos modos no dejan de ser semejantes. Con excepción del Cerro Vidal (donde solamente dos especimenes fueron identificados), el porcentaje de lepóridas en las otras colecciones no deja de ser entre 85 y 91 porciento. Además, la abundancia de artiodáctilos y roedores, comprenden en un porcentaje de tres a seis de la colección de contextos excavados de los distintos sitios. La porción restante de hueso identificado incluye una amplia gama de taxa, pero de todos modos las especies siguen siendo constantes de sitio a sitio. Cerro Vidal Además de las excavaciones en el Cerro Juanaqueña y El Canelo, estas mismas también fueron conducidas en Cerro Vidal durante la temporada de 1998. Igual como en el Cerro El Canelo, se excavo una unidad de un metro por dos metros hasta dar con el lecho. La excavación y proceso de flotación produjo solamente 11fragmentos de hueso. Estos restos incluyen nueve especimenes no identificados, un espécimen de liebre, y un espécimen de conejo de cola blanca. Debido al tamaño de muestra tan pequeño, los restos no serán considerados en este análisis. Cerro los Torres Así como en el Cerro El Canelo y Cerro Vidal, se excavó una unidad de un metro por dos metros hasta dar con el lecho. Esta excavación se realizó durante la temporada de campo del 1998. La excavación y proceso de flotación produjeron una colección de huesos bastante importante. Esta información se presenta en las Tablas 20 y 21. Osteología del Cerro Juanaqueña Un total de 13 fragmentos de huesos humanos se ha recuperado de excavaciones en el Cerro Juanaqueña. No se identificó ninguna muestra de hueso humano en Cerro El Canelo, Cerro los Torres, o Cerro Vidal. Tres de los fragmentos recuperados durante la temporada de 1998 fueron identificados. Los tres fragmentos fueron recuperados de excavaciones en la Terraza 10 (T10), Unidad 1, Niveles 2, 10, y 11. En el Los restos de fauna se recuperaron igual como lo hecho en el Cerro Juanaqueña, Cerro El Canelo, y Cerro Vidal. La recolección fue de contextos excavados y 35 Tabla 20. Restos de Fauna de Excavación del Cerro los Torres - 1998, por NISP y Porcentaje NÚM. IDENTIFICADO (NISP) 1 PORCENTAJE DE LA COLECCIÓN IDENTIFICADA 1.1 Culebra indeterminada 1 1.1 Ratón de bolsillo 8 9.2 Conejo de cola blanca 20 23.0 Liebre 54 62.2 Coyote 1 1.1 Berrendo 2 2.3 Total de Restos Identificados Total de Restos No Identificada Total de Restos de Fauna 87 100 170 -- 257 -- IDENTIFICACIÓN Pez Tabla 21. Restos de Fauna de la Flotación del Cerro los Torres - 1998, por NISP y Porcentaje IDENTIFICACIÓN Pez indeterminado Roedor indeterminado Total de Restos Identificados Total de Restos No Identificada Total de Restos de Fauna NÚM. IDENTIFICADO (NISP) 5 5 PORCENTAJE DE LA COLECCIÓN IDENTIFICADA 50.0 50.0 10 100 208 -- 218 - Las otras seis muestras se recuperaron cuando se limpiaba la pared de la unidad. Entre los huesos recuperados en 1999 se incluye un fragmento de diente indeterminado, seis fragmentos de hueso esponjoso, y tres fragmentos craneales. Del total, dos muestran haber sido quemados. Como es obvio, la recuperación de huesos humanos es escasa. De los pocos que hemos encontrado no se pueden ofrecer ni una menor especulación. Nivel 2 (102-112 cm bajo dato), un solo fragmento craneal fue identificado. Encontramos dos falanges dentro de los niveles 10 y 11 (182-192 y 192-202 cmbd). Ningún hueso mostraba huellas de haber sido quemado. Diez mas fragmentos de hueso humano fueron identificados a resulte de las excavaciones de la temporada 1999. Estas muestras se recuperaron de un número de diversos contextos a través del sitio. Dos restos fueron identificados del R239, Nivel 3 (149156 cmbd), otro fue recuperado de la T163, Nivel 3 (113-123 cmbd), y siete mas fueron recuperados de la T287. Solamente un espécimen de la T287, Nivel 3 (130-139 cmbd) viene de una procedencia específica. Datos del Radiocarbono Dentro la Tabla 22, se presenta una lista de 30 muestras que se han analizado del Cerro Juanaqueña, e incluye 36 los datos que indican la fuente del material. Dentro esta misma tabla se presenta una fecha del Cerro Los Torres, dos fechas del Cerro Vidal, tres fechas del Cerro El Canelo, y una fecha de un sitio que se descubrió enterrado bajo la llanura y conocido como Noria de Ofelia. La Tabla 22 y Figura 15 presentan los resultados ya calibrados de la edad radiocarbono, la cual se basa en el programa de calibración radiocarbono Calib 4.1 (Stuiver y Reimer 1993) y Oxcal 3.5 (Ramsey 2000). del Ofelia, sobre la llanura, ocurrió más temprano, ca. 800-200 a.C. La habitación principal del Cerro Juanaqueña, Cerro Torres, y Cerro El Canelo, ocurrió entre ca. 1500-1000 a.C. Es posible que la fecha más antigua, 3310 ± 60, puede ser un error según lo discutido en un informe anterior (Roney y Hard 2000b). La habitación principal del Cerro Juanaqueña indudablemente fue entre 1500 a.C. y 1000 a.C., ya que hay un racimo de no menos de diecinueve fechas AMS dentro de este rango. La habitación del Cerro Los Torres y del Cerro El Canelo es contemporánea con la habitación principal del Cerro Juanaqueña. Una muestra de ocotillo carbonizado del Cerro El Canelo fechó a RC 2990 ±45 y parece ser la fecha de habitación. Otra fecha de un fragmento de monocotiledóneo carbonizado de la misma formación en el Cerro El Canelo produjo una fecha más reciente (RC 330 ±60) y se piensa que es intrusa (Tabla 14). Una tercera fecha de una muestra de hueso de mamífero, recobrado del círculo grande en Cerro El Canelo fue de RC 630 ±50. Este círculo de roca grande se construye de manera idéntica a otras formaciones del sitio. Hay una escasez de cerámica y la roca muestra una pátina similar a esas rocas que nos se han estorbado. Estas observaciones sugieren que el círculo grande es contemporáneo al resto del sitio y complejo de formaciones relacionadas, y que el hueso con una fecha más tardía es intruso (Roney y Hard 2000a). Las tres fechas más recientes enumeradas en la Tabla 22 y Figura 15 también son contemporáneas. Vienen de dos terrazas ubicadas dentro del complejo de terrazas más bajas en el Cerro Juanaqueña. El promedio ya calibrado de estas dos fechas es de 200 a.C. Es probable que estas dos fechas reflejen la habitación en otras partes del cerro, pero de menor importancia. Durante la década de 1940 Neusbaum documentó cinco cerros de trincheras en el Chihuahua meridional y el área cercana a Parral. Sin embargo, no se sabe el período de ocupación, la historia cultural, ni su relación, si lo hay, al conjunto de trincheras del Arcaico Tardío localizadas al norte de Chihuahua. Debido a estos inciertos decidimos investigar tres de los sitios: el Cerro Prieto de Santa Barbara, al suroeste de Parral, el Cerro La Noria, al sureste de Parral, y al Cerro Corrales, al suroeste de Jiménez. El objetivo fue de llevar a cabo unas pruebas de los rasgos de las terrazas para recuperar material útil para el fechamiento radiocarbono, y para recuperar algunas otras muestras de material cultural y así determinar el contexto histórico cultural de la ocupación y la natura de adaptación en cada sitio. La Investigación de Algunos Sitios al Sur de Chihuahua Gerry R. Raymond Las investigaciones se iniciaron el día 13 de octubre del 2000, y las excavaciones se concluyeron el 20 de octubre del 2000. Se excavaron unas pruebas de 1-m por 2-m y hasta dar con el lecho. Estas unidades se excavaron a niveles de 10-cm y los sedimentos entonces se iban cribando sobre una malla de un-octavo de una pulgada. Cerro Prieto de Santa Barbara Este cerro pequeño de basalto conocido como el Cerro Prieto, localizado entre las comunidades de Parral y Santa Barbara, sobresale del suelo circundante entre unos 50 a 60 metros. El sitio está situado a unos 8 km al suroeste de Parral y a unos 10 km al suroeste de la comunidad minera de Santa Barbara. El cerro está situado dentro del terreno ejidal de Empalme Aguilera y entre las coordenadas UTM de 426400,P y 2972700,N. Es aparente que el conjunto de terrazas más bajas en el Cerro Juanaqueña se volvieron a habitar mucho más después, y que la habitación del Cerro Vidal ocurrió entre ca. 500-100 a.C. La habitación del sito Noria 37 Tabla 22. Datos del Radiocarbono del Cerro Juanaqueña FUENTE C. Juanaqueña, T167, Unidad 3, Nivel 1 MATERIAL Zea mays EDAD C14 (A.P.) 2980 ± 50 FECHA CALIBRADA 1 SIGMA AC 1300 (1250, 1240, 1210) 1120 FECHA CALIBRADA 2 SIGMA AC 1380 (1250, 1240, 1210) 1030 NSRL-3985 C.J., T222, U3, N11 Cucurbita sp. 3310 ± 60 AC 1680 (1610, 1560, 1540) 1520 AC 1740 (1610, 1560, 1540) 1440 NSRL-3986 C.J., T537, U4, N5 Zea mays 2890 ± 50 AC 1120 (1040) 990 AC 1260 (1040) 920 NSRL-3995 C.J., T222, U2, N13 Zea mays 2930 + 50 AC 1250 (1120) 1030 AC 1300 (1120) 990 NSRL-10039 C.J., T222, U3, N7 Cucurbita sp. 2980 + 40 AC 1270 (1250, 1240, 1210) 1120 AC 1370 (1250, 1240, 1210) 1050 NSRL-10056 C.J., T6, U1n, N4 Zea mays 2980 + 70 AC 1360 (1250, 1240, 1210) 1080 AC 1410 (1250, 1240, 1210 ) 990 NSRL-10593 C.J., T387, U2, N8 Zea mays 3080 + 70 AC 1420 (1380) 1270 AC 1510 (1380) 1120 NSRL-10594 C.J., T413, U1, N7 Zea mays 2190 + 35 AC 360 (340, 320, 210) 190 AC 380 (340, 320, 210) 160 NSRL-10595 C.J., T97, U1, N7 Zea mays 3050 + 45 AC 1390 (1360, 1350, 1310) 1260 AC 1420 (1360, 1350, 1310) 1140 NSRL-10596 C.J., T297, U2, N7 Zea mays 2960 + 45 AC 1260 (1200, 1170, 1150, 1140) 1020 AC 1360 (1200, 1170, 1150, 1140) 1010 NSRL-10597 C.J., T290, U1, N5 Zea mays 3080 + 40 AC 1410 (1380) 1300 AC 1420 (1380) 1260 NSRL-10598 C.J., T126, U1, N9 Zea mays 3040 + 80 AC 1410 (1310) 1140 AC 1450 (1310) 1030 NSRL-10599 C.J., T163, U2, N8 Zea mays 3060 + 40 AC 1400 (1370, 1350, 1310) 1270 AC 1420 (1370, 1350, 1310) 1210 NSRL-10600 C.J., T10, U1, N11 Zea mays 3010 + 65 AC 1380 (1270) 1130 AC 1420 (1270) 1030 NSRL-10860 C.J., R250, U2 Fouquieria sp. 2950 + 40 AC 1260 (1200, 1160, 1150, 1130) 1080 AC 1300 (1200, 1160, 1150, 1130) 1010 NSRL-10861 C.J., T413, U1, N3 Zea mays 2140 + 40 AC 340 (180) 110 AC 360 (180) 50 NSRL-10862 C.J., T413, U1 Zea mays 2870 + 50 AC 1120 (1020) 940 AC 1200 (1020) 910 NSRL-11428 C.J., BR1, U6 Leña carbonizada 3210 ± 50 AC 1520 (1500, 1470, 1460) 1420 AC 1610 (1500, 1470, 1460) 1400 NSRL-11430 C.J., T287, U1 Zea mays 2940 ± 75 AC 1270 (1120) 1010 AC 1390 (1120) 920 NSRL-12482 C.J., T415, U1, N2 Zea mays 2300 ± 60 AC 400 (390) 270 AC 480 (390) 20 NSRL-12483 C.J., T463, U1, N3 Atriplex 2980 ± 55 AC 1300 (1250, 1240, 1210) 1120 AC 1390 (1250, 1240,1210) 1010 NSRL-12484 C.J., T487, U4/5, N7 Zea mays 3130 ± 55 AC 1440 (1410) 1320 AC 1510 (1410) 1270 NSRL-12485 C.J., T508, U2, N5 Zea mays 3050 ± 35 AC 1380 (1360, 1350, 1310) 1270 AC 1410 (1360, 1350, 1310) 1200 NSRL-10591 C. Torres, T1, U3, N8 Zea mays 2920 ± 55 AC 1250 (1120) 1010 AC 1300 (1120) 930 NSRL-10592 C. Vidal, T20, U1, N7 Zea mays 2100 ± 40 AC 180 (110) 50 AC 340 (110) 10 NSRL-10712 C. Vidal, T20, U1, N5 Zea mays 2340 ± 55 AC 410 (400) 390 AC 750 (400) 240 NSRL-12480 C. Canelo, T94, U2, N4 Monocot 330 ± 60 DC 1480 (1520, 1570, 1630) 1650 DC 1440 (1520, 1570, 1630) 1660 NSRL-12481 C. Canelo, T94, U2, N6 Fouquieria sp. 2990 ± 45 AC 1300 (1260, 1240, 1220) 1130 AC 1380 (1260, 1240, 1220) 1050 Beta- 142771 C. Canelo, Círculo Grande, U1, N3 Hueso de mamífero 630 ± 50 DC 1290 (1310, 1360, 1390) 1400 DC 1280 (1310, 1360, 1390) 1420 Beta-153665 Noria de Ofelia, BHT5B, 118 cm bs Leña carbonizada 2500 ± 50 AC 780 (760, 620, 590) 530 AC 800 (760, 620, 590) 410 NÚMERO DEL LABORATORIO* NSRL-3983 * Fechamientos por INSTARR, University of Colorado, Boulder. ** Cálculo según la media vida de 5568 años y corregido del fraccionamiento isótopo según una medida de %13C. 38 NSRL-10591 C. Torres 2920±55AP NSRL-12481 C. Canelo 2990±45AP NSRL-10592 C. Vidal 2100±40AP NSRL-10712 C. Vidal 2340±55AP Beta-153665 Noria de Ofelia 2490±50AP NSRL-10861 C. Juanaqueña 2140± 40AP NSRL-10594 C.J. 2190±35AP NSRL-12482 C.J. 2300±60AP NSRL-10862 C.J. 2870±50AP NSRL-3986 C.J. 2890±50AP NSRL-3995 C.J. 2930±50AP NSRL-11430 C.J. 2940±75AP NSRL-10860 C.J. 2950±40AP NSRL-10596 C.J. 2960±45AP NSRL-10039 C.J. 2980±40AP NSRL-3983 C.J. 2980±50AP NSRL-12483 C.J. 2980±55AP NSRL-10056 C.J. 2980±70AP NSRL-10600 C.J. 3010±65AP NSRL-10598 C.J. 3040±80AP NSRL-10599 C.J. 3060±40AP NSRL-10595 C.J. 3050±45AP NSRL-12485 C.J. 3050±35AP NSRL-10597 C.J. 3080±40AP NSRL-10593 C.J. 3080±70AP NSRL-12484 C.J. 3130±55AP NSRL-11428 C.J. 3210±50AP NSRL-3985 C.J. 3310±60AP 2500 Cal aC 2000 Cal aC 1500 Cal aC 1000 Cal aC 500 Cal aC Cal aC/Cal dC Figura 15. Datos del radiocarbon basados en Oxcal (Ramsey 2000). La cumbre del cerro es relativamente plana y los lados al norte y este del cerro son bastantes precipitosos. El lado oeste del cerro también es algo precipitoso. Se encuentran varios drenajes intermitentes pequeños dentro de unos dos kilómetros de la colina y dentro la vecindad de Empalme Aguilera, hay buenos terrenos agrícolas, aunque la mayoría de estos se utilizan como pasto. La mayoría de las plantas del cerro son arbustos tales como mesquite, espina blanca, uña de gato, una hierba parecida al zumaque, y áreas dispersadas de sacate corto, e igual que arbustos grandes de mimosa sobre el pie del cerro. Hay también cactos tales como cholla, nopal, y ocotillo. 39 Al lado sur del sitio se construyó entre 10 a 12 terrazas, y unas 3 o 4 mas sobre el lado oeste. Las terrazas se definen por unas piedras grandes de basalto y peñascos que se usaron para formar las paredes de la berma, y por unas áreas planas de sedimentos detrás de las paredes o sobre la cuesta arriba de las bermas. Las paredes de la berma son de una longitud variada, siendo entre unos 10 a 50 metros de largas. La mayoría de las paredes de la berma están situadas a cruzar o perpendicular al sesgo del cerro. Generalmente, las paredes son bermas bajas casi al mismo nivel de la superficie de la terraza, y resaltan a menos de un metro y, en muchos casos, solamente en unos centímetros sobre los niveles de la terraza. Algunas de las paredes de la berma tienen alineaciones de piedras que sobresalen perpendicular a las paredes, para formar áreas discretas sobre las terrazas. Hay también varios círculos de roca con diámetros de cerca de 1.5 a 2 metros. mayoría de las terrazas, y también se hizo una prueba al supuesto depósito basurero. En cada una de las dos áreas, se localizó una unidad de prueba de un metro por dos metros de tamaño. Terraza 5, Cerro Prieto El rasgo número 5 esta dentro un área de una terraza pequeña sobre la cuesta al lado sur del cerro, que es el lado del cerro con una inclinación apacible y donde se encuentra la mayor parte de las terrazas. Este rasgo es parte de una formación más grande, o sea una terraza ondulada que es de aproximadamente 36 m de larga situada en la parte tercia más alta del cerro. El rasgo número 5 es un área discreta localizada en el lado extremo del área de la terraza continua que se define por una pared de la berma bien larga. Es de aproximadamente 6 m de ancho y unos 2-m de profunda, así que el área encerrado y en mayor parte superficie plana de esta área es de unos 18-m². También notamos un aumento en elevación de un metro entre la parte plana de la superficie y un afloramiento del lecho así al fondo de la terraza, a unos 6 m a sesgo arriba. La pared de la berma se construyo a una altura de casi .80-metro sobre el lecho y tiene una talud no substancial en el área del rasgo número 5, aunque si fue evidente que la pared del talud mostraba una cierta cantidad de erosión. Esta formación se investigo debido a la presencia de un número de artefactos sobre la superficie, incluyendo lascas de lítica y una cantidad de tepalcate. También notamos que la superficie de la terraza tenía una área claramente discreta y bien definida, con poca evidencia de haber sufrido por la erosión. Se notó una escasez de piedras grandes sobre la superficie, pero si había cierta cantidad de grava y algunos guijarros. Cuando las terrazas fueron originalmente delineadas en 1994, el Arqlgo. John Roney observó la presencia de un metate cóncavo, un metate de forma plana, y otro metate y mano de escoria sin especificación. El arqueólogo también observó varios percutores, núcleos, lascas utilizadas, un biface, y la base de una punta de dardo. Durante la prueba del sitio en el 2000, no hubo suficiente tiempo para conducir un recorrido detallado del cerro, sin embargo, si se documentaron algunos artefactos casualmente encontrados. Debido a estos esfuerzos, se identificaron y colectaron 10 puntas de proyectil, completas o quebradas, 12 bifaces, y un núcleo. También se encontró y recogió un pedazo de loza vidriada en un área cerca de la cima en la parte sureste del cerro. La cumbre del cerro es relativamente plana y se construyó una cruz de madera sobre el pico del cerro, pero no se encuentra ningún rasgo arquitectónico sobre la cumbre. Aunque no hay terrazas o círculos de roca sobre la cumbre, los sedimentos sobre la superficie parecen ser más oscuros a lo largo del borde norteño, donde también se notaron varias muestras de tepalcate y de desecho lítico. En el mapa que elaboro el Arqlgo. Roney (1994), esta área se identifico como un depósito basurero. Se colocaron dos unidades de 1-m por 1-m, adyacentes una a otra y orientadas de norte a sur. La Unidad 1 se coloca al borde de la pared de la berma, con la esperanza de exponer los límites de la pared en perfil. Las dos unidades se excavaron a niveles de 10-cm y los contenidos se mantuvieron separados. Se excavaron un total de ocho niveles a una profundidad final de 85-cm bajo la superficie moderna. Al final se identificaron cinco zonas estratigráficas, cuales se mostraban claramente en el perfil de la pared del lado sur de la Unidad 1. La secuencia estratigráfica de esta terraza es similar a ésa de las terrazas construidas Se investigaron dos rasgos del Cerro Prieto, entre estos una terraza en el lado sur, donde se encuentra la 40 de un metro de distancia de la orilla de la escarpada del cerro. Las unidades fueron puestas sobre un área donde los sedimentos eran más oscuros y con una alta densidad de artefactos. al norte de Chihuahua, constituida por una pared (apilamiento de piedras) que sirve de berma, un relleno para nivelar rocoso y una capa de sedimentos finos. Se recobro una amplia muestra de tepalcate, material lítico, y carbón de esta terraza. Fragmentos o pedazos de puntas de proyectil se recolectaron de los niveles 1, 2, 3, y 4, y unas muestras completas de puntas de proyectil fueron recolectadas de los niveles 5 y 6. Del nivel 4 se recolecto una mano para moler y un fragmento de material vidrioso de una edad desconocida. Lo que parecen ser fragmentos de embadurnamiento o tierra quemada fue recolectada de los niveles 3, 4 y 5. También se tomaron muestras de los sedimentos para la flotación, dentro de los niveles 7 y 8. Estas muestras produjeron fracciones ligeras de material etnobotánico, muestras de desecho lítico sumamente finos, huesos pequeños de fauna, carbón y lo que parece ser un pedazo de vidrio del nivel 8. Hasta la fecha, se siguen analizando muchos de los artefactos y algunas muestras seleccionadas. Solamente se excavaron dos niveles en estas unidades antes de dar con el lecho, entre 20- a 25-cm bajo la superficie moderna y en cual punto se terminaron las excavaciones. Aunque se recobro un numero de muestras de tepalcate (n=79) y lascas (n=41) dentro de las dos unidades, no se encontró evidencia de algún material orgánico. Los sedimentos excavados no eran cenicientos, ni tampoco se observaron muestras de carbón o restos de fauna. En la actualidad, sé esta analizando la cerámica y material lítico. Al fin concluimos que el área no fue deposito basurero, sino que algún otro tipo de área de uso o actividad. Cerro La Noria Este cerro conocido como la Noria, está situado a 12km sureste de Parral y a unos 8-km al noreste de Villa Matamoros. Sus coordenadas UTM son de 443600,P y 2968000,N. El cerro esta situado al sur y da vista al Río Santa Barbara. Al pie del cerro, la elevación es de unos 1720-m y esta a unos 1820-m en su pico mayor. El cerro está localizado dentro el terreno de un rancho privado. Según la evidencia mostrada dentro del perfil estratigráfico el relleno rocoso y la superficie artificial fueron construidos antes de la construcción de la pared de la berma. Notamos que parece que la superficie natural fue cubierta por un relleno de sedimentos con gravas. Estos rellenos entonces se cubrieron con una capa de sedimentos finos y con menos inclusiones, o gravas, para así formar un suelo de uso artificial. La evidencia sugiere que la pared de la berma fue construida de un apilamiento de rocas grandes a lo largo del borde del sesgo, para prevenir la erosión de la superficie artificial de la terraza, y también notamos que se utilizo un poco de material del talud para formar la pared de la terraza. Por lo general, el área alrededor del cerro es un pastizal. Sobre el cerro hay una cubierta gruesa de arbustos, así como uña de gato, mesquite, musgo, y algunos cactos. El cerro parece ser de basalto y de una aglomeración volcánica. El cerro es sumamente precipitoso en todos lados menos el sur. El sesgo del lado sur sube suavemente hasta llegar a las alturas donde entonces llega a ser mucho más escarpado. La cumbre del cerro es relativamente plana, con su eje largo orientado mas o menos a este-oeste, siendo de unos 95-m de largo. La cumbre tiene una forma irregular, más angosta al centro y más ancha en los extremos, con su punta más ancha de unos 30-m. El área al centro de la cumbre esta derribe de arbusto y se define al norte y al sur por una pared baja que forma una fila singular de rocas. Así solamente al oriente de estas ultimas paredes, se encuentran otras paredes más altas y más substanciales, formadas en círculos o en forma redondeada de unos 2.5- a 5-m en diámetro. Rasgo de la Cumbre, Cerro Prieto Se excavaron dos unidades de prueba en un área cerca de la cumbre a lo largo del borde norte del cerro, donde los sedimentos parecían más oscuros y lo que nos daba la idea de que estos eran rasgos de un deposito basurero. Aunque en esta área no se construyeron terrazas, sin embargo, la presencia de varias muestras de tepalcates y desecho lítico sobre los sedimentos oscuros indica que el área fue utilizada de alguna manera. Para comprobar si el área fue deposito basurero, se localizaron dos unidades de prueba, cada una de 1-m por 1-m y orientadas de norte a sur, a menos 41 precipitosa del sesgo pudo haber dado lugar a un alto grado de deterioración de esta misma pared, y fue evidente que hubo cierta erosión de la pared del talud. En el lado oeste de la cumbre y cercas del borde al sur, se encuentra un rasgo en forma rectangular, lo que parece como un contorno discreto de guijarros que mide 3-m de este-oeste y 5-m de norte-sur. Los guijarros se apilaron en una sola tira de guijarros, y de dos tiras en algunos lugares. No hay rasgos arquitectónicos sobre el saliente este de la cumbre. Esta formación se investigo debido a la presencia de un número de artefactos encontrados sobre la superficie, incluyendo lascas y tepalcate. Además, la terraza mostraba una superficie claramente discreta y bien definida, y con poca evidencia de erosión. La superficie de la terraza carecía de rocas grandes, pero si había grava y algunos guijarros. En la cuesta norte del cerro hay por lo menos dos niveles de terrazas, cerca de la cumbre. En la cuesta del lado sur hay varios niveles de terrazas, pero todos parecen ser relativamente cortos (de 25-m o menos) y algunos no se pueden definir muy bien debido a una alta erosión. La mayoría de las terrazas se encuentran en la parte central de la cuesta y algunas en el lado sureste. Se identificaron algunas terrazas pequeñas y aisladas sobre el lado suroeste del cerro, y hay también varios círculos de roca de 1.5- a 2-m en diámetro sobre las cuestas y algunas terrazas. Las paredes de la berma de la terraza son bajas (menos de 1-m de alto), las terrazas que se encuentran sobre la cuesta son generalmente angostas (de no más de unos 2-m), y el talud bajo la berma es en gran parte sencillo o se ha erosionado altamente. Se localizaron dos unidades adyacentes una a otra, de 1-m por 1-m, y orientadas de este-oeste. Las dos unidades fueron excavadas en niveles de 10-cm, a excepción del nivel 6 que fue excavado en un nivel de 20-cm debido a la presencia de unas piedras grandes, e igual que el nivel 8 que fue excavado hasta dar con el lecho y fue de entre 18- a 21-cm de grueso. El lecho se descubrió a 1.05-m bajo la superficie al lado de la berma y a 70-cm bajo el suelo al lado extremo en la Unidad 2. Las excavaciones revelaron una secuencia estratigráfica típica de las terrazas que ya conocemos al norte de Chihuahua, así como la pared o berma, un relleno rocoso para nivelar el área, y otro relleno de sedimentos finos para construir el suelo artificial. El relleno rocoso se forma detrás de varios peñascos. Se investigaron tres rasgos del Cerro la Noria, incluyendo dos terrazas al lado sur donde se encuentra la mayoría de las terrazas, y la tercer prueba fue sobre la cumbre que mostraba una alta densidad de artefactos sobre la superficie. Las tres pruebas se llevaron a cabo por medio de unidades de 1-m por 1-m en tamaño. Se recobraron varias muestras de desecho lítico y de tepalcate dentro de todos los niveles de las excavaciones. El rescate de restos de fauna fue escaso, siendo no más de 20 pedazos recobrados. Se recobraron muestras de carbón de solamente dos niveles, el 4 y 5. Un fragmento de piedra para moler fue recobrado del nivel 3, y una cuenta de collar fue recuperada del nivel 5. Terraza 1, Cerro la Noria La Terraza 1 es pequeña, situada en la altura central de la cuesta del lado sur, y entre 8- a 10-m bajo la cumbre. La superficie de la terraza es de aproximadamente 10-m de ancho y cerca de 2.5-m de profundidad, siendo casi 20-m². La pared de la berma es baja y de no más de 20-cm de alta y parece haber sido construida a unos 90-cm sobre el lecho. La superficie de la terraza tiene poco gradiente, y el relleno artificial era relativamente profundo (ca. 75cm). El talud de la berma es escarpado y se extiende a 1.1-m hacia fuera del borde de la pared de la terraza. La construcción de la berma parece haber sido centrada sobre un peñasco grande (ca. 70-cm por 80-cm de profundo) y algunas otras rocas más pequeñas, que formaron parte del soporte del relleno, y el talud no parece ser substancial. Sin embargo, la inclinación Terraza 2, Cerro la Noria La Terraza 2 también es pequeña y esta situada en la altura central de la cuesta del lado sur, y entre 4- a 5-m bajo la cumbre. Se localiza a unos 8- a 10-m al oeste y sesgo arriba de la Terraza 1. Se describe como una pared de berma, con una superficie discreta, de aproximadamente 5-m ancha y unos 3-m de profundo, siendo casi 12-m². La Terraza 2 acumula arrastre, coluvión, y material cultural que se erosionan naturalmente desde la cumbre. Por esta razón, se encontraba una alta 42 Cerro Corrales de Jesús Cano densidad de artefactos sobre la superficie de la terraza. La pared de la berma sobresale unos 20-cm sobre la superficie de la terraza, y el relleno de la terraza detrás de la pared fue de solamente unos 25-cm de gruesa, de la superficie al lecho. El talud se extendía cerca de 1-m del borde de la berma. Esta formación se investigo debido a una alta densidad de artefactos que se encontraban sobre la superficie y los alrededores. Además, la terraza tenía una superficie discreta, bien definida, y con poca evidencia de erosión. La superficie de la terraza carecía de rocas grandes pero si había grava y algunos guijarros. El Cerro Corrales de Jesús Cano esta al suroeste de Cd. Jiménez y a unos 5-km al sureste de Villa López. Se le nombra así para distinguirlo de otro cerro, mucho más grande, también conocido como Cerro Corrales y localizado a 7-km suroeste de este cerro de trincheras. El sitio se sitúa sobre una cuesta que tiende al norte-noroeste y da vista al Río Florida, que está situado entre el sitio y Villa López. La punta más alta del sitio es de una elevación de aproximadamente 1670-msnm, cual es ca. 250-m sobre la llanura del Río Florida. El sesgo al lado oeste del cerro es bastante precipitoso, con un sesgo más apacible al lado este del cerro. El lado norte del sitio cae escarpadamente unos 40-m a dar con un puerto. En el lado sur, la cuesta es menos precipitosa y cae sobre otro puerto a unos 20-m hacia abajo. Las formaciones de trinchera se limitan a la cima de la cuesta entre dos puertos. El cerro tiene arbustos, como la acacia, hierbas cortas, ocotillo, y yuca. Se localizó una unidad de 1-m por 1-m a unos 60-cm de la berma, con el objetivo de recobrar material carbonizado para fechamientos. Esta terraza, cual era de unos 25-30-cm de profundidad contenía una marga arcillosa con pocas piedras, cubierta por una capa bien delgada de material coluvial de gredal cienoso. Se recobro desecho lítico, tepalcate, algunos restos de fauna, y un poco de carbón de los dos niveles excavados. También se recobro un fragmento grande de una punta de proyectil, un pedazo pequeño de galena, y un pedazo pequeño de embadurnamiento quemado. Hay un número de paredes grandes que forman círculos que abarcan la cuesta en todos lados menos al oeste y suroeste, donde el sesgo es bastante precipitoso. El área cubierto por las varias formaciones es de como 180-m de norte-sur y 130-m de este-oeste. Además de las formaciones grandes, hay también unas terrazas más pequeñas, círculos de roca y círculos parciales que se concentran sobre la cumbre. Las paredes grandes son generalmente alineaciones de rocas de una a dos tiras, con poca acumulación de relleno artificial o de sedimentos coluviales. Las terrazas cerca de la cumbre son más substanciales y aparecen tener un relleno más profundo. Las formaciones más bajas tienen mucho menos material del talud en comparación a las formaciones sobre o cerca la cumbre. Rasgo de la Cumbre, Cerro la Noria Se excavo una unidad de prueba dentro de un área en la cumbre, donde se había construido una pared que se extendía a lo largo del borde y al sur del cerro. El área se selecciono para prueba con el intento de recobrar material carbonizado y material cultural, debido a que se había observado una alta concentración de artefactos sobre la cumbre. Se excavaron cinco niveles en la unidad antes de dar con el lecho a unos 40-45-cm bajo la superficie moderna. Se identificaron tres zonas estratigráficas en los expuestos perfiles, al oriente y sur de la unidad, incluyendo una capa delgada de depósitos (ca. 5-10cm), entre color negro y gris-oscuro, de una greda, bajo una capa de sedimentos y rocas grandes, que se cubre por una zona de superficie margosa. El objetivo principal de la investigación de este cerro fue de recobrar material carbonizado para fechar. En cada terraza seleccionada se excavó una unidad de prueba de 1-m por 1-m. Círculo de Roca 1, Cerro Corrales de Jesús Cano Se recobró un numero de tepalcate y lascas, igual que unas pocas muestras de restos de fauna. También se recobró una sola pieza de piedra para moler, pero no se observó carbón. Se tomaron muestras de flotación, pero estas se siguen analizando. Uno de los lugares que se escogió para prueba era un círculo de rocas parcial, localizado sobre el lado sur de la cuesta, a unos cuantos metros bajo la cumbre. El 43 círculo es de aproximadamente 3.8-m de largo de esteoeste y 1.6-m de profundo, con una apertura de 80-cm en el lado norte, y abarca un área de entre 5.5 a 6.0m². El talud es substancial y se extiende a unos 1.5-m al este, al sur y a 3-m al oeste. Se recobró material lítico y tepalcate de los niveles 1, 2 y 3. También se recobró una punta de proyectil, un pedazo de piedra para moler, una sola muestra de hueso de fauna, y carbón, e igual que muestras de flotación. Círculo de Roca 3, Cerro Corrales de Jesús Cano Se localizó una unidad de prueba de 1-m por 1-m en el borde de la pared del lado sur del círculo y se excavó hasta dar con el lecho. La prueba se excavó en niveles de 10-cm, dando con el lecho entre 15- a 35-cm bajo la superficie moderna. Se identificaron tres zonas estratigráficas en el perfil del lado este de la unidad, con una secuencia de menos rocas dentro del relleno de los niveles superiores. El relleno de rocas fue agregado después de la construcción de la pared, o berma. Se selecciono otro círculo de roca parcial situado en el lado norte de la cuesta, a unos cuantos metros bajo la cumbre. El círculo era uno de varios otros círculos arracimados en esta área del cerro. Había otros dos círculos adyacentes a los que sé probo, con uno de estos al lado norte y el otro al noreste. No había evidencia de aperturas entre los círculos. La formación era de 3.8-m de diámetro, con un área total de cerca de 7-m². La pared de este círculo era bien definida. Algunas áreas de la pared son de más de un tiro de rocas y la pared estaba a unos 40-cm sobre la superficie dentro del círculo. La parte de la pared al lado norte y noreste formaba un talud así al sesgo abajo hasta dar con otro círculo. Se recobró desecho lítico, tepalcate, y restos de fauna de todos los niveles excavados. Un pedazo pequeño de carbón fue recobrado del nivel 3. También se recobro una muestra de flotación. Círculo de Roca 2, Cerro Corrales de Jesús Cano Se localizó una unidad de prueba de 1-m por 1-m, sobre el borde de la pared al lado norte del círculo y se excavó hasta dar con el lecho. La excavación se termina después de solo dos niveles, cuando se dio con el lecho entre 20 a 35-cm bajo la superficie moderna. Se expuso un total de dos zonas estratigráficas dentro el perfil al lado norte, con la más baja conteniendo mucho mas relleno de roca. Uno de los lugares seleccionados para la prueba fue un círculo de roca parcial pequeño, situado en el lado noreste de la cuesta. El círculo es de 2-m de diámetro, y tiene una apertura al lado del sesgo arriba. El talud es substancial, se extiende a cerca de 2-m al sesgo abajo y daba la apariencia que el relleno de la terraza era profundo. Había un afloramiento del lecho a unos 3-m a sesgo arriba, y a unos 2-m a sesgo abajo. Hay un círculo similar a ambos lados de esta formación y situadas al mismo nivel de la terraza. Aunque solamente se recobraron dos muestras de tepalcate, si se recobró bastante material lítico. Se recobro una punta de proyectil, y se colecto una muestra de flotación. Se excavó una unidad de prueba de 1-m por 1-m, cual se localizo sobre el borde de la pared al lado del sesgo y se excavo hasta dar con el lecho. La excavación se llevo a cabo en niveles de 10-cm cado uno y se excavó un total de cinco niveles a una profundidad de entre 18-45-cm bajo la superficie moderna. Se expuso un total de tres zonas estratigráficas dentro el perfil al lado sur de la unidad, y fueron casi idénticas a ésas del círculo 1. La densidad de la roca declinó y se notaron menos rocas dentro el relleno de los niveles superiores. Estas investigaciones en el sur de Chihuahua se terminaron el día 6 de noviembre del 2000. Todos los pozos de prueba se rellenaron a la conclusión de estas investigaciones, y conforme a las especificaciones del INAH. El proyecto de investigación se supervisó por el Sr. Gerry Raymond y los resultados serán utilizados para desarrollar su tesis de doctorado, del departamento de antropología en la Universidad de Nuevo México. 44 Recorrido de Unos Sitios Cerros de Trincheras en el Noroeste de Chihuahua de este cerro se cerca por medio de dos terrazas paralelas y continuas, que encierran un área de 200 m por 100 m en tres lados (Figura 16). Esta formación artificial sé discontinua al lado suroeste, donde esta abertura se causa por afloramientos del lecho. En el lado oriente del cerro, y dentro del área formado por las terrazas paralelas, se encuentran dos terrazas de unos 30 m o 40 m de largo. En la cumbre se encuentran dos contiguas pircas, subrectangulares, de unos cinco o seis metros en el lado, lo que se define por unas paredes bajas, de piedras apiladas, ahora casi totalmente derrumbadas. Varias formaciones, mas o menos, circulares encontradas en la cumbre se identifican subjetivamente como círculos de roca. Cerca a la cumbre y en varios otros lugares dentro del área formado por las terrazas, notamos concentraciones mal ordenadas de roca, pero no vimos evidencia de que la roca de la superficie se había sistemáticamente removida de áreas grandes, así como en el caso del Cerro Juanaqueña. Lo que sí fue claro es que la mayoría de la superficie dentro del complejo de formaciones parecía como que no se había modificado. Durante los últimos cuatro años hemos investigado una serie de aldeas formidables que fueron construidas sobre los cerros en el noroeste de Chihuahua (Hard y Roney 1998a, 1998b, 1999; Roney y Hard 2000a, b). Estos sitios están situados a lo largo del Río Casas Grandes y Río Santa María, que vienen siendo dos de los drenajes principales en la porción noreste de la Sierra Madre (indicados en la Figura 1 arriba). Todos estos sitios se fundaron sobre el llano de inundación, dentro un medio ambiente semidesértico o en un llano de pastizal, y entre elevaciones de unos 1500 m sobre la superficie. Estos sitios son designados "cerros de trincheras" que se distinguen por unos complejos extensos de terrazas que fueron construidas sobre las cumbres y los sesgos superiores de algunos cerros aislados y con pendientes precipitosos. Las fechas de radiocarbono y conjunto de artefactos recolectados sugieren que muchos de estos sitios fueron habitados durante el periodo Arcaico Tardío y además parecen ser de los sitios agrícolas más tempranos de la región. Muchos, pero no todos los sitios incluyen evidencia de una habitación residencial intensiva. En resumen, el conjunto de artefactos de este sitio consistió de un núcleo, dos lascas, y un fragmento de mano para moler, igual que unas pocas muestras de Con excepto al Cerro Juanaqueña, lo siguiente es una descripción de los conocidos cerros de trincheras que se encuentran en el noroeste de Chihuahua, y se presentan de norte a sur. Estos sitios son distintos al Cerro Juanaqueña, ya que son mucho más pequeños y la ocupación de estos fue menos intensiva. Sin embargo, la similitud constructiva es aparente y varios de estos sitios exhiben un rango de artefactos comparables a los que encontramos en el Cerro Juanaqueña. Debido a fechas de radiocarbono, sabemos que la ocupación de dos de los sitios fue contemporánea con el Cerro Juanaqueña, tres mas rindieron puntas de dardo características del periodo Arcaico Tardío, y sitios acerámicos a la base de tres otros sitios sugiere que estos también puedan fechar a este período, ca. 1500 a.C. a 300 d.C. N 60 Cerro Táscate Cerro Táscate es un cerro bajo, de unos 50 m de alto, localizado adyacente a Río Casas Grandes. La cima 0 Figura 16. Plano del Cerro Táscate. 45 60 meters Sobre la base del cerro y al lado sur, se encuentra una extensa dispersión de lítica acerámica. Esta dispersión de artefactos se encuentra dentro un área de unos 100 m por 200 m de tamaño, y se está disecando por el derrame del sesgo. Entre los artefactos se encuentra desecho de talla, núcleos, percutores, metates de tipo tazón, pequeños manos para moler, y por lo menos un tazón de piedra comparable a ésos encontrados en el Cerro Juanaqueña y en algunos otros cerros de trincheras del Arcaico Tardío. La única punta de proyectil encontrada en este sitio era un punto de dardo de escotadura esquinada, con la espiga trianguloide y la base convexa. Es similar a los especimenes del Arcaico Tardío de otros sitios en la región. Aparte de un solo tepalcate notado arriba, no se ha encontrado ningún otro en la vecindad inmediata del Cerro La Virgen. Sin embargo, si se encuentra un sitio del período Cerámica de intensiva ocupación, asociado con la misma llanura y a unos 1.5 km al poniente del sitio, e incluye edificios residenciales y numerosas dispersiones de artefactos. tepalcate encontradas en la mera cumbre del cerro. Un crucifijo de madera también había sido construido en la cumbre, lo que se sostenía por medio de piedras apiladas. Hay una ocupación del período Cerámica substancial en la vecindad inmediata de este sitio, y en la base del cerro se encuentran varios sitios del período Cerámica así como ruinas de edificios históricos del principio a mediados del siglo veinte. Cerro la Virgen El Cerro La Virgen está situado a unos 1.5 km de la llanura, y se separa de la llanura por un amplio cono aluvial que se inclina suavemente. El cerro sobresale del terreno circundante por unos 80 m. Este sitio es muy similar al Cerro Táscate, en que se trata de dos paralelas formaciones de escombro que rodean la cumbre del cerro, y que acorrala un área de unos 100 m por 200 m de tamaño (Figura 17). Dentro de esta pirca se encuentran 11 mal definidos círculos de roca, y un círculo de roca adicional fue encontrado en una terraza natural cerca de la base del cerro. La cumbre del cerro es virtualmente desprovista de artefactos. Durante varias visitas al sitio se han observado menos de 10 lascas y un solo tepalcate. Cerro La Angostura El Cerro La Angostura es un cerro grande, de unos 80 m de altura, que da vista al Río Casas Grandes en una constricción importante de la llanura. El cerro es realmente la parte meridional de una cuesta grande con los lados escarpados, y con una cresta rodante o que se inclina suavemente. La construcción principal de este sitio consiste en una pared de piedras apiladas de unos 100 m de largo, ahora se encuentra casi totalmente en ruinas. La pared rodea varios círculos de roca y algunas paredes más pequeñas. Hasta la fecha, no sé ha elaborado un mapa detallado de estas formaciones y nuestras impresiones se basan en varias visitas ocasionales, y por medio de un examen de fotos aéreas sin corregir de escala 1:8000. La pared más grande de este cerro, define un arco centrado en un punto alto de la cuesta, cual rodea un área de unos 85 m por 40 m en tamaño. Al lado norte, poniente, la pirca esta limitada por la pared o escombro, mientras que en el lado oriente se limita por la cuesta escarpada del cerro. Dentro de la pirca se encuentran dos largas bermas en forma de arco, y de siete a ocho arcos más pequeños. El único artefacto observado en este sitio era un núcleo de riolita. Hay muy poco sedimento fino sobre este cerro, y la mayoría de las formaciones N 60 0 60 meters Figura 17. Plano del Cerro La Virgen. 46 tazones de piedra. En este sitio, también se encontraron cúpulas similares a ésas del Cerro Juanaqueña. De acuerdo con estas observaciones podemos decir con seguridad que el complejo principal de la formación del Cerro El Canelo fue construido y ocupado durante el Arcaico Tardío. Los resultados de las excavaciones limitadas de este sitio muestran que los restos de hueso de animal quemado y restos de plantas carbonizadas es relativamente abundante, lo que refuerza la impresión que este sitio fue utilizado como ocupación residencial. mencionadas aquí están sobre el suelo, y no son lo que conocemos como terrazas reales. Cerro el Canelo El Cerro El Canelo es de medio tamaño que el Cerro Juanaqueña, pero es comparable en términos de medio ambiente, de construcción, de emplazamiento total, y del rango de actividades representadas. El sitio está situado sobre un cerro de 160 m de altura. Aunque tiene vista a la llanura del Río Casas Grandes, la cumbre está a casi dos kilómetros del río. El Cerro El Canelo incluye aproximadamente 250 terrazas en forma de arco y de una construcción idéntica a ésa en el Cerro Juanaqueña, incluyendo 50 círculos de roca (véase Figura 8 arriba). Así como en el Cerro Juanaqueña, las terrazas individuales en veces se unen para formar macroformaciones coherentes de hasta 350 m de largo. Estas formaciones se concentran alrededor de la cumbre del cerro, pero un número de círculos de roca y de terrazas pequeñas se encuentran dispersadas sobre una cuesta que corre hacia el río. Sobre una apartamiento bajo cerca de la base del cerro se encuentra un círculo de roca de 70 m de diámetro definido por una berma de escombro. Un fragmento de hueso de un animal grande, que se recobro de la berma, rindió una fecha convencional de radiocarbono de 630"50, cual calibrada da una fecha de 1295 a 1400 d.C. en una Sigma (Beta-142771). A pesar de este resultado, todavía sospechamos que la formación es contemporánea con las otras terrazas del Cerro El Canelo. El método constructivo, pátina en la roca, y la vegetación sobre la berma son idénticos a ésos en el complejo de terrazas principal. Hay comparativamente poca evidencia de ocupación durante el período Cerámica y no encontramos ningunas asociaciones de cerámica u otros artefactos que sugieren el uso de la formación durante el período Cerámica. Cerro la Fundición El Cerro La Fundición es un cerro bajo adyacente al Río Casas Grandes. El río atraviesa esta área sobre una amplia cuenca, y el cerro se encuentra aislado y situado al centro de esta cuenca. Las formaciones en la cumbre cubren un área de 150 m por 125 m de tamaño (Figura 18). En la mera cumbre del cerro está un círculo de roca grande, de unos cinco metros de diámetro, y se encontró tepalcate en la vecindad inmediata de esta formación. No está claro si este círculo es parte de la construcción original, una formación del período Cerámica más tardío, o una formación creada por los saqueadores de épocas más Los artefactos encontrados sobre el complejo principal de formaciones son idénticos a ésos encontrados en los cerros de trinchera del Arcaico Tardío en la región de Casas Grandes. Los artefactos incluyen puntas de dardo de espiga lateral y espiga esquinada con la espiga triangular y la base convexa, una gran cantidad de desecho de talla, percutores, metates de forma plana y de tazón, manos pequeños ovales, y N 60 0 60 meters Figura 18. Plano del Cerro La Fundición. 47 lo más notable es una berma continua de unos 500 m de largo que define los límites occidental y meridional del sitio. Sobre mucha de su longitud, esta formación cruza los contornos del cerro, y en este respecto es muy diferente a las terrazas. Se encuentran ocho círculos de roca, bien definidos, entre las terrazas de este sitio. recientes. Otras terrazas son construidas de escombro así como los que se encuentran en muchos otros cerros de trincheras. Algunos son de forma de arco como los del Cerro Juanaqueña y Cerro El Canelo, mientras que algunos otros son formaciones coherentes de grandeescala. La mayoría de las terrazas en el Cerro La Fundición forman parte de unas macroformaciones de forma lóbulo que rodean la cumbre. Solamente cuatro círculos de roca fueron encontrados en este sitio, y no parecen ser formaciones integrales. Entre los artefactos que se encontraron en este sitio se incluye núcleos, desecho de talla, y percutores. Ay también puntas de dardo Arcaicas y puntas de flecha, más pequeñas, generalmente atribuidas al período Cerámica. Siete muestras de tepalcate, concentradas en una área restringida en la cumbre del cerro constituyen todo el tepalcate observado en este sitio. También se observaron un tazón de piedra, algunos fragmentos de metate de forma plana. Entre los artefactos que se encontraron en este sitio se incluye núcleos, desecho de talla, y percutores. Ay también puntas de dardo Arcaicas y puntas de flecha, más Relativamente pocos artefactos fueron encontrados dentro del complejo de la terraza. La ocurrencia de tepalcate se restringe a la mera cumbre del cerro. Por otros lados, se encuentran núcleos de riolita y desecho de talla. También observamos un tazón de piedra y varios pequeños manos de forma ovoide. Una dispersión más extensa, la mayoría siendo de lítica acerámica, se encontró en la base del cerro. Este sitio incluye formaciones para asar y dispersiones de piedra quemada, bastante desecho de talla, núcleos, percutores, un metate tipo tazón, y varias puntas de dardo de espiga esquinada y bases convexas las cuales caracterizan el período Arcaico Tardío en el noroeste de Chihuahua. El cerro toma su nombre de un establecimiento industrial grande, que dicen había sido un fundidor, y que se encuentra situado en la base del cerro. Ya no quedan restos de la maquinaria, pero si se encuentran cimientos grandes, ladrillos y montones grandes de la escoria. Parece ser que este sitio se utilizó a fines del siglo diecinueve. Además, hay evidencia de varias residencias históricas en los lados norte y noreste del cerro. pequeñas, generalmente atribuidas al período Cerámica. Siete muestras de tepalcate, concentradas en una área restringida en la cumbre del cerro constituyen todo el tepalcate observado en este sitio. También se observaron un tazón de piedra, algunos Cerro los Torres El Cerro Los Torres es un cerro aislado, de unos 80 m de altura situado cerca del margen oriente de la llanura del Río Casa Grandes, y casi un kilómetro del río. La mayoría de las terrazas en este sitio son terrazas en forma de arco de construcción de la berma por escombro, lo que caracteriza al Cerro Juanaqueña y Cerro El Canelo (Figura 19). Así como en los sitios mencionados, el Cerro Los Torres también incluye círculos de roca. Las terrazas exteriores sobre las cuestas norteñas y del oriente se unen para formar una macroformación que rodea el perímetro del sitio. Aún N 60 0 60 meters Figura 19. Plano del Cerro Los Torres. 48 Cerro Vidal fragmentos de metate de forma plana y tazón, y pequeños manos para moler. La excavación de una sola unidad de prueba rindió hueso de animal y restos de planta carbonizada, incluyendo maíz. De una de las cúpulas de maíz se logro una fecha de radiocarbono AMS de 2920"55 (NSRL 10591). Cerca de la Hacienda San Diego, el Río Palanganas y el Río Piedras Verdes se unen para formar el Río Casas Grandes. El Cerro Vidal es un cerro de unos 120 m de altura que da vista a esta confluencia. La construcción de las terrazas en este sitio es muy similar a otros cerros de trincheras en el noroeste de Chihuahua (Figura 20). Sin embargo, en el Cerro Vidal los arcos individuales son muy difíciles de distinguir. En este caso, las terrazas forman macroformaciones que se describen como dos círculos concéntricos alrededor de la cumbre, con un lóbulo grande añadido a estos, y una berma externa que rodea todo el complejo. Varios cerros de trincheras en el noroeste de Chihuahua muestran alineaciones bajas de canto rodado orientados perpendicular a las paredes de la terraza. La función de estas formaciones no se conoce, pero son especialmente comunes en Cerro Vidal. Hay un total de 25 círculos de roca dentro del complejo de Cerro la Cruz El Cerro La Cruz es el único cerro de trincheras, con excepción al Cerro Juanaqueña, que incluye un complejo de terrazas en la base del cerro, igual que en la cumbre. El cerro es de unos 140 m de altura y está situado a dos kilómetros de la llanura. Las terrazas en forma de arco cubren un área de unos .8 ha. en sus sesgos bajos o inferiores, y en un banco natural a unos 10 m sobre la base del cerro. Otro complejo de terrazas cubre un área de cerca de 1.8 ha. centrado en la cumbre. No sé han realizado unas observaciones detalladas de este sitio. Tepalcate ocurre en la cumbre, y los artefactos líticos se encuentran en otra parte del complejo. Cerro la Boquilla de San Diego El Cerro la Boquilla se ha visitado brevemente. El sitio está situado en la cumbre de un cerro de 100 m de altura, que tiene vista a una constricción de la llanura del Río Casas Grandes. Se encuentra un área sin vegetación en la cumbre, y entre cinco y seis niveles de terrazas, relativamente cortas, en los sesgos al oriente y poniente del cerro. Hay evidencia de perturbación cerca de la base del sesgo poniente del cerro. Esto puede ser aun otra área de terrazas, pero requiere una inspección más detallada. El material cultural es relativamente abundante sobre la cumbre, y en algunos lugares el suelo es oscuro y ceniciento, implicando la presencia de depósitos basureros. Hay algunos tepalcates lisos y café sobre la cumbre y logramos documentar una punta de dardo grande. Además de los restos prehistóricos, hay un crucifijo sostenido por un apilamiento de piedras en la cumbre, y un edificio rectangular construido de un apilamiento de piedras de origen histórico, sobre un afloramiento del lecho al sur de la cumbre. N 60 0 60 meters Figura 20. Plano del Cerro Vidal. 49 terraza en este cerro y otro grupo notable de 12 o 13 localizados cerca de 30 m al sur del complejo. preliminar sugiere que hay relativamente poco material cultural. El mapa del sitio presentado aquí (Figura 21) se elaboro exclusivamente por medio de fotointerpretación y sin verificación de la superficie. Aunque se presenta la escala y la disposición general del sitio, advertimos que puede incluir errores y omisiones significativos en sus detalles. La densidad de material cultural en Cerro Vidal es comparable a lo del Cerro El Canelo y Cerro Los Torres, e incluye el mismo rango de artefactos. Los núcleos, percutores, y abundancia de desecho de talla muestran que la reducción lítica era una actividad importante. Son raros los metates y fragmentos de metate, pero hay un número de pequeños y expedientes manos para moler. Las puntas de proyectil incluyen dardos del Arcaico Tardío así como los especimenes que parecen ser bastante pequeños para haber sido utilizados con el arco y la flecha. No se encontró ningún tepalcate. Una unidad de prueba que se excavo en una de las terrazas mostró que si hay hueso quemado y material de planta carbonizado. Las cúpulas de maíz de esta excavación han rendido fechas de radiocarbono AMS de 2100"40 AP (NSRL-10592) y de 2340"55 (NSRL-10712). Cerros LeBarón A unos dos kilómetros al sur de Cerro de Galeana se encuentran dos picos más bajos que se imponen sobre la llanura. Los dos picos se separan por un apartamiento, y construcciones tipo terraza ocurren en ambos (Figura 22). El cerro situado más al norte es de unos 80 m de alto. En este sitio hay una berma larga de escombro de unos 110 m, varias paredes más pequeñas, y 9 o 10 círculos de roca. La construcción de esta berma larga es similar a otras encontradas en cerros de trincheras prehistóricos en el noroeste de Chihuahua. Sin embargo, muchas de las otras formaciones culturales en este sitio parecen ser más recientes. La roca usada en su construcción no muestra pátina, las rocas parecen estar precariamente apiladas, y sostienen muy poca vegetación. Estas observaciones ofrecen la posibilidad que aquí se representan múltiples episodios de uso, lo que posiblemente Cerro la Tinaja El Cerro La Tinaja es un sitio cerro de trincheras pequeño situado a unos 80 m de altura, adyacente al Río Piedras Verdes (la rama principal a río arriba del Río Casas Grandes). El sitio no se ha documentado a ningún nivel de detalle. Hay terrazas y círculos de roca. Los artefactos observados cerca a la cumbre incluyen lítica, una punta de dardo, y algunos tepalcates. El sitio está dentro un área de ocupación intensiva del período Cerámica. Cerro la Angostura de Galeana El Cerro La Angostura de Galeana (por conveniencia, aquí se refiere como Cerro de Galeana) esta situado de modo de dar vista a la llanura del Río Santa María. El cerro se forma por una cuesta larga, con una cresta que se inclina hacia a sesgo arriba al noroeste a una altura máxima de 120 m en el extremo sureste. Unas terrazas largas se construyeron en la cresta y sobre el sesgo a lado suroeste. Las cuestas del noreste y del sureste de la cuesta son afloramientos de lecho donde la construcción no fue práctica. Este extenso complejo de terrazas se ha visitado brevemente, pero el examen N 60 0 60 meters Figura 21. Plano del Cerro La Angustura de Galeana. 50 en este sitio. Es claro que algunas formaciones de este cerro (que no se incluyeron en el mapa) son resultado de recientes juegos de niños, y algunos de los otros podrían ser de origen histórico. Sin embargo, como en el complejo al norte, algunas de las formaciones más grandes aparecen subjetivamente ser de origen prehistórico. En la base poniente del cerro, sobre las terrazas naturales que dan vista a la llanura del Río Santa María, se documentó una dispersión lítica extensa, en gran parte acerámica con suelos obscuros, manchados de actividad basurera. Los morteros en el afloramiento del lecho son comunes, y hay una serie de abrigos rocosos en el sesgo adyacente. Hay también una ocupación substancial del período Cerámica en esta vecindad, y el área ha sido utilizado extensivamente por europeos a partir de la era colonial hasta el presente. Recapitulación Los datos presentados arriba muestran que el Cerro Juanaqueña forma parte de una serie de cerros de trincheras similares encontrados en el noroeste de Chihuahua. Por lo menos estamos seguros que dos de estos sitios son contemporáneos al Cerro Juanaqueña. Una agrupación de 17 fechas de radiocarbono del Cerro Juanaqueña muestra que el período principal de ocupación era entre una temporada de dos o tres siglos alrededor de 1240 a.C., y con una ocupación menos intensiva alrededor de 200 a.C. (Roney y Hard 2000a). La fecha calibrada de radiocarbono AMS del Cerro Los Torres es de 1130 a.C. (a.C. 1256 a 1242 y 1213 a 1197 en una Sigma), que es estadísticamente indistinguible a partir de fechas de la ocupación principal en el Cerro Juanaqueña. Las dos fechas AMS del Cerro Vidal son de 400 a.C. (a.C. 407 a 385 en una Sigma) y ca. 140 a.C. (a.C. 195 a 194 y a.C. 173 a 49 en una Sigma), que es notablemente comparable a la fecha de ocupación tardía en el Cerro Juanaqueña. Estos resultados ofrecen la posibilidad de que la ocupación y el uso de cerros de trincheras en el noroeste de Chihuahua eran episódicos y sincronizados a través de la región. Es decir, por lo menos algunos de los sitios cerros de trincheras pudieron haber sido utilizados solamente durante específicos y N 60 0 60 meters Figura 22. Cerros LeBarón. incluye construcciones de épocas históricas. Encontramos algunos cristales históricos de color verde y una basura más reciente, pero no encontramos ningunos artefactos prehistóricos. El segundo grupo de formaciones en Cerros LeBarón se encuentra sobre un cerro de unos 40 m de alto y a unos 250 m al sur del complejo descrito arriba. Este es un complejo pequeño, que consiste de una berma de escombro de unos 50 m de largo, varias alineaciones más cortas, y dos círculos de roca. La mayoría de estas formaciones están situadas sobre el lado poniente de la cuesta que tiende de norte-sur, mientras que un afloramiento cercano casi vertical define el margen al oriente. No encontramos ningún artefacto prehistórico 51 Finalmente, los detalles constructivos y las semejanzas en la planeación son también consistentes con la hipótesis de que todos estos sitios fueron inicialmente construidos en el período Arcaico Tardío, durante la difusión inicial del cultivo del maíz en la región. relativamente cortos intervalos en el período Arcaico Tardío. Aunque solo son disponibles fechas de radiocarbono de tres de los sitios cerros de trincheras en el noroeste de Chihuahua, la evidencia circunstancial sugiere que muchos de los otros sitios puedan también fechar al período Arcaico Tardío (véase Tabla 23). Registro de Sitios Asociados En resumen, las fechas de radiocarbono muestran que por lo menos tres de los 14 sitios cerros de trincheras en el noroeste de Chihuahua fueron construidos y ocupados intensivamente durante el período Arcaico Tardío, 1500 a.C. a 500 d.C. En consideración de las asociaciones directas e indirectas de artefactos, se proporciona una evidencia circunstancial de que seis más sitios también se construyeron durante este período temprano. A pesar de una ocupación substancial del período Cerámica l en esta región, ninguno de los cerros de trincheras puede ser inequívocamente atribuido al período Cerámica. Sitio Abajo de las Cuevas Este es un sitio grande que consiste, sobre todo, de rasgos acerámicos situado al lado oriente del Río Santa María y al pie de unas colinas pequeñas que conocemos como Cerro Galeana Norte y Cerro Galeana Sur. Al oriente y poniente se encuentra un grupo de entre 20 y 30 abrigos rocosos que se formaron en el tufo volcánico (véase descripción del sitio Las Cuevas abajo). El sitio esta localizado sobre un abanico aluvial compuesto por un deposito arenoso eólico más reciente y con origen del río cercano. Hay muy poca vegetación debido al arado y a la deposición de arena. Tabla 23. Datos Sobre los Cerros de Trincheras al Norte de Chihuahua SITIO Táscate Juanaqueña DISTANCIA AL LLANO ALTURA .2 km .4 km 50 m 120 m 1.2 ha 11.2 ha 6.0 ha 5.2 ha 1.5 km .8 km 1.9 km .3 km .9 km 2.0 km 80 m 80 m 160 m 20 m 80 m 140 m 1.8 ha 1.3 ha* 5.8 ha 1.8 ha 5.2 ha 2.6 ha* 1.8 ha .8 ha Complejo de Arriba Complejo de Abajo La Virgen Angostura El Canelo+ La Fundición Los Torres La Cruz Complejo de Arriba Complejo de Abajo ÁREA DEL CERRO LONGITUD TOTAL DE LAS TERRAZAS 550 m 8350 m 4980 m 3370 m NÚM. DE CÍRCULOS DE ROCA 3 114 100 14 790 m -3900 m 1000 m 2300 m -- 11 -50 4 8 -- La Boquilla .3 km 100 m 1.9 ha* 450 m* Vidal .2 km 120 m 4.0 ha 2190 m Tinaja .2 km 80 m .6 ha* -Galeana .8 km 120 m 5.4 ha* 1500 m* LeBarón, Norte .6 km 80 m .3 ha 170 m LeBarón, Sur .4 km 40 m .3 ha 110 m cursiva = Subtotal * = Basado en una estimación sin comprobación terrestre. -- = Desconocido + = No incluye algunos rasgos extrínsecos 52 --- PERIODO -Arcaico Tardío --¿Arcaico Tardío? -Arcaico Tardío ¿Arcaico Tardío? Arcaico Tardío -- ---25 -7* 8 2 -Arcaico Tardío ¿Arcaico Tardío? -¿Arcaico Tardío? ¿Arcaico Tardío? Hay un arroyo que corre a través del sitio de oriente a poniente y se vacía en el Río Santa María. Al lado poniente, el sitio se atraviesa por un camino de tierra que corre de norte a sur y paralelo al río. En total, la densidad de material lítico es menor y se domina por el riolita, con algunas piezas de calcedonia, basalto, jaspe, y obsidiana. Notamos unos cuantos núcleos de riolita, un percutor de riolita y un núcleo de basalto. Encontramos unas siete muestras de tepalcate, pero también varios pedazos de implementos para moler y una punta de proyectil, cual era muy parecida a formas del Arcaico Tardío. También encontramos algunos pozos de saqueadores. El sitio se puede dividir en tres áreas. siendo un pedazo del borde. Estos tres tepalcates eran tipo sin decoración y color café, muestran una masa color negro con un temple grueso, de unos .6 a .7 cm de grueso. El tepalcate de borde se invierte y parece ser de un jarro grande. Los tepalcates no parecen ser duros y aparentemente no fueron quemados a altas temperaturas. Es posible que este sitio represente un sitio de componente múltiple, con ambas ocupaciones del periodo Arcaico y cerámica. La alternativa es que este es un sitio temprano de loza café corriente. Este sitio muestra buenas posibilidades en lo que se trata de una prueba arqueológica, debido a que por lo general esta en buena condición, una densidad moderada de artefactos, la mancha oscura de depósitos cenicientos, y la configuración de abanico aluvial. El área al norte del arroyo y al oriente del camino es un expuesto depósito arenoso con poca vegetación y evidencia de que en alguna ocasión fue arado. La arena esta suelta y los artefactos parecen ser erosionados de este deposito arenoso. La densidad de artefactos en esta área es menor y contiene la más baja de las tres áreas. Sobre esta área notamos una punta de proyectil de calcedonia y burda que era de muesca lateral con la extremidad quebrada. También notamos un fragmento de un metate de forma plana y ligeramente usado. Las Cuevas En este sitio hay un grupo de entre 20 y 30 abrigos rocosos pequeños que se encuentran sobre el puerto que se forma al norte del Cerro LeBarón. Éstos abrigos se encuentran del fondo a la cumbre del puerto y ocupan un área de varios cientos de metros. Visitamos unos siete de estos abrigos, tomamos varias fotos y elaboramos un plan de uno de estos rasgos. Todos parecen ser pequeños y el más grande que visitamos era de ca. 10 m de ancho por 2.5 m de profundo y 1.5 m de piso a cielo. El más pequeño era de ca. 3 m de ancho por 2 m de profundo y 1 m de piso a cielo. Notamos varias muestras de lasca y pedacería de implementos para moler sobre la cuesta del talud, bajo los abrigos rocosos, especialmente sobre los puntos más bajos en cuando uno empieza la subida de abajo. No se observaron ningunos tepalcates. No se noto ningún artefacto sobre los pisos interiores de estos refugios, pero la acumulación de astilla de piedra podría ser un factor. El área al sur del arroyo y al oriente del camino parece no haber sido arado y muestra más vegetación, así como nopal, mesquite, y cholla. La densidad de material lítico y de implementos para moler fue la más alta del sitio. Se encuentra un área de depósitos oscuros, de unos 5 m en diámetro, y a unos 23 m al oriente del camino y 30 m al sur del arroyo. Cerca de esta mancha y a unos 10 m al oriente del camino encontramos un solo tepalcate de losa corriente color café. La tercera y ultima área se trata de una sección angosta y estrecha al poniente del camino y al oriente de la escarpa del Río Santa María. Esta área muestra depósitos de arena muy profundos y más arbustos de mesquite. El área muestra unos tres pozos de saqueador. Sobre estos mismos pozos y a los alrededores notamos algunos pedazos de leña carbonizada, depósitos oscuros, y tres muestras de tepalcate. También notamos un metate cóncavo entero y, dentro el corte del camino y al lado poniente, encontramos tres muestras de tepalcate, una de estas A siguiente presentamos algunas observaciones de estos antiguos rasgos: Uno de los más grandes abrigos, que se encuentra sobre la cuesta baja, tiene unos seis morteros asociados y una densidad moderada de material lítico sobre la cuesta del talud, así abajo del abrigo. Otro abrigo cuenta con un rasgo extraño en forma de plataforma artificial que se encuentra enfrente de la entrada, y esta construido de tierra y es de unos 2.8 m de largo por .8 m de ancho. Debajo otro 53 A siguiente presentamos algunas observaciones de estos rasgos: Encontramos un círculo de roca en forma oval (3.8 m x 2.5 m), que esta erosionando hacia fuera de una duna de mesquite. A unos 75 m al sur del círculo ya descrito, se encontró dos conjuntos de piedra quemada sobre una superficie desinflada. Uno de los rasgos es conjunto de entre 30 a 50 piedras quemadas de .75 cm por .75 cm. Estos rasgos están sobre una superficie desinflada, y bajo esta superficie se encuentra el horizonte A oscuro y de unos 20 cm de grueso, y bajo este se encuentra el horizonte C de color rojizo. Puede ser que el horizonte A oscuro es un paleosol, si se elimina la moderna superficie A. Se encontró un semicírculo de ca. 15 rocas de basalto grandes, mide 1.7 m por 1. 3 m, y esta abierto al lado sur. También encontramos un rasgo de unas 30 piedras quemadas (.5 m x .6 m), localizada a unos 40 m al poniente del tazón ya mencionado, y una alineación de ca. 20 piedras cerca del límite norte del sitio, de 1.75 m de largo y .3 m de ancho. de los más grandes abrigos notamos una gran cantidad de desecho lítico y pozo de saqueador al interior. Considerando el tamaño de este abrigo y la gran cantidad de artefactos asociados con el mismo, se piensa que este rasgo tiene una alta potencial de investigación. Uno de los abrigos pequeños que se encuentra casi a la cima del cerro mostro evidencia de haber sido saqueado. La criba utilizada por los saqueadores queda así enfrente del abrigo, y notamos bastante ceniza y carbón entre el escombro. Uno de los abrigos más grandes es de 3 m de ancho por 2 m de profundo y 1.5 m de piso, y muestra un inmenso estorbo por roedores. En este mismo notamos un palo parcialmente quemado y con un extremo redondeado, que puede ser un palo puntiagudo prehistórico o, igualmente, un palillo moderno. Hay también una alineación rustica de rocas, que sugiere los posibles restos de una pared. También cerca de la cima del cerro está un conjunto de tres abrigos pequeños y uno de estos mostró los restos de un basurero de una rata de campo (8 cm por 5 cm), que puede potencialmente ser útil para un estudio paleoecológico. Sitio Abajo del Cerro La Fundición Sobre el pie del cerro, al norte y poniente, se encuentra una dispersión grande de artefactos. Notamos por lo menos cinco rasgos de piedra quemada, de unos 2 m en diámetro. Todos estos parecen ya estar desordenados, pero uno de estos todavía forma un montón de ca. 40 cm de alto. La densidad de artefactos líticos parece ser entre baja y moderada. También encontramos una punta de proyectil larga triangular y de color blanco, producida de pedernal, e igual que una pequeña punta de muesca lateral, cual es aun más pequeña, la punta blanca cara-muesca del chert, que es constante con algunas otras formas del Arcaico Tardío. Sito Abajo del Cerro La Virgen Este sitio se encuentra sobre la base suroeste del Cerro La Virgen mide de unos 75 m por 200m. El sitio sé troza por numerosos drenajes de erosión descendente con la erosión así a río arriba, y de unos 1.5 a 2 m de profundos. La erosión de la superficie superior cerca de los arroyos expone algunos artefactos y rasgos culturales. Entre los arroyos la superficie de arena color rojizo de las capas superiores es más gruesa y la visibilidad de artefacto se reduce bastante. La vegetación consiste de sacate muerto y mesquite, con mucha de estas plantas en formaciones de sotos de dunas. La visibilidad de la superficie en relación con la vegetación es generalmente buena. La densidad de artefacto es generalmente baja, pero afectado en gran parte por condiciones erosiónales. Entre los artefactos se incluye: no menos de cinco manos pequeños y enteros; dos piedras de uso para picar de ca. 7 cm en diámetro; un metate cóncavo entero de riolita; algunas piezas de lasca que incluyen de calcedonia, riolita, basalto, y pedernal; y núcleos de basalto y de pedernal. Dentro el extremo noreste del sitio, recobramos y entregamos al museo de Paquime un tazón de basalto bien hecho y con mango, siendo de 28 cm por 14 cm. Resumen y Conclusiones La Temporalidad y Ocupación del Sitio Antes de iniciar las investigaciones de campo, se identificaron varias metas. Una de éstas era de precisar el período de ocupación del Cerro Juanaqueña. Durante los últimos cuatro años, hemos logrado obtener 23 fechas de material carbonizado por medio del radiocarbono. Además, de otros cuatro sitios, hemos obtenido cinco fechas confiables del periodo Arcaico Tardío. Los resultados obtenidos hasta ahora 54 plantas de semilla con una gran potencial económica, indicando que la especie no domesticada también tomo un importante papel en la dieta. confirman que la ocupación más significante del Cerro Juanaqueña, Cerro Los Torres y Cerro El Canelo fue de entre 1150 a.C. y 1400 a.C. También parece que la ocupación del Cerro Vidal (ca. 200 a.C.) fue contemporánea con una ocupación limitada de, por lo menos, dos terrazas del sesgo abajo del Cerro Juanaqueña. La ocupación de un pequeño sitio enterrado bajo la llanura en Noria de Ofelia, fecha a ca. 600 a.C. El análisis de fauna muestra una confianza abrumadora en liebre y conejo como alimento principal, ya que el 90% del hueso recobrado e identificable durante los pasados cuatro años (1997-2000) es de Lepus sp.. La presencia de restos de liebre son casi diez veces más comunes que el conejo de cola blanca. Otros especies encontradas en depósitos culturales representan menos que el 10% del hueso identificable, incluyendo venado, berrendo, ardillas, ratones, ratas, gime, coyotes, téjones, codorniz, pájaros alboréales, tortugas, culebras, y pez pequeña. La Subsistencia Otro tema en cuestión que propusimos explorar fue lo de la subsistencia de los habitantes. Tocante a esto, uno de los resultados más importantes fue el descubrimiento de la ubicuidad del maíz. Según los resultados de excavación en cinco sitios del Arcaico Tardío, el maíz sé ha encontrado dentro del 54% de las 33 formaciones excavadas. Esto indica que el maíz fue un medio de alimentación principal del período Arcaico Tardío en el noroeste de Chihuahua. Además, el tamaño de las manos de moler es consistente con un grupo cultural que adquiere una gran proporción de su dieta del proceso de maíz, pero aún menos de lo que se requiere para una cultura totalmente agrícola. Anteriormente se describió el proceso de flotación para la recuperación de fracción ligera, así como semillas carbonizadas y no carbonizadas. Este mismo procedimiento se utiliza para recobrar fracciones pesadas, que se trata de restos culturales que se captan dentro una tamiz un octavo de una pulgada (1/8"). Asombrosamente, entre la fracción pesada, encontramos un gran numero de hueso pequeño, así como de pez, reptil, y roedor. Este descubrimiento sugiere que la contribución de recursos acuáticos y fauna pequeña pueda ser más significativa de lo que se sospechaba previamente. Los restos de fauna que hasta el momento se han identificado del Cerro Juanaqueña, son similar a la ensambladura recuperada en otros sitios agrícolas de períodos tempranos en el noroeste de México y suroeste de los Estados Unidos, lo cual indica la posibilidad de la explotación de recursos similares a través del área. El recubrimiento de plantas carbonizadas siguió siendo una meta principal y debido a los esfuerzos del 2000, logramos identificar seis adicionales taxa, incluyendo Juglans sp. (nuez), Leguminosas (legumbre), Prosopis sp. (mesquite), Portulaca sp., Rhus aromatica, y Helianthus sp. (girasol). Total, ahora tenemos una colección de 21 taxa que probablemente representan un conjunto de alimentos. La mayoría de la colección es de Zea mays con Chenopodium/Amaranthus siendo la segunda más común. Sedentarismo La identificación de, lo que parece ser, amaranto domesticado es otro descubrimiento conmocionarte que da luz a un número de nuevas posibilidades. A pesar de la ocurrencia de plantas cultivadas, está claro que las plantas silvestres también contribuyeron a la dieta de la gente del período Arcaico Tardío en el Cerro Juanaqueña. Otras plantas carbonizadas que se recuperaron en el sitio incluyen: calabaza silvestre, sacate no identificados, espadaña, chía, amor seco curvado, hierba loca, malva rosa, Monocotiledón, Trianthema sp., Ferocactus sp., Physalis sp., y Euphorbia sp. La mayoría de esta taxa se conoce como El sedentarismo y movilidad son dos puntos en cuestión relacionados que esperamos investigar. Hemos desarrollado unas estimaciones de obra que muestran que la construcción de las paredes y de las terrazas en el Cerro Juanaqueña habría requerido aproximadamente 30 años-persona. Cuando se combina esta observación con el evidente abreviado período de construcción y uso del sitio, se sugiere que el sitio fue construido y utilizado por una población relativamente sedentaria. El descubrimiento de una gran cantidad de maíz también afirma el punto de vista 55 creemos que el Cerro Juanaqueña y quizás otros cerros con trincheras en el noroeste de Chihuahua se construyeron y habitaron por grupos de gente, relativamente numerosa, quizás de cientos de personas o más. de que por lo menos, alguna porción de la población pasaba una significativa cantidad de tiempo en el sitio. Considerando la actual condición climática, el maíz se siembra en junio, se cuida durante la temporada de crecimiento, y se cosecha en septiembre. El almacenaje es una característica importante dentro de la dieta del maíz, y pensamos que una gran parte de la cosecha anual se guardaba para consumición durante el invierno y temprano en la primavera. Semillas carbonizadas de Astragalus implican la ocupación del sitio durante la primavera, y que esta es una especie que floreciente temprano. Se encuentran grandes macroformaciones sobre el Cerro Juanaqueña. Estas se manifiestan como complejos grandes de terrazas que forman paredes continuas que limita el sitio en varios lados. La macroformación del Cerro Juanaqueña es de unos 400 m de largo, y define los márgenes de terrazas al norte, oriente, y sur. La construcción de estas formaciones implica un nivel de planificación y dirección que por lo general no se asociaba con comunidades muy simples, agrícolas tempranas. Además, las macroformaciones limitan áreas hasta 6 ha. de tamaño. Aunque por lo pronto no podemos desarrollar una estimación cuantitativa en base a esta observación, la implicación clara es que estos espacios formalmente definidos, acomodaron las necesidades espaciales de grupos de gente sumamente numerosos. Esta serie de evidencia sugiere que por lo menos una cierta parte de la población estuviera presente entre primavera y otoño, y muy probablemente también durante el invierno. Finalmente, la tecnología de piedra tallada en el Cerro Juanaqueña sugiere un modo de vida relativamente sedentario. En general, la tecnología bifacial requiere herramienta formal para tallar piedra y esto se asocia con sistemas de establecimiento de alta movilidad, mientras que gente que sigue una manera de vida más sedentaria, por lo general, utiliza una tecnología más expeditiva e informal (e.g.; Kelly y Todd 1988; Vierra 1993, 1996). Las ensambladuras líticas que hemos analizado del Cerro Juanaqueña son de un tipo expeditivo y por lo tanto esto sugiere el sedentarismo. Por cierto que ningún argumento presentado aquí proporciona datos específicos y cuantificables, sobre el número de gente o longitud de permanencia en el sitio, pero si sugieren un grado de sedentarismo relativamente alto y esto no concuerda con un modelo de establecimiento de alta movilidad, lo cual antes se creyó ser una característico central del período Arcaico Tardío. Otro método para estimar densidades de población para el Cerro Juanaqueña requiere una valoración de la cantidad de desgaste en los metates. De acuerdo con una muestra sistemática, estimamos que hay 250 metates tipo cuenca sobre el sitio y estos tienen un promedio de 8.1 cm de desgaste. Los datos experimentales muestran que los metates de basalto se desgastan a un índice de .5 cm/año (Hard y Roney 1998b). Por decir, un solo metate cóncavo representa 16.2 años de uso, así que 250 metates representan 4000 años de uso. Es más, si cada familia de cinco personas usaba un metate cóncavo, extraordinariamente, los cálculos implican 20,000 años-personas de ocupación del sitio. Este número, 20,000 (I) debe igualar la cantidad promedia de gente que habitaba el sitio durante un dado año (P), multiplicado por el número de años de ocupación en el sitio (A), multiplicado por la proporción del año durante cual el sitio fue ocupado (F): I = P x A x F. Si se asume que el sitio fue habitado nueve meses por año, pero que solamente molían intensivamente seis meses del año (F = %) y que el sitio fue habitado por 200 años (A = 200), entonces el promedio de la población del sitio (P) sería de 200 personas (P = 20,000/(200 x .5)) (Roney and Hard 2000a, 2000b). Agregación La agregación de población del Cerro Juanaqueña es otro punto de mucho interés. Anteriormente, la mayoría de los modelos del período temprano de la agricultura en esta parte del continente, a lo más, habían previsto aldeas pequeñas. Igualmente, se pensaba que aldeas grandes no se desarrollaron en esta región hasta mucho más tarde, entre 500 d.C. a 700 d.C. en algunas áreas, y tan tarde como 1200 d.C. en otras áreas (e.g. Hard et al. 1996). Sin embargo, 56 Función de las Terrazas y del Sitio Los datos que hemos acumulado durante los pasados cuatro años indican claramente que la función principal de las terrazas fue de plataformas (cimientos) de casa (Hard et el a. 1999; Roney y Hard 2000a). También sospechamos que la motivación primaria de construir y habitar los sesgos del cerro fue para mantener una postura defensiva contra ataques frecuente. No parece que las terrazas fueron construidas como formaciones agrícolas, o que el sitio se desarrollo como centro político o religioso, ya que no hay ninguno dato para sostener tales sugerencias alternativas para explicar la construcción de estas trincheras. Los cerros de trincheras del Arcaico Tardío en el noreste de Chihuahua son unas construcciones masivas de complejos residenciales sobre los cerros, que parecen haber tenido dos distintos períodos de uso. El primer periodo fue alrededor de 1200 a.C. y el segundo fue de alrededor de 100 a.C. El sitio más grande, el Cerro Juanaqueña, requirió 30 años-persona de obra de mano para construir, y nosotros sugerimos que el sitio fue ocupado por un período de cerca de 200 años por una población de alrededor de 200 personas. Aunque las plantas silvestres fueron explotadas, los datos indican que la agricultura, que se basó en el maíz y amaranto, fue una actividad de alimentación sumamente importante. Los sitios cerros de trincheras se ligan con la llanura del Río Casas Grandes, y es probable que las cosechas se cultivaron en escenario. Estos resultados, junto con los de la Cuenca de Tucson, implican que la extensión inicial de agricultura en el suroeste no fue un solo fenómeno que procedió a lo largo de una sola línea de desarrollo similar y a la vez bien lento a través de toda la región. En fin, el desarrollo cultural que hemos propuesto aquí es muy contrario a lo previsto para el Altiplano Mogollón, la Mesa de Colorado, y muchos otros lugares del noroeste de México y Suroeste de los Estados Unidos. 57 Obras Citadas Adams, Karen R. 1997 Plant Remains Recovered from Juanaqueña, A Late Archaic (3000 B.P.) Trincheras Site in Northern Chihuahua. Unpublished manuscript on file at the Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio. 1998 Plant Remains Recovered from Juanaqueña, a Late Archaic (3000 B.P.) Trincheras Site in Northern Chihuahua. Unpublished manuscript on file at the Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio. 1999a Plant Remains Recovered in 1998 from Cerro Juanaqueña, Cerro Vidal, and Cerro los Torres, Trinchera Sites in Northern Chihuahua. Unpublished manuscript on file at the Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio. 1999b Plant Remains Recovered in 1999 from Juanaqueña, Cerro El Caneloa, and the Floodplain Site. Unpublished manuscript on file at the Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio. 2000 Adams 2000: Data Tables of the 2000 Field Season Plant Remains from the Trincheras Project. Data on file at the Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio. Adams, Karen R., y Vorsila L. Bohrer 1998 Archaeobotanical Indicators of Seasonality: Examples from Arid Southwestern United States. In Seasonality and Sedentism: Archaeological Perspectives from Old and New World Sites, edited by T. R. Rocek and O. Bar-Yosef, pp. 129-138. Peabody Museum Bulletin 6, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Boston. Bohrer, Vorsila L., y Karen R. Adams 1977 Ethnobotanical Techniques and Approaches at Salmon Ruin, New Mexico. San Juan Valley Archaeological Project Technical Series No. 2. Eastern New Mexico University Contributions in Anthropology, Vol. 8 No. 1. Llano Estacado Center for Advanced Professional Studies and Research, Portales. Grayson, Donald K. 1984 Quantitative Zooarchaeology: Topics in the Analysis of Archaeological Faunas. Academic Press, New York. Hard, Robert J., Gerry R. Raymond, y Jeff Durst 1996 Foragers or Farmers? Upland Exploitation on the Eastern Periphery of the Southwest. Paper presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, New Orleans. Hard, Robert J., y John R. Roney 1998a A Massive Terraced Village Complex in Chihuahua, Mexico, 3000 Years Before Present. Science 279:1661-1664. 1998b Una Investigación Arqueológica de los Sitios Cerros con Trincheras del Arcáico Tardío en Chihuahua, México: Las Investigaciones del Campo de 1997. Informe al Consejo de Arqueología, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas at San Antonio. 1999 An Archaeological Investigation of Late Archaic Cerros de Trincheras Sites in Chihuahua, Mexico: Results of the 1998 Investigations. Report to the Consejo de Arqueología, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. Special Report No. 25, Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio. 58 Hard, Robert J., José E. Zapata, John R. Roney, y Bruce K. Moses 1999 Terrace Construction in Northern Chihuahua, Mexico: 1150 B.C. and Modern Experiments. Journal of Field Archaeology 26:129-146. Kelly, Robert L., y Lawrence C. Todd 1988 Coming into the Country: Early Paleoindian Hunting and Mobility. American Antiquity 53:231-244. Klein, Richard, y Katherine Cruz-Uribe 1984 The Analysis of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Miller, Christopher Lee 1995 Chipped Stone Analyses from Northwestern Chihuahua, Mexico. Unpublished MA Thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Tulsa. Nordt, Lee C. 1999 Summary Comments on Trincheras Formation at Cerro Juanaqueña. Manuscript on file, Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio. Ramsey, Christopher B. 2000 Oxcal Program Vol. 3.4. University of Oxford Radiocarbon Acceleration Unit. www.rlha.ox.ac.uk/oxcal/oxcal.htm#author. Roney, John R., y Robert J. Hard 2000a Early Agriculture in Northwestern Chihuahua. Paper presented at the Southwest Symposium, Santa Fe. 2000b Una Investigación Arqueológica de los Sitios Cerros con Trincheras del Arcaico Tardío en Chihuahua, México: Las Investigaciones de Campo de 1999. Informe al Consejo de Arqueología, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. Special Report No. 26-S, Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio. Stuiver, Minze, y Paula J. Reimer 1993 Extended 14C Data Base and Revised CALIB 3.0 14C Age Calibration Program. Radiocarbon 35(1):215-230. Vierra, Bradley J. 1993 Archaic Hunter-Gatherer Mobility in the American Southwest. In Across the Colorado Plateau: Anthropological Studies for the Transwestern Pipeline Expansion Project, edited by T. W. Burchett, B. J. Vierra, and K. L. Brown, pp. 385-397. Office of Contract Archaeology and the Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque. 1996 Late Archaic Settlement, Subsistence and Technology: An Evaluation of Continuity vs. Replacement Arguments for the Origins of Agriculture in the Northern Southwest. Paper presented at the Conference on Archaic Prehistory of the North American Southwest, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque. 1999 Late Archaic Stone Tool Technology Across the Borderlands. Paper presented in the symposium "Current Research on the Late Archaic Along the US/Mexican Borderlands," 64th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Chicago. 59 Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 3.6 Cerro Juanaqueña Rock Ring Data Ring1 Year2 Confidence3 UPPER TERRACE COMPLEX 1.1 2000 Exc 9.1 2000 P 14.4 2000 P 28 1997 Exc 32.1 2000 D 44 2000 D 45.1 2000 D 47.1 2000 P 50 2000 D 51 2000 D 52 2000 D 59.1 2000 P 60 2000 D 62 2000 D 64.1 2000 Q 77.1 2000 P 78.1 2000 Q 87.1 2000 Q 102.1 1998 Q 107.1 1998 Q 114.1 1998 Q 114.2 1998 D 117 1998 D 121 1999 D Degrees Circumf4 Open Direction5 Shape6 Avgerage Diameter (m)7 230 360 280 360 360 345 360 340 360 350 360 270 310 310 3000 360 360 360 260 360 340 360 340 350 NNW na E na N N S NW na N na W E SE SE na na na SE na SW na W SSE S R S SubRect O R O R R R R S R O R R R I R R R 0 0 0 2.05 2.35 2.95 4 4.05 2.6 2.125 2.7 2.15 3.15 3.05 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.8 1.8 3.4 2.05 2.25 2.35 4 1.575 2.55 4.25 Interior Diameter A (m)8 2.1 2.5 3.4 4.5 4.3 2.6 2.45 2.8 2.2 3.2 3.2 3 2.9 2.5 2.8 1.8 3.5 2.4 2.4 2.5 4.5 1.75 3.3 4.5 Interior Diameter B (m)9 2 2.2 2.5 3.5 3.8 2.6 1.8 2.6 2.1 3.1 2.9 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.8 1.8 3.3 1.7 2.1 2.2 3.5 1.4 1.8 4 Height10 Height10 Height10 N (m) E (m) S (m) 0.15 0.45 0.15 0.3 0.4 0.15 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.45 0.45 0 0.3 0.75 0.2 0.15 0.15 0.17 0.44 0.15 0.35 0.1 0 0.1 0.35 0.27 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.25 0.3 0.15 0.25 0.5 0.35 0.5 0.05 0 0.1 0.15 0.11 0.15 0.25 0.15 0.7 0.2 0.25 0.07 0.3 0.45 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.25 0.25 0 0.35 0.25 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.07 0.14 0.06 0.2 Height10 W (m) 0.1 0.35 0.2 0.15 0.18 0.35 0.3 0 0.3 0 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.09 0.11 0.19 0.23 0.1 Const13 RelT12 C P S C A S M S S S S S S S S P M S S S M M M A I M C M M C R C S S I C S C C M C C M R/C R I I S Vert Rel13 0.3 0 0.9 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.5 0 0.25 0 0 0.55 0 0.2 1.25 1.2 1.1 Location14 Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Ring1 Year2 Confidence3 Degrees Circumf4 Open Direction5 Shape6 124.1 130 137.1 138.1 139.1 140.1 142 150.1 150.2 151 153.1 153.2 154.1 167.1 178.1 182.1 186 188.1 213.1 221 225 228 229 232 233 234.1 239 1999 1997 1999 1999 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000 2000 1999 2000 2000 2000 1997 1997 1997 1997 1999 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 1998 1999 Q P P Q D P D P D Q P Q P P P D P Q P P P D P P Q Exc D 360 350 360 360 280 360 170 360 180 270 290 150 180 180 180 180 300 180 340 340 290 280 300 320 180 360 na SE na W na WSW na SW na SE SE NW SE W SW N E NW E SE NW SE SW NW SE N NNW R R R I 0 0 R S R S 0 0 S S S S S 0 0 0 R 0 0 0 R S 0 Avgerage Diameter (m)7 1.3 4.1 4 3.25 1.8 2.25 1.5 1.8 2.4 2.55 1.575 2.3 1.85 1.3 1.95 1.85 2.15 2.925 1.95 3.35 1.9 3.3 2.3 2.35 4.1 2.425 3.075 Interior Diameter A (m)8 1.3 4.2 4 4 2.2 2.5 1.6 2.2 2.4 2.9 2.15 2.4 2.5 1.5 2.2 2.4 3.1 3.25 2.4 4 1.9 3.4 2.4 2.5 4.2 3.25 3.65 Interior Height10 Height10 Height10 Diameter N (m) E (m) S (m) B (m)9 1.3 0.25 0.35 0.1 4 0.35 0.3 0.15 4 0.26 0.1 0.1 2.5 0.21 0.33 0.09 1.4 1.1 0.4 0.3 2 0.35 0.35 0.25 1.4 0.3 0.4 0.15 1.4 0.3 0.3 0 2.4 0.3 0.35 0.15 2.2 0.25 0.4 0 1 0.2 0.1 0.1 2.2 0.35 0.55 0.35 1.2 0.2 0.15 0 1.1 0.1 0.15 0.1 1.7 0.3 0.35 0.15 1.3 0 0.25 0.2 1.2 0.11 0 0 2.6 0.1 0.3 0.3 1.5 0.07 0.09 0.25 2.7 0.2 0.25 0.25 1.9 0 0.4 0.5 3.2 0.3 0.4 0.15 2.2 0.25 0.2 0.3 2.2 0.2 0.35 0.5 4 0.24 0.16 0.25 1.6 0 0.1 0.15 2.5 0.4 0.25 0.35 Height10 Const13 W (m) 0.1 0.21 0.28 0.4 0 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.15 0.1 0 0 0.05 0.05 0.1 0 0.25 0.1 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.15 A S S A P A P S S S A S S S S C C S A S S M S S S S C RelT12 L L C C I M I M C S L R C S C M C/I C C C R M L M I L C Vert Location14 Rel13 0 0 0.12 0.22 0.5 0 0.5 1.1 -0.07 0.45 0.2 0.4 1.2 0.5 0.1 0 0.25 0.2 0 0.35 0 0 -0.18 Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Ring1 Year2 Confidence3 Degrees Circumf4 Open Direction5 Shape6 246 247 249.1 250 252.1 255 259 259.1 260.1 261.1 263.1 264.1 267.1 274.1 279 283 285 286 288 299.4 302 307.1 308 317 323.1 1006 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 2000 1998 1998 2000 1998 1997 1997 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 1997 1997 1997 1999 1998 1999 1999 1998 2000 D P P Exc D P P Q Q P P D Q Q D P D Exc D Q P D P P P Q 180 300 360 360 350 360 360 360 270 360 340 270 180 185 190 285 270 360 360 180 180 360 300 360 340 180 SE SE na na N na na na N na S SSW SE S S SW SE na na S NW na S SE NW NE S 0 R R R R R R R 0 R S S S R O 0 R S R R 0 R R S Avgerage Diameter (m)7 2.2 2.65 2.8 2.725 3 2.5 1.35 0.75 2.15 6 2.15 2.5 2.25 1.65 1.3 2.15 3 3.55 2.5 1.75 4 1.8 3.45 3.6 0.925 2.05 Interior Diameter A (m)8 2.7 2.8 2.8 3.25 3 2.5 1.4 0.75 2.2 6 2.3 2.5 2.4 1.7 1.5 2.2 3.1 4.3 2.5 2.3 4 1.8 3.5 3.6 0.95 2.4 Interior Height10 Height10 Height10 Diameter N (m) E (m) S (m) B (m)9 1.7 0.4 0.2 0 2.5 0.35 0.35 0.15 2.8 0.3 0.45 0.3 2.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 3 0.25 0.4 0.15 2.5 0.2 0.1 0.15 1.3 0.05 0.1 0.05 0.75 0.05 0.3 0.05 2.1 0.15 0.4 0.25 6 0.05 0.2 0.1 2 0.15 0.4 0.25 2.5 0.33 0.24 2.1 0.4 0.15 0 1.6 0.1 0.3 0 1.1 0.8 0.4 0 2.1 0.4 0.4 0 2.9 0.2 0.3 0.15 2.8 0.28 0.3 0.18 2.5 0.04 0.26 0.15 1.2 0.25 0.4 0 4 0 0.2 0.25 1.8 0.2 0.5 0.1 3.4 0.25 0.3 0 3.6 0.25 0.5 0.15 0.9 0.4 0.15 0.35 1.7 0 0.05 0.15 Height10 Const13 W (m) 0.2 0 0.15 0.25 0.15 0.2 0.05 0.05 0.45 0.05 0.15 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.35 0.6 0.2 0.42 0.15 0.1 0.1 0.15 0.25 0.1 0 0.1 S M S M S S S A M A S M S C C C S M S C A S S A S S RelT12 R M C S C M L C C L C M C R C S I S/L L/C C M I C M C R Vert Location14 Rel13 0.35 -0.15 0 0.45 0 0 0 0 0.6 0 0.3 0 0 0 0 0.8 1.5 0.3 0 0 0.1 0 0 0 -0.3 Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Ring1 Year2 Confidence3 MIDDLE TERRACE COMPLEX 443 2000 D 450 Q 451 2000 P 453.1 Q 453.2 Q 541 D 549 D LOWER TERRACE COMPLEX 345 2000 D 367 2000 P 373 2000 P 373.1 2000 P 375 2000 P 382 2000 D 429 2000 D 454.1 2000 P 454.2 2000 D 461.1 2000 P 477 2000 P 481 2000 P 489 2000 D 494 2000 D 498 2000 P 536 2000 P Degrees Circumf4 Open Direction5 Shape6 Avgerage Diameter (m)7 Interior Diameter A (m)8 340 200 250 360 360 360 360 NW SW E na na na na 360 250 240 270 320 290 360 280 180 140 120 180 200 270 360 150 na NE W S SE na SW SW NW S SW SE W E Interior Height10 Height10 Height10 Diameter N (m) E (m) S (m) B (m)9 Height10 Const13 W (m) R S 0 R R O R 3.05 2 2.36 2.1 2.5 2.5 2 3.1 2.2 2.5 2.3 2.5 2.8 2.2 3 1.8 2.22 1.9 2.5 2.2 1.8 0.17 0.07 0.15 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.08 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.23 0.15 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.11 0.05 0.13 0.1 0.1 0.25 0.17 R S 0 R 0 R R R R S R S S 0 0 S 1.225 1.6 3 1.35 2.4 2.85 4 2 1.35 1.85 2.6 1.4 2.6 2.52 1.99 2.25 1.25 2.1 3.4 1.4 2.9 3 4.05 2.1 1.45 2.6 2.7 1.8 2.9 2.59 2.18 3.1 1.2 1.1 2.6 1.3 1.9 2.7 3.95 1.9 1.25 1.1 2.5 1 2.3 2.45 1.8 1.4 0.1 0.1 0.15 0.15 0.45 0.3 0.35 0.3 0.1 0 0.35 0.15 0.2 0.11 0.12 0.05 0.1 0 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.25 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.15 0.3 0.15 0.06 0.07 0 0.15 0.2 0 0.1 0 0.25 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.25 0 0.25 0 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.25 0 0.1 0.05 0.2 0 0.05 0 0.05 0 0.1 0.09 0.07 0.15 S M S S S S S S S S S M A/S S S A/S C C S S S RelT12 Vert Location14 Rel13 R/C M 0.5 Middle - Middle Middle 0.4 Middle 0.3 Middle - Middle - Middle C M I I M L M M I I M C T edge T edge T edge L C R/C C/R C 0 0 0.2 0 1.2 0 0.5 -0.25 -0.25 0 0 0 0 0.3 0.1 Lower Lower Lower Lower Lower Lower Lower Lower Lower Lower Lower Lower Lower Lower Lower Lower 1 Ring-A unique number assigned to each feature. Note: .1 = a, .2 = b, etc. 2 Year-The year in which feature was recorded. 3 Confidence-A subjective characterization of confidence in identification of the feature: D = Definite rock ring. P = Probable rock ring. Exc = Definite rock ring, excavated. Q = Identification of feature questionable. 9 Interior Diameter B-Length of short axis, expressed in meters. Height-These four columns provide the height of feature walls, measured at each of the four cardinal directions, expressed in meters. 10 11 4 Degrees Circumference-The amount of the circumference of the structure which is constructed or defined, expressed in degrees. 5 Open Direction-Direction the opening faces. na = not applicable (360o), "-" = missing information. 6 Shape-Shape of feature. R = Round (long and short axes within 10%) SubRect = Subrectangular O = Oval I - Irregular S = Semi-circular 7 8 Average Diameter-Length of long axis and short axis divided by 2. Expressed in meters. Construction-A subjective characterization of the manner in which the feature was built. A = Discontinuous alignment of cobbles. M = Massive construction. S = Single course of cobbles. P = Pocket in talus. C = Multiple courses of stacked cobbles. 12 Relationship to Terrace-Specifies the location of the rock ring in relation to its associated terrace (if any). I = Isolated, not associated with a terrace. C = In "corner" of terrace. S = Situated on a separate platform above M = In the middle of associated terrace. terrace. L/R = On right or left hand side of terrace (defined facing upslope). 13 Interior Diameter A-Length of long axis, expressed in meters. 14 Vertical Relationship-Relationship between floor of rock ring and terrace surface. 0 = Rock ring built on terrace surface. Negative values reflect rock ring surfaces below terrace surface, while positive values indicate rock ring is elevated above terrace surface. Location-Indicates whether rock ring is associated with Upper, Middle, or Lower Terrace Complex. Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 4.1. Minor Investigations at Other Sites in Northwestern Chihuahua. Investigations at Sites on the Río Casas Grandes Floodplain Radiocarbon dates showed that Cerro Juanaqueña and several other cerros de trincheras were inhabited for two relatively brief intervals during the Late Archaic Period. We suspected that these sites were not typical of the entire period, and we hoped to find evidence of other Late Archaic occupations on the valley floor. As our understanding of the geomorphic history of the setting grew, we eventually realized that floodplain aggradation would have buried most sites of this era. Nevertheless, we still hoped that through good luck or diligence we might find evidence of other Late Archaic occupations in valley bottom settings. With this objective in mind, two locations were tested more intensively, Ophelia's Well and the Floodplain Site (Roney and Hard 2000). Ophelia's Well Ophelia's Well is a site located on the eastern edge of the small community of Colonia Oaxaca, about two kilometers west of Cerro Juanaqueña (Figure A.1.1). Local people found human remains here around 1980, while digging a well. The location was on the edge of the floodplain at the base of an alluvial terrace. Although there was no surface indication of a prehistoric archeological site, buried cultural materials seemed very possible at this location. Based on this, we excavated five trenches within an area measuring 25 meters east-west and 30 meters north-south, monitoring the backdirt carefully, and stopping frequently to inspect walls of the trenches. Each trench was a meter wide and three to five meters long, extending to a depth of 2.2 meters. Indications of human occupation were found in three of the five trenches. These consisted of a stratum of grey, ashy soil, flecks of charcoal, several fire-cracked rocks, and a few lithic flakes. Three possible pits, up to 30 cm in depth and 25 to 30 cm in diameter were also defined, but all three were quite indistinct, and it is possible that all of the cultural material was actually redeposited from the Pleistocene terrace upslope to the west. The northern and southern boundaries of the cultural deposit were established by sterile trenches, but the eastern and western extents remain undefined. Table A is a summary of the stratigraphy in one of the trenches, as described by geologist, Lee Nordt. The layer containing cultural materials was found at a depth of about 100 cm below the surface, and was bracketed by the Janos paleosol above and the Trincheras paleosol below. Dating of the two paleosols from elsewhere in the vicinity of Cerro Juanaqueña indicates that the cultural stratum at Ophelia's Well should be between 1000 BC and AD 1. This estimate is corroborated by a radiocarbon date of 2500 +/- 50 BP on wood charcoal, a date which calibrates between 800 BC and 200 BC. These results indicate a Late Archaic occupation dating well after the principal occupation at Cerro Juanaqueña and slightly before its second period of use. Based on current evidence, the nature of this occupation is unclear. If the materials we observed are, in fact, redeposited, then the site would have been located on the Pleistocene terrace now occupied by Colonia Oaxaca. Floodplain Site Archeologists working for INAH told us of another location that seemed promising, a large scatter of lithic artifacts located on the floodplain about four kilometers south of Cerro Juanaqueña (Figure A). We found that this site was about four hectares in size, consisting of an extensive scatter of worked stone, fragments of ground stone, and various burned rock features. Importantly, there seemed to be no pottery, implying that the site might be Archaic in age. Our investigations here focused on two locations, a burned rock feature and a scatter of burned daub. We selected one of the burned rock features for further investigation because several bifaces and biface fragments, including a Cortaro point were found on or adjacent to the feature. The burned rock feature was a circular mound, 7.5 by 8 meters in diameter. Although largely deflated, the feature was still mounded 15 cm or so above the surrounding floodplain surface, and included darker soil as well as a dense distribution of microdebitage. Eventually over 700 lithic artifacts consisting primarily of tiny flakes were recovered from a one meter by one meter test unit. The archeological test showed that the cultural deposit was only about 14 cm thick and that it included many fire cracked rocks and river cobbles. Rodent disturbance was obvious in some places, and lithic artifacts had been mixed into the underlying sediments to a depth of 35 or 40 cm. We were unable to obtain a radiocarbon date from the feature. In another area of this site we found a scatter of burned daub that seemed likely to have been a residential structure. However, further investigations involving magnetometry and auguring proved fruitless. In the end, we concluded that the location has been deflated and was unlikely to yield useful information. Investigations at Viejo and Medio Period Sites Another aspect of our research involved preliminary comparisons between Late Archaic assemblages at Cerro Juanaqueña and assemblages from other later sites in the immediate vicinity. Because such comparative material was not readily available, we sought and received permission from the INAH Consejo de Arqueologia to recover a limited amount of lithic, ceramic, and faunal material from disturbed contexts at three other sites near Janos (Hard et al. 2001). Janos Viejo Site This is a Viejo period site located on the western outskirts of the town of Janos (Figure A). It was recorded by Michael Whalen and Paul Minnis in 1995 as 95-448 (Whalen and Minnis 1995). The boundaries of this ancient pueblo are difficult to define because of modern development related to the growth of present day Janos, which has impacted the site in obvious ways. However, indications are that this was a relatively large settlement. It has been vandalized extensively and numerous mounds of back dirt from pothunters' pits are visible. Numerous disturbed pre-Columbian artifacts are visible on the surface, including plain and decorated ceramics, worked stone, fragments of ground stone, and fragments of bone. Charcoal and other historic artifacts are also present on the surface. We obtained a sample of prehistoric materials, including sherds, lithics, obsidian, and bone by screening back dirt from the looter's pits. Sitio Lucero This is a Viejo period site located on the floodplain about half a kilometer southwest of Cerro Juanaqueña (Figure A). It was likely recorded in 1995 by Whalen and Minnis as site 95-480. This site has also been looted, but not as extensively as Janos Viejo. It consists of a light scatter of sherds that extend 100 meters north to south, beginning near a livestock tank and ancient drainage channel. The site is in an area of dense vegetation, and is some distance from modern habitations or other structures. We noted three rectangular looters' pits about 20 meters from the drainage channel, and we selected a mound of earth associated with a small looter's pit where a scatter of disturbed lithics and potsherds was visible. In about two hours of screening we recovered sample of 200 lithics. We also collected some of the largest sherds and decorated sherds, leaving the smaller sherds behind. All of the sherds were plainwares or red slipped wares, except for a single sherd of Viejo period red on brown. No bone or obsidian was found. Sitio Antonio Sitio Antonio is a Medio period site located one kilometer west and a little north of Cerro Juanaqueña (Figure A). Like most obvious Ceramic Period sites in the area, Sitio Antonio has been extensively looted. The site is 150 by 80 meters in size, and includes a mound approximately two meters high, the remains of an adobe structure. Today between 20 and 40 looters pits are visible, some of them almost two meters deep. The surface is covered with sherds, as well as a much smaller number of lithic artifacts. As at the Viejo period sites, our investigations were limited to screening sediments already disturbed by pot hunters. We selected several back dirt piles with abundant artifacts and screened soil from their uppermost 20 centimeters, continuing until we obtained 200 lithic artifacts. After tabulating the lithic artifacts, they were returned to the back dirt pile from which they had come. Only larger sherds were collected. Small sherds of plain ware and red ware were returned to their original proveniences in the back dirt. We also collected a few pieces of decorated pottery from the surface, and we retained all of the bone found in the screen. We inspected the surface of the entire site and collected all obsidian (approximately 20 pieces), as ell as chert cores. Finally, we collected bone from the surface to be used in stable isotope analysis. Table A. Stratigraphic Zones in Trench 5A at Ophelia's Well Depth Surf. - 15 cm 15 - 32 cm 32 - 43 cm 43 - 51 cm 51 - 69 cm 69 - 87 cm 87 - 103 cm 103 - 119 cm 119 - 138 cm 138 - 163 cm 163 - 188 cm 188 - 228 cm Horizon C Bl Ab1 Bw A1b2 A2b2 Bk BC1 BC2 or Ab C Ab3 Bw1 Texture Clay loam Clay loam Silty clay loam Silty clay loam Silty clay loam Silty clay loam Silty clay loam Sandy clay loam Sandy clay loam Sandy clay loam Clay loam Silty loam Color 10 YR 4.5/2 7.5 YR 5/3 7.5 YR 5/2 7.5 YR 3/3 7.5 YR 3.5/2 7.5 YR 5/3 7.5 YR 3/2 7.5 YR 5/3 7.5 YR 3.5/3 7.5 YR 4/3 7.5 YR 5/3 7.5 YR 4/3 Notes Janos paleosol Cultural deposits Trincheras paleosol Figure A. Locations of Minor Archeological Investigations Related to Cerro Juanaqueña. REFERENCES Hard, Robert J., José E. Zapata, and John R. Roney 2001 Una Investigación Arqueológica de Los Sitios Cerros con Trincheras del Arcaico Tardío en Chihuahua, México. Special Report 27-S. Center for Archaeological Research, University Texas at San Antonio and included as an electronic appendix to Chapter 3. Roney, John R. and Robert J. Hard 2000 Una Investigación Arqueológica de Los Sitios Cerros con Trincheras del Arcaico Tardío en Chihuahua, México: Las Investigaciones de Campo de 1999. Special Report 26-S. Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio and included as an electronic appendix to Chapter 3. Whalen, Michael E. and Paul E. Minnis 1995 Informe Tecnico Final al Consejo de Arqueología e Historia del Proyecto El Sistema Regional de Paquime, Chihuahua, Mexico. Manuscript on file at the Archivo del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, México, D.F. Appendix 6.1 Cerro Juanaqueña Projectile Point Data1 SURFACE COLLECTIONS Provenience Collection/ Bag Feature Feature Number Type2 Number 1 T 89.0 3 T 107.0 4 T 113.0 5 T 1.0 6.1 T 1.0 7 T 168.0 9 T 19.0 10.2 T 23.0 12 T 170.0 13 T 39.0 14 T 26.0 15 UNK 16 T 25.0 17 T 23.0 18 T 23.0 19 T 23.0 20 T 175.0 21 Q -24 T 537.0 25 T 9.0 28 T 43.0 29 T 43.0 30.1 T 83.0 31 T 269.0 32 T 267.0 33 T 172.0 34 T 56.0 35 T 21.0 36 T 146.0 37 T 207.4 38 T 199.0 40 T 199.0 41 T 299.2 42 T 298.0 43 T 104.0 48 T 176.0 49 T 116.0 50 T 216.0 52 T 231.0 53 T 188.0 54 T 188.0 56 T 299.1 Raw Material Color Red Grey Pink Purple Grey White Black White White White White Red Pink White White White Beige Grey Grey Pink Black & White White Grey White Pinkish Gray Yellow Pink Pink Beige Beige White White Beige White Gray Rock Type3 Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Stem Width (mm) 12.7 12 16.8 16.5 15.5 11.5 8.8 13.6 14.8 12.1 5.3 11.9 e 12.3 23.6 e 14.3 11.9 14.8 13.3 x 13.7 12.0 11.1 17.5 12.5 6.7 16.4 15.8 x 11.4 11.4 e 15.4 11 e 13.8 15.1 17.1 e 13.7 14.8 13.9 11.2 e 13.7 e 10.0 14.7 Length (mm) 28.5 x 36.5 x 30 x 35 x 38 dx 72.0 e 43.0 e 24 x 39.7 25 x 10 x 42 x 17 x 32.3 17 x 11 x 28 x 28 x 34 x 28 x 43.2 e 38.7 28 x 31.9 21.5 39.0 22 x 30.0 34.5 32 x 33 x 29 x 27 x 37 x 53 e 20 x 35 x 32 x 29 x 36 x 40 e 42.5 Measurements4 Maximum Width Thickness (mm) (mm) 25.9 d 14.9 d 20.0 d 23.0 e d 24.9 d 35.0 e d 21.3 d 22 x d 25.1 d 23.7 d 11 x 4x 29.6 e d 16.4 d 27 x d 26.0 e d 25 x d 20.6 e d 18.8 d 23 x d 25.8 e d 22.0 e d 24.4 e d 23.5 d 23.6 d 12.3 d 12.4 d 21.2 d 20.9 d 25.8 e d 22.1 d 24.1 d 16.4 d 30 x d 24.4 d 27.9 d 17 x d 31 e 7 24 x d 24.0 d 24 x d 14.4 6.1 28.8 6.9 Morphology Weight (gms) d d d d d d d d d d 0.3 d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d 7.8 d d d 3.9 6.3 Notch Position5 CN SN SN SN SN BN CN CN CN SN Abb BN CN SN CN SN SN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN x BN CN CN CN BN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN SN CN Stem Shape6 x Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Con Exp Exp Exp Exp x Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp x x Exp Exp Para Para Exp Exp Exp x Exp x Exp Exp Para Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp x x Exp Exp Base Shape7 x CV CV CV CC CV CV ST CV CV CV x ST CC ST CV CV ST x x CV CC CV CC CV ST CV x CV x ST CV ST ST CV ST CV x x CV ST Classification8 Fragment SanPedro SN Unclassified SanPedro SN Tosden Tularosa BN Gypsum SanPedro CN st SanPedro CN cv SanPedro SN Small Tularosa BN Unclassified Tosden SanPedro CN st SanPedro SN SanPedro SN SanPedro CN st Fragment Fragment SanPedro CN cv Tosden Datil Datil Small Unclassified SanPedro SN Unclassified Tularosa BN Fragment SanPedro CN st Unclassified Tularosa BN Fragment Unclassified SanPedro CN cv SanPedro CN st SanPedro CN cv Fragment Fragment Tularosa CN SanPedro CN st Figure Number -6.8b(aa) 6.15b(ll) 6.8a(k) 6.11(f) 6.10a(h) 6.12(b) 6.6a(c) 6.7a(n) 6.8a(b) 6.16(e) 6.10a(i) 6.15a(k) 6.11(g) 6.6b(ee) 6.8a(a) 6.8a(w) 6.6a(r) --6.7c(fff) 6.11(i) 6.13(a) 6.13(k) 6.16(c) 6.15a(m) 6.8b(y) 6.15a(w) 6.10b(n) -6.6a(g) 6.15b(x) 6.10a(d) -6.15b(ii) 6.7b(u) 6.6a(q) 6.7a(p) --6.9(m) 6.6b(aa) Collection/ Bag Number 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 65 66 67 68 69 73 74 75 77 78 79 81 83 84 85 86 87.2 88 89 90 91 92 93 96 100 104 105 107 109 111 112 113 116 117 119 120 121 122 123 Feature Type2 T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Q Q Q Q Q T T T T T T T T ISO T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Feature Number 199.0 120.0 125.0 137.0 166.0 45.0 21.0 21.0 22.0 14.0 14.0 539.0 3.0 539.0 127.0 170.0 2.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.1 156.0 156.0 157.0 157.0 301.2 301.1 185.0 185.0 0.0 153.0 67.0 58.0 83.0 42.1 86.0 163.0 146.0 146.0 147.1 129.0 157.0 157.0 157.0 157.0 176.0 Color Beige White White Pink White Beige Brown & Blue Red Pink White White White Blue White White Purple White White Pink Red & Black White White White White White Gray Gray Gray Beige Grey White Beige Gray Red Black Gray Beige White Pink White Pink White White Gray Gray Yellow White Rock Type3 Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Phaneritic Phaneritic Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Phaneritic Basalt Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Phaneritic Chert Chert Chert Stem Width (mm) 12.7 12.0 9.9 11.6 10.8 14.3 15.4 x 12.5 12.9 12.0 9.1 13.3 13.8 e 12.1 11 x 12.2 20 e 12.3 e x 11.0 12.6 e 12.1 12.8 12.3 13.8 12.8 11.2 15.4 14.5 14.9 10.1 10.4 13.7 15.3 10.4 17.4 9.0 11.2 9x 11.3 17.5 15 x 15.9 11.1 Length (mm) 25 x 31.0 23 x 23 x 18 x 25 x 27 x 26 x 35.5 e 30 x 26 x 15 x 27 x 16 x 48.5 e 20 x 25 x 21 x 40 e 35 x 17 x 54.1 40 e 31.2 17 x 30 x 35.0 56 e 40 e 18 x 25 x 41.0 26 x 19.1 49.5 e 21 x 24 x 42 e 17 x 18 x 19 x 20 x 40 x 25 x 26 x 35 e Maximum Width (mm) 20 x 17.6 21 e 28 x 25 x 19.7 22.4 30 x 20.8 18.7 23.5 22 x 17 e 21 x 22.3 23.3 24 x 21 x 24.5 e 24 x 14 x 25.7 21.3 e 17.4 24 e 25.5 e 25.7 25.6 16.3 20.7 25 e 23.9 15.7 15.0 22.9 24.9 22.3 24 e 14.4 23.5 e 16 x 23.5 e 28.7 17 x 25.5 e 21.4 Thickness (mm) 5.3 5.7 5.9 4.9 4.9 6.7 7.0 6.4 5.8 5.7 7.4 4.5 x 7.8 5.9 e 6.7 5.9 4.4 e 5.4 e 6.5 8.7 6.5 x 7.0 5.8 5.5 7.2 6.6 5.7 7.0 6.4 5.8 5.6 7.2 6.8 5.3 d 7.6 5.9 7.7 4.7 6.3 5.4 x 6.5 8.5 6x 6.0 5.6 Weight (gms) 2.7 2.3 2.4 2.9 2.1 3.5 4.8 4.4 4.0 3.2 5.0 1.2 3.2 1.6 5.9 2.6 2.1 2.1 5.5 6.3 1.3 7.0 4.5 2.3 2.7 4.1 3.6 6.2 3.1 2.0 3.2 4.7 2.4 1.3 6.6 3.6 2.8 5.7 1.4 2.5 1.6 4.8 10.4 2.0 4.1 3.5 Notch Position5 CN SN CN BN BN SN CN BN? CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN BN? CN/SN Abb CN x CN CN CN CN CN CN CN SN SN CN CN SN SN CN CN CN CN SN CN SN CN CN CN CN CN Stem Shape6 Exp Exp Exp Para Exp Exp Exp x Exp Exp Exp Exp Con x Exp Exp x Exp Ex Ex x Ex Ex Ex Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Base Shape7 CV CV CV x CV ST x CV CV CV CV CV x CV ST x CV CV x CV ST CV CV CV ST ST CV CV CV CV ST CV CV CV CV CV ST CV CV ST CV CV CV CV Classification8 SanPedro CN cv SanPedro SN Tularosa CN Tularosa BN Tularosa BN SanPedro SN SanPedro CN st Fragment Unclassified Unclassified SanPedro CN cv SanPedro CN cv Unclassified Fragment SanPedro CN cv SanPedro CN st Fragment SanPedro CN cv Unclassified Unclassified Fragment Unclassified Datil Unclassified SanPedro CN cv SanPedro CN cv SanPedro CN st SanPedro CN st SanPedro SN SanPedro SN SanPedro CN cv SanPedro CN cv Unclassified Small SanPedro CN cv SanPedro CN cv Tularosa CN SanPedro CN cv Unclassified SanPedro CN cv SanPedro SN SanPedro CN st Unclassified SanPedro CN cv SanPedro CN cv Tularosa CN Figure Number 6.7b(z) 6.8a(h) 6.9(a) 6.10b(k) 6.10b(m) 6.8a(u) 6.6b(bb) -6.15a(f) 6.15b(hh) 6.7b(mm) 6.7b(gg) 6.15b(ee) -6.7a(r) 6.6a(j) -6.7b(ee) 6.15a(r) 6.15b(gg) -6.15b(mm) 6.13(e) 6.15a(g) 6.7b(ll) 6.7b(jj) 6.6a(i) 6.6a(s) 6.8b(cc) 6.8a(a) 6.7a(n) 6.7b(dd) 6.15b(bb) 6.16(h) 6.7a(f) 6.7a(e) 6.9(e) 6.7a(m) 6.15a(d) 6.7c(uu) 6.8a(m) 6.6a(n) 6.15b(kk) 6.7a(i) Not illust. 6.9(b) Collection/ Bag Number 125 126 130 131 134 136 138 142 144 145 147 148 149 150 152 155 156 157 159 162 170 171 174 175 176 177 179 182 184 185 187 188 190 191 195 196 198 200 201 202 204 205 211 217 219 220 Feature Type2 T T BF BR T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T R R T T T T T T Q Q T T Q Q T T ISO T T Q Q Q Feature Number 10.0 22.0 2.0 2.0 160.0 160.0 173.0 1.0 122.0 295.0 295.0 294.0 297.0 303.0 94.0 155.0 103.0 409.0 305.0 300.0 517.0 539.0 16.0 8.0 41.1 41.1 43.0 7.0 83.0 539.2 24.0 24.0 4.0 10.0 32.0 116.0 4.0 10.0 159.0 157.0 0.0 301.4 41.0 8.0 2.0 1.0 Color Beige Pink White Beige Gray Black White Gray Green Gray White Gray White Gray Pink White White White Gray Pink Gray White White Gray White Gray Red Gray Gray Pink White Gray Beige Black Beige White White White Black Pink White White Brown & Blue Brown Black Trans White Rock Type3 Phaneritic Chert Chert Basalt Chert Chert Obsidian Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Phaneritic Chert Obsidian Chert Chert Chert Obsidian Chert Chert Chert Obsidian - Stem Width (mm) x 14.8 e 12.5 12.9 13.2 12.8 x 13.7 14.6 x 14.5 3x 14.0 8.6 12.3 12.3 12.8 12.2 10.2 17.3 14.3 13.4 15.7 11.9 15.2 x 15.4 10.6 12.4 12.4 11.0 12.4 12 x 13.8 5.4 14.5 12.5 13.3 11.5 x 8.5 11.5 14.9 11.0 12.5 15.6 8.7 7x Length (mm) 37 x 15 x 18 x 20.8 x 54 e 23 x 11 x 21 x 11 x 17 x 11 x 33.0 51.0 30 x 32.4 35 e 44.5 e 42.3 27 x 35.5 e 28 x 42 e 55.0 25 x 14 x 47 x 39 e 37 e 35 e 35 e 16 x 35 x 19 x 25.9 26 x 30 e 12 x 20 x 18 x 25.3 29 x 30.3 39 e 26 x 16 x 14 x Maximum Width (mm) 24 x 20 x 18 x 28 e 24.5 e 19.1 18 x 18 x 6x 21.0 11 x 27.5 e 20 e 20.2 18.4 20.4 26 e 24.5 29.6 24.5 26 e 22.9 24.5 e 17 x 11 x 27.9 20.4 24.1 26 e 28.5 e 21.1 24 x 20.2 22.6 20.5 30 e 22 x 17.4 18 e 16.4 22.6 24.5 21.9 26.4 18.4 12 x Thickness (mm) 6.5 5.1 x 5.2 x 4.9 6.7 5.6 6.1 x 8x 5x 5.4 4x 6.8 5.9 7.5 6.0 5.4 5.4 4.9 7.8 7.2 5.9 5.3 4.7 6.6 5.4 x 7.8 6.2 6.8 7.7 5.0 5.4 6.2 6.1 4.0 6.6 5.2 5x 5.3 6.3 5.0 8.8 4.3 7.7 6.6 5.0 5.3 x Weight (gms) 3.9 1.5 1.2 2.7 6.1 2.9 1.1 2.8 0.2 2.2 0.3 4.5 4.2 4.6 3.3 3.4 4.2 3.7 4.8 4.2 4.1 4.8 4.2 3.1 0.7 8.6 3.7 3.9 3.4 3.9 1.7 3.7 2.5 1.4 3.0 3.3 1.1 1.9 1.6 2.0 5.5 2.7 4.0 3.9 1.1 1.1 Notch Position5 CN x CN BN CN x x x x CN x CN BN CN CN CN CN BN CN CN CN CN CN SN x CN CN CN CN BN CN CN CN CN CN BN x x CN SN CN BN CN CN CN x Stem Shape6 x Exp Exp Exp Exp x Exp Exp x Exp x Exp Abb Con Exp Exp Exp Exp Para Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp x x Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Para Exp Exp x Exp Exp Exp Exp Para Exp Exp x Base Shape7 x CV ST CV CV x CV ST x CV x CV x CV CV CV ST CV CC CV CV CV ST CV x x CV ST CV CV CV x CV CV ST ST CV x CV CC CV CV Ir CV CV x Classification8 Fragment SanPedro CN cv SanPedro CN st Tularosa BN SanPedro CN cv Fragment SanPedro CN cv SanPedro st Fragment SanPedro CN cv Fragment SanPedro CN cv Unclassified Gypsum SanPedro CN cv SanPedro CN cv SanPedro CN st Tularosa BN Datil SanPedro CN cv SanPedro CN cv SanPedro CN cv SanPedro CN st Unclassified Fragment Fragment Tularosa CN SanPedro CN st SanPedro CN cv Tularosa BN SanPedro CN cv SanPedro CN SanPedro CN cv Small Datil Tularosa BN SanPedro CN cv Fragment Tularosa CN Tosden SanPedro CN cv Tularosa BN Datil SanPedro CN cv Tularosa CN Fragment Figure Number -Not illust. 6.6a(e) 6.10b(p) 6.7a(s) -Not illust. Not illust. -6.7b(y) -6.7b(bb) 6.15b(dd) 6.12(a) 6.7c(ww) 6.7c(oo) 6.6a(m) 6.10a(f) 6.13(i) 6.7a(d) 6.7a(o) 6.7a(h) 6.6a(u) 6.15a(o) --6.9(f) 6.6b(z) 6.7c(ggg) 6.10b(o) 6.7c(rr) Not illust. 6.7a(k) 6.16(f) 6.13(b) 6.10b(q) Not illust. -6.9(i) 6.11(h) 6.7a(q) 6.10b(l) 6.13(d) 6.7a(l) 6.9(p) -- Collection/ Bag Number 223 224 229 230 234 236 244 245 248 249 251 252 254 258 260 264 266 268 269 271 273 274 275 280 281 282 286 294 297 299 301 302 303 305 306 309 311 326 328 335 336 339 340 345 346 347 Feature Type2 Q Q ISO ISO T T T T T T T T T T T T R R T T T T T T T T T T T T ISO W T T T T T T T R T T T T T T Feature Number 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 148.0 161.0 204.0 292.0 297.0 289.0 303.0 303.0 301.4 120.1 449.0 13.0 137.2 221.0 220.0 222.0 292.0 278.0 273.0 223.0 223.0 32.0 191.1 188.0 248.0 234.0 0.0 63.0 65.0 203.0 237.0 200.0 313.0 99.0 139.0 225.0 387.0 297.0 126.0 94.0 115.0 191.1 Color Gray Beige White Gray Dark Green White White White Pink White White White Gray White Beige White Brown Yellow Gray Gray Black Beige Beige White White Beige White White Gray Gray Gray Beige Gray White Pink Brown White White Clear White White Pink Gray Brown White White Rock Type3 Chert Chert Chert Obsidian Chert Chert Chert Phaneritic Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Phaneritic Chert Chert Basalt Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Phaneritic Chert Chert Chert Chert Phaneritic Chert Chert Obsidian Chert Chert Basalt Chert Chert Chert Stem Width (mm) 10 x 16.6 9.5 x 11.4 6.3 e 11 x 13.2 13.7 17.0 10 x 14.1 11.5 12.4 11.9 14 10 x 14.7 12.0 13.1 14.1 11.7 13.1 12.8 11.4 e 12.4 16.4 14.3 x 13.6 15.6 14.5 x 13.6 11.7 13.7 e 9.3 9.9 14.6 10.7 12.7 x x 13.2 14.0 10.5 15.1 6.0 12.6 Length (mm) 24 x 31 e 32 x 35.5 e 13 x 23 x 38 e 19 x 19 x 22 x 29.0 36 e 44.6 32.7 34.5 e 22 x 36 x 33 e 33.5 e 32.0 40 e 35.5 e 39 e 27 x 16 x 26 x 33 x 28 x 48 e 45.5 e 34.7 25 x 18 x 38 e 35 e 61 e 26 x 28 x 23 x 23 x 33 e 46 e 23 x 41 e 25.5 20 x Maximum Width (mm) 26 x 22.6 12 x 24.5 e 12.3 23 x 20.6 23 e 20 x 14.1 19.0 19.2 25.7 19.4 21.3 20 x 16.6 22.5 e 29.5 e 20.8 26.5 e 21.5 e 19.4 23.4 30 x 26.5 e 26 x 19.8 22.0 24.5 18.5 20.9 x 22.0 22.3 25.2 18.1 18 x 27 e 22 e 16 x 21 e 21.6 25.0 22.1 11.3 29.8 Thickness (mm) 5.4 6.4 6.6 e 5.9 3.6 5.6 6.5 5.4 5.4 e 7.4 5.9 6.2 5.8 5.2 5.9 5.5 x 7.2 5.0 4.7 4.9 5.3 5.3 7.2 5.1 6.1 5.8 6.2 6.4 8.3 7.8 5.9 5.6 6.2 5.5 6.5 7.6 6.7 5.3 5.7 6.1 7.4 7.9 5.4 7.2 4.4 5.7 Weight (gms) 3.1 3.5 2.7 3.0 0.2 3.0 4.1 2.2 2.4 3.0 3.1 4.1 6.0 3.1 4.0 1.9 4.3 3.6 3.7 3.1 4.3 3.5 4.7 3.2 2.4 4.2 5.2 3.6 6.5 6.1 3.5 2.8 2.1 4.3 4.3 7.8 2.8 4.0 2.1 2.3 3.3 5.5 2.6 4.5 1.2 2.8 Notch Position5 CN CN CN CN x CN CN CN x Abb SN CN CN CN SN CN SN CN CN SN CN SN SN x BN SN CN SN SN SN SN CN CN CN x SN CN CN CN x SN SN BN SN CN BN Stem Shape6 x Para Exp Exp x x Exp Exp Exp Con Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp x Exp Exp Para Exp Exp Exp Exp x Para Exp Exp Exp Exp x Exp Exp x Exp x Exp Exp Exp x x Exp Exp Con Exp Exp Exp Base Shape7 x CV CV CC x x CV CV CV ST CV CV CV CV ST x CC CV ST ST x CV ST x ST CV ST CV CV x CV CV x x x ST ST ST x x ST CV CV CV CV Classification8 Fragment Unclassified SanPedro SN Tosden Small Fragment SanPedro CN cv SanPedro CN cv SanPedro CN cv Unclassified SanPedro SN SanPedro CN cv SanPedro CN cv SanPedro CN cv SanPedro SN Fragment Tosden SanPedro CN cv Gypsum SanPedro SN SanPedro CN SanPedro SN Unclassified Fragment Tularosa BN SanPedro SN Datil SanPedro SN SanPedro SN Fragment SanPedro SN SanPedro CN cv Fragment Tularosa CN Fragment SanPedro SN Tularosa CN Datil Fragment Fragment SanPedro SN SanPedro SN Gypsum SanPedro SN Small Tularosa BN Figure Number -6.15a(p) 6.8b(bb) 6.11(j) 6.16(l) -6.7c(qq) 6.7a(a) Not illust. 6.15b(z) 6.8a(r) 6.7c(ss) 6.7c(iii) 6.7b(ff) 6.8b(kk) 11 6.11(e) 6.7c(yy) 6.12(e) 6.8b(oo) Not illust. 6.8a(i) 6.15b(y) -6.10a(a) 6.8a(c) 6.13(h) 6.8b(ee) 6.8a(e) -6.8a(v) Not illust. 6.7b(ii) 6.9(t) -6.8b(gg) 6.9(g) 6.13(g) --6.8b(tt) 6.8a(d) 6.12(f) 6.8a(j) 6.16(d) 6.10b(j) Collection/ Bag Number 349 350 351 357 360 362 363 364 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 379 387 389 392 396 403 408 412 415 418 422 424 427 444 447 449 454 458 459 460 463 473 479 481 482 487 490 491 494 497 498 Feature Type2 T T T T T T T T T T T T T T R T T T T T T T T T T T T T Q T T T ISO R T T T R T T T T T T T T Feature Number 102.0 103.0 293.0 82.0 31.1 196.0 217.0 256.0 273.0 125.0 159.0 271.0 217.0 74.0 60.0 234.0 23.0 22.0 22.0 21.0 19.0 30.0 93.0 18.0 6.0 10.0 38.2 38.2 11.0 167.0 32.0 58.0 0.0 285.0 267.0 11.0 1001.0 285.0 238.0 237.0 241.0 237.0 244.0 213.0 211.0 211.0 Color Grey Mottled Brown & Blue Beige Brown White Black Trans White Gray White Grey Opaque White White Mottled White White Beige White Gray Brown Black Beige Brown Beige White Red Mottled Gray Pink Gray Black Trans Red Gray White Gray White Brown & Blue White White Beige White Brown White Beige Beige Clear Rock Type3 Chert Chert Chert Phaneritic Chert Obsidian Chert Chert Chert Chert Obsidian Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Basalt Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Obsidian Chert Phaneritic Chert Phaneritic Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Obsidian Stem Width (mm) 11.3 x 12.4 11.1 16.0 13.6 9.4 e 13 15.4 12.0 14.6 7.1 e 9.6 12.0 x 13 e 9x 15.3 12.6 e 13.5 10 x 14 e 11.5 e 13 16 13.3 12.3 12.1 11 x 8.9 5.8 13.6 13.9 e 14.7 14.2 14.8 11.9 15 12.9 15.6 14.5 13.7 9.9 14 x x Length (mm) 26x x 22 x 30 e 37.5 e 20 x 24 x 21 x 27 x 14 x 60.5 e 11 x 15 x 31 x 17x 27 x 24 x 28.5 20 x 12 x 39.9 e 32 x 36.5 e 35 x 23 x 31 e 36.1 42 e 34 x 23 x 31 e 26.0 38 e 23 x 42 e 32.2 32.8 42 x 27 x 48.7 37 e 36 e 31.4 36 x 16 x 22 x Maximum Width (mm) 18.3 x 23.4 19.2 18.4 18 x 19.8 18.4 26.5 e 19.5 e 18.5 15 x 17 x 21 x 11.1 21.9 18 x 17.3 20 x 21.7 21.3 18.8 23 e 13.2 17.5 20.8 21.1 18.8 20 x 17 x 19.4 12.3 22.9 18 x 20.2 26 e 18.5 15.2 23 x 27.8 e 21.3 21.5 e 23.5 e 18.3 20 x 17 x Thickness (mm) d x 5.9 5.6 6.1 5.0 7.0 6.4 8.8 5.8 8.0 4.8 4.4 5.3 d 6.0 5.7 e 5.3 4.9 6.1 7.1 5.1 5.9 5.3 6.7 6.4 7.5 6.7 6.9 7.8 5.2 3.7 5.7 5.7 7.4 6.4 4.7 6.6 5.6 6.6 6.4 5.5 5.3 4.6 6x 6.0 Weight (gms) d 5.7 3.1 2.6 3.7 2.2 2.7 2.5 5.4 1.5 6.8 0.6 1.1 2.9 d 3.6 1.7 2.2 2.0 1.7 3.9 3.1 3.9 3.1 2.9 3.9 4.9 4.1 5.7 3.0 1.9 1.0 4.4 1.7 6.0 3.6 2.5 4.0 3.3 5.6 4.1 3.3 3.8 2.4 1.9 Notch Position5 CN CN CN CN SN SN x CN SN CN SN CN SN CN CN x SN SN CN x CN x CN SN SN SN CN CN CN CN CN CN/SN CN CN SN CN SN CN CN CN CN SN CN x SN CN Stem Shape6 Exp Para Exp Exp Exp Exp Abb Exp Exp Exp Exp x Exp Exp x x Exp Exp Exp x Con x Exp Exp Exp Exp Abb Abb Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Para Exp Exp Con Exp Exp x Exp Exp Base Shape7 CV CV CV CC CV x ST ST CV CV x CV CV x x CV CV x x CV x ST x CV ST CV ST CV ST CV CV ST ST CV CV CV CV ST ST CV CV CC x x x Classification8 Tularosa CN Datil SanPedro CN cv Tosden SanPedro SN SanPedro SN Unclassified SanPedro CN st SanPedro SN SanPedro CN cv SanPedro SN Small Tularosa CN SanPedro CN cv Fragment Unclassified SanPedro SN Unclassified Fragment Fragment Gypsum Fragment SanPedro CN st Fragment SanPedro SN SanPedro SN Unclassified Unclassified SanPedro CN cv SanPedro CN st Tularosa CN Small Tosden SanPedro CN st SanPedro SN SanPedro CN cv SanPedro SN Unclassified SanPedro CN st SanPedro CN st Gypsum SanPedro SN Tosden Fragment SanPedro CN st Fragment Figure Number 6.9(o) 6.13(f) 6.7c(ddd) 6.11(b) 6.8b(ii) 6.8a(f) 6.15a(s) 6.6a(h) 6.8b(qq) 6.7b(cc) 6.8b(hh) 6.16(n) 6.9(n) 6.7c(hhh) -6.15a(v) 6.8a(t) 6.15a(t) --6.12(g) -6.6b(y) -6.8a(x) 6.8b(pp) 6.15a(q) 6.15a(n) 6.7b(kk) 6.6b(ff) 6.9(q) 6.16(a) 6.11(l) 6.6a(f) 6.8a(s) 6.7a(j) 6.8a(o) 6.15b(aa) 6.6b(dd) 6.6a(l) 6.12(h) 6.8a(p) 6.11(a) -6.6b(x) -- Collection/ Bag Number 502.1 502.2 509 522 526 527 528 540 549 551 552 553 555 580 581 585 589 596 598 599 606 623 624 632 640 641 648 649 654 655 661 666 669 679 685 687 690 691 692 694 697 712 717 724 730 732 Feature Type2 T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T ISO R T T T T R T R T T T T T T T T T T T T T R T T T UNK T T Feature Number 211.0 211.0 235.0 177.0 202.0 201.1 201.0 152.0 127.0 127.0 114.0 114.0 265.0 200.0 207.3 194.0 196.0 0.0 60.0 254.0 271.0 143.0 156.0 154.1 98.0 52.0 47.0 47.0 230.1 289.0 223.0 292.0 192.0 181.0 47.0 97.0 131.0 46.0 45.0 274.1 287.0 292.0 301.1 311.0 310.0 Color Clear Gray Gray White Black Trans Beige Beige White White Gray White White Black Trans Clear Clear White Gray Mottled Gray Mottled White Opaque White Yellow Clear Yellow Pink Clear Gray Mottled Red Clear Clear Dark Green Beige Beige White Clear Opaque Pink White Clear Beige White Pink White Gray White White Rock Type3 Obsidian Chert Chert Chert Obsidian Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Chert Rhyolite Rhyolite Chert Obsidian Chert Chert Obsidian Chert Chert Obsidian Chert Siltstone Obsidian Obsidian Obsidian Chert Chert Chert Obsidian Obsidian Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Stem Width (mm) 11.7 13.2 10.5 x 13.9 7.2 13.7 9.6 5.9 12.0 12.9 8.1 x 12.3 6.2 11 x 12.2 11.2 12.7 13.1 11.7 10.4 7.5 11.4 9.8 14.4 12 x 5.9 10.4 15.5 11.9 x 10.8 12.3 14.1 13.7 8.7 x 8.8 11.9 10 x 10.9 12.2 12.1 12.8 10.3 10.0 13.3 12.7 Length (mm) 18 x 38.5 e 24 x 33 e 21 e 34.1 33.5 23.6 32 e 40.4 21.4 x 30 x 19 x 26 x 32 e 36 x 52.4 e 48 e 35 x 13.5 x 24 x 12 x 19 x 26.6 25 x 17 x 31 x 39 e 34 x 19.1 x 27.1 29.6 e 34 e 17.6 x 21.9 x 22.3 x 41.4 e 26 x 31.0 e 47.0 e 11 x 28 x 50.8 36.4 31 x 16 x Maximum Width (mm) 24.5 e 20.6 20 x 23.5 e 14.2 17.7 23.0 7.6 19.5 21.7 13.7 x 24.9 11.9 18 x 22 e 21.0 22.1 26.0 24.5 e 18.5 x 13.0 19.9 22.5 e 22.0 19 x 9.5 20.9 34 e 21.5 e 12.8 x 19.4 24.8 19.2 26.3 15.0 x 19.3 e 22.1 15 x 17.0 19.9 17 x 26.4 19.2 20.9 25.0 17 x Thickness (mm) 5.4 7.0 7.5 5.1 5.1 6.9 5.2 3.7 6.9 5.1 5.9 5.5 4.4 5.4 6.0 5.4 6.9 6.9 6.5 4.7 6.5 5.2 e 5.1 6.4 6.7 2.8 6.2 8.5 5.2 5e 5.0 5.4 7.1 6.8 3.7 3.6 6.0 6.3 5.0 7.5 4x 8.0 5.6 5.6 6.8 6.0 Weight (gms) 1.8 3.7 3.3 2.9 1.0 3.1 2.6 0.9 3.7 3.6 2.0 4.1 0.7 1.9 3.1 3.8 7.2 5.8 5.7 1.0 2.2 1.2 1.8 3.0 2.9 0.4 4.1 7.0 2.4 1.2 2.0 3.6 3.7 2.7 1.0 1.1 4.6 2.1 1.9 6.3 0.7 4.9 4.6 3.4 5.4 1.3 Notch Position5 CN CN x CN CN CN CN BN CN CN CN CN x Abb CN x CN SN CN CN Abb SN CN CN x SN CN CN CN x CN CN SN BN CN CN CN SN CN SN CN CN CN CN CN CN Stem Shape6 Exp Exp x Exp Exp Exp Exp Para Exp Exp Exp Exp x x Exp x Exp Exp Exp Exp Para Exp Exp Exp x Exp Para Con x x Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp x Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Base Shape7 CV CV x CV CC CV CC ST CV CC CV CV x x CV x ST ST CV CV CV ST CV ST x CV CV ST x x CV x CV CV ST x ST CV x CV ST ST ST CV CV CV Classification8 SanPedro CN cv SanPedro CN cv Fragment SanPedro CN cv Small SanPedro CN cv Tosden Small SanPedro CN cv Tosden Tularosa CN SanPedro CN cv Small Fragment SanPedro CN st Fragment SanPedro CN st SanPedro SN SanPedro CN cv Tularosa CN Fragment SanPedro SN Tularosa CN Unclassified Fragment Small Unclassified Datil Fragment Fragment Tularosa CN Fragment Unclassified Tularosa BN Unclassified Fragment SanPedro CN st Unclassified Fragment SanPedro SN SanPedro CN st SanPedro CN st Tularosa CN Tularosa CN SanPedro CN st SanPedro CN st Figure Number 6.7c(bbb) 6.7c(aaa) -6.7b(t) 6.16(k) 6.7b(w) 6.11(k) 6.16(j) 6.7c(tt) 6.11(c) 6.9(j) 6.7b(hh) 6.16(m) -6.6b(w) -6.6a(o) 6.8b(uu) 6.7b(nn) 6.9(s) -6.8b(mm) 6.9(k) 6.15a(b) -6.16(g) 6.15b(ff) 6.13(c) --6.9(l) -6.15a(j) 6.10b(r) 6.15a(c) -6.6a(a) 6.15b(cc) -6.8b(dd) Not illust. 6.6a(p) 6.9(h) 6.9(c) 6.6b(v) 6.6a(d) Collection/ Bag Number 737 740 742 755 758 762 766 769 770 771 773 785 791 800 804 817 819 824 832 834 837 848 849 7010 9001 9002 9003 9005 Feature Type2 T T T T T R T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T UNK T T T T Feature Number 301.1 188.0 188.0 106.0 104.0 109.1 306.0 325.0 351.0 350.0 356.0 394.0 463.0 465.0 508.0 449.0 448.0 398.0 364.0 344.0 347.0 137.0 546.0 329.0 415.0 389.0 469.0 Color White White Beige Brown White White Red Beige Gray Red White Pink White Red Black Trans White Yellow Gray White White Gray Pink White White White White White Rock Type3 Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Siltstone Chert Chert Chert Chert Obsidian Chert Phaneritic Chert Phaneritic Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert - REPORTED BY MINNIS AND WHALEN 1995 8001.1 UNK 8001.2 UNK 8002 UNK 8003 UNK 8004 UNK - - RECOVERED THROUGH EXCAVATIONS9 7001 T 222 7002 T 222 7003 T 222 7004 T 222 7005 T 167.0 Orange 7006 T 167.0 7007 T 167.0 7008 T 537.0 7009 T 273.0 - Jasper - Stem Width (mm) 7.7 5.5 x 12.5 e 12.0 11.9 10 x 12.3 11.8 14.1 10.7 14.0 14.8 16.5 16 e 14.4 14.6 13.8 14.4 16.0 12.8 e 13.2 14.3 14.2 11.1 6.5 14.5 15.2 14.1 Length (mm) 33.5 e 23.8 26 x 36.5 e 25 e 18 x 46.5 e 28 x 36 e 45 x 26 x 25.5 x 34.3 33 x 43.5 e 34.1 43.3 29 x 30 x 25 x 36 e 46 e 45 e 48 e 32 x 49.7 e 23 x 44 e Maximum Width (mm) 20.5 e 13 x 27 e 16.3 16.9 16 x 25 28 e 23.0 19.9 18.4 21 e 25.3 33.5 e 26.0 20.7 21.5 24.2 22.2 26 e 26 e 24.0 29 e 21.0 16.4 24.5 e 21.5 x 23.8 Thickness (mm) 4.9 3.1 6.1 5.5 5.9 4.2 9.0 6.2 6.9 6.9 7.2 6.5 6.4 6.3 5.5 6.9 6.5 6.6 7.1 5.6 6.5 7.7 7.6 d d d d d Weight (gms) 2.3 0.8 3.9 2.9 2.1 1.7 6.8 4.6 3.4 4.2 3.4 1.9 4 6.9 5 4.7 5.7 4.7 5.4 3.5 4.8 6.4 7 d d d d d 16.9 15.7 14.7 16.5 9.4 23 x 25.4 57 e 55.1 e 29.6 e 21.0 18.0 28.9 23.4 20 x d d d d d 14.5 12.3 11.5 14.3 10.6 14.5 x 16.4 e 12 60.1 51 40.2 22x 25 x 17 x 31 x 27 x 34.3 37.1 24 e 23.7 e 21.5 28.9 e 24 x 22.3 e 26 e 13.1 d d d d d d d d d Notch Position5 CN CN CN CN CN x SN CN CN x SN SN CN BN? CN SN CN SN SN CN CN CN BN CN CN CN CN CN Stem Shape6 x Exp Con Exp Exp x Exp Exp Exp x Exp Exp Exp x Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp x Exp Exp Para Exp Exp Para Exp Exp Base Shape7 x x CV CC CV x CV ST ST x CV ST CV x CV CV CV CV CV xx CV CV CV CV ST ST CV Classification8 Fragment Small Gypsum Tosden SanPedro CN cv Fragment SanPedro SN SanPedro CN st Unclassified Fragment SanPedro SN SanPedro SN SanPedro CN cv Fragment SanPedro CN cv Unclassified SanPedro CN cv SanPedro SN SanPedro SN Fragment SanPedro CN cv SanPedro CN cv SanPedro CN st Tularosa CN Small Unclassified Unclassified SanPedro CN cv Figure Number -6.16(i) 6.12(c) 6.11(d) 6.7c(vv) -6.8a(q) 6.6a(b) 6.15a(e) -6.8a(l) 6.8b(nn) 6.7b(aa) -6.7c(zz) 6.15a(i) 6.7b(x) 6.8b(z) 6.8a(g) -6.7a(c) 6.7a(g) 6.6a(k) 6.9(r) 6.16(b) 6.15a(h) 6.15a(a) 6.7b(v) d d d d d x CN CN SN x x Exp Exp Exp x CV CV CV ST x Unclassified SanPedro CN cv Unclassified SanPedro SN Fragment 6.15a(u) 6.7c(pp) 6.15b(jj) 6.8b(rr) -- 3.5 - BN SN CN CN CN BN x CN SN Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Con x Exp Exp ST ST ST x CV CV x ST CV Tularosa BN SanPedro SN SanPedro CN st Unclassified Tularosa CN Gypsum Fragment SanPedro CN st SanPedro SN 6.10a(g) 6.8b(ss) 6.6b(cc) 6.15a(l) 6.9(d) 6.12(d) -6.6a(t) 6.8b(ll) Collection/ Bag Number 7013 7014 7015 7016 7019 7021 7022 7023 7024 7025 7026 7027 7028 7029 Feature Type2 T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Feature Number 273.0 290.0 387.0 97.0 167 273 1 20 163 167 175 287 6.0 287.0 Color Beige Brown Brown Gray Gray Gray White Gray Brown Gray Grey Grey Purp Pink Rock Type3 Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Chert Stem Width (mm) 13.8 x 12.5 13.9 11.1 10.8 x x 12.9 13.3 12.6 10.8 11.5 Length (mm) 34.3 29 x 30 x 57.8 33.5 22 x x x 23 x 32.7 39.5 41.6 37 e Maximum Width (mm) 24.7 28.2e 31e 25.5 17 19 x x 24 e 20.6 21.8 23.6 32.9 Thickness (mm) d d d d d d d d d d d d 5.3 Weight (gms) 3 3.9 3.9 7.3 2.6 4.5 2.2 3.1 0.9 3.1 3.4 4.1 3.1 4 Notch Position5 SN BN BN CN SN CN SN SN x CN CN CN CN BN Stem Shape6 Exp x x Exp Exp Para Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Base Shape7 x x CV CV ST CV CV ST ST CV CV CV ST Classification8 Datil Tularosa BN Tularosa BN SanPedro CN cv Tularosa CN Tularosa CN SanPedro SN Fragment SanPedro CN cv SanPedro CN cv Tularosa CN Tularosa BN Figure Number 6.13(j) 6.10a(c) 6.10a(e) 6.7c(eee) 6.9(w) -6.9(v) 6.8b(jj) --6.7c(xx) 6.7c(ccc) 6.9(u) 6.10a(b) 1 In general: "-" = no information. e = Measurement estimated, believed to be within a few millimeters of actual. x = Broken. When used after a measurement this indicates that the given value is a minimum. d = Drawing, used when actual specimen was not at hand. Weight and thickness are unknown and other measurements are taken from sketch or scaled photograph. 2 T = Terrace, R = Rock Ring, UNK = unknown, ISO = Isolated, not associated with recorded feature, W = Wall, Q = Quadrant. Scattered lithics occurr on a relatively level area just outside southeastern corner of Upper Terrace Complex. This area was searched systematically using a system of 20 m by 20 m quadrants. 3 In this column "chert" is used as a gloss for silicic aphanitic rock, including chalcedony, chert, and silicified rhyolite. 4 See "Archaeology's Operational Imperative: Great Basin Projectile Points as a Test Case," by David H. Thomas, University of California Archaeological Survey Annual Report 12:27-60, 1970. 5 BN = Basal-notched, CN = Corner-notched, SN = Side-notched, Abb = Aberrant. 6 Con = Contracting, Exp = Expanding, Para = Stem edges paralell, Abb - Aberrant, Ir = Irregular. 7 CV = Convex, ST = Straight, CC = Concave, Ir = Irregular. 8 CN = Corner-notched, BN = Basal-notched, SN = Side-notched, cv = Convex base, st = Straight base. 9 This list excludes 11 projectile point fragments which lack useful morphological information. Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Chihuahua Appendix 6.2. Spatial Analysis Introduction From our earliest visits to Cerro Juanaqueña we believed that we were finding artifacts at or very near the locations where they were deposited by the inhabitants of the site, implying that the distributions of artifacts across the site were largely intact. This is an important point because it means that patterns in the artifact distributions might reflect actual patterns of prehistoric behavior. The distribution of several classes of features can also be analyzed in a similar way, and together these data sets provide access to several interesting issues. As described in Chapter 6 (Sidebar 6.01), we combed the constructed terraces and talus slopes at Cerro Juanaqueña, as well as unmodified hillslopes adjacent to them, looking for features and formal artifacts. We carefully plotted the locations of 17 kinds of artifacts. In-field analysis was completed for certain categories of artifacts (cores, hammerstones, whole metates, metate fragments, whole manos, and mano fragments). Other artifacts were collected so that they could be analyzed, described, and illustrated in a laboratory setting (projectile points, bifaces, stone mortars, cruciforms, drills, small pestles, small mortars, stone pipes, abraders, stone disks, and ceramics). As the site was mapped we recorded detailed information about rock rings, and burned rock middens. Ultimately we plotted the location of almost 4900 individual artifacts and more than 100 rock ring and burned rock features. Let's explore some of the implications of these data. Chronological Implications Some of our most important questions about Cerro Juanaqueña concern chronology. Results of radiocarbon dating described in Chapter 5 suggested two relatively brief (200 year long) occupations at the site, both of them before the adoption of pottery. However, rock art as well as a few sherds and other artifacts from later time periods are also present, and we have to ask ourselves: To what extent might later occupations confuse our understanding of the artifacts and features on Cerro Juanaqueña? Many large surficial sites, like Cerro Juanaqueña, are palimpsests with jumbled remains from many different occupations spread over many different time periods. However, because of its unique character and location we do not believe that this is the case at Cerro Juanaqueña. Rock art is easily the most conspicuous evidence of post-Archaic activities on Cerro Juanaqueña. Figure 1 shows the distribution of Ceramic Period, Protohistoric, and Historic Period petroglyph loci. Assignment of elements to these periods is discussed in Chapter 3, and a description of the elements at each locus is given in Table 3.6. Elements of all three periods are intermingled, and are distributed loosely across the upper slopes of the hill, especially on slopes facing the Río Casas Grandes. We interpret the rock art loci as representing specialized, post occupational activities. They do not reflect intensive occupation, but they do show that people continued to visit this location long after the Archaic occupation had ended. As a general rule, artifacts are not abundant at Ceramic Period and Historic Period rock art sites, and there is no reason to suspect that Cerro Juanaqueña was an exception. It is unlikely that significant numbers of artifacts from these later periods were introduced into the Cerro Juanaqueña assemblage in conjunction with production of the rock art. Ceramics are another category of artifacts that clearly indicate post-Archaic activities. Pottery was found at seven distinct locations, all of them shown in Figure 2. Three of these locations are belong to the Ceramic period, three are from the Historic period, and one could be either historic or prehistoric. All of the prehistoric locations contain only a few sherds, including Three Circle Red-on-white, Pilon Red-on-black, and brownware. (The brownware locus 8 on Figure 2 is potentially historic rather than prehistoric, while locus 9 could be either.) One historic location includes eight sherds from a single large historic green glazed jar associated with two adjacent terraces. The other two historic locations may reflect slightly more intensive activities. One location, shown as items 2 and 3 on Figure 2, includes 18 sherds of a gray or brownware vessel and eight sherds of historic red slipped ware, perhaps representing two vessels. The final location included 23 sherds from a single historic red polished plate or very shallow bowl, 32 sherds from a brownware bowl, and 27 sherds from a brownware olla, as well as a small metal bowl. These observations show that evidence of more generalized activities, such as might be expected as a result of residential occupation, is very limited on Cerro Juanaqueña for both the Ceramic and Historic periods. Projectile points are another class of artifacts that may be chronologically sensitive, and we looked at their distributions hoping for insights into the use history of Cerro Juanaqueña (Figure 3). The classification system we used and its chronological implications are discussed at length in Chapter 6. Here we distinguished potential Middle Archaic forms (Gypsum, Datil, Tosden), Late Archaic forms (varieties of San Pedro and Tularosa), Small points, and Unclassified points (all of which are large varieties). Undiagnostic points characterized as broken or fragments were excluded from this analysis. We reasoned that Middle Archaic forms are potentially earlier, while Small forms are potentially later. With these assumptions in mind, we looked for differences in distribution of these forms between upper and lower terraces and we looked for obvious clustering which might indicate a discrete, temporally disparate occupation within the larger site. We found no such patterning. Instead the various forms, and the individual types for that matter, are intermingled throughout the site, distributed approximately in proportion to other classes of artifacts. The artifact distributions, then, are consistent with radiocarbon dating results. They show that evidence from the Ceramic and Historic periods either reflects specialized activities such as rock art, or else is very limited in extent. These observations, considered along with the radiocarbon dating results, imply that an overwhelming majority of the features and artifacts documented on the site pertain to an intensive Late Archaic/Early Agricultural occupation. Terrace Function Assuming that most artifacts were made and used during the two Late Archaic occupations, what else can we learn from the artifact distributions? Figures 4 through 12 show the distributions of 17 classes of artifacts and two types of features at Cerro Juanaqueña. Several observations can be made from these data. First, the artifact distributions are almost entirely limited to areas of constructed terraces. This is not surprising. In most places the natural slopes of Cerro Juanaqueña are steep, and they are covered with cobbles and small boulders. It is hard to even walk across these surfaces, let along eat, sleep, and be merry. The one exception is just outside the southeastern edge of the upper terrace complex, where a gentle slope leads down to a broad saddle. Cobbles are smaller and less ubiquitous in this area, and here we found a light scatter of lithic artifacts extending 50 meters or so beyond the edge of the terrace complex. Second, almost all categories of artifacts and features occur on both the upper and lower terraces. The exceptions are rare artifacts and features that may be absent on the lower terrace complex as a result of sampling error. These include small pestles, stone pipes, shaped stone disks, and burned rock features. Rock rings and artifacts used lithic manufacture, food processing, and other activities are represented on both upper and lower terrace complexes. This suggests that the upper and lower terraces were used in ways that were at least broadly similar. In order to further explore differences and similarities between the upper and lower terrace assemblages, we set up a comparison using that old standby, the chi-square statistic. Although the absolute numbers of artifacts are obviously very different between the upper and lower terraces, we reasoned that the proportions of the various classes should be similar. That is, if 37.6% of the artifacts on the upper terraces are cores, then we expect that cores will also comprise 37.6% of all artifacts recorded on the lower terraces; 11.2% should be hammerstones; and so forth. Table 1 shows the resulting expected numbers for each class of artifacts, in relation to the number actually observed in the lower terrace assemblage. The last column of Table 1 is a calculation of the deviations from the expected values (O-E)2/E with their sum. The overall result shows that the proportion of various classes of artifacts on the lower terraces is significantly different from proportions on the upper terraces and therefore is extremely unlikely to occur due to chance (χ2 = 200.92, p < .0001, df = 8). Looking at the results more closely, we see that the frequency of cores accounts for the largest single difference between the two assemblages. Cores make up a much larger proportion of the lower terrace assemblage than the upper terrace (65 percent vs. 38 percent). Why might this be true? Most lithic raw materials at Cerro Juanaqueña were likely obtained from the bed of the Río Casas Grandes, especially rhyolite and basalt, and the lower terraces are nearer to this source than are the upper terraces. For this reason it is not surprising to find relatively more cores on the lower terraces than on the upper terraces. Bradly J. Vierra shows a related pattern that may also be related to access to stream cobbles (Chapter 14). Basalt and rhyolite chipped stone artifacts are found in the lower terrace excavations at higher than expected proportions relative to other material types when compared with raw material frequencies from the upper terraces. Observed numbers of hammerstones, whole manos, projectile points, bifaces, and rare artifacts are close to those expected, based on the upper terrace assemblage. These artifacts represent a wide range of activities, and the fact that they occur in similar proportions reinforces our impression that the two terrace complexes were used in similar ways. However, there are notable differences in frequencies of whole metates, metate fragments and mano fragments. All three of these artifact classes comprise a larger proportion of the overall assemblage on the upper terraces, in comparison to the lower terrace assemblage. We suggest that these differences result from differing intensity of occupation. Intensity of Occupation Even casual inspection of Figures 4 through 12 shows that absolute numbers of all artifact classes are higher in the upper terraces and that there are fewer artifacts on the lower terraces. Using area of the two terrace complexes as a basis for expected values for a chi-square analysis shows that the high density of artifacts on the upper terraces are extremely unlikely to occur due to chance (Table 2A, χ2 = 1625.51, p < .0001, df = 1). Similarly rock ring densities are higher than expected on the upper terraces, a pattern very unlikely to occur due to chance (Table 2B, χ2 = 12.50, p < .001, df = 1). Given the similarities in overall assemblage between the upper and lower terrace complexes, we believe that these difference in artifact and feature frequencies reflect a difference in intensity of occupation. That is, the upper terraces were occupied by more people, or for a longer overall duration than the lower terraces. The observation presented above, that fragments of broken ground stone artifacts are demonstratively over represented in the upper terrace assemblage, supports the idea that this part of the site was occupied for a longer overall duration. Presumably when the terraces were initially built and occupied for the first time. the residents introduced ground stone into the artifact assemblage by bringing new, or at least serviceable manos and metates with them or by manufacturing these items using local raw material. These items were used on a daily basis, and as time passed they were expended, broken, discarded, and replaced by new manos and metates. Over time, these abandoned and broken tools accumulated in the upper terraces, but not in the lower terraces, which were occupied less often or for shorter periods of time. The excavated data show a similar pattern. In Chapter 10 Kari Schmidt compares the fauna between upper and lower terraces finding no substantial differences in assemblage content. However the density of fauna in upper terrace excavations was far greater than in the lower terraces (median upper terrace = 520.4/m3, n = 13 versus median lower terrace = 66.6/m3, n = 4). The assemblages indicate that plant and animal food processing and consumption are similar on the lower and upper terraces, except that they occurred at a far lower intensity on the lower terraces. Specialized Activities The analysis described above emphasizes similarities and differences between the upper and lower terrace complexes at Cerro Juanaqueña, and concluds that residential occupation occurred in both settings. What about smaller scale patterns and more specialized activities? Is there any evidence that smaller areas within the two terrace complexes were used in different ways? For the most part we did not perceive other meaningful patterns in artifact and feature distributions that might reflect finer scale segregation of activities. However, there are two exceptions. The first is just below the summit of the hill, on its southeastern side. Figure 12 shows that burned rock features occur exclusively in a tight cluster in this part of the site. Also, a set of terraces immediately below the burned rock features included unusually high frequencies of ground stone artifacts, especially metate fragments (Figure 13). This observation hints at more specialized use of this portion of the site, but could simply reflect more intensive occupation in this area. One of the terraces with an unusual concentration of ground stone artifacts (Terrace 175) was selected for excavation specifically to explore this pattern further, but yielded no unusual results. The other interesting concentration of cultural materials was found in the lower terrace complex during excavation of Terrace 487, where an unusual quantity and variety of shell was found. Excluding examples specifically identified as non-aquatic species (and therefore likely to be naturally occurring on the site), we found mollusk shell in 30 excavated proveniences, 18 of which were in Terrace 487. In addition to a local fresh water species (Adonata sp.), the Terrace 487 assemblage included shell from three different species of marine mollusks: a whole Olivella (cf. dama) shell bead, a nearly complete pendant probably made from Pteria shell, and a fragment of Melongena patula shell. Perhaps coincidentally, this was the only terrace where a deep subsurface pit was identified. Summary In this section we have looked at several implications of artifact and feature distributions at Cerro Juanaqueña. Distributions of rock art as well as Historic and Ceramic period artifacts reinforce the conclusion that almost all of the cultural material on this site dates to Late Archaic times. In general, artifacts and features of various types seem intermingled throughout the site. This observation, along with midden deposits found in many excavation units, suggests that both upper and lower terraces were used for residential occupation. However, artifact densities, as well as an over abundance of expended ground stone tools indicate more intensive use of the upper terrace complex. Cores are over represented in lower terrace assemblages, probably due to the fact that most are made from river cobbles found immediately adjacent to the lower terrace complex. Within the upper terraces, a grouping of burned rock features and terraces with unusual concentrations of ground stone fragments near the summit of the hill might indicate special functions in this area. Alternatively, these observations might simply be explained by more intensive residential occupation in this part of the site. Finally, an unusual concentration of shell, including marine species from the Gulf of California was found in the lower terrace complex. Table 1 Chi-square Comparison of Artifact Assemblages from Upper and Lower Terraces Upper Terraces No Cores Hammerstones Whole Metates Metate Fragments Whole Manos Mano Fragments Projectile points Bifaces Rare Artifacts Total 1550 460 235 710 200 398 272 194 105 4124 % 37.6% 11.2% 5.7% 17.2% 4.8% 9.7% 6.6% 4.7% 2.5% 100.0% Deviations from Expected Lower Terraces Observed % 308 64.7% 62 13.0% 9 1.9% 6 1.3% 18 3.8% 20 4.2% 19 4.0% 27 5.7% 7 1.5% 476 100.0% Expected O-E (O-E)2/E 178.9 53.1 27.1 81.9 23.1 45.9 31.4 22.4 12.1 476.0 129.1 8.9 -18.1 -75.9 -5.1 -25.9 -12.4 4.6 -5.1 93.15 1.49 12.11 70.39 1.12 14.65 4.89 0.95 2.16 200.92 Table 2 A & B. A. Chi-square comparison of artifact counts and upper and lower terrace areas. Observed Area ha % Observed Artifact Count % Expected Upper Terraces 6 60.6% 4124 89.7% 2787.9 Lower Terraces 3.9 39.4% 476 10.3% 1812.1 4600 100.0% 4600.0 Total 9.9 100.0% O-E Deviations from Expected (O-E)2/E 1336.1 640.35 -1336.1 985.15 1625.51 B. A chi-square comparison of rock ring counts and terrace areas. Upper Terraces Observed Area ha 6 Lower Terraces 3.9 Total Observed Rock Ring % Count 60.6% 59 % Expected 80.8% 44.2 39.4% 19.2% 28.8 73 100.0% 73.0 9.9 100.0% 14 Deviations from Expected O-E (O-E)2/E 14.8 4.92 -14.8 7.57 12.50 Figure 1. Distribution of pottery on Cerro Juanaqueña. Numbers correspond to those in main text, Table 6.20. 11 Figure 2. Locations of petroglyphs on Cerro Juanaqueña. Numbers correspond to those in main text, Table 3.6. 12 Figure 3. Distribution of projectile points on Cerro Juanaqueña. 13 Figure 4. Distribution of cores on Cerro Juanaqueña. 14 Figure 5. Distribution of hammerstones on Cerro Juanaqueña. 15 Figure 6. Distribution of whole metates and metate fragments on Cerro Juanaqueña. 16 Figure 7. Distribution of whole manos and mano fragments on Cerro Juanaqueña. 17 Figure 8. Distribution of projectile points and bifaces on Cerro Juanaqueña. 18 Figure 9. Distribution of stone bowls and small pestles on Cerro Juanaqueña. 19 Figure 10. Distribution of cruciforms and drills on Cerro Juanaqueña. 20 Figure 11. Distribution of stone pipes, shaped abraders, and shaped stone disks (spindle whorls) on Cerro Juanaqueña. 21 Figure 12. Distribution of rock rings and burned rock features on Cerro Juanaqueña. 22 Figure 13. Burned rock features associated with unusually high concentrations of ground stone artifacts near the summit of Cerro Juanaqueña. 23 1 Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 8.1 Identification Criteria of Reproductive Parts and Wood Karen R. Adams Astragalus nuttalliana type Seed. Milkvetch seeds are flatter and smaller than common beans, and have the deep and narrow notch along one edge that distinguishes some legumes. The ends of Astragalus nuttalliana seeds are squared off, and the seed coat is smooth. The whole specimens from Cerro Juanaqueña are the same length (1.0 mm) as width (1.0 mm), and compare very well to photos of modern seeds in a seed manual (Martin and Barkley 1961:69). Atriplex type Wood. Vessels present; rays absent or indistinguishable. Rings display a ripple-like banded pattern that is very distinctive, composed of a series of alternating arcs of vessel and nonvessel areas. Cheno-am Seed. Cheno-am seeds are compressed, circular to obovate in face view, and lenticular to plano-convex in cross section. The presence of an encircling embryo helps identify these tiny seeds. Many are badly eroded, and measure less than 1.0 mm by 1.0 mm. As reported in Chapter 9 Gayle Fritz was able to identify possibly domesticated Amaranthus as well as wild Chenopodium in a sample of cheno-am seeds. 2 Compositae type Wood. Vessels present; diffuse porous; rays difficult to discern because the charred wood is badly fissured. This wood type compares generally well to composites such as Encelia, Baccharus, and Happlopappus, all known or suspected from the region. Cucurbita digitata type Seed. A complete charred specimen (T222, Bag 94) and another specimen broken into two halves (T222, Bag 79) appear to both represent degraded seeds of the same taxon. They are oval-ovate in face view, fairly flat in cross-section view, and measure approximately 5 mm in width x 6 mm in length x 2 mm in thickness. Both taper to a small point of attachment at one end, and are rounded on the other end. An outer layer of palisade cells stacked perpendicular to the remaining seed reveals that a portion of the outer epidermis has eroded away in both specimens. A separate, thin layer of tissue can be seen between the palisade layer and sturdy interior tissue that comprises the bulk of the specimens. Comparison of these charred specimens to reproductive parts of taxa listed in the regional grassland flora in the Cerro Juanaqueña area (Brown 1982a, 1982b)suggested no good matches for the unknowns. However, comparison to the interior portions of seeds of wild species of Cucurbita provided a good match in terms of tissue types present (Gunn 1972; Vaughan 1970:63-69) and specimen size. The outer layer of palisade cells of the testa, the thin layers of tissue below the palisade layer which include perisperm and endosperm, and two sturdy interior cotyledons comprise seeds of species such as Cucurbita digitata and Cucurbita foetidissima. Direct comparison to seeds attached to herbarium specimens in the University of Arizona suggest the best match in terms of overall size is to C. digitata and to smaller seeds of C. 3 foetidissima. Cucurbita foetidissima is known as a wide ranging and variable species, and C. digitata is recorded from southern New Mexico, southern Arizona, northern Sonora and Baja, California and the west side of the municipio of Janos, Chihuahua (Bemis and Whitaker 1969:34-35; Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas 2006) and was found growing on the slopes of Cerro Juanaqueña. Eragrostis intermedia type Caryopsis. Lovegrass caryopses (grains) are short and sturdy, that is their length and width measurements are similar to each other, rather than being many times longer than wide (Adams 1997). They are quite small, averaging 0.5 mm in length x 0.3 mm in width. They are rounded and have an embryo depression ⅓-½ of their length. Eragrostis grains are generally smaller than Sporobolus (dropseed) grains and have a smaller embryo. However, similarities in morphology between these two grain types, and the presence of dropseed species in the grasslands surrounding Cerro Juanaqueña (Brown 1982a, 1982b), leave open the possibility that dropseed grass is also included in this ancient record. Euphorbia type Seed. Seed is quadrangular-ovoid, with a distinct longitudinal line and a few cross ridges. Ferocactus type Seed. Seeds are compressed-ovoid and slightly bent, with a minutely and shallowly reticulate surface and a truncate, hollow base. They measure 2-2.5 mm long, and are naturally black. In comparison to other naturally black cactus seeds, Carnegiea seeds are smaller and have 4 a much smoother exterior, and Echinocereus seeds are also smaller, but have a clearly more rugulose exterior. Fouquieria type Wood. Vessels present, as singles, pairs and multiples, diffuse throughout ring. Rays are obvious, at times appearing discontinuous, varying in width along their length. Ring boundaries extremely faint. Fraxinus type Wood. Vessels are present. Wood is clearly ring porous, with large vessels in the early wood, and many smaller vessels in the later wood, which seems composed primarily of dense background cells. Rays are hard to see, very thin, and numerous. In oblique lighting, several bands of vessels are apparent in the late wood. Gramineae type Caryopsis. A single specimen from Cerro Juanaqueña (T222, Unit 3, Level 6, Bag 1002) of a long and narrow Gramineae type caryopsis (grain) preserved. It measured 1.75 mm in length by 0.75 mm in width, was rounded in cross-section view, and displayed a clear embryo depression near one end that occupied less than 1/4 of the length of the grain. Another grass grain type represented by a total of four specimens was recovered in two locations in Cerro Juanaqueña (T222, Unit 3, Level 11, Bag 95; T222, Unit 3, Level 8, Bag 85). This type is also long and narrow, measuring 1.2 mm in length by 0.5-0.6 mm in width. They 5 are somewhat quadrangular in cross-section and have an embryo depression that extends up to ½ of the entire length of the grain. Stem fragment. Stem fragments are even in diameter, have parallel veining, and display evidence of nodes and internodes. They can have solid or open internodes. They generally are in the range of 1 mm in diameter. Helianthus type Achene. Specimens are compressed, obovate in longitudinal view, and have a truncate top and a narrow base. Parallel lines of cells are visible along the long axis on the surface. Juglans type Wood. Vessels are present, grading gradually from larger vessels in the early wood to smaller vessels in the later wood. Ring boundary distinct. Vessels are widely spaced and occur primarily as isolates, with occasional pairs; rays very thin and numerous, short, appearing to terminate at ring boundaries. Nutshell fragment. A single pieces of thickened (2 mm) carbonized nutshell (endocarp) with a furrowed exterior typical of Juglans was identified in Cerro Juanaqueña. Juniperus type Wood. Vessels are absent, and resin canals are also absent. Occasionally specimens may contain trauma-induced resin ducts or holes that mimic resin canals. Late wood zone is narrow to very narrow; early wood zone is wide, occupying most of the ring. Boundary between late wood of one ring and early wood of the next ring is usually sharply demarcated. 6 Larrea type Wood. Vessels present, numerous, solitary, fairly evenly distributed; diffuse porous; a fairly distinct band of vessels at early wood boundary; rays thin, numerous, indistinct. Larrea wood looks very much like Cercocarpus (mountain mahogany) wood. Leguminosae type Wood. Vessels present, mostly as solitary isolates and pairs; rays of varying size, generally thin; occasionally banded paratracheal parenchyma present. This type could represent taxa such as Mimosa, Acacia or Prosopis, but specimens are often too badly degraded or minute to confidently assign a taxonomic name. Cotyledon fragment. A cotyledon is one half of a legume seed (described below). Seed. Two specimens from Cerro Juanaqueña are described here. The first is from T487, Bag 177. Compressed-oval, 2 cotyledons clearly visible. Seed measures 2.7 mm long, by 2.1 mm wide by 1.8 mm thick. The second seed, from T487, Bag 169 (photo available) is similar to that described for Bag 177, but has one truncate edge and a slight notch. Measures 3.8 mm in length by 2.6 mm in width by 1.7 mm in thickness. In neither seed are the hilum, micropyle or caruncle visible. However, the general form seems most likely leguminous. Both seeds were compared to a number of legumes known to be in the area, and do not match any of the following known or suspected to be in the area: Acacia, Calliandra eriophylla (these seeds are flatter, larger, pointed), Eysenhardtia orthocarpus (these seeds are also flatter, larger and 7 pointed), Lupinus, Mimosa, Prosopis, Psoralea, or Astragalus (often seeds are deeply notched, and much too small). A single Leguminosae seed was also recovered from Cerro Los Torres. Monocotyledon type Stem fragment. A long (5.0 mm) and narrow (3.0 mm) stem fragment displays vascular bundles in cross-section typical of monocotyledons. This small size suggests the specimen may represent a member of the grass family. Tissue fragment. Identifying traits of Monocotyledon tissue include obvious parallel veining, and scattered vascular bundles. Such fragments could derive from succulents such as Agave or Yucca, or from Gramineae stems, including Zea mays. Physalis type Seed. Flat, ovate to elliptic or circular in shape, with obscure notch along martin. Surface is regularly pitted. Seeds can be variable in size. Pinus type Wood. Pinus type wood could represent one of a number of coniferous genera (Pinus, Picea, Pseudotsuga) on the basis of the presence of resin canals. Resin duct criteria that distinguish these major taxa cannot be easily seen at the low (50x) magnifications used in this study. Pinus type wood lacks vessels, but resin canals occurring within the ring may at first glance appear like vessels. Latewood zone can be wide, and the boundary between rings distinct. Small lenticular pores are sometimes visible in tangential view. 8 Populus/Salix type Wood. Vessels are present, abundant, and closely spaced. The first row of solitary vessels often makes a noticeable ring. Rays are thin and abundant. The number of vessels between any two rays ranges from 1-3. Portulaca type Seed. Seeds are minute, usually less than 1 mm in diameter, circular in cross section, and characterized by the concentric rows of low, knobby tubercles visible on the surface at high magnification. Prosopis type Wood. Vessels present; ring porous; vessels mostly solitary isolates; rays of varying size; banded paratracheal parenchyma present throughout ring; ring boundaries indistinct in mature wood. Cotyledon fragment. Fragment of a convex mesquite type cotyledon bears two distinguishing characteristics: (a) on facet view, an outline of an ovate central mark that goes around the seed approximately ⅓ of the way in from the outside perimeter, and (b) a crazed (cracked like pottery) exterior surface. Fragment is too small to measure. Rhus aromatica type Seed. Seeds are compressed to flat, and are ovoid to nearly circular in face view. They retain a slight indentation along the margin, where an irregularity suggests the presence of an attachment scar. Along the margin, directly opposite the attachment scar, is a minute, lens- 9 shaped opening with a number of longitudinal lines radiating away from it toward the main body of the seed. The specimens have a fairly smooth surface texture. Salvia type seeds. Seeds are compressed-triangular, with a rounded back and two sloping sides that form a rounded triangle. Toward the base there is faceting on the two sloping sides, where the seeds once pressed against three others in a four-seeded capsule. Seeds measure approximately 2.0 mm in length by 1.3 mm in width by 1.3 mm in thickness. Surface is smooth, with no other distinguishing features. Seeds are similar to chia (Salvia columbariae) in the author's comparative collection. Scirpus type achene. A single Scirpus type achene is ovate in outline and lens-shaped in cross section. An identifying feature that distinguishes Scirpus from other members of the Cyperaceae is the blunt style base at one end. The achene measures 1.4 mm in length by 1.0 mm in width. Sphaeralcea type Seed. Seed is reniform, with a rounded back and two straight sides that slope to a clearly defined notch along one edge. One end is rounded and the other narrowed. It measures 1.3 mm in length by 0.7 mm in width. Trianthema type 10 Seed. Seeds are lenticular, with an extension representing part of an encircling embryo. Specimens have the wrinkled surface characteristic of modern Trianthema. Unknown Seed. A broken unknown seed preserved in T222, Unit 3, Level 11 (Bag 95). The general shape appears to be oval, with a rounded triangular cross section. The portion remaining measures 3.0 mm in incomplete length, 2.25 mm in width, and 2.0 mm in thickness. The surface is smooth, but badly degraded. Although there is no feature such as an embryo depression, this specimen is reminiscent of a member of the grass (Gramineae) family. It is definitely smaller and shaped differently than other unknowns, described below. Two unknown specimens from different samples (T222, Unit 3, Level 6, Bag 1002; T222, Unit 3, Level 8, Bag 85) are similar to appearance to each other. They are oval to ovalovate in face view, and fairly flat in cross-section view. They are large, measuring a minimum of 7-10 mm in length by 6.0 mm in width by 2.0 mm in thickness. Surfaces are rough. Neither specimen has a point of attachment or any other distinguishing feature. Although these two specimens are larger than two Cucurbita digitata type seeds, described above, and lack a distinguishing point of attachment and diagnostic remnants of an exterior palisade layer, it is possible these may represent larger, degraded specimens of a wild species of Cucurbita. Zea mays Cob fragment. A cob fragment is a broken piece of maize cob with more than one cupule, but no kernels, and is incomplete in circumference. 11 Cob segment. A cob segment is a piece of cob, complete in circumference at least along part of its length, so row number can be accurately determined. Cupule. A cupule is a durable part of a maize cob, which often preserves after all other parts have degraded. It is a cup-like structure that once held two spikelets, and each spikelet in turn held a single caryopsis (grain or "kernel"). Embryo. A triangular-wedge shaped part of the kernel that often pops out when the kernel is burned. Kernel/kernel fragments. A Zea kernel is the caryopsis or "grain" of maize. It is the fruit, which germinates to produce the next generation. When the endosperm is broken open, it can have a dense appearance suggestive of flint type, or a porous appearance suggestive of flour. 12 REFERENCES CITED Adams, Karen R. 1997 Chapter 8. Macrobotanical Analysis, Appendix H. Criteria for Identification of Archaeological Plant Specimens from Lower Verde Sites. In Agricultural Subsistence and Environmental Studies, edited by Jeffrey A. Homburg and Richard Ciolek-Torrello, pp. 149-178. Vanishing River: Landscapes and Lives of the Lower Verde Valley: The Lower Verde Archaeological Project, Vol. 2. CD-ROM. SRI Press, Tucson. Bemis, W. P. and Thomas W. Whitaker 1969 The Xerophytic Cucurbita of Northwestern Mexico and Southwestern United States. Madrono 20:33--41. Brown, David E. 1982a Plains and Great Basin Grassland. In Biotic Communities of the American SouthwestUnited States and Mexico, edited by David E. Brown, pp. 115-121. Desert Plants, Special Edition 4:1-4. Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum, Superior, Arizona. 1982b Semidesert Grassland. In Biotic Communities of the American Southwest - United States and Mexico, edited by David E. Brown, pp. 123-131. Desert Plants, Special Issue 4:1-4. Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum, Superior, Arizona. Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas 2006 Flora Registrada En El Área de La Reserva Propuesta, Anexo1. Estudio Previo Justificativo Para El Establecimiento del Área Natural Protegida: Reserva de La Biosfera Janos, Chihuahua, México. Gunn, Charles R. 1972 Seed Collecting and Identification. In Seed Biology, Insects, and Seed Collection, Storage, Testing, and Certification, edited by T. T. Kozlowski, pp. 55--143 3. Academic Press, New York. Martin, Alexander C. and W. D. Barkley 1961 Seed Identification Manual. University of Califoria Press, Berkeley. Vaughan, J. G. 1970 The Structure and Utilization of Oil Seeds. Chapman and Hall, Ltd, London. Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 8.2 Archaeobotanical Data1 Karen R. Adams FLOTATION Vol (L)2 Site 4.25 C. el Canelo 4.5 C. el Canelo C. el Canelo C. el Canelo 7 C. el Canelo 6 C. el Canelo 6 C. el Canelo 6.75 C. el Canelo 11.4 C. el Canelo 7.75 C. el Canelo 7.75 C. el Canelo 7.75 C. el Canelo 8.5 C. el Canelo 8.5 C. el Canelo 3.5 C. el Canelo 5.75 C. el Canelo 4.75 C. el Canelo C. el Canelo 3 C. el Canelo 3 C. el Canelo 11.4 C. el Canelo 9.5 C. el Canelo 9 C. el Canelo 18.5 C. el Canelo 24 C. el Canelo 24 C. el Canelo 24 C. el Canelo 24 C. el Canelo 24 C. el Canelo C. el Canelo C. el Canelo C. el Canelo C. el Canelo C. el Canelo C. el Canelo C. el Canelo C. el Canelo C. el Canelo C. el Canelo C. el Canelo C. el Canelo Feature No Large circle Large Circle Large circle Large circle Large circle Large circle Large circle T094 T094 T094 T094 T094 T094 T094 T094 T094 T094 T094 T41R40 T41R40 T41R40 T41R40 T41R40 T41R40 T41R40 T41R40 T41R40 T41R40 T41R40 T94 T94 T94 T94 T94 T94 T94 T94 T94 T94 T94 T94 Unit 01 02 01 01 02 01 02 01 01 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 01 02 01 02 01 02 02 02 02 02 02 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Level 01 02 03 03 03 04 04 04 05 04 04 04 06 06 07 08 09 05 04 14 05 05 06 06 01 01 01 01 01 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 Bag 2 4 8 8 10 12 14 10 13 22 22 22 28 28 31 34 36 94 9 11 13 14 16 18 20 20 20 20 20 13 22 22 22 22 22 25 28 28 28 28 28 Taxon3 Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Monocotyledon Unknown Fraxinus Nothing identifiable Fraxinus Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Cheno-am Helianthus Unknown Cheno-am to GF Portulaca Cheno-am Nothing identifiable Cheno-am to GF Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Prosopis Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Cheno-am Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Nothing identifiable Cheno-am Chenopodium Chenopodium Gramineae Unknown Nothing identifiable Amaranth Cheno-am Cheno-am Chenopodium Chenopodium ID Level Part Condition type type tissue fragment charcoal charcoal charred charred charred type charcoal charred seed achene tissue fragment seed seed seed charred charred charred charred charred charred seed charred charcoal charred seed seed seed charcoal tissue fragment charred charred? charred charred charred seed seed seed seed seed charred charred charred charred charred seed seed seed seed seed charred charred charred charred charred type type type Number Type of Sample Flotation Flotation 2 Flotation 1 Flotation 2 Flotation Flotation 5 Flotation Flotation Flotation 3 Flotation 3 Flotation 1 Flotation 24 Flotation 1 Flotation 5 Flotation Flotation 10 Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation 3 Flotation Flotation Flotation 8 Flotation 4 Flotation 2 Flotation 5 Flotation 3 Flotation Flotation 2 Flotation 2 Flotation 1 Flotation 1 Flotation 2 Flotation Flotation 1 Flotation 1 Flotation 6 Flotation 2 Flotation 18 Flotation Ml Avail4 220 230 65 65 250 132 255 30 20 35 35 35 55 55 35 30 40 50 95 40 150 54 232 213 390 390 390 390 390 Ml Exam5 180 160 45 45 160 96 155 25 15 30 30 30 45 45 25 25 35 45 75 30 110 26 172 130 250 250 250 250 250 Comments sample lacks charred material sample lacks charred material Diffuse porous sample lacks charred material no reproductive materials no reproductive materials columnar cells 2 bags combined 2 bags combined no reproductive materials no reproductive materials sample lacks charred material sample lacks charred material sample lacks charred material 2 bags combined sample lacks charred material sample lacks charred material darkened, but not charred dicot; diffuse porous layered; may not be wood G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 3 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 3 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 5 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 5 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 5 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction Vol (L)2 10 14 4.5 4 8 7.5 5 7 4 4 1.5 6.5 3 5 6 7 5 5 2 3 6 5 6 6 6.5 7 8.5 8.5 7 7 17 Site C. el Canelo C. el Canelo C. el Canelo C. el Canelo C. el Canelo C. el Canelo C. el Canelo C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña Feature No T94 T94 T94 T94 T94 T94 T94 BR1 BR1 BR1 BR1 BR1 R028 R028 R1a R1a R234a R234a R234a R234a R239 R239 R239 R250 R250 R250 R250 R286 R286 T006 T006 T006 T006 T006 T006 T006 T006 T006 T006 T006 T006 T006 T006 T006 T006 T006 T006 Unit 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 01 01 06 06 06 01 01 01 01 01 02 1 01 04 04 02 02 05 04 04 01 01 01 02 02 02 03 03 03 03 01 01 01 1 01 01 01 01 01 1 Level 6 7 7 8 9 9 9 01 02 02 03 04 03 04 03 04 05 07 na 07 04 05 03 03 02 03 04 02 01 03 03 04 05 03 04 05 05 04 04 04 4 04 04 04 04 04 4 Bag 28 31 31 34 36 36 36 1 5 11 13 16 9 12 15 22 14 18 20 20 17 19 21 7 30 1003 1004 4 17 14 48 53 58 61 66 91 91 93 93 93 93 107 108 108 108 108 108 Taxon3 ID Level Unknown Cheno-am Chenopodium Nothing identifiable Cheno-am Chenopodium Chenopodium Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Unknown Unknown Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Gramineae Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Leguminosae Prosopis Amaranth Cheno-am Cheno-am to GF Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Amaranth Cheno-am Cheno-am to GF Chenopodium Nothing identifiable Part seed seed seed Condition charred charred charred Number 1 1 4 seed seed seed charred charred charred 2 8 17 charcoal charcoal caryopsis type type charcoal charcoal seed seed seed seed seed seed seed charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred 1 1 2 2 1 3 1 1 3 1 Type of Sample Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Ml Avail4 Ml Exam5 Comments G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 5 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 10 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 10 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction 590 897 140 171 100 510 640 115 132 80 sample lacks charred material sample lacks charred material sample lacks charred material Too small to ID Too small to ID 50 90 40 80 25 70 35 140 20 50 30 120 sample lacks charred material sample lacks charred material Gayle Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction sample lacks charred material sample lacks charred material sample lacks charred material sample lacks charred material 30 20 20 15 sample lacks charred material sample lacks charred material similar to Mimosa G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 3 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 3 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 3 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 3 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 3 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction Vol (L)2 17 7 7 5 7 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 Site C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña Feature No T006 T006 T006 T006 T006 T006 T006 T006 T010 T010 T010 T010 T010 T010 T010 T010 T010 T010 T010 T010 T010 T010 T010 T010 T010 T010 T010 T010 T010 T010 T010 T010 T010 T010 T010 T010 T010 T010 T097 T097 T097 T097 T097 T097 T097 T097 T097 Unit Level 01 01 01 01 1 16 15 04 01 01 01 02 02 02 2 02 02 01 1 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 1 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 1 01 01 01 01 01 1 01 01 01 01 01 04 05 05 05 5 02 03 02 07 07 07 09 09 09 9 09 09 09 9 09 09 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 07 07 07 7 07 07 07 08 08 Bag 108 120 120 120 120 149 171 175 26 26 26 36 36 36 36 36 36 38 38 38 38 40 40 40 40 40 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 45 45 45 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 30 30 Taxon3 Prosopis Cheno-am Cheno-am to GF Leguminosae Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Unknown Zea mays Zea mays Atriplex Fouquieria Gramineae Portulaca Prosopis Zea mays Amaranth Cheno-am Cheno-am to GF Zea mays Gramineae Scirpus Trianthema Zea mays Zea mays Amaranth Cheno-am Cheno-am Cheno-am to GF Gramineae Trianthema Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Nothing identifiable Scirpus Zea mays Cheno-am Cheno-am Cheno-am to GF Nothing identifiable Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Ferocactus Zea mays ID Level type type type type type type type type type type type type type Part charcoal seed seed charcoal Condition charred charred charred charred Number 2 1 1 4 seed fragment cob fragment kernel fragment charcoal charcoal stem fragment seed charcoal cupule seed seed seed cupule stem fragment achene seed cupule kernel fragment seed seed seed seed stem fragment seed fragment kernel fragment cupule cob fragment charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 3 4 2 4 4 3 1 1 13 3 1 2 1 2 2 1 4 10 1 achene cupule seed seed seed charred charred charred uncharred charred 1 19 1 1 2 cupule cob segment cob fragment seed cupule charred charred charred charred charred 2 1 1 1 3 Type of Sample Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Ml Avail4 Ml Exam5 Comments G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 1 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction 35 35 35 40 40 40 49 49 49 30 30 30 40 40 30 30 photographed G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 4 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction 30 30 55 55 55 55 55 25 25 50 50 50 50 50 G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 2 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 2 cheno-ams 50 50 50 50 50 50 45 45 45 45 45 45 40 40 35 35 photographed G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 2 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 2 cheno-ams 45 40 G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction 45 45 45 60 60 40 40 40 50 50 photographed Vol (L)2 Site 3 14 14 14 C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña 14 14 14 12 12 12 7 7 7 6 3 5 4 3 3.5 C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5.25 4 4 32.5 Feature No T126 T126 T126 T126 T126 T126 T126 T126 T126 T126 T126 T163 T163 T163 T163 T163 T163 T163 T163 T163 T163 T163 T163 T163 T163 T163 T163 T163 T163 T163 T163 T163 T163 T163 T163 T163 T163 T163 T167 T167 T167 T167 T175 T175 T175 T175 T175 Unit Level Bag Taxon3 2 02 02 02 1 01 01 01 01 1 01 03 2 02 02 2 02 2 01 01 2 2 02 2 2 2 04 06 06 02 02 02 9 09 10 11 9 09 09 10 10 10 10 02 7 07 07 7 07 7 07 07 8 8 08 8 8 8 03 03 04 08 08 08 36 36 39 42 56 56 56 60 60 60 60 38 40 40 40 40 40 43 43 43 48 48 48 48 48 48 50 55 100 40,48,50,52 40,48,50,52 40,48,50,52 Nothing identifiable Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Nothing identifiable Zea mays Zea mays Cheno-am Cheno-am to GF Nothing identifiable Zea mays Nothing identifiable Cheno-am Cheno-am Cheno-am to GF Unknown Zea mays Cheno-am Cheno-am Cheno-am Amaranth Cheno-am Cheno-am Chenopodium Gramineae Unknown Juniperus Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Cheno-am to GF Fouquieria Leguminosae 02 02 02 01 01 01 01 01 01 02 02 04 07 02 02 08 08 08 07 07 07 05 06 07 03 02 04 04 05 06 40,48,50,52 40,48,50,52 40,48,50,52 43, 44, 45 43, 44, 45 43, 44, 45 16 20 24 1001 55 63 81 92 95 Prosopis Unknown Zea mays Cheno-am to GF Salvia Zea mays Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Unknown Unknown Unknown ID Level type type type type type Part Condition Number cupule cupule cupule charred charred charred 10 10 11 cupule kernel fragment seed seed charred charred charred charred 30 2 1 1 cupule charred 12 seed seed seed seed cupule seed seed seed seed seed seed seed caryopsis seed fragment charcoal charred charred charred charred charred charred charred uncharred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred 1 2 2 1 1 9 5 2 3 9 3 2 1 9 1 seed charcoal cotyledon fragment charcoal charcoal cob segment seed seed cupule charcoal charcoal charcoal charred charred charred 3 2 1 charred charred charred charred charred charred 9 7 1 7 1 7 charred charred charred Type of Sample Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Ml Avail4 Ml Exam5 30 25 30 25 20 25 45 45 40 40 40 30 Comments G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 1 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction 40 77 30 52 45 40 45 40 sample lacks charred material G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 2 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 7 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 7 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 3 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction 120 11 10 130 130 130 90 8 8 100 100 100 130 130 130 90 90 90 100 100 100 80 80 80 40 45 23 28 16 30 35 20 24 13 sample lacks charred material sample lacks charred material sample lacks charred material sample lacks charred material Too small to ID Too small to ID Too small to ID Vol (L)2 3.5 7 Site Feature No 4.5 7 8.5 8.5 8.5 C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña T222 T222 T222 03 03 03 08 08 08 85 85 85 C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña T222 T222 T222 T222 T222 T222 T222 T222 T222 T222 T222 T222 T222 T222 03 03 03 03 3 03 03 03 03 3 03 03 03 03 08 08 08 08 8 08 09 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 85 85 85 85 85 85 87 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña T222 T222 T222 T222 T222 T222 T222 T222 T222 T222 T222 T222 03 03 3 03 03 03 3 03 03 03 2 02 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 13 13 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 100 100 C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña T222 T222 T222 T222 T222 T222 T222 T222 T222 02 2 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 8.5 8.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 02 02 2 02 03 03 06 06 6 08 07 08 Bag C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 T175 T222 T222 T222 T222 T222 Unit Level 95 43 43 49 80 85 Taxon3 Unknown Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Larrea Astragalus nuttalliana Cheno-am Cheno-am to GF Eragrostis intermedia Gramineae Larrea Prosopis Salvia Unknown Unknown Nothing identifiable Amaranth Atriplex Cheno-am Cheno-am Cheno-am to GF Chenopodium Eragrostis intermedia Fouquieria Gramineae Gramineae Leguminosae Salvia Sphaeralcea Unknown Unknown Zea mays Zea mays Amaranth Astragalus nuttalliana Atriplex Cheno-am Cheno-am Cheno-am to GF Chenopodium Compositae Fouquieria Monocotyledon Prosopis ID Level Part Type of Sample Ml Avail4 charred charred 1 1 charred charred charred 4 4 28 Flotation Flotation Flotation G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 4 cheno-ams type seed seed caryopsis caryopsis charcoal charcoal seed seed seed charred charred charred charred charred charred 2 4 6 1 1 1 similar to those in bag 95 seed charcoal seed seed seed seed caryopsis charred charred charred charred charred charred charred 1 1 1 7 11 1 16 Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation charcoal caryopsis caryopsis charcoal seed seed seed seed cupule kernel fragment seed seed charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred 7 2 3 5 2 1 1 1 3 1 5 2 Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation charcoal seed seed seed seed charcoal charcoal stem fragment charcoal charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred 1 2 1 6 5 8 4 1 10 Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation type type type type type type type type type type type 13 10 Comments charcoal seed type 16 30 Ml Exam5 type type type charred Number Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation type type type type seed fragment Condition sample lacks charred material G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction possibly C. digitata G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 11 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 11 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 11 cheno-ams similar to those in bag 85 G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction possibly a grass? G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 6 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 6 cheno-ams Vol (L)2 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 12 12 8 8 8 11 11 11 11 11 8 4 4 Site C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña Feature No T222 T222 T222 T222 T222 T222 T222 T222 T222 T222 T222 T222 T222 T222 T222 T287 T287 T287 T287 T287 T290 T290 T297 T297 T297 T297 T297 T297 T297 T297 T297 T297 T297 T297 T297 T297 T297 T297 T297 T297 T297 T297 T297 T387 T387 T387 T387 Unit Level Bag 02 2 02 03 03 03 03 03 13 13 13 06 06 06 06 06 100 100 100 1002 1002 1002 1002 1002 03 03 03 03 03 03 2 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 02 2 1 1 1 01 1 01 01 02 02 02 02 02 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 1 01 01 06 06 06 06 06 06 13 04 05 06 07 08 04 05 05 07 9 10 10 12 12 12 12 12 08 08 09 09 09 09 09 10 10 10 11 03 4 04 04 1002 1002 1002 1002 1002 1002 1002 50 52 54 57 59 36 38 23 30 40 47 47 54 54 54 54 54 36, 37, 38 36, 37, 38 40,41 40,41 40,41 44, 45, 46 44, 45, 46 47,48,49 47,48,49 47,48,49 51, 52 15 18 18 18 Taxon3 Scirpus Unknown Zea mays Atriplex Cheno-am to GF Cheno-am to GF Chenopodium Eragrostis intermedia Gramineae Gramineae Larrea Prosopis Salvia Unknown Unknown Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Unknown Unknown Unknown Nothing identifiable Zea mays Nothing identifiable Zea mays Nothing identifiable Cheno-am Chenopodium Cheno-am Cheno-am Nothing identifiable Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Fouquieria Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Cheno-am Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Nothing identifiable Prosopis Zea mays ID Level type type type type type type type type type type type type Part achene seed cupule seed seed seed seed caryopsis caryopsis stem fragment charcoal charcoal seed seed seed Condition charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred Number 1 1 18 1 6 3 2 8 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 charcoal charcoal charcoal charred charred charred cupule charred 4 cupule charred 9 seed seed seed seed charred charred charred charred 1 1 4 4 charcoal cupule cupule kernel fragment charcoal charcoal cupule cupule kernel fragment seed charcoal cob segment cupule kernel fragment charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred 3 4 15 1 1 5 1 12 2 2 8 1 26 1 charcoal cupule charred charred 1 3 Type of Sample Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Ml Avail4 Ml Exam5 Comments G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction as 13 fragments G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 6 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 6 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 6 cheno-ams 16 19 12 28 19 40 60 25 30 13 16 10 14 13 30 50 20 25 possibly C. digitata G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction sample lacks charred material sample lacks charred material Too small to ID Too small to ID Too small to ID sample lacks charred material sample lacks charred material G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction 50 35 50 50 35 35 40 40 40 65 65 70 70 70 75 47 35 35 30 30 25 25 25 55 55 50 50 50 60 34 45 45 30 30 G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction Vol (L)2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7 7 7 Site C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña Feature No T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 Unit Level 2 02 2 02 02 2 2 2 2 02 2 02 2 02 02 02 1 01 1 01 01 1 01 01 01 2 2 02 2 2 02 2 2 02 02 2 2 2 02 02 02 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 04 4 04 04 5 5 5 5 05 5 05 5 05 05 05 5 05 5 05 05 6 06 06 06 6 6 06 6 6 06 6 6 06 06 7 7 7 07 07 07 8 8 8 8 8 8 Bag 20 20 20 20 20 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 25 25 25 25 25 27 27 27 27 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 34 34 34 34 34 34 38 38 38 38 38 38 Taxon3 Cheno-am Cheno-am to GF Nothing identifiable Zea mays Zea mays Amaranth Amaranth Cheno-am Cheno-am Cheno-am to GF Chenopodium Gramineae Unknown Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Cheno-am Cheno-am Gramineae Prosopis Zea mays Cheno-am Fouquieria Juglans Zea mays Amaranth Cheno-am Cheno-am to GF Gramineae Portulaca Scirpus Unknown Unknown Zea mays Zea mays Amaranth Amaranth Cheno-am Cheno-am to GF Zea mays Zea mays Amaranth Cheno-am Chenopodium Chenopodium Gramineae Portulaca ID Level type type type type type Part Condition Number seed seed uncharred charred 3 3 kernel fragment cupule seed seed seed seed seed seed stem fragment seed kernel fragment cupule cob segment seed seed caryopsis charcoal cupule seed charcoal charcoal cupule seed seed seed caryopsis seed achene seed fragment seed fragment kernel fragment cupule seed seed seed seed cupule kernel fragment seed seed seed seed caryopsis seed charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred 6 5 1 2 3 3 5 1 1 1 3 12 1 1 1 1 1 3 5 1 1 4 1 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 7 15 2 2 8 2 16 9 2 5 1 2 7 1 Type of Sample Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Ml Avail4 Ml Exam5 45 40 45 45 40 40 Comments G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 3 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 5 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 5 cheno-ams 40 35 40 35 40 40 40 35 35 35 45 30 45 45 30 30 40 40 40 25 25 25 G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 5 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction photographed G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction 50 40 G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction 50 40 G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 1 cheno-ams 50 50 40 40 G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 2 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction 110 110 110 95 95 95 G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 1 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction Vol (L)2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 10 10 10 6 6 12 12 12 9 9 9 4 4 8 8 Site C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña Feature No T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 Unit Level 2 2 1 1 01 01 01 01 01 02 1 01 01 2 02 02 02 02 2 02 1 01 1 1 01 01 02 02 02 01 01 01 02 02 2 02 02 02 02 2 02 02 01 01 01 1 01 8 8 8 8 08 08 08 08 09 09 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 08 08 08 03 03 03 02 02 3 03 03 03 04 4 04 04 04 04 05 5 05 Bag 38 38 41 41 41 41 41 41 45 47 51 51 51 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 57 57 57 57 57 57 38, 43 38, 43 38, 43 16 16 16 22 22 25 25 25 25 29 29 29 29 30 30 35 35 35 Taxon3 Unknown Unknown Cheno-am Cheno-am Cheno-am to GF Gramineae Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Nothing identifiable Zea mays Zea mays Cheno-am Cheno-am Fouquieria Populus/Salix Prosopis Unknown Zea mays Amaranth Cheno-am to GF Chenopodium Nothing identifiable Zea mays Zea mays Cheno-am to GF Zea mays Zea mays Cheno-am Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Nothing identifiable Pinus Prosopis Zea mays Atriplex Nothing identifiable Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Atriplex Nothing identifiable Prosopis ID Level type type type type type type type type type type Part seed fragment seed seed seed seed stem fragment cupule kernel fragment cupule cupule Condition Number charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred 1 1 2 2 2 1 23 7 22 10 cupule kernel fragment seed seed charcoal charcoal charcoal seed fragment cupule seed seed seed charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred 20 11 4 4 1 1 7 2 8 1 2 1 kernel fragment cupule seed cupule kernel fragment seed kernel fragment cob fragment kernel fragment cupule charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred 5 8 1 20 1 1 21 1 2 1 charcoal charcoal cupule charcoal charred charred charred charred 1 3 3 1 charcoal kernel fragment cupule kernel fragment charcoal charred charred charred charred charred 10 3 7 2 1 charcoal charred 3 Type of Sample Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Ml Avail4 Ml Exam5 55 55 55 55 45 40 45 45 45 45 35 30 45 45 40 40 Comments G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 2 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction 30 30 30 30 20 20 20 20 30 20 40 35 G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 2 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 2 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction 40 40 90 90 90 175 175 175 130 130 35 35 85 85 85 130 130 130 100 100 120 120 120 140 70 70 70 75 140 140 85 85 75 75 75 65 65 55 G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction 75 55 Vol (L)2 8 9 9 9 9 8 8 6 6 8 8 8 4 4 4 8 n/a 12 3 6 10.75 10.75 10.75 10.75 10.75 10.75 13.25 13.25 13.25 13.25 Site C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña Feature No T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 Unit Level 01 02 02 2 02 02 01 01 2 02 02 02 2 01 01 1 1 01 01 01 01 1 1 01 01 02 2 02 2 2 2 02 02 02 2 02 2 02 02 2 02 02 02 02 2 2 2 05 05 05 5 05 05 06 06 6 06 06 07 7 07 07 8 8 08 08 08 09 9 10 10 10 11 4 04 8 8 8 08 08 08 8 08 8 08 08 9 09 09 09 09 10 10 10 Bag 35 37 37 37 37 37 41 41 43 43 43 46 46 47 47 50 50 50 50 50 55 55 58 58 58 62 14 14 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 29 29 29 29 29 33 33 33 Taxon3 Zea mays Atriplex Juglans Nothing identifiable Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Nothing identifiable Prosopis Zea mays Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Zea mays Zea mays Amaranth Cheno-am Cheno-am Prosopis Zea mays Cheno-am Chenopodium Cheno-am Cheno-am Zea mays Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Zea mays Amaranth Amaranth Cheno-am Cheno-am to GF Rhus aromatica Trianthema Unknown Unknown Unknown Zea mays Zea mays Nothing identifiable Trianthema Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Amaranth Cheno-am Cheno-am ID Level type type Part cupule charcoal charcoal Condition charred charred charred Number 6 1 2 type charcoal cupule cupule kernel fragment charred charred charred charred 5 8 6 3 type charcoal cupule charred charred 4 2 type type type type kernel fragment cupule seed seed seed charcoal cupule seed seed seed seed cupule charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred 9 22 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 cupule seed seed seed seed seed seed seed fragment tissue fragment seed kernel fragment cupule charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred 1 1 1 2 3 2 4 2 4 1 9 12 seed kernel fragment cupule cob fragment seed seed seed charred charred charred charred charred charred charred 1 19 23 2 4 2 1 Type of Sample Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Ml Avail4 75 80 80 Ml Exam5 55 55 55 Comments G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction 80 80 120 120 55 55 100 100 65 65 30 50 50 20 70 70 60 60 G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction sample lacks charred material G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction 30 30 30 35 20 20 20 25 G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction n/a 20 20 n/a 10 15 115 85 165 165 165 135 135 135 165 135 165 165 135 135 175 175 175 175 155 155 155 155 sample lacks charred material G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 1 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction 2 bags combined 2 bags combined 2 bags combined G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction 2 bags combined, columnar cells G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction 2 bags combined 2 bags combined G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction 2 bags combined 2 bags combined 2 bags combined 2 bags combined G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 2 cheno-ams Vol (L)2 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 4.75 4.75 6 6 6 5.25 5.25 6.25 6.25 4.75 4.75 4 4.25 5 6 6 4.25 4.25 4 4 5.25 5.25 Site C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña Feature No T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 Unit Level 02 2 2 2 2 2 02 2 02 02 02 3 3 03 03 3 03 3 03 03 3 03 03 3 03 03 3 03 03 04 4 04/5 4,5 4,5 04/5 4,5 04/5 04/5 4,5 04/5 04/5 4,5 04/5 04/5 2 02 02 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 5 05 05 6 06 6 06 06 7 07 07 8 08 08 9 09 09 02 2 03 3 4 04 5 05 05 6 06 06 7 07 07 11 11 11 Bag 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 46 46 46 46 50 50 50 50 50 52 52 52 56 56 56 59 59 59 67 67 78 78 81 81 85 85 85 89 89 89 92 92 92 95 95 95 Taxon3 Cheno-am to GF Chenopodium Chenopodium Gramineae Portulaca Solanum/Physalis Trianthema Unknown Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Amaranth Cheno-am Cheno-am Zea mays Cheno-am Cheno-am Chenopodium Zea mays Zea mays Nothing identifiable Zea mays Zea mays Gramineae Zea mays Zea mays Nothing identifiable Zea mays Zea mays Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Zea mays Cheno-am Cheno-am Zea mays Nothing identifiable Zea mays Zea mays Nothing identifiable Zea mays Zea mays Nothing identifiable Zea mays Zea mays ID Level type Part seed seed seed caryopsis seed seed seed seed fragment cob fragment cupule kernel fragment seed seed seed cupule seed seed seed kernel fragment cupule Condition charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred Number 4 1 1 3 2 1 4 2 20 20 11 1 1 2 1 2 3 1 1 6 cupule kernel fragment caryopsis cupule kernel fragment charred charred charred charred charred 4 2 1 10 70 kernel fragment cupule charred charred 3 6 cupule seed seed cupule cupule kernel fragment charred charred charred charred charred charred 1 1 1 3 3 1 kernel fragment cupule charred charred 3 8 cupule kernel fragment charred charred 10 5 Type of Sample Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Ml Avail4 Ml Exam5 140 110 140 140 140 110 110 110 70 70 55 55 80 70 80 80 70 70 60 60 45 45 85 85 70 70 55 55 100 45 45 80 100 75 120 90 140 110 Comments 2 bags combined G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 2 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction 2 bags combined G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction 2 bags combined 2 bags combined 2 bags combined G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction sample lacks charred material G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction no reproductive materials G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction 45 45 35 35 G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction 40 40 30 30 G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction 45 45 35 35 60 60 50 50 G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction Vol (L)2 5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.25 5.25 5.5 5.25 5.25 5.25 5.25 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 Site C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña Feature No T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 Unit Level 2 02 06 06 06 6 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 08 08 08 08 08 08 09 09 10 10 09 09 09 10 10 10 10 10 08/9 08/9 08/9 08/9 08/9 08/9 08/9 08/9 08/9 08/9 08/9 08/9 09 09 09 09 12 12 08 08 08 9 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 07 07 07 07 07 07 02 02 02 02 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 05 05 05 05 Bag 98 98 121 121 121 124 124 124 124 124 124 124 124 143 143 143 143 143 143 154 154 155 155 156 156 156 159 159 159 159 159 169 169 169 169 169 174 174 174 174 174 174 174 177 177 177 177 Taxon3 Nothing identifiable Zea mays Atriplex Prosopis Zea mays Amaranth Atriplex Juglans Monocotyledon Pinus Populus/Salix Prosopis Zea mays Atriplex Fouquieria Juglans Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Monocotyledon Prosopis Prosopis Zea mays Atriplex Populus/Salix Prosopis Cheno-am Fouquieria Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Cheno-am Fouquieria Leguminosae Prosopis Zea mays Atriplex Cheno-am Fouquieria Monocotyledon Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Cheno-am Fouquieria Fraxinus Leguminosae ID Level type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type Part Condition Number cupule charcoal charcoal cupule seed charcoal charcoal tissue fragment charcoal charcoal charcoal cupule charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal kernel fragment cupule tissue fragment charcoal charcoal cupule charcoal charcoal charcoal seed charcoal charcoal cupule kernel fragment seed charcoal seed charcoal cupule charcoal seed charcoal tissue fragment charcoal cob fragment kernel fragment seed charcoal charcoal seed charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred 6 1 12 12 1 1 1 2 1 1 10 4 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 4 3 1 2 1 2 3 1 10 3 2 4 4 1 6 1 2 3 2 1 6 1 1 3 3 1 1 Type of Sample Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Ml Avail4 Ml Exam5 35 80 80 80 25 55 55 55 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 20 20 20 20 20 20 30 30 45 45 30 30 30 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 20 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 25 25 25 25 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 15 15 15 15 15 15 25 25 40 40 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 20 15 15 15 15 15 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 Comments G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction 3.8x2.6x1.7 mm 2.7x2.1x1.8 mm Vol (L)2 Site 4 4 C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña 4 4 4 5 C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres 5.5 5.5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6.5 5.5 4.5 6.5 5 6 7 7 5 Feature No T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T508 T508 T508 T508 T508 T508 T508 T508 T508 T508 T508 T508 T508 T508 T508 T537 T537 T537 T537 T537 T537 T537 T537 T537 T537 T537 T537 T537 T001 T001 T001 T001 T001 T001 T001 T001 T001 T001 T001 T001 T001 T001 Unit Level 09 09 05 05 09 09 09 02 2 2 02 02 2 02 02 02 2 02 02 2 02 02 01 01 02 03 03 04 04 4 4 04 4 4 04 02 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 05 05 05 04 4 5 05 05 6 06 06 06 7 07 07 8 08 08 03 04 04 04 05 03 05 6 6 06 6 6 06 07 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 Bag Taxon3 177 177 Populus/Salix Prosopis 177 177 177 11 11 14 14 14 18 18 18 18 21 21 21 24 24 24 12 16 23 49 52 61 69 73 73 73 73 73 73 25 25 27 27 27 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 37 37 Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Zea mays Zea mays Cheno-am Cheno-am Zea mays Zea mays Nothing identifiable Zea mays Zea mays Cheno-am Cheno-am Zea mays Prosopis Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Prosopis Prosopis Larrea Prosopis Amaranth Cheno-am Cheno-am Chenopodium Chenopodium Leguminosae Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Cheno-am Chenopodium Unknown Amaranth Cheno-am Cheno-am Chenopodium Chenopodium Gramineae Unknown Amaranth Cheno-am ID Level type type type Part charcoal cotyledon fragment charcoal kernel cupule kernel fragment cupule seed seed cupule kernel fragment type type type type type 21 type Condition charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred Number 1 1 2 1 1 1 5 2 2 2 2 cupule kernel fragment seed seed cupule charcoal charred charred charred charred charred charred 3 2 1 1 1 1 charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal seed seed seed seed seed charcoal charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 seed seed seed fragment seed seed seed seed seed caryopsis seed fragment seed seed charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 3 2 6 2 1 Type of Sample Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Ml Avail4 25 25 Ml Exam5 20 20 25 25 25 145 20 20 20 125 85 85 65 65 60 60 60 50 50 50 Comments oval line, crazed sfc. sample lacks charred material G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction 55 55 45 45 G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction 40 40 30 30 G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 2 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 2 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction 45 25 sample lacks charred material G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 2 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 4 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 4 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction Vol (L)2 Site Feature No 11 C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres 11 C. los Torres T001 01 07 11 C. los Torres T001 01 07 11 C. los Torres T001 01 07 11 C. los Torres T001 01 07 11 C. los Torres T001 01 07 9 C. los Torres T001 01 08 9 C. los Torres T001 01 08 12 C. los Torres T001 01 09 12 C. los Torres T001 01 09 12 C. los Torres T001 01 09 10 9 9 9 9 T001 T001 T001 T001 T001 T001 T001 T001 T001 T001 T001 T001 T001 T001 T001 T001 T001 T001 T001 T001 T001 T001 T001 T001 T001 T001 T001 T001 T001 Unit Level 1 03 3 3 3 3 3 03 3 3 03 03 03 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 01 9 05 5 7 7 8 8 08 8 8 08 08 08 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 07 Bag 37 45 45 49 49 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 53 55 55 55 55 55 59 59 59 59 62 62 62 62 62 62 27, 28, 29, 30 27, 28, 29, 30 27, 28, 29, 30 27, 28, 29, 30 27, 28, 29, 30 27, 28, 29, 30 32, 33, 34, 35 32, 33, 34, 35 37, 38, 39, 40 37, 38, 39, 40 37, 38, 39, 40 Taxon3 Unknown Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Cheno-am Unknown Amaranth Cheno-am Cheno-am to GF Chenopodium Chenopodium Physalis Zea mays Zea mays Atriplex Cheno-am Chenopodium Chenopodium Gramineae Amaranth Cheno-am Chenopodium Nothing identifiable Amaranth Amaranth Cheno-am Chenopodium Unknown Unknown Atriplex ID Level Part Number seed seed fragment seed seed seed seed seed seed cupule kernel fragment seed seed seed seed caryopsis seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed seed fragment charcoal charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred uncharred charred charred charred charred 4 1 1 1 2 3 1 2 1 3 3 4 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 seed charred 2 type caryopsis charred type stem fragment Zea mays type charred 3 Type of Sample Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation type seed fragment Condition Ml Avail4 Ml Exam5 45 30 75 60 75 75 75 60 60 60 95 Flotation 135 95 1 Flotation 135 95 charred 1 Flotation 135 95 cupule charred 3 Flotation 135 95 Zea mays kernel fragment charred 1 Flotation 135 95 Cheno-am to GF seed charred 4 Flotation 118 88 Eragrostis intermedia Gramineae Gramineae type stem fragment charred 1 Flotation 118 88 Eragrostis intermedia Leguminosae type caryopsis charred 2 Flotation 120 95 type seed charred 1 Flotation 120 95 cupule charred 3 Flotation 120 95 Zea mays G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction sample lacks charred material G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 2 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 2 cheno-ams photographed G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 5 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 5 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 6 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 6 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 6 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 6 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 6 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 6 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 6 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 6 cheno-ams 135 Cheno-am to GF Comments not blocky like Astragalus Vol (L)2 Site 4 10 10 10 15 15 C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres 15 11 11 11 11 4 5 15 C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. los Torres C. Vidal C. Vidal C. Vidal C. Vidal C. Vidal C. Vidal 15 14 14 1 1 1 1 Feature No Bag 03 03 03 03 03 03 07 09 09 09 10 10 49, 50 55, 56 55, 56 55, 56 59, 60 59, 60 T001 T001 T001 T001 T001 T020 T020 T020 T020 T020 T020 03 03 03 03 03 02 1 1 1 02 01 10 11 11 11 11 05 5 5 5 06 05 C. Vidal T020 01 05 C. Vidal C. Vidal C. Vidal C. Vidal C. Vidal C. Vidal Ophelia's Well Ophelia's Well Ophelia's Well Ophelia's Well T020 T020 T20 T20 T20 T20 BHT5B BHT5B BHT5B BHT5B 01 01 2 1 1 1 06 07 6 6 7 7 59, 60 62, 63, 65 62, 63, 65 62, 63, 65 62, 63, 65 19 20 20 20 26 20, 21, 22, 23 20, 21, 22, 23 27, 28, 29 31, 32, 33 26 27 31 31 5 5 5 5 T094 T094 T094 T094 T094 T094 T094 T094 T094 T094 T094 T094 T094 T094 T010 01 01 01 01 01 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 MACROFOSSIL n/a C. el Canelo n/a C. el Canelo n/a C. el Canelo n/a C. el Canelo n/a C. el Canelo n/a C. el Canelo n/a C. el Canelo n/a C. el Canelo n/a C. el Canelo n/a C. el Canelo n/a C. el Canelo n/a C. el Canelo n/a C. el Canelo n/a C. el Canelo n/a C. Juanaqueña T001 T001 T001 T001 T001 T001 Unit Level 02 03 03 04 05 03 04 04 04 05 05 06 07 09 05 5 8 8 11 14 20 23 23 23 26 26 29 32 37 17 Taxon3 Cheno-am Cheno-am to GF Euphorbia Zea mays Cheno-am to GF Eragrostis intermedia Physalis Cheno-am to GF Physalis Zea mays Zea mays Nothing identifiable Amaranth Chenopodium Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Cheno-am to GF ID Level type type type type Zea mays Nothing identifiable Zea mays Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Cheno-am Unknown Cheno-am Unknown Unknown Zea mays Fouquieria Atriplex Fouquieria Fouquieria Prosopis Nothing identifiable Atriplex Monocotyledon Prosopis Fouquieria Prosopis Fouquieria Fouquieria Nothing identifiable Zea mays Part seed seed seed cupule seed caryopsis seed seed seed kernel fragment cupule type type type type type type type charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred Number 4 5 1 2 6 1 Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Ml Avail4 45 110 110 110 65 65 Ml Exam5 50 70 70 70 45 45 seed seed charred charred 1 1 seed charred 2 cupule charred 1 Flotation 100 85 Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation 130 90 120 80 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a charred 1 6 2 1 1 Type of Sample Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation Flotation cupule type type type type type Condition 2 seed seed seed seed tissue fragment cupule charred charred charred charred charred charred 2 1 1 1 4 1 charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal tissue fragment charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal cob fragment charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 6 4 3 6 1 65 110 110 110 110 65 45 85 85 85 85 55 30 100 20 85 Comments photographed photographed sample lacks charred material G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 2 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 1 seeds orig 2 cheno-ams G Fritz Table 2 fine fraction sample lacks charred material sample lacks charred material G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction G Fritz Table 3 very fine fraction columnar cells too small to ID too small to ID Vol (L)2 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Site C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña Feature No T010 T010 T163 T163 T167 T222 T222 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T413 T413 T415 T415 T415 T415 T415 T415 T463 T463 T463 T465 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 Unit Level 01 01 02 02 03 03 03 01 01 02 02 02 02 02 01 01 01 01 01 02 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 11 11 08 08 01 07 11 05 04 08 08 08 08 08 11 11 11 11 11 07 09 01 02 02 02 02 03 03 03 03 04 02 02 02 02 03 03 03 03 03 03 05 06 06 06 06 07 Bag 44 44 47 47 42 79 94 5 19 40 40 40 40 40 59 59 59 59 59 53 56 3 5 5 5 6 8 3 3 3 5 7 7 9 9 10 10 10 12 12 12 19 21 21 21 21 25 Taxon3 Gramineae Zea mays Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Cucurbita digitata Cucurbita digitata Zea mays Zea mays Atriplex Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Monocotyledon Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Nothing identifiable Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Prosopis Atriplex Monocotyledon Prosopis Prosopis Prosopis Zea mays Prosopis Zea mays Prosopis Prosopis Zea mays Gramineae Prosopis Zea mays Prosopis Fouquieria Juglans Populus/Salix Prosopis Fouquieria ID Level type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type Part stem fragment kernel fragment charcoal cob fragment cob segment seed interior seed interior cob fragment kernel fragment charcoal charcoal kernel fragment cob segment cob fragment tissue fragment charcoal cob fragment cob segment kernel fragment cob segment kernel fragment charcoal charcoal kernel fragment cob fragment kernel fragment charcoal charcoal tissue fragment charcoal charcoal charcoal kernel fragment charcoal cob segment pod fragment charcoal kernel fragment stem fragment charcoal kernel charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal Condition charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred uncharred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred Number 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 8 2 1 3 2 1 1 7 8 6 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 5 1 10 4 2 1 3 1 Type of Sample Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Ml Avail4 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Ml Exam5 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Comments fit together in two halves complete flour endosperm? photographed photographed photographed photographed too small to ID Vol (L)2 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Site C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña Feature No T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 Unit Level 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 04 03 03 04 07 08 08 08 08 09 09 09 09 09 09 10 10 10 10 01 01 02 04 05 05 05 05 06 06 06 06 06 07 07 07 07 07 08 08 08 08 08 09 09 09 09 09 01 09 09 02 Bag 25 28 28 28 28 32 32 32 32 32 32 36 36 36 36 37 37 40 45 48 48 48 48 51 51 51 51 51 53 53 53 53 53 57 57 57 57 57 60 60 60 60 60 63 66 66 68 Taxon3 Prosopis Atriplex Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Atriplex Fouquieria Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Atriplex Compositae Prosopis Zea mays Atriplex Prosopis Prosopis Fouquieria Monocotyledon Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Fouquieria Juglans Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Atriplex Populus/Salix Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Atriplex Fouquieria Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Juglans Populus/Salix Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Prosopis Populus/Salix Prosopis Atriplex ID Level type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type Part charcoal charcoal charcoal kernel fragment cob fragment charcoal charcoal charcoal cob fragment kernel fragment cob segment charcoal charcoal charcoal cob fragment charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal tissue fragment charcoal cob fragment kernel fragment charcoal charcoal charcoal cob fragment kernel fragment charcoal charcoal charcoal cob fragment kernel fragment charcoal charcoal charcoal kernel fragment cob fragment nutshell fragment charcoal charcoal cob fragment kernel fragment charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal Condition charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred Number 9 4 6 4 5 3 1 6 4 3 1 1 1 5 1 1 4 2 1 1 9 1 1 3 2 5 5 2 2 3 4 1 1 2 1 7 1 5 1 2 8 1 2 2 2 2 2 Type of Sample Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Ml Avail4 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Ml Exam5 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Comments Vol (L)2 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Site C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña Feature No T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 Unit Level 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 05 05 05 05 04/5 04/5 04/5 04/5 04/5 04/5 04/5 04/5 04/5 04/5 04/5 04/5 04/5 04/5 04/5 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 06 06 06 06 07 06 06 06 06 06 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 01 02 02 02 03 03 04 04 05 05 05 05 06 06 06 07 07 07 07 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 01 02 02 02 01 03 03 04 05 05 Bag 68 68 68 68 71 71 71 71 71 72 74 76 76 79 79 83 83 87 87 87 87 91 91 91 94 94 94 94 97 97 97 97 97 97 100 100 100 102 104 104 104 106 108 108 109 113 113 Taxon3 Fouquieria Populus/Salix Prosopis Zea mays Atriplex Compositae Gramineae Monocotyledon Zea mays Prosopis Prosopis Prosopis Zea mays Prosopis Zea mays Fouquieria Zea mays Atriplex Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Fouquieria Populus/Salix Prosopis Atriplex Fouquieria Prosopis Zea mays Atriplex Fouquieria Juglans Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Prosopis Atriplex Fouquieria Prosopis Nothing identifiable Atriplex Prosopis Prosopis Fouquieria Prosopis ID Level type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type Part charcoal charcoal charcoal kernel fragment charcoal charcoal stem fragment tissue fragment kernel charcoal charcoal charcoal cob fragment charcoal kernel fragment charcoal cob fragment charcoal charcoal cob fragment kernel fragment charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal cob segment charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal cob fragment kernel fragment charcoal cob fragment kernel fragment charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal Condition charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred Number 2 2 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 8 3 2 6 3 2 3 1 4 2 1 3 2 6 3 1 6 1 1 2 1 6 10 5 4 1 3 4 5 3 1 3 3 3 2 8 Type of Sample Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Ml Avail4 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Ml Exam5 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Comments too small to ID Vol (L)2 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Site C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña Feature No T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 Unit Level 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 09 09 10 10 10 05 05 06 06 06 06 06 06 07 07 07 07 07 08 08 08 08 08 08 08 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 01 02 02 02 03 03 03 03 04 04 06 06 06 06 06 01 01 01 02 02 Bag 113 113 117 117 117 117 117 117 120 120 120 120 120 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 126 126 126 126 126 126 126 128 131 131 131 132 132 132 132 135 135 142 142 142 142 142 148 148 149 152 152 Taxon3 Zea mays Zea mays Atriplex Populus/Salix Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Fouquieria Juglans Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Atriplex Fouquieria Gramineae Populus/Salix Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Atriplex Fouquieria Gramineae Juglans Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Prosopis Atriplex Fouquieria Prosopis Atriplex Fouquieria Prosopis Zea mays Atriplex Prosopis Atriplex Fouquieria Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Prosopis Zea mays Prosopis Atriplex Prosopis ID Level type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type Part kernel fragment cob fragment charcoal charcoal charcoal kernel fragment cob fragment cob segment charcoal charcoal charcoal cob fragment kernel fragment charcoal charcoal stem fragment charcoal charcoal cob fragment kernel fragment charcoal charcoal stem fragment charcoal charcoal kernel fragment cob fragment charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal cob fragment charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal cupule kernel fragment charcoal kernel fragment charcoal charcoal charcoal Condition charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred Number 4 1 1 1 8 3 10 2 2 2 5 3 4 2 2 1 1 5 10 17 3 1 1 1 6 4 10 5 1 2 2 1 4 10 4 1 9 2 3 15 2 1 3 1 10 3 17 Type of Sample Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Ml Avail4 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Ml Exam5 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Comments Vol (L)2 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Site C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña Feature No T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T487 T508 T508 T508 T508 T508 T508 T508 T508 T508 T508 Unit Level 10 09 09 09 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 09 09 09 09 09 09 10 10 10 10 08/9 08/9 08/9 08/9 08/9 08/9 08/9 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 01 01 01 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 03 03 03 04 04 04 04 05 05 05 02 02 02 02 02 03 03 03 01 02 03 04 05 05 05 Bag 152 158 158 158 161 161 161 161 161 161 162 165 165 165 165 165 165 167 167 167 167 173 173 173 176 176 176 176 179 179 179 152a 152a 152a 152a 152a 4 4 4 6 8 10 13 16 16 16 Taxon3 Zea mays Atriplex Prosopis Zea mays Atriplex Juglans Populus/Salix Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Atriplex Atriplex Fouquieria Populus/Salix Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Atriplex Juglans Monocotyledon Prosopis Fouquieria Populus/Salix Prosopis Atriplex Fouquieria Prosopis Zea mays Fouquieria Prosopis Zea mays Atriplex Fouquieria Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Prosopis Prosopis Prosopis Prosopis Populus/Salix Prosopis Zea mays ID Level type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type Part cob fragment charcoal charcoal cob fragment charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal cob fragment kernel fragment charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal kernel fragment cupule charcoal charcoal tissue fragment charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal cob fragment charcoal charcoal cupule charcoal charcoal charcoal kernel fragment cob fragment charcoal kernel fragment cupule charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal cob segment Condition charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred Number 5 3 17 5 7 4 1 6 4 3 44 2 4 2 12 2 1 1 2 1 17 4 1 15 5 7 5 1 5 6 1 1 2 17 2 2 5 1 1 1 2 4 4 1 3 1 Type of Sample Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Ml Avail4 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Ml Exam5 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Comments Vol (L)2 Site n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña Ophelia's Well Ophelia's Well Ophelia's Well Ophelia's Well Ophelia's Well Ophelia's Well Ophelia's Well Ophelia's Well Ophelia's Well Ophelia's Well Ophelia's Well Ophelia's Well Ophelia's Well Ophelia's Well Ophelia's Well Ophelia's Well Ophelia's Well WOOD n/a n/a n/a n/a C. el Canelo C. el Canelo C. el Canelo C. el Canelo n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Feature No T508 T508 T508 T508 T508 T508 T508 T508 T537 BHT5A BHT5A BHT5A BHT5B BHT5B BHT5B BHT5B BHT5B BHT5B BHT5B BHT5B BHT5B BHT5B BHT5B BHT5B BHT5B BHT5B Unit Level 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 04 06 06 06 07 07 08 09 10 05 Bag Taxon3 19 19 19 22 22 25 28 29 74 19 20 22 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 21 Juglans Prosopis Zea mays Juglans Prosopis Prosopis Prosopis Prosopis Zea mays Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable Nothing identifiable ID Level type type type type type type type 01 01 Large circle Large circle Large circle Large circle 01 01 02 02 01 01 02 02 1 1 5 5 Dicotyledon Soil Fraxinus Unknown type C. el Canelo C. el Canelo C. el Canelo C. el Canelo Large circle Large circle Large circle Large circle 01 02 02 02 02 03 03 03 6 10 11 11 Dicotyledon Soil Fraxinus Unknown type C. el Canelo C. el Canelo C. el Canelo C. el Canelo C. el Canelo C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña Large circle Large circle T41R40 T41R40 T41R40 BR1 R1a 01 02 02 02 02 06 01 04 04 06 07 07 03 02 13 15 19 21 21 14 12 Dicotyledon Fraxinus Prosopis Prosopis Unknown Prosopis Prosopis type type type type type type type type Part charcoal charcoal kernel fragment charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal cob segment charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal nodule charcoal wood charcoal nodule charcoal wood charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal Condition charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred uncharred charred partially charred charred uncharred charred partially charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred Number 3 5 1 1 4 10 4 2 1 1 5 1 20+ 1 9 3 3 4 4 1 Type of Sample Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Macrofossil Ml Avail4 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Ml Exam5 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Comments too small to ID too small to ID too small to ID too small to ID too small to ID too small to ID too small to ID too small to ID too small to ID too small to ID too small to ID too small to ID too small to ID too small to ID too small to ID too small to ID too small to ID Wood Wood Wood Wood n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a na/ Poss. Fraxinus;not for C14? Wood Wood Wood Wood n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Poss. Fraxinus; twig w/ ~5 rings only items in this sample 4 twig frags, with < 10 rings Possibly historic? Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Possibly Fraxinus; 1-2 rings 2 twigs, each with ~ 5 ring Possibly historic? layered Vol (L)2 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Site C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña Feature No R1a R250 R286 R286 R286 R286 T006 T006 T006 T006 T006 T010 T010 T010 T010 T010 T020 T097 T097 T126 T126 T126 T126 T126 T126 T126 T126 T126 T126 T126 T126 T126 T126 T126 T163 T163 T163 T163 T163 T163 T163 T163 T163 T163 T163 Unit Level 02 02 04 04 02 02 01 01 01 01 01 02 01 02 02 01 01 01 01 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 04 04 05 02 01 02 01 01 02 01 01 04 05 03 01 02 04 04 04 04 04 04 05 06 08 08 12 05 05 06 06 07 08 09 10 11 11 06 07 07 09 09 09 10 10 01 01 02 03 05 06 06 06 07 07 08 Bag 26 41 9 12 24 26 93 93 93 95 110 18 19 33 33 47 24 17 22 20 28 33 38 41 44 44 49 52 52 59 59 59 63 63 2 2 6 16 29 31 37 37 39 42 51 Taxon3 Unknown Fouquieria Prosopis Prosopis Prosopis Prosopis Atriplex Fouquieria Leguminosae Leguminosae Leguminosae Prosopis Zea mays Gramineae Zea mays Prosopis Prosopis Prosopis Prosopis Prosopis Prosopis Prosopis Prosopis Prosopis Prosopis Zea mays Prosopis Prosopis Zea mays Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Prosopis Zea mays Chenopodium Soil Soil Prosopis Nothing identifiable Prosopis Atriplex Prosopis Prosopis Prosopis Prosopis ID Level Part Condition type charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal kernel fragment stem fragment kernel fragment charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal cupule charcoal charcoal kernel fragment charcoal kernel fragment cupule charcoal kernel fragment seed nodule nodule charcoal charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred uncharred uncharred uncharred charred type type type type type type charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charred charred charred charred charred charred type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type Number 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 7 10 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 5 2 1 11 2 8 1 5 2 1 12 3 5 6 1 20+ 20+ 7 3 10 1 9 2 20 1 Type of Sample Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Ml Avail4 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Ml Exam5 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Comments too degraded to ID similar to Mimosa similar to Mimosa similar to Mimosa rodent cache? photographed Vol (L)2 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Site C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña Feature No T163 T163 T175 T175 T175 T175 T175 T287 T287 T287 T287 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T387 T413 Unit Level 06 07 01 02 07 07 02 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 02 02 02 01 01 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 01 01 01 02 02 02 02 02 01 01 02 02 02 01 01 01 01 03 03 02 04 03 04 05 06 08 08 08 04 04 05 05 01 02 02 03 03 03 03 03 04 07 07 07 07 07 07 08 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 10 10 10 10 10 10 02 Bag 57 59 72 75 79 86 94 56 62 62 62 4 4 5 5 9 12 12 14 14 17 17 17 22 36 36 36 36 37 37 44 49 49 49 49 49 50 50 55 55 55 56 56 56 3 Taxon3 Prosopis Prosopis Prosopis Prosopis Juglans Prosopis Prosopis Unknown Compositae Prosopis Zea mays Prosopis Zea mays Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Prosopis Zea mays Prosopis Zea mays Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Atriplex Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Prosopis Zea mays Prosopis Atriplex Populus/Salix Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Monocotyledon Prosopis Juglans Prosopis Zea mays Atriplex Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays ID Level type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type Part charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal cupule charcoal kernel fragment charcoal kernel fragment kernel fragment charcoal kernel fragment charcoal kernel fragment charcoal kernel fragment cupule kernel fragment charcoal charcoal kernel fragment cupule charcoal kernel fragment charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal cupule kernel fragment tissue fragment charcoal charcoal charcoal cupule charcoal charcoal cupule kernel fragment Condition charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred Number 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 8 2 4 1 2 3 4 1 1 5 2 2 3 4 1 1 3 14 1 4 8 2 2 1 1 9 1 2 1 6 2 1 1 1 7 1 1 Type of Sample Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Ml Avail4 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Ml Exam5 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Comments photographed too small to ID Vol (L)2 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 1 Site C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña C. Juanaqueña Feature No T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 T413 Unit Level 01 01 01 01 01 02 02 02 01 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 02 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 02 01 01 01 01 02 02 02 02 02 03 04 05 02 03 01 04 04 05 05 05 05 05 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 07 08 08 08 10 03 03 03 03 03 Bag 5 8 10 14 17 20 31 31 32 34 36 36 36 40 40 40 40 42 42 42 42 42 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 49 51 51 51 59 23/26 23/26 23/26 23/26 23/26 Taxon3 Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Zea mays Prosopis Zea mays Prosopis Zea mays Prosopis Zea mays Populus/Salix Prosopis Zea mays Juglans Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Atriplex Juglans Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Atriplex Gramineae Juglans Populus/Salix Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Prosopis Prosopis Zea mays Zea mays Prosopis Atriplex Gramineae Juniperus Prosopis Zea mays ID Level type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type type Part kernel fragment kernel fragment kernel fragment kernel fragment charcoal kernel fragment charcoal kernel fragment charcoal kernel fragment charcoal charcoal cupule charcoal charcoal kernel fragment embryo charcoal charcoal charcoal kernel fragment cupule charcoal stem fragment charcoal charcoal charcoal cupule kernel fragment charcoal charcoal kernel fragment cupule charcoal charcoal stem fragment charcoal charcoal kernel fragment Condition charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred charred Number 2 9 10 1 1 1 4 1 1 3 2 5 1 1 7 3 1 1 2 8 4 1 2 1 3 1 10 4 3 2 3 1 1 1 2 1 3 5 14 Type of Sample Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Wood Ml Avail4 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Ml Exam5 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Comments photographed This appendix lists all archaeobotanical data from all samples analyzed. The samples are sorted by type (flotation, macrofossil, and finally wood), site, feature number, and bag number. Vol (L) refers to original sediment volume floated. 3 GF refers to Gayle Fritz's examination of cheno-am seeds presented in Chapter 9. 4 Ml Avail are the milliliters of light fraction available to examine. 5 Ml Exam represent the light fraction portion examined, and includes all available specimens except those smaller than 0.5 mm in size. 2 1 Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 8.3 Comparative Ethnographic and Archaeological Plant Use J. Kevin Hanselka This appendix provides comparative archaeological and ethnographic information on the recovered wild plant remains. Reproductive parts likely representing subsistence are listed before wood types used for fuel and other material culture needs. Reproductive Parts Astragalus nuttalliana type seeds. Archaeologically, Astragalus remains have been found in Early Agricultural period contexts at including Clearwater (AZ BB:13:6) and Los Pozos (AZ AA:12:91) in southeastern Arizona (Diehl 1997:256). Bohrer (1987:110-113) summarizes the record of milkvetch at La Ciudad in the Hohokam core area. She suggests that the Hohokam may have encouraged the plants in fallow agricultural fields (Bohrer 1991:232). Ethnographically, one of the best records of milkvetch use is among the Cahuilla of southern California, who gathered the seeds from the mature plants, pounded the pods, and mixed them with beans and other foods (Bean and Saubel 1972:44). The Zuni, Hopi, and Jemez consumed milkvetch pods either raw or cooked (Castetter 1935; Hough 1898; Stevenson 1915), and the Kayenta Navajo also used various milkvetch species for medicinal purposes (Wyman and Harris 1951:27-28). 2 Milkvetch may have been an important food resource as part of a "cool season complex" of plants available in the early months of the growing season (Bohrer 1991:232). The plants are green and available while grasses may still be dormant, and can produce relatively early seed crops. As a member of the group of legumes known as "locoweeds," it is unclear whether the seeds would have been toxic to humans. Astragalus nuttalliana concentrates smaller amounts of toxic selenium than other locoweeds, and may harbor reduced amounts of glycosides when mature and dry (Bohrer 1987:112); processing techniques might have further reduced toxic elements in the plants. Cheno-am seeds. The seeds of both plants, as well as indeterminate cheno-ams, are common at Early Agricultural/early ceramic period sites in the southern Southwest. Amaranthus remains have been found at Donaldson (AZ EE:2:30), Stone pipe (AZ BB:13:425), Santa Cruz Bend (AZ AA:12:745), and the early ceramic Square Hearth site (Huckell 1995:76, 1998a:82-88). Chenopodium seeds have been found in Early Agricultural period deposits at the Donaldson site, Los Ojitos (AZ EE:2:137), Los Pozos, and at Square Hearth (Diehl 1997:256, 2001:312; Huckell 1995:75-78, 1998a:82). Less-specifically identified cheno-am seeds dating to both the Middle Archaic and Early Agricultural periods were recovered from Los Pozos (Diehl 1997:256, 1999b:51). Other Late Archaic/Early Agricultural period sites in southern Arizona that have produced "cheno-am" seeds include Clearwater, Donaldson, Los Ojitos, Milagro (AZ BB:10:46), East Bank (AZ BB:13:535), Stone Pipe, and Santa Cruz Bend (Diehl 1997:256, 1999a:85; Huckell 1995:76-78, 1998b:84, 88). The Square Hearth site also produced indeterminate chenoam seeds (Diehl 1997:256; Huckell 1998b:82). 3 Historically, many southwestern groups collected both the young plants and ripe seeds of these two plant groups (Adams 1998). The seeds were harvested and often prepared as flour or mush, and the tender leaves could be cooked as greens. Various Navajo groups ground the seeds of Amaranthus blitoides, A. cruentus, and A. palmeri into flour (Elmore 1944; Vestal 1952). The Pima prepared pinole by parching and grinding the seeds of Chenopodium murale (Castetter 1935; Castetter and Bell 1942; Russell 1908) and the Seri of coastal Sonora also valued the seeds of this species (Felger and Moser 1985). Young chenopod and amaranth leaves could be fried, boiled, mixed with meal, fat, or meat, added to stew, or they could be dried and stored for future use (Adams 1988; Castetter 1935; Castetter and Bell 1942; Castetter and Opler 1936; Castetter and Underhill 1935; Russell 1908; Wetterstrom 1986). The recovery of numerous charred Chenopodium and likely domesticated Amaranthus from Cerro Juanaqueña and other nearby cerros de trincheras sites suggests that weeds of agricultural fields played an important role in the prehistoric diet. Cucurbita digitata type seeds. The archaeological record of Cucurbita use in sites in Arizona and New Mexico is especially well preserved in dry caves such as Bat Cave and Sheep Camp Shelter (Adams 1988). C. foetidissima was among the most common plant remains found in Tularosa and Cordova Caves in New Mexico (Cutler 1952:182). In southeastern Arizona, Cucurbita remains were recovered from Early Agricultural period contexts at Los Pozos and Los Ojitos (Diehl 2001:313; Huckell 1995:78). Also, a small fragment of Cucurbita sp. rind was recovered from a trash pit at the Square Hearth site, but the cultural affiliation of this specimen is unknown (Huckell 1998a:67, 82). 4 Wild Cucurbita has served a diversity of needs among modern human groups in the Southwest (Adams 1988:190). The plants were sought mainly for the use of their seeds as food, or to make containers out of dried rinds (Ebeling 1986). The Pima prepared the seeds by roasting, and various Pueblo groups added ground Cucurbita seeds to boiling water (Niethammer 1974; Russell 1908). The Navajo used Cucurbita blossoms as a seasoning in meat stew (Bailey 1940:289), and the Tewa pulverized the roots for medicinal purposes (Robbins et al. 1916). The high saponin content of the fruits also made them useful for soap (Ebeling 1986:329, 527-528). Eragrostis intermedia type caryopses (grains). Charred Eragrostis grains have been recovered from both Middle Archaic and Early Agricultural period contexts at Los Pozos (Diehl 1997:256, 1999b:52, 2001:318). Possible lovegrass remains were also found at Tularosa Cave, southwestern New Mexico (Cutler 1952:478). Hearths and trash-filled pits at the long-occupied Hohokam site of La Ciudad in Phoenix also contained numerous charred lovegrass grains from throughout the occupation, suggesting that lovegrass may have played a more important role in Hohokam subsistence than formerly recognized. In his study of the economic value of grass seeds for historic Native American groups in the Southwest, Doebley (1984) concludes that Eragrostis ranked relatively high in level of dietary importance. The Cocopa and Paiute processed Eragrostis grains by parching and grinding them with a variety of other wild seed types, and then eating the resultant flour dry or as a cooked mush (Doebley 1984:55; Kelley 1977:39). Adams (1988:231) suggests that since lovegrass grains fall freely from their surrounding chaffy parts, a collector could easily walk 5 through a stand of the grass with a beater and basket and gather significant quantities of relatively chaff-free grain. Euphorbia type seed. Charred spurge seeds have been found in Early Agricultural period contexts at several other sites in the southern Southwest, including Donaldson, Los Pozos, and Stone Pipe (Diehl 1997:257, 2001:318; Huckell 1995:76, 1998b:68, 88). The use of spurge plants as a food resource is not commonly assumed, as many species contain toxic substances in their milky sap that effectively discourage their consumption by herbivores (Huckell 1995). However, a case was made at Salmon Ruin, New Mexico, in which the common recovery of spurge seeds in contexts suggestive of food preparation hinted at a similar use in prehistory (Adams 1980). It is possible that prehistoric populations knew how to prepare spurge plants in ways that rendered the toxic components harmless (Adams 1980:41) or that its presence reflects medicinal use. A few ethnographic references exist concerning the use of spurge plants for food. Stevenson (1915) observed Zuni women using the root of E. serpyllifolia to sweeten cornmeal. This process involved placing a small piece of the root of the plant in the mouth for a number of days, replacing it with ground cornmeal, and holding the cornmeal until it was completely saturated with saliva. The Zuni also chewed the leaves of this species for the pleasant taste (Stevenson 1915:68). Different Native American groups used various species of spurge to relieve bee stings, fever, chicken pox, small pox, sores of the mouth, and earaches (Bean and Saubel 1972). The single apparently burned seed in Cerro los Torres clearly indicates the prehistoric presence of Euphorbia on the landscape, but it may or may not represent a utilized resource. 6 Ferocactus type seed. Although Ferocactus has not yet been recognized in Early Agricultural sites, a fishhook fashioned from a curved cactus spine was recovered from Waterfall Cave, in the Sierra Madre Occidental of southern Chihuahua, in deposits believed to date to between A.D. 1000 and 1600 (Ascher and Clune Jr. 1960; Clune 1960). The ethnographic record shows that Ferocactus was a valuable resource for historic groups. The interior pulp is edible (Ebeling 1986:513) and the seeds are highly nutritious, consisting of about 18 percent protein and 17 percent oil (Earle and Jones 1962). The Cahuilla utilized the berries and stems of F. cylandraceus (Bean and Saubel 1972) and the Tarahumara consumed the fruit of F. wislizenii (Ebeling 1986:786). The liquid obtained by crushing the interior pulp of the cactus can be used as an emergency substitute for water (Cutak 1943, 1946; Ebeling 1986). The Pima frequently used the curved spines of some species as fishhooks, similar to the archaeological specimen described above (Curtin 1984). Barrel cacti essentially offer convenient "on the plant" storage of their fruit for months, possibly into a late spring/early summer food-stressed time of the year. If people allowed the fruit to be stored on the plant until needed, and then ate the fruit without preparation, the recovery of seeds in the archaeological record might be under-represented in terms of actual reliance on this resource. Gramineae type caryopses (grains). Various identified and unidentified wild grasses have been found in Middle Archaic, Early Agricultural, and early ceramic period contexts in the southern Southwest, including sites such as Los Pozos, Boatyard, East Bank, Los Ojitos, Donaldson, Santa Cruz Bend, Stone Pipe, and Square Hearth (Diehl 1999a:85, 1999b:51-54, 2001:327-328; Huckell 1995:76-79, 1998b). 7 Grass remains are also reported from Late Archaic/Early Agricultural period sites in the Tonto Basin, central Arizona (Huckell 2002:698-699), and from Medio period sites in northern Chihuahua (Whalen and Minnis 1999:40). Historically, grasses comprised a large proportion of wild plant foods in the diets of the Paiute, Hopi, and Yuman Indians (Castetter and Bell 1951; Chamberlin 1911; Whiting 1966). Doebley (1984:61) concluded that Indian ricegrass (Oryzopsis hymenoides), panic grass (Panicum spp.), dropseed (Sporobolus spp.), lovegrass (Eragrostis spp.), mannagrass (Glyceria spp.), barnyard grass (Echinochloa crusgalli), and blue grass (Poa spp.) were of particular economic value. Helianthus type achene. There is an extensive record of prehistoric Helianthus use in the American Southwest. Desiccated sunflower heads were found scattered throughout the cultural deposits within Bat Cave (Smith Jr. 1950:164) and in almost every excavation level at Tularosa Cave (Cutler 1952:475). Paleofecal evidence indicates that sunflower seeds were a dietary staple for at least 8,000 years at Cowboy Cave, Utah (Hogan 1980:204-208). Common sunflower seeds have also been found in Early Agricultural period levels at Los Pozos (Diehl 2001:313, 325). Historically, the Tarahumara of southern Chihuahua collected and toasted the highly nutritious seeds of the sunflower for food (Pennington 1963), and the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache ground the seeds and baked the resulting dough on hot stones (Castetter and Opler 1936:48). The Navajo ground the seeds and made the meal into bread, dumplings, cakes, and gruel (Steggerda 1941:223; Vestal 1952:51); sometimes the seeds were mixed with corn, ground, and then made into cakes (Elmore 1944:87). 8 Juglans type nutshell. Prehistoric groups in the Southwest made extensive use of walnuts as a food resource (Ebeling 1986:475, 500). Nutshell fragments were found scattered throughout the deposits in Bat Cave and Tularosa Cave (Cutler 1952; Smith Jr. 1950). Carbonized walnut shell fragments dating to the Early Agricultural period were also recovered from the Split Ridge Site, Donaldson, and Los Ojitos (Huckell 1984:286, 1995:76-78). References to Juglans use are abundant in the ethnographic record. Walnut fruit, twigs, bark, roots, and rootbark are all parts sought by different historic groups. The Yavapai consumed the nuts either whole or pulverized (Gifford 1932, 1936) and the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache ate the pulverized nuts either raw or mixed with mesquite gravy or roasted agave (Castetter and Opler 1936:42-43). The Tarahumara and Lowland Tepehuan of southern Chihuahua also collected the nuts as a food resource while its bark could be used as fish poison (Pennington 1969:134-135, 169). Physalis type seed. Physalis seeds are occasionally recovered from archaeological sites in the Southwest, although it is often difficult to distinguish between Physalis seeds and those belonging to Solanum (nightshade), another Solanaceae genus. Huckell (1995:79, 88) reports a single charred Solanaceae seed from Los Ojitos, but it is unclear whether this specimen represents Physalis or Solanum. Similarly, two seeds found in Early Agricultural contexts at Los Pozos are probably nightshade, but may possibly represent groundcherry (Diehl 2001:329); Solanum/Physalis type 9 seeds have also been recovered from the Early Agricultural sites of Clearwater and Santa Cruz Bend (Diehl 1997). There are numerous historic references to groups gathering and eating Physalis fruit. The many-seeded berries can be eaten raw, cooked, or boiled and can be dried and stored for future use (Ebeling 1986:434, 524, 791). The Mescalero Apache collected and consumed fresh ripe groundcherries (Castetter and Opler 1936). The Tarahumara and the Upland Tepehuan gathered the fruits of various Physalis species, including P. sordida and P. viscosa (Ebeling 1986:758; Pennington 1969:298). The Sonoran Seri ate the fresh fruit of P. crassifolia and other species. The dietary value of groundcherry fruits often encouraged traditional farmers to tolerate and/or promote the growth of the plants in their agricultural fields (Castetter 1935). Since groundcherry fruits are frequently eaten raw or boiled, it is likely that this taxa is generally underrepresented in the archaeological record. The recovery of a single charred seed from Cerro los Torres plus a groundcherry/nightshade seed from Cerro Juanaqueña may only hint at the level of use of this resource in prehistory. Portulaca type seed. Charred Portulaca seeds are common in archaeological sites in the American Southwest (Adams 1988). The small, apostrophe-shaped purslane seeds occurred in Early Agricultural period (Cienega Phase) deposits at the East Bank site on the Santa Cruz River near Tucson (Diehl 1999a:85). Other Late Archaic/Early Agricultural sites in southeastern Arizona that contained charred purslane seeds include: Los Pozos, Clearwater, Donaldson, and Santa Cruz Bend (Diehl 1997:256, 2001:319; Huckell 1995:76, 88, 1998b:84). Two charred purslane seeds were recovered from an early ceramic period roasting pit at Houghton Road (Huckell 10 1998a:334). In northwestern Chihuahua, Whalen and Minnis (1999:40) report charred Portulaca seeds from a Medio period settlement south of Paquimé. In historic times, Portulaca plants have offered Native American groups seeds, as well as potherbs that could be eaten either raw or cooked, or dried and stored for winter use (Adams 1988). The Navajo gathered the seeds for food (Elmore 1944:47), and various groups ground the seeds into flour (Palmer 1878). The Apache, Tepehuan, and Tarahumara boiled the stems and leaves of the plants and consumed them as greens; sometimes these groups dried these parts for storage (Palmer 1878; Pennington 1963, 1969). Prosopis type cotyledon fragment. Mesquite remains are abundant in the Southwestern archaeological record. Charred mesquite pod fragments, seeds, seed fragments, and charred wood have been recovered from Early Agricultural period sites in southern and central Arizona such as Los Pozos, Clearwater, Donaldson, Milagro, Los Ojitos, Santa Cruz Bend, Stone Pipe, and Boatyard (Diehl 1997:256, 2001:319; Huckell 1995:76-78, 1998b:84, 2002). Mesquite remains have also been found at Square Hearth (Huckell 1998b:82), and finely comminuted fragments of charred mesquite beans were found in flotation samples from the Houghton Road site (Huckell 1998a:336). Mesquite (Prosopis) pods have played a very important role in the diet of many historic Southwestern groups (Bohrer 1962:99; Ebeling 1986; Yanovsky 1936:35-36). The Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache commonly cooked the beans of P. glandulosa, and spit out the seed coats as the dish was consumed. The boiled beans could also be ground on a metate and used in bread, pinole, or pancakes (Castetter and Opler 1936). The Seri Indians of Sonora toasted the pods and pounded them in a bedrock mortar. After separating out the seeds, fiber, and exocarp, the 11 mesocarp flour was either cooked into atole (a porridge) or made into cakes (Felger 1977:158). Mesquite has also served as a primary material for fuel, shelter, weapons, and tools (Felger 1977; Nabhan 1985). Mesquite beans would have been an attractive resource for Archaic populations in northern Chihuahua; uncooked pods provide 347 kcal/100 g (Ensminger et al. 1994:296). Rhus aromatica type seed. Donaldson and Los Ojitos are among the Early Agricultural period sites in southeastern Arizona that have produced carbonized sumac seeds (Huckell 1995:76,79). They have also been found at Basketmaker III sites in northeastern New Mexico (Kirkpatrick and Ford 1977:263), at Grasshopper Pueblo in Arizona (Bohrer 1982), and at Salmon Ruin, New Mexico (Bohrer 1980; Doebley 1976). All parts of lemonade berry plants (berries, bark, leaves, twigs, roots, buds, pollen and wood) have been utilized in historic times. Berries are valued as food, beverage flavoring, mordant for dyeing, body paint, and as a medicine (Adams 1988:460-467). The Western Apache consumed the berries either fresh or dried (Gallagher 1977). The Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache ground the berries with agave (Agave sp.) and stored the mixture for future consumption (Castetter and Opler 1936:37, 46). The Navajo ate the berries fresh, or ground them and mixed them with corn meal or water (Bailey 1940; Elmore 1944). Various Southwestern Native American groups utilized the flexible stems as a material in basket making (Kearney and Peebles 1960:523; Palmer 1878:597-598). Salvia type seeds. 12 Charred Salvia remains have been found in Early Agricultural period contexts at Los Pozos, Milagro, Stone Pipe, Santa Cruz Bend, and Los Ojitos (Diehl 1997:256, 2001:319; Huckell 1995:79, 1998b:84, 104). Because chia seeds are rich in protein and easily digested fats (Earle and Jones 1962; Powell 1998:345), they have been highly valued by humans. Bohrer (1987:107) and Adams (1988) have summarized the ethnographic record of chia use. A common method of preparation seems to be steeping the seeds in water. The Pima and Papago prepared a beverage in this manner (Castetter and Underhill 1935; Kearney and Peebles 1960:741). The Mojave and the Great Basin Shoshone parched and ground the seeds to make pinole (Ebeling 1986:128, 434). In California, the Cahuilla periodically burned chia stands following the harvest to facilitate future growth (Bean and Saubel 1972; Ebeling 1986:388). They processed the seeds by parching and grinding them into a meal that could be made into cakes or mush (Ebeling 1986:388). If chia seeds were prepared prehistorically by steeping them in water, their recovery rate in archaeological contexts would likely be low. However, the practice of parching the seeds prior to grinding may have resulted in the accidental charring of a few individual specimens. Scirpus type achene. The archaeological record indicates that these resources have a very long history of use (Adams 1988). Charred achenes, presumably burned while being parched, were recovered from human paleofeces in Archaic contexts in Danger Cave and Hogup Cave, Utah, and in Lovelock cave, Nevada, directly attesting to their use as foods (Adams 1988; Ebeling 1986:94). Charred Scirpus remains have been found in Early Agricultural contexts at Clearwater, in the Tucson Basin (Diehl 1997:256). In the Cienega Valley, sedge macrofossils were recovered from 13 Donaldson and Los Ojitos. These achenes were not positively identified beyond the family level; some of them compare well with Scirpus, while others may represent the genus Carex (Huckell 1995:76, 79, 83). A wide range of human needs have been met by bullrush plants in historic times, including food, medicine, and materials for household and ceremonial purposes (Adams 1988; Huckell 1995:84). Bullrush seeds were a staple food for the Cahuilla, who either ate the seeds raw, or ground them into a flour to make mush (Ebeling 1986:355-356). Young bullrush shoots were eaten either raw or cooked (Ebeling 1986:355-356; Kearney and Peebles 1960:151; Swank 1932:68), and the pollen was sometimes mixed with meal to make pancakes, mush, or bread (Ebeling 1986). The tough stems of the plants have been used for basketry, mats, boats, and roofing material (Ebeling 1986:355-356; Huckell 1995:84; Moerman 1998). The presence of archaeological bullrush achenes on Cerro Juanaqueña indicates that the ancient inhabitants likely carried this resource to the cerro from wet areas in the adjacent floodplain. Sphaeralcea type seed. Charred globemallow seeds dating to the Early Agricultural period have been found in the Middle Santa Cruz Valley at Stone Pipe and Santa Cruz Bend, and at the Boatyard site in the Tonto Basin (Huckell 1998b:91, 97, 2002:675). The Square Hearth site produced similar remains (Huckell 1998b:94), and Huckell (Huckell 1998a:340) reports globemallow seeds from several features at Houghton Road. Sphaeralcea seeds also occur in a limited number of Hohokam sites, suggesting relatively localized use (Gasser and Kwaitkowski 1991:438). Historically, the Navajo consumed the seeds of S. angustifolia and used the roots of S. coccinea as a starvation food (Elmore 1944), and the Hopi used the stems of S. angustifolia as a 14 chewing gum (Ebeling 1986:505). Most ethnographic references to globemallow discuss the use of the plant for medicinal purposes (Huckell 1998b:73). The Pima and the Seri pounded globemallow roots to make a medicinal tea for the treatment of diarrhea (Curtin 1984:80-81; Felger and Moser 1985:346). The Kayenta Navajo used several globemallow species in the treatment of skin disease, appetite loss, and sand cricket bite (Wyman and Harris 1951:31-32). The Kayenta Navajo used S. coccinea as a substitute for tobacco and as a ceremonial fumigant ingredient (Wyman and Harris 1951:31-32). The single globemallow seed on Cerro Juanaqueña may indicate the prehistoric use of this plant as a minor food resource, or it may imply that the inhabitants brought the plant to the site to remove portions valued for medicinal or ceremonial purposes. Trianthema type seed. Charred carpetweed seeds are commonly recovered in Southwestern archaeological sites, often in contexts suggestive of food use. In southeastern Arizona, Trianthema has been documented in Early Agricultural period contexts at Santa Cruz Bend, East Bank, Stone Pipe, Clearwater, Donaldson, Los Pozos, and Milagro (Diehl 1997:256, 1999a:85, 2001:312; Huckell 1995:89, 1998b:64), and in early ceramic contexts at Houghton Road and Square Hearth (Huckell 1998a, 1998b). High frequencies of horse purslane seeds at Hohokam period sites indicate extensive use of the plants (Huckell 1995:89). The use of Trianthema leaves and seeds by historic Native American groups has been well documented (Ebeling 1986:483). The Seri made gruel by grinding and cooking the seeds of T. portulacastrum (Ebeling 1986:777), and the Pima encouraged T. portulacastrum and other wild plants to grow in plots adjacent to their agricultural fields (Crosswhite 1981). The young 15 weeds in these "second gardens" were harvested as greens, while plants not collected in time for this purpose were allowed to produce seeds for the following season (Curtin 1984); (Ebeling 1986:591). Charred Wood Types. Atriplex type wood. Late Archaic/Early Agricultural sites containing saltbush seeds, fruits, and fruit case fragments include Clearwater, Donaldson, Milagro, Los Ojitos, Santa Cruz Bend, and Stone Pipe (Diehl 1997:256; Huckell 1995:76, 78, 87, 1998b:97, 104). Charred Atriplex wood dating to the Early Agricultural period was recovered at Los Pozos (Diehl 2001:330-332). The historic record of Atriplex wood use includes use as a firewood, kiva fuel, arrow shaft material, and as a material for medicinal and ceremonial purposes (Adams 1993). As suggested by the plant's common name, Atriplex is high in salt content, resulting in the common use of the plant as a seasoning for other foods (Ebeling 1986:424). The Pima and the Hopi frequently boiled the leaves and young shoots with meat and other foods for this purpose (Kearney and Peebles 1960:255; Russell 1908). The seeds of the plant were a staple resource to the Pima, who prepared a pinole by drying, parching, and grinding the seeds (Russell 1908). The Yuman Indians gathered the fruits of A. polycarpa and A. lentiformis and pounded them in a mortar to release the seeds, which were then baked in a pit (Ebeling 1986:424). The Isleta fashioned arrow shafts using Atriplex wood (Jones 1931:24). Compositae type wood. 16 If some Compositae species were harvested for their edible or medicinal components, and complete plants brought up on Cerro Juanaqueña prior to the removal of these parts, the remaining portions may have been tossed into a fire hearth resulting in their preservation as charred wood fragments. Many species have edible seeds that can either be eaten raw or parched, whole or ground into a meal, and some species have been used in medicinal teas and poultices (Bye 1972:92, 93; Densmore 1974). Fouquieria type wood. Although charred Fouquieria wood does not occur in Early Agricultural period contexts in the Tonto Basin of Arizona, evidence shows that the taxa was occasionally used during the subsequent Classic period (Huckell 2002:670). The presence of charred ocotillo wood on Cerro Juanaqueña and Cerro el Canelo suggests that at least on occasion the narrow, long stems were gathered, possibly for use in the construction of shelters, fences, or tools, or as tinder in the fire hearth. Although ocotillo wood burns rapidly and therefore makes an undesirable fuelwood, the Seri gathered and used it as fuel when no other wood was accessible (Felger and Moser 1985:302). The Seri also used the wood to make drying sticks, bats, clubs, and violin bows. Perhaps most importantly, the flexible wood is extremely useful as a framework for short-term brush shelters and for more permanent wattle and daub houses (Castetter and Underhill 1935:5354; Pennington 1969:229-230,Figure 262). In southern Chihuahua, the Tepehuan create fences by anchoring the stems of Fouquieria fasciculata in the ground and tying them together (Pennington 1969:70,87). These poles sometimes sprout and take root, marking the location of a former house or fence long after abandonment. Earle and Jones (1962) report that ocotillo seeds 17 are comparable to sunflower seeds in oil and protein content, making the seeds a potentially valuable food resource (Ebeling 1986:388). Components of the plants also have medicinal uses (Pennington 1969:183). Fraxinus type wood. Part of a bow fashioned from F. anomala wood was recovered from Orme Ranch Cave, Arizona, possibly relating to historic Northeastern Yavapai occupation (Breternitz 1960). Several historic groups used ash wood as raw material for a variety of utilitarian items (Adams 1988:241). The Ramah Navajo fashioned weaving tools, arrow shafts, and bows from F. cuspidata wood (Vestal 1952:39), and the Havasupai of Cataract Canyon in north-central Arizona preferred the wood of F. anomala for bow construction (Spier 1928). The Tarahumara manufactured axe handles and plow points using the wood of F. papillosa (Pennington 1969:247). The Tarahumara and the Tepehuan boiled the leaves of various species, including F. velutina and F. papillosa, and consumed them as greens (Pennington 1969:272, 302). The Tarahumara also added the crushed leaves to tortilla dough (Ebeling 1986:761). Gramineae type stem fragment. At the Tucson Early Agricultural period site of Houghton Road, for instance, grass stem fragments were found outside of contexts indicative of food preparation, suggesting that this material served some utilitarian purpose, such as thatching for structures (Huckell 1998a:336). The Cochiti and Tewa Indians of New Mexico fashioned brushes and brooms from the stems of Bouteloua curtipendula (side-oats grama) (Lange 1968:149; Robbins et al. 1916:64); the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache used Sporobolus airoides var. wrightii in a similar manner 18 (Castetter and Opler 1936:36, 40, 48). Even when grass stems are found in contexts related to food preparation, it does not necessarily follow that they represent actual food resources, since bundles of grass have been used to line roasting pits in order to protect cooking foods from excessive exposure to heat (Castetter and Opler 1936:36, 40, 48; Huckell 1998a:336). Grasses would have been readily available in the habitat of northwestern Chihuahua. Juglans type wood. For more information about the archaeological and ethnographic records of walnut, see the discussion of the Juglans nutshell fragment above. Juniperus type wood. The archaeological and ethnographic records indicate that juniper parts have an extensive history of use in the American Southwest (Adams 1988:283-297). Berries and seeds of J. deppeana (listed as J. pachyphloea) were recovered from Bat Cave and Tularosa Cave; Tularosa Cave also produced berries and seeds of J. osteosperma (Kaplan 1963:352; Smith Jr. 1950:166). Evidence for juniper use during the Early Agricultural period in southeastern Arizona comes from such sites as Los Pozos, Milagro, and Los Ojitos (Diehl 1997:257, 2001:313; Huckell 1995:78, 85). Seeds were recovered from two features at Houghton Road (Huckell 1998a:340). Excavations in Río Zape cave, in the Tepehuan region of northern Durango, Mexico, produced archaeological juniper berries (Brooks et al. 1962:357; Pennington 1969:138). Juniper seeds were also recovered from early (1600 B.C. to A.D. 1) contexts in Fresnal Shelter, New Mexico (Bohrer 1981:44). Whalen and Minnis (1997:100) report charred juniper wood from Medio period roasting ovens related to the Casas Grandes culture in northwestern Chihuahua. 19 Juniper has served the needs of many historic Southwestern groups. All parts of the plant (bark, branches, needles, twigs, berries, seeds, wood) have been sought for food, utilitarian, and medicinal purposes. The Ramah Navajo gathered alligator juniper (J. deppeana) berries and either consumed them raw, or boiled and ground them to remove the seeds before consuming the pulp (Vestal 1952:12). The Southeastern Yavapai collected alligator juniper berries and prepared them by crushing them in a bedrock mortar, soaking them in water, then orally sucking the juice out of the wet mass. The remaining meal was a staple part of the diet (Gifford 1932). The Tarahumara collect and eat the berries of J. pachyphloea; interestingly, the nearby Tepehuan insist that Indians do not eat the berries (Pennington 1969:293, 294). In addition to being a valuable food resource, juniper is also a well-known source for wood, fiber, and cordage, and was often used in basketry. Larrea type wood. Larrea wood occasionally occurs in the archaeological record of the southern Southwest. Remains of this plant are particularly common in sites in the Chihuahuan Desert, such as those in the Hueco Bolson near El Paso, Texas (Mauldin et al. 1998). Charred creosote wood has also been recovered from roasting pits associated with the Medio period occupation of northwestern Chihuahua (Whalen and Minnis 1997). Most ethnographic records of Larrea refer to the use of the plant for medicinal or utilitarian purposes. The Pima made a decoction out of the leaves for use as an emetic and to poultice sores (Kearney and Peebles 1960). Similar decoctions were used in folk medicine to treat venereal diseases, kidney and bladder troubles, rheumatism, arthritis, and tuberculosis, among other ailments (Hedges 1986; Powell 1998:202). The Papago used L. tridentata twigs, 20 saguaro ribs, sacaton grass (Sporobolus sp.) and ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens) to construct the roofs of their houses (Ebeling 1986). They also manufactured arrow foreshafts and small arrows from creosote wood (Castetter and Underhill 1935). Others report the use of a secondary compound from the plant known as "lac," which was used to fix arrow points and to mend pottery (Ebeling 1986; Felger and Moser 1985:384-386). The use of creosote bush as a fuelwood may best explain its presence in the archaeological record at Cerro Juanaqueña. However, if components of the plant were brought to the site for medicinal or utilitarian purposes, the unused portions may have found their way into fire hearths. Pinus type wood. Pinus has an extensive record of use by both prehistoric and historic groups in the American Southwest (Adams 1988). Female pinyon (P. edulis) cones and nutshell fragments were recovered from Tularosa Cave and Bat Cave (Cutler 1952:478);Kaplan, 1963 #214@351;(Smith Jr. 1950:165). A recent study of the plant remains from Medio period roasting ovens between Casas Grandes and the town of Mata Ortiz, in northwestern Chihuahua, concluded that pine was the preferred fuelwood. Although pine is currently not a common tree in the lowlands surrounding these sites, local people told investigators that the trees were more abundant in the area prior to the construction of a sawmill in Mata Ortiz (Whalen and Minnis 1997:98). Historic Native American groups have used pine trees for food, medicine, fuel, and construction material (Adams 1988). The Navajo roasted, ground, and consumed the seeds of P. edulis (Bailey 1940:286-287). The upland Tepehuan roasted the ripe nuts of P. ayacahuite, P. engelmanni, and P. leiophylla. The canyon Tepehuan also ate pine nuts whenever possible, but 21 did not place much emphasis on the collection of this resource, as the trees were not readily available to lowland groups in southern Chihuahua (Pennington 1969:135). Also in Chihuahua, the Tarahumara consumed the nuts of P. ayacahuite and P. cembroides (Pennington 1969:294). The Tepehuan used the cones, stems, and gum of a several species, including P. arizonica, P. engelmanii, P. ayacahuite, and P. leiophllya, for the treatment of coughs, fever, influenza, and sores (Pennington 1969:177). The Tepehuan and Tarahumara manufactured various items, such as plows and violins, from the wood of several species (i.e., P. reflexa, P. lumholtzii, and P. chihuahuana) (Pennington 1969:247, 319), and the Navajo valued the wood of P. edulis for fuel, construction, and in the manufacture of cradles and looms (Elmore 1944:20-23). The Tarahumara fashioned combs from the cones of P. engelmannii (Pennington 1963:213). Populus/Salix type wood. Evidence for cottonwood/willow use is commonly recovered in the archaeological record (Adams 1988). The plant material from Tularosa and Cordova caves included atlatl foreshaft sections fashioned from willow wood (Cutler 1952; Grange Jr. 1952). Several small sites in the Hueco Bolson, western Texas, produced charred cottonwood wood (Mauldin et al. 1998), and charred Populus/Salix wood occurred in Early Agricultural period contexts at Los Pozos (Diehl 2001:330). Janetski (1980) reports cottonwood arrow and dart shafts from Cowboy Cave, central Utah. Parts of cottonwoods and willows sought in historic times include the wood, wood knots, branches/young shoots, leaves and leaf buds, bark, inner bark, catkins, buds (which could be immature flowers or stems), fruit and roots (Adams 1988). People utilized whatever species grew locally, and some groups even transplanted cottonwood trees nearer to their dwellings. The 22 White Mountain Apache, Chiricahua Apache, Mescalero Apache, Hopi, and Navajo ate the flower buds of various cottonwood species (Reagan 1929). The Pima ate raw P. fremontii catkins (spikes of unisex flowers), and used the twigs for basketry (Kearney and Peebles 1960:207; Russell 1908). The Tarahumara ground Salix lasiolepsis catkins with corn, and boiled and consumed the young leaves of this species (Pennington 1963). The Pima consumed willow catkins (Curtin 1984). Yuman groups made a tea using willow leaves and twig bark, and ate the bark of the seedlings either raw or cooked in hot ashes (Castetter and Bell 1951). The wood of both trees was an important source of fuel and was used for construction and utilitarian purposes (Ebeling 1986; Hicks 1960). Prosopis type wood. As discussed above, mesquite trees have met a variety of needs for many historic groups, including food, fuel, shelter, weapons, tools, fiber, dye, cosmetics, and medicine (Ebeling 1986:492). As the most widespread charred wood type recovered from these archaeological sites, mesquite was very likely a common fuelwood. It burns evenly and hot, and imparts a good flavor to cooked food (Felger 1977). The prevalence of this charred wood type in the prehistoric record may reflect human selection for a hot-burning fuel. It may also reflect a certain level of availability of mesquite wood in the past. 23 REFERENCES CITED Adams, Karen R. 1980 Pollen, Parched Seeds and Prehistory: A Pilot Investigation of Prehistoric Plant Remains from Salmon Ruin, a Chacoan Pueblo in Northwestern New Mexico. Contributions in Anthropology 9. Eastern New Mexico University Portales, New Mexico. 1988 The Ethnobotany and Phenology of Plants in and Adjacent to Two Riparian Habitats in Southeastern Arizona. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor. 1993 Carbonized Plant Remains. In The Duckfoot Site, Vol. 1, Descriptive Archaeology, edited by Ricky R. Lightfoot and C. Mary Etzkorn, pp. 195-220. Occasional Paper 3. Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, Cortez, Colorado. 1998 Plant Remains Recovered from Juanaqueña, a Late Archaic (3000 BP) Trincheras Site in Northern Chihuahua. Manuscript on file, Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at San Antonio. Ascher, Robert and Francis J. Clune Jr. 1960 Waterfall Cave, Southern Chihuahua, Mexico. American Antiquity 26:270-274. Bailey, Flora L. 1940 Navajo Foods and Cooking Methods. American Anthropologist 42:270-290. Bean, Lowell J. and K. S. Saubel 1972 Tamalpakh. Malki Museum Press, Morongo Indian Reservation, California. Bohrer, Vorsila L. 1962 Nature and Interpretation of Ethnobotanical Materials from Tonto National Monument. In Archaeological Studies of Tonto National Monument, Arizona, edited by Charles R. Steen, Loyd M. Pierson, Vorsila L. Bohrer, and Kate Peck Kent, pp. 75-114. Technical Series 2. Southwestern Monuments Association, Globe, Arizona. 1980 Relative Numbers of Five Macrofossils in Strata of Moderate Preservation. In Investigations at the Salmon Site: The Structure of Chacoan Society in the Northern Southwest III, edited by Cynthia Irwin Williams and P. H. Shelley, pp. 242-249. Eastern New Mexico University, Portales. 1981 Former Dietary Patterns of People as Determined from Archaic-Age Plant Remains from Fresnal Shelter, South-Central New Mexico. The Artifact 19:41--50. 24 1982 Plant Remains at Grasshopper Pueblo. In Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona 40, pp. 97--105. University of Arizona Press. 1987 The Plant Remains from La Ciudad, a Hohokam Site in Phoenix. In La Ciudad, Specialized Studies in the Economy, Environment, and Culture of La Ciudad, edited by JoAnn E. Kisselburg, Glen E. Rice, and Brenda L. Shears, pp. 67-202. Anthropological Field Studies 20. Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona. Breternitz, David A. 1960 Orme Ranch Cave, Na 6656. Plateau 33:25--39. Brooks, Richard H., Lawrence Kaplan, Hugh C. Cutler, and Thomas W. Whitaker 1962 Plant Material from a Cave on the Rio Zape, Durango, Mexico. American Antiquity 27:356-369. Bye, Robert A. 1972 Ethnobotany of the Southern Paiute Indians in the 1870s: With a Note on the Early Ethnobotanical Contributions of Dr. Edward Palmer. In Great Basin Cultural Ecology: A Symposium, edited by Don D. Fowler, pp. 88--104, Reno. Castetter, Edward F. 1935 Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food. Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest No. 1, University of New Mexico Bulletin Biological Series 4, No. 2. University of New Mexico Albuquerque. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell 1942 Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. 1951 Yuman Indian Agriculture. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler 1936 The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache. Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4, No. 5. University of New Mexico. Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill 1935 The Ethnobotany of the Papago Indians. Biological Series 4, No. 3, University of New Mexico Bulletin 275. University of New Mexico, Albuquerque. Chamberlin, Ralph V. 1911 The Ethnobotany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah. Memoirs No. 2, Pt. 5. American Anthropological Association. Clune, Dorris 1960 Textiles and Matting from Waterfall Cave, Chihuahua. American Antiquity 26:274-277. 25 Crosswhite, Frank S. 1981 Desert Plants Habitat and Agriculture in Relation to the Major Pattern of Cultural Differentiation in the O'odham People of the Sonoran Desert. Desert Plants 3:47--76. Curtin, Leonard S. M. 1984 By the Prophet of the Earth: Ethnobotany of the Pima. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Cutak, Ladislaus 1943 The Life-Saving Barrel Cactus: Myth or Fact? Bulletin of the Modern Botanical Garden 31:157-158. 1946 Is There Palatable Water in the Barrel Cactus? Bulletin of the Modern Botanical Garden 34:182-188. Cutler, Hugh C. 1952 A Survey of the Plant Remains of Tularosa Cave. In Mogollon Cultural Continuity and Change: The Stratigraphic Analysis of Tularosa and Cordova Caves, edited by Paul S. Martin, John B. Rinaldo, Elaine Bluhm, Hugh C. Cutler, and Roger Grange Jr., pp. 446480. Fieldiana: Anthropology 40. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago. Densmore, Frances 1974 How Indians Use Wild Plants for Food, Medicine, and Crafts. In How Indians Use Wild Plants for Food, Medicine, and Crafts, pp. 275--397. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. Diehl, Michael W. 1997 Rational Behavior, the Adoption of Agriculture, and the Organization of Subsistence During the Late Archaic Period in the Greater Tucson Basin. In Rediscovering Darwin: Evolutionary Theory and Archaeological Explanation, edited by C.M. Barton and G.A. Clark, pp. 251-266. Archaeological Papers 7. American Anthropological Association. 1999a Macrobotanical Remains. In Prehistoric Uses of a Developing Floodplain: Archaeological Investigations on the East Bank of the Santa Cruz River at a-Mountain, edited by Jonathan B. Mabry, Michael W. Lindeman, and Helga Wöcherl, pp. 81-87. Center for Desert Archaeology, Tucson, Arizona. 1999b Paleoethnobotanical Remains. In Excavations in the Santa Cruz River Floodplain: The Middle Archaic Component at Los Pozos, edited by David A. Gregory, pp. 49-59. Anthropological Papers 20. Center for Desert Archaeology, Tucson, Arizona. 2001 Flotation Samples: Methods, Procedures, and Identified Taxa. In Excavations in the Santa Cruz River Floodplain: The Early Agricultural Period Component at Los Pozos, edited by David A. Gregory, pp. 305-332. Center for Desert Archaeology, Tucson, Arizona. 26 Doebley, John F. 1976 A Preliminary Study of Wild Plant Remains Recovered by Flotation at Salmon Ruin, New Mexico. Unpublished, Eastern New Mexico University. 1984 "Seeds" of Wild Grasses: A Major Food of Southwestern Indians. Economic Botany 38:52-64. Earle, Fontaine R. and O. Jones 1962 Analysis of Seed Samples from 113 Plant Families. Economic Botany 16:221-250. Ebeling, Walter 1986 Handbook of Indian Foods and Fibers of Arid America. University of California Press, Berkeley. Elmore, Francis H. 1944 Ethnobotany of the Navajo. School of American Research, Santa Fe, New Mexico. Ensminger, Audrey H., M. E. Ensminger, James E. Konlande, and John R. K. Robson 1994 Foods and Nutrition Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. Felger, Richard S. 1977 Mesquite in Indian Cultures of Southwestern North America. In Mesquite, edited by B. B. Simpson, pp. 150--175. Dowden, Hutchinson, and Ross, Stroudsberg. Felger, Richard S. and Mary Beck Moser 1985 People of the Desert and Sea. Ethnobotany of the Seri Indians. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona. Gallagher, Marsha V. 1977 Contemporary Ethnobotany among the Apache of the Clarkdale, Arizona, Area Coconino and Prescott National Forests, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Gasser, Robert E. and Scott M. Kwaitkowski 1991 Regional Signatures of Hohokam Plant Use. Kiva 56. Gifford, E. W. 1932 The Southwestern Yavapai. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 29, No. 3. University of California Press, Berkeley. 1936 Northeastern and Western Yavapai. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34, No. 4. University of California Press, Berkeley. Grange Jr., Roger 1952 The Wooden Artifacts. In Mogollon Cultural Continuity and Change: The Stratigraphic Analysis of Tularosa and Cordova Caves, edited by Paul S. Martin, John B. Rinaldo, 27 Elaine Bluhm, Hugh C. Cutler, and Roger Grange Jr., pp. 331-451. Fieldiana: Anthropology 40. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago. Hedges, Ken 1986 San Ysabel Ethnobotany. Hicks, Sam 1960 Desert Plants and People. The Naylor Company, San Antonio, Texas. Hogan, Patrick F. 1980 Appendix Ix. The Analysis of Human Coprolites from Cowboy Cave. In Cowboy Cave, edited by Jesse D. (by not edited) Jennings. Anthropological Papers 104. University of Utah, Salt Lake City. Huckell, Lisa W. 1984 Archaeobotanical Remains from Archaic Sites in the Rosemont Area, Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona. In In the Archaic Occupation of the Rosemont Area, Northern Santa Rita Mountains, Southeastern Arizona, edited by Bruce B. Huckell, pp. 267--274 147. Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson. 1995 Farming and Foraging in the Cienega Valley: Early Agricultural Period Paleoethnobotany. In Of Marshes and Maize: Preceramic Agricultural Settlements in the Cienega Valley, Southeastern Arizona, edited by Bruce B. Huckell, pp. 74-97. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson. 1998a Appendix B, Paleoethnobotany. . In Early Farmers of the Sonoran Desert: Archaeological Investigations at the Houghton Road Site, Tucson Arizona, edited by Richard Ciolek-Torello, pp. 327-344. Technical Series 72. Statistical Research, Inc, Tucson, Arizona. 1998b Macrobotanical Remains. In Archaeological Investigations of Early Village Sites in the Middle Santa Cruz Valley, Part I: Analysis and Synthesis, edited by Jonathan B. Mabry, pp. 57-148. Anthropological Papers 19. Center for Desert Archaeology, Tucson, Arizona. 2002 Paleoethnobotany. In Tonto Creek Archaeological Project: Artifact and Environmental Analyses: Vol. 2: Stone Tool and Subsistence Studies, edited by Jeffery J. Clark, pp. 643710. Anthropological Papers 23. Center for Desert Archaeology, Tucson, Arizona. Janetski, Joel C. 1980 Wood and Reed Artifacts. In Cowboy Cave, edited by Jesse D. Jennings, pp. 75-95. University of Utah Anthropological Papers 104. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. Jones, Volney H. 1931 The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians. Unpublished, University of New Mexico. Kaplan, Lawrence 28 1963 Archaeoethnobotany of Cordova Cave, New Mexico. Economic Botany 17:350--359. Kearney, Thomas H. and R. H. Peebles 1960 Arizona Flora. University of California Press, Berkeley. Kelley, William H. 1977 Cocopa Ethnography. Anthropological Papers 29. University of Arizona Tucson. Kirkpatrick, David T. and Richard I. Ford 1977 Basketmaker Food Plants from the Cimarron District, Northeastern New Mexico. The Kiva 42:257--269. Lange, Charles H. 1968 The Cochiti, a New Mexico Pueblo, Past and Present. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale. Mauldin, Raymond, Tim Graves, and Mark Bentley 1998 Small Sites in the Central Hueco Bolson: A Final Report on Project 90-11. Conservation Division, Directorate of Environment, United States Army Air Defense Artillery Center, Fort Bliss, Texas. Moerman, Daniel E. 1998 Native American Ethnobotany. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. Nabhan, Gary P. 1985 Gathering the Desert. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Niethammer, Carolyn 1974 American Indian Food and Lore. Collier MacMillan, New York. Palmer, Edward 1878 Plants Used by the Indians of the United States. American Naturalist 12:593-606, 646655. Pennington, Campbell W. 1963 The Tarahumar of Mexico: Their Environment and Material Culture. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. 1969 The Tepehuan of Chihuahua: Their Material Culture. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. Powell, A. Michael 1998 Trees and Shrubs of the Trans-Pecos and Adjacent Areas. University of Texas Press, Austin. Reagan, Albert B. 29 1929 Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona. Wisconsin Archaeologist 8:143--161. Robbins, W. W., J. P. Harrington, and B. Marreco-Freire 1916 Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians. Bulletin 55. Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Russell, Frank 1908 The Pima Indians. Annual Report 26. Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Smith Jr., C. Earle 1950 Prehistoric Plant Remains from Bat Cave. Harvard University, Botanical Museum Leaflet 14:157-180. Spier, Leslie 1928 Havasupai Ethnography. Steggerda, Morris 1941 Navajo Foods and Their Preparation. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17:217-225. Stevenson, Matilda Cox 1915 Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians. 30th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. Swank, George R. 1932 The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of New Mexico. Vestal, Paul A. 1952 The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho. Papers 40, No. 4. Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Wetterstrom, Wilma 1986 Food, Diet and Population at Prehistoric Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, New Mexico. Arroyo Hondo Archaeological Series 6. School of American Research, Santa Fe, New Mexico. Whalen, Michael E. and Paul E. Minnis 1997 Investigaciones Especializadas Sobre El Sistema Regional de Paquimã©, Chihuahua, Mã©Xico. Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia. 1999 Investigaciones Sobre La Estructura del Sistema Regional de Paquimé, Chihuahua, México: Excavaciones En El Sitio 93-242. Manuscript on file, University of Oklahoma and at the Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia Regional Center, Chihuahua, Mexico. 30 Whiting, A. F. 1966 Ethnobotany of the Hopi. Northland Press, Flagstaff, Arizona. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris 1951 The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navajo. The University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. Yanovsky, Elias 1936 Food Plants of the North American Indians. U.S.D.A. Miscellaneous Publication 237. Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 10.1 Pollen Analysis Suzanne Fish and John Roney Pollen samples were submitted for analysis with two principal objectives: 1.) recognition of environmental change, and 2.) identification of economic activities such as cultivation and/or processing of food plants. Ten samples were submitted to Dr. Suzanne Fish, Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona for analysis (Table 1). Five of these samples were from dated soil horizons or depositional units located at various depths in the floodplain (Table 1, Samples 1 - 5). Three samples were pollen washes from a stone bowl, a metate, and a mano recovered during excavations on Cerro Juanaquena (Samples 6 - 8). Another sample was taken from midden deposits behind one of the terraces on Cerro Juanaquena (Sample 9). The tenth sample was taken from the surface of the floodplain, in an old field which had been fallow for several years. This sample provides an indication of pollen results which modern conditions are likely to yield. Results of the pollen analysis are presented in Tables 1 and 2. One of the samples had insufficient pollen for analysis (Sample 5 from BHT16, dated 1980 BP). Another of the floodplain samples (Sample 2 from BHT6, dated 590 BP) yielded results not directly applicable to local environmental reconstruction. Although only about 600 years old, this sample had high frequencies of pine, oak and juniper pollen, species which were almost certainly not common in the vicinity of Janos at AD 1400. Geological evidence indicates that this sample comes from alluvial deposits which were laid down during a time of rapid deposition.. We believe that the pine and oak pollen originated in the headwaters of the drainage, was transported in water, and was then deposited on the floodplain along with other suspended sediment. Such water transport and deposition of pollen is a well-documented phenomenon. For this reason Sample 2 is disregarded in the following discussion. Prevailing models of paleoenvironmental conditions in Chihuahua are based primarily on analysis of packrat middens (Spaulding and Graumlich 1986; Van Devender 1987, 1990) supplemented by information from other sources (Metcalfe et al. 1997; Krider 1998). All of these models agree that climatic conditions approximating 1 those of modern times were established by about 4500 BP. For this reason we expected that the analyzed pollen would reflect plant species which are present in the area today. However, it did seem possible that relatively minor changes in climate which could have affected vegetation might have occurred in the past 3000 years (Krider 1998; Van Devender and Worthington 1977; Vandevender 1995). Human activities may also have affected vegetation in ways which could have altered pollen rain. For example, with increasing cultivation we might expect increased frequencies of cheno-ams, composites, and other plants which grow in disturbed areas. It also seemed possible that centuries of fuelwood gathering could have reduced arboreal species such as cottonwood and mesquite. Pollen samples from soil horizons buried in the floodplain span the past 3000 years, and seem to reflect conditions very similar to those which prevail today in anthropogenic landscapes. Cheno-ams and composites dominate all of these samples, accounting for between 51.5% and 83% of the pollen. It is interesting that the frequency of these plants is lowest in the sample associated with a date of 3140 BP (Sample 1), which has a corresponding increase in grass pollen (Poaceae). This sample location may represent a more mesic microhabitat favoring grass or the growth of grass in a fallow section of a cultivated area. Distinguishing among these alternatives requires further corroboration. Pine (Pinus), oak (Quercus) and juniper (Juniperus) are consistently present, ranging from 3% to 17% in the floodplain deposits, with 11% found in the sample from the modern surface. These species do not grow in the immediate vicinity of Janos today, but are common at higher elevations. These frequencies can be primarily attributed to aeolian and perhaps secondarily to alluvial transport and deposition. Willow (Salix) is a riverine species which is found in all of the floodplain deposits. There is no indication in the pollen record that either mesquite (Prosopis) or cottonwood (Populus) were ever significantly more common than today. Cottonwood pollen is a fragile type, however, and is normally recovered only under optimal conditions of preservation. Mesquite pollen occurs only intermittantly, but such a record is not unusual for this naturally infrequent pollen type. Pollen from prehistoric contexts does include more aquatic plants than the modern sample. Sedge (Cyperaceae), cat-tail (Typha), and members of the parsley family (Umbelliferae) are all present in prehistoric samples, hinting that there may have been more permanent water in 2 the Janos area. Cattail requires permanently damp conditions which could have been natural or the result of artificial impoundments by farmers. (The only Umbelliferae which we have identified in the modern vegetation is water parsnip, Berula erecta.) The pollen washes from ground stone artifacts found on Cerro Juanaqueña and the sample from midden deposits behind Terrace 167 are similar to those from the floodplain in that they are dominated by Cheno-ams. These taxa are typically prominent in the culturally disturbed environs of prehistoric habitation in the Southwest. However, several species are present in these samples which are not found in the floodplain samples, including spurge (Euphorbia-type), cholla (Cylindropuntia), prickly-pear (Platyopuntia), hedgehog or related cacti (Cereus-type), and agave (Agave). Most of these are succulent plants typically grow on rocky hillslopes; because relatively rare cactus and agave pollen is seldom recovered in samples from natural vegetation, these types likely reflect resource residues. Dr. Fish did note that Cheno-am pollen from the bowl, metate, and midden samples and the Boerhaavia-type pollen from the midden occurred in aggregates of six or more grains. Large clusters of pollen like these are not efficiently transported by wind, and the occurrence of aggregates could indicate a relatively immediate plant source for the pollen, or could indicate the direct introduction of immature floral parts by human beings. Chenopodium and Amaranth are both economically important species, which could have been processed in stone bowls and metates, although both also grow on Cerro Juanaqueña today. 3 Sheet1 Modern Old Field BHT2 AbK 201-216 cm BHT6 C5b 241-251 cm BHT10 Ab2 169-178 BHT12 Ab 111-112 cm BHT16 Ab 71-81 cm T6 Bag 65/U1/L3 Bowl T6 Bag 90/U2/L9 Metate T6 Bag 130/U7/L2 Mano T6 Bag 71/U1 1 1.5 4 3 19.5 16 39.5 9 4 19.5 28 21.5 2.5 11.5 4.5 15 5 30.5 47.5 2.5 3.5 27 43 4.5 1.5 2 2.5 2 3.5 7 2 6.5 21.5 49.5* 22.5 53.5* 18.5 6.5 16 58* 2 3 1.5 2.5 + + 1 2 3 6 0.5 + 4* 0.5 0.5 1 + 0.5 2.5 2 + 1 + 0.5 Insufficient Pollen + 1.5 + + + + 1 0.5 + 0.5 1 1 1 0.5 2 0.5 + + + 1.5 0.5 1 1.5 6 4.5 35.5 1.5 3.5 3 8.5 14 0.5 2.5 2.5 4 + 1 0.5 3 0.5 2 1.5 1.5 1 2.5 + 0.5 + + 1.5 1.5 0.5 1 Percentages of noncultigen pollen types are calculated on the basis of a 200 grain standard sum of all noncultigen pollen. Values for cultigen pollen (Zea ) are given as the number of pollen grains encountered during the tabulation of the 200 grain standard sum of all other types. * Indicates a pollen type occurring in aggregates of 6 or more grains. ± Indicates a pollen type observed only in scanning material after tabulation of the 200 grain standard sum. Page 1 + 2.5 0.5 0.5 1 4 6 5.5 1.5 4 0.5 1 3 1 0.5 6 7.5 3 3.5 1 0.5 0.5 Zea (No. of grains) Other Indeterminate Alnus Salix Juniperus Quercus Pinus Ephedra cf. Leguminosae Prosopis Larrea Cylindropuntia Euphorbia -type Eriogonum Onagraceae Kallstroemia Sphaeralcea Boerhaavia -type Gramineae Cheno-am Low spine Compositae High spine Compositae Artemisia Table 1. Preliminary Pollen Results from Cerro Juanaquena Project Samples 1 Table 2. Cerro Juanaqueña Pollen Types Listed as Other in Table 1 (percentages of 200 grain count). Modern Old Field BHT2 AbK 201-216 cm BHT6 C5b 241-251 cm BHT10 Ab2 168-178 cm BHT12 Ab 111-112 cm T6 Bag 65/U1/L3 Bowl T6 Bag 130/U7/L2 Mano T167 Bag 71/U1 0.5%% Solanaceae 0.5%% Labiatae, 0.5%% Cyperaceae 0.5% Tidestromia, 2 Typha, 0.5% Cephalanthus 0.5% Celtis, 0.5% Liguliflorae 0.5% Umbelliferae 0.5% Umbelliferae, 0.5% Prosopis 0.5% Liguliflorae, + Platyopuntia, + Cereus-type 0.5% Cereus-type, + Agave Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 10.2 PAL YNOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SEDIMENTS FROM CHIHUAHUA, MEXICO Lisa D. Lavold Palynology Laboratory Texas A & M University College Station, TX 77843-4352 June, 2000 1 -. - Introduction Six archaeological sediment samples from Chihuahau, Mexico, were submitted to the Texas A & M University Palynology Laboratory for analysis. The focus of this study was on fossil pollen assemblage preservation and concent~ation values; specifically, evaluating whether pollen preservation in these sediments is adequate for statistically valid analysis, warranting furtlier palynological study. Fossil pollen was recovered from each sample; however, all six samples failed to contai.q ' sufficient fossil pollen to conduct statistically valid counts. The scarcity of fossil pollen in these sediments is likely the result of high levels of organic destruction shortly after deposition or during the years between the time of deposition and the time the sediments were excavated and sampled. Poorly preserved assemblages recovered from southern North America represent: 1) pollen types known to be highly resistant to various agents of destruction, 2) .pollen with morphological characteristics that permitted them to be recognized even though they were severely degraded, and 3) high levels of fossil pollen that were so badly degraded they were no longer recognizable (Bryant, et al, 1994; Bryant and Hall, 1993; Holloway, 1989). Methodology Prior to processing, the samples were quantified (15ml), placed in clean beaker and a known quantity of exotic tracer spores was added (Lycopodium ssp. ). Exotic tracer spores are added for two reasons. Firstly, addition of a known quantity of tracer spores to a known quantity of matrix ·enables the calculation of pollen concentration values. Secondly, the presence of tracer spores in a sample devoid of pollen verifies that processor error did not cause pollen loss. Following the addition ofLycopodium spores, the sample was washed with l 0% hydrochloric 2 acid. This step dissolves the bonding agent in the Lycopodium tablets, and eliminates unwanted carbonates from the sample. The sample was then rinsed with distilled water, sieved through 150 micron mesh screens and swirled to remove the heavier inorganic particles. Next the sample was consolidated, and 70% hydrofluoric acid was added to the residual matrix to remove silicates. After silicate removal, the sample was rinsed three times in distilled water. The samples were then dehydrated in glacial acetic acid, and subjected to an acetolysis treatment (Erdtman, 1960) consisting to 9 parts acetic anhydride to l part concentrated sulfuric acid. During this process, the sample was placed in a heating block for a period not exceeding eight minutes. This step removed most unwanted organic materials, including cellulose, hemi-cellulose, lipids and proteins, and converted these materials to water-soluble humates. The samples were then rinsed in distilled water until a neutral pH was achieved. Following acetolysis, the sample was subjected to a heavy density separation using zinc bromide (SP.G. 2.00). Heavy density separation isolates the light organic fraction from the heavier denser mineral fraction. The light organic fraction was collected and rinsed in l % KOH to remove any remaining humates. The residues wete stained and then dehydrated in absolute alcohol, and transferred to a glycerine medium for curation in glass vials. A slide was prepared using glycerine, and identifications of pollen grains were made on a compound stereomicroscope at 400x magnification. Identifications were verified by using the Palynology Laboratory's extensive pollen reference collection. Since pollen preservation in these sediments was extremely poor, it was not possible to employ the standardized statistical technique as suggested by Barkley (1934) in counting the fossil pollen. To evaluate the pollen concentrations of each sample, pollen grains ruid Lycopodium spores were counted until one hundred Lycopodium spores or 200 pollen grains were encountered, at which time concentration values were calculated. Concentration values below 2,500 grains/ml of sediment are not stastically valid in 3 representing environmental conditions, and ~ually record a diffi:rentially-preserved assemblage (HlllI; 1981); therefore, counts with low concentration values should be viewed with extreme caution. However, the presence of tracer spores in the sample confinns that fossil pollen was not lost during processing. Results Fossil pollen was extracted and concentrations tabulated for all samples (see Table 1). The samples contained very little pollen, only representing a few taxa which were in a severely degraded state - indicative of differential pollen preservation (Bryant & Hall, 1993). ' The following problems occurred with all samples, preventing further statistical analysis and interpretation: 1) The concentration values were extremely low, ranging from a high of 1656/rnl to a low of 72/rnl; all were thus below the critical amount of2500/rnl of sediment. 2) There was a high concentration of unidentifiable grains -- in two samples all pollen grains were indeterminate, degraded beyond recognition as to taxa. 3) Few taxa are represented in the fossil pollen assemblage, only six being observed (Asteraceae, Pinaceae, Poaceae, Cheno-Arn, Nyctaginaceae, and Quercus sp.). Fossil pollen assemblages recovered from areas where pollen is poorly preserved are considered significantly altered. Many fragile pollen types disappear while the more durable types tend to be over-represented; therefore, the fossil assemblages recovered from these sites do not accurately reflect the paleoenvironment of a region (Bryant and Holloway, 1996). 4 Hall, S.A 1981 Deteriorated pollen grains and the interpretation of Quaternary pollen diagrams; Review ofPalaeobotany and Palynolgy, 32: 193-206. Holloway, R.G. 1989 Experimental mechanical pollen degradation and its application to Quaternary age deposits. TexasJournalofScience 41: 131-145. 7 Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 10.3 POLLEN, STARCH, AND PHYTOLITH ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES FROM CERRO JUANAQUERA, MEXICO By Linda Scott Cummings Paleo Research Institute Golden, Colorado Paleo Research Institute Technical Report 02-56 Prepared For University of Texas, San Antonio Department of Anthropology San Antonio, Texas August 2002 INTRODUCTION Five combined pollen, starch, and phytolith samples were examined from Cerro Juanaquera, Mexico. Because previous pollen analysis at a different lab had determined that there was insufficient pollen to recommend further analysis, phytolith analysis was requested. Fortunately, this study was able to examine both the pollen and phytolith records. In addition, starches are recovered in pollen samples and are reported when they are present. In large part, this study functions as an examination of the feasibility of both pollen and phytolith analyses at this site. METHODS Pollen A chemical extraction technique based on flotation is the standard preparation technique used in this laboratory for the removal of the pollen from the large volume of sand, silt, and clay with which they are mixed. This particular process was developed for extraction of pollen from soils where preservation has been less than ideal and pollen density is low. Hydrochloric acid (10%) was used to remove calcium carbonates present in the soil, after which the samples were screened through 150 micron mesh. The samples were rinsed until neutral by adding water, letting the samples stand for 2 hours, then pouring off the supernatant. A small quantity of sodium hexametaphosphate was added to each sample once it reached neutrality, then the beaker was again filled with water and allowed to stand for 2 hours. The samples were again rinsed until neutral, filling the beakers only with water. This step was added to remove clay prior to heavy liquid separation. At this time the samples are dried then pulverized. Sodium polytungstate (density 2.1) was used for the flotation process. The samples were mixed with sodium polytungstate and centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 5 minutes to separate organic from inorganic remains. The supernatant containing pollen and organic remains is decanted. Sodium polytungstate is again added to the inorganic fraction to repeat the separation process. The supernatant is decanted into the same tube as the supernatant from the first separation. This supernatant is then centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 5 minutes to allow any silica remaining to be separated from the organics. Following this, the supernatant is decanted into a 50 ml conical tube and diluted with distilled water. These samples are centrifuged at 3000 rpm to concentrate the organic fraction in the bottom of the tube. After rinsing the pollen-rich organic fraction obtained by this separation, all samples received a short (10-15 minute) treatment in hot hydrofluoric acid to remove any remaining inorganic particles. The samples were then acetolated for 3 minutes to remove any extraneous organic matter. A light microscope was used to count the pollen to a total of 100 to 200 pollen grains at a magnification of 500x. Pollen preservation in these samples varied from good to poor. Comparative reference material collected at the Intermountain Herbarium at Utah State University and the University of Colorado Herbarium was used to identify the pollen to the family, genus, and species level, where possible. Pollen aggregates were recorded during identification of the pollen. Aggregates are clumps of a single type of pollen, and may be interpreted to represent pollen dispersal over short distances, or the introduction of portions of the plant represented into an archaeological setting. Aggregates were included in the pollen counts as single grains, as is customary. The presence of aggregates is noted by an "A" next to the pollen frequency on the pollen diagram. Pollen diagrams are produced using Tilia, which was developed by Dr. Eric Grimm of the Illinois State Museum. Pollen concentrations are calculated in Tilia using the quantity of sample processed, the quantity of exotics (spores) added to the sample, the quantity of exotics counted, and the total pollen counted. Indeterminate pollen includes pollen grains that are folded, mutilated, and otherwise distorted beyond recognition. These grains are included in the total pollen count, as they are part of the pollen record. Use of groundstone in processing plants and animals may leave evidence on the ground surface. Concentrations of pollen from the ground surfaces may represent plants ground using manos and metates. The ground surfaces had no appreciable quantity of dirt adhering to them. All ground surfaces were cleaned using pressurized air to remove modern contaminants. Protein residues were removed from a portion of the ground surface. A small portion of the groundstone surface was tested with dilute (10%) hydrochloric acid. No calcium carbonate was noted either through visual inspection of the surface or by reaction with the HCl acid. Therefore, the ground surface was washed with distilled water to recover any pollen and phytoliths from the ground surface. The surface was scrubbed with a brush to release all trapped pollen and rinsed thoroughly with distilled water. This processing allows the recovery of both pollen and phytoliths from a single wash. The resulting liquid was saved, and processed in a similar manner to the phytolith samples, with the exception that no destruction of organic soil samples, with the exception that no destruction of organics occurred. After a single slide was made and examined for phytoliths, the remainder of the sample was treated with HF to remove silica, then examined for pollen. Phytoliths Extraction of phytoliths from these sediments also was based on heavy liquid floatation. Sodium hypochlorite (bleach) was first used to destroy the organic fraction from 50 ml of sediment. Once this reaction was complete, sodium hexametaphosphate was added to the mixture to suspend the clays. The sample was rinsed thoroughly with distilled water to remove the clays, allowing the samples to settle by gravity. Once most of the clays were removed, the silt and sand size fraction was dried. The dried silts and sands were then mixed with sodium polytungstate (density 2.3) and centrifuged to separate the phytoliths, which will float, from the other silica, which will not. Phytoliths, in the broader sense, may include opal phytoliths and calcium oxalate crystals. Calcium oxalate crystals are formed by Opuntia (prickly pear cactus) and other plants including Yucca, and are separated, rather than destroyed, using this extraction technique, if these forms have survived in the sediments. Any remaining clay is floated with the phytoliths, and is further removed by mixing with sodium hexametaphosphate and distilled water. The samples are then rinsed with distilled water, then alcohols to remove the water. After several alcohol rinses, the samples are mounted in cinnamaldehyde for counting with a light microscope at a magnification of 500x. Phytolith diagrams are produced using Tilia, which was developed by Dr. Eric Grimm of the Illinois State Museum for diagraming pollen. 3 PHYTOLITH REVIEW Phytoliths are silica bodies produced by plants when soluble silica in the ground water is absorbed by the roots and carried up to the plant via the vascular system. Evaporation and metabolism of this water result in precipitation of the silica in and around the cellular walls. Opal phytoliths, which are distinct and decay-resistant plant remains, are deposited in the soil as the plant or plant parts die and break down. They are, however, subject to mechanical breakage and erosion and deterioration in high pH soils. Phytoliths are usually introduced directly into the soils in which the plants decay. Transportation of phytoliths occurs primarily by animal consumption, man's gathering of plants, or by erosion or transportation of the soil by wind, water, or ice. Grass short-cell phytoliths are typically divided into festucoid, chloridoid, and panicoid or bilobate (including cross and polylobate) forms. In addition, buliforms, trichomes, and elongate forms represent other grass cells. Smooth elongate phytoliths are of no aid in interpreting either paleoenvironmental conditions or the subsistence record because they are produced by all grasses. Phytoliths tabulated to represent "total phytoliths" include all grass forms, as well as phytoliths produced by other plants. Non-plant bodies are recorded and calculated by dividing the number of each type recovered by the "total phytoliths". The festucoid class of phytoliths is ascribed primarily to the Subfamily Pooideae and occur most abundantly in cool, moist climates. However, Brown (1984) notes that festucoid phytoliths are produced in small quantity by nearly all grasses. Therefore, while they are typical phytoliths produced by the Subfamily Pooideae, they are not exclusive to this subfamily. Chloridoid phytoliths are found primarily in the Subfamily Chloridoideae, a warm-season grass that grows in arid to semiarid areas and require less available soil moisture. In North America, chloridoid grasses are the most abundant in the American Southwest (Gould and Shaw 1983:120). Bilobates and polylobates are produced mainly by panicoid grasses, although a few of the festucoid grasses also produce these forms. Panicoid phytoliths occur in warm-season or tall grasses that frequently thrive in humid conditions. Twiss (1987:181) also notes that some members of the Subfamily Chloridoideae produce both bilobate (Panicoid) and festucoid phytoliths. "According to Gould and Shaw (1983, p. 110) more than 97% of the native US grass species (1,026 of 1,053) are divided equally among three subfamilies Pooideae, Chloridoideae, and Panicoideae" (Twiss 1987:181). Buliform phytoliths are produced by grasses in response to wet conditions (Irwin Rovner, personal communication, January 1991), and are to be expected in wet habitats of floodplains and other places. Trichomes represent silicified hairs produced either on the glumes (bran) surrounding grass seeds or on other parts of the grass. DISCUSSION The residential complex of Cerro Juanaquera includes approximately 8 km of terrace walls. The terraces, or trincheras, are the most prominent cultural features at the site. The terraces form arcs over the summit and upper slopes of a hill. This site, located in northwestern Mexico, was occupied approximately 3000 BP. Evidence for both maize and cucurbits (squash/pumpkin) has been recovered previously and dated. Three pieces of charred maize yielded an average AMS date 4 of 3070 calendar years BP. Although the function of these terraces remains uncertain, no samples were examined from the terraces in this study. Three sediment and two mano wash samples were examined for pollen, starch, and phytoliths. The sediment samples represent fill from a storage pit, sediment from a peat deposit approximately 9000 BP, and sediment from a buried paleosol dated to approximately 3100 BP from a non-cultural riverine terrace (Table 1). Only the two mano washes and storage pit fill address occupation at this site. The pollen record from the manos and storage pit fill is dominated by Cheno-am pollen (Figure 1, Table 2). This might represent local vegetation such as saltbush. Sample 23, representing one of the manos, exhibits an even larger quantity of Cheno-am pollen, accompanied by numerous aggregates, that might indicate grinding Cheno-ams. No Zea mays pollen was observed in the count of either mano wash. Sample 29, representing another mano wash, exhibits more Low-spine Asteraceae pollen, which might represent bursage in the local vegetation. In other respects this sample is similar to sample 23. The Cheno-am pollen frequency is smaller in this sample and no aggregates were observed. It is possible that the elevated Cheno-am pollen frequencies represent grinding Cheno-ams in both washes. Total pollen concentration in the mano washes varied from nearly 4,000 to more than 12,000 pollen per square cm of surface area. No starches were observed in either of these samples. Cheno-am seeds do not produce large starches. The only apparent starches recovered from reference Cheno-am seeds did not display characteristics that would allow them to be identified in an archaeological sample, if they were to preserve. Cheno-am seeds have a low carbohydrate content, containing more protein than many other seeds. The only sediment sample (88) available for comparison with the manos is fill from a storage pit. This sample exhibits a similar quantity of Cheno-am pollen and several aggregates were noted. In addition, this sample contained small quantities of Cleome-type and Zea mays pollen that might reflect foods stored in the storage pit, if this sample was collected from the base of the pit. If it was collected higher in the fill, these pollen types are part of the post-use fill. Sample BHT2 represents a buried paleosol dated to approximately 3100 BP from a noncultural, alluvial, riverine terrace. The pollen record from this sample is dominated by Pinus pollen. Large quantities of High-spine Asteraceae also were observed. The Cheno-am pollen frequency is small. Poaceae pollen is present in a similar quantity to that noted in the mano washes and storage pit fill. Small quantities of Cyperaceae, Ephedra, Sphaeralcea and Typha angustifolia pollen note other vegetation in the vicinity. Recovery of Cyperaceae and Typha pollen in this sample represent the presence of sedges and cattail as part of the wetland vegetation next to the river. Total pollen concentration was approximately 730 pollen per cubic cm of sediment. Sample F.2-00 represents a peat deposit dated approximately 9000 BP, also from a noncultural, alluvial, riverine terrace. This sample also was dominated by Pinus pollen. The Poaceae pollen frequency was slightly elevated and neither Cyperaceae nor Typha pollen was recorded. Other pollen types recovered in small quantities include Juniperus, Low-spine and Highspine Asteraceae, Liguliflorae, Boerhaavia-type, and Cheno-am. Total pollen concentration was approximately 450 pollen per cubic cm of sediment. This sample was not fibrous, as is expected of a peat deposit, but was a black, clayey silt. 5 All of these samples were dominated by chloridoid phytoliths, representing short grasses (Figure 2). In fact, all of the phytoliths recovered from these samples represent grasses, indicating that no silica-accumulating plants with diagnostic phytoliths other than grasses grew in this area. Festucoid forms were noted in all samples and were most abundant in sample F.2-00, as expected. Festucoid phytoliths represent cool season grasses. This sample has the best chance of representing a time when climatic conditions were different from those of today. Bilobate forms were observed in all samples except sample 23, representing one of the washes. Bilobate forms represent tall grasses. Although Zea mays is a member of this group, none of the phytoliths recovered are diagnostic for Zea mays. Therefore, no interpretation of the presence of maize can be made based on the phytolith record. Buliforms, representing the cells responsible for leaf rolling in response to drought, were noted in all samples. These phytoliths are larger and bulkier than grass short cells and withstand decay better. Trichomes are hairs. Their recovery in small quantities on mano washes and a larger quantity in the storage pit fill suggests that grass seeds were not ground using these manos. Trichomes are expected on glumes surrounding the seeds. When these glumes are not removed completely, trichomes are recovered with the ground seed meal. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Pollen analysis of samples from this site all yielded sufficient pollen for analysis. The extraction method used at Paleo Research Institute is significantly different from that used elsewhere. Pollen recovery was as expected B sufficient to recommend future aggressive investigation of terraces and features at this site. Total pollen concentration was more than 50,000 pollen per cubic cm of sediment in the storage pit fill, the closest proxy to expected pollen recovery from terraces and features. The pollen record was very different from the mano washes and storage pit fill compared to the paleosol and ancient peat deposit. Pollen samples associated with occupation of Cerro Juanaquera were dominated by Cheno-am pollen, probably reflecting local vegetation. Zea mays pollen was recovered in the storage pit fill. This is the only evidence of Zea mays found in this analysis of samples. Phytolith analysis produced a record of grasses in samples associated with the occupation of this village. Short grasses appear to have been most abundant in the local vegetation, which is expected for this area. The pollen records for the paleosol and ancient peat are quite different than the pollen record for the archaeological samples. These two samples are dominated by pine pollen, probably representing long distance wind transport in the paleosol sample from 3100 BP and possibly also in the peat sample. The phytolith records from these two samples are not very different from those in the archaeological deposits. Recovery of pollen in all of the samples examined and the abundance of pollen noted in the storage pit fill sample combine to indicate that pollen analysis of terrace fill will be valuable in examining the terraces for evidence of agriculture. Certainly this recovery indicates the presence of pollen in archaeological sediments from Cerro Juanaquera and the success of the extraction method employed in their retrieval. 6 TABLE 1 PROVENIENCE DATA FOR SAMPLES FROM CERRO JUANAQUERA, MEXICO Sample No. Unit Level Depth (cmbd) Provenience/Description Analysis Bag #23 1 6 142-152 Mano Pollen Starch Phytolith Bag # 29 2 6 160-170 Mano Pollen Starch Phytolith Bag #88 4/5 6 156-166 Sediment from fill of a storage pit Pollen Starch Phytolith Bag F.2-00 100 BHT, F.2-00, 01b5; Sediment from a peat deposit dated to ca. 9000 BP from a noncultural alluvial riverine terrace Pollen Starch Phytolith Bag BHT 2 182-202 Janos BHT 2, Akb4; Sediment from a buried paleosol dated to ca. 3100 BP from a noncultural alluvial riverine terrace Pollen Starch Phytolith 7 TABLE 2 POLLEN TYPES OBSERVED IN SAMPLES FROM CERRO JUANAQUERA, MEXICO Scientific Name Common Name ARBOREAL POLLEN: Juniperus Juniper Pinus Pine Prosopis Mesquite Quercus Oak NON-ARBOREAL POLLEN: Asteraceae: Sunflower family Artemisia Sagebrush Low-spine Includes ragweed, cocklebur, etc. High-spine Includes aster, rabbitbrush, snakeweed, sunflower, etc. Liguliflorae Includes dandelion and chicory Boerhaavia Spiderling Cheno-am Includes amaranth and pigweed family Alternanthera Cleome Beeweed Cyperaceae Sedge family Ephedra torreyena-type Mormon tea Eriogonum Wild buckwheat Poaceae Grass family Rhamnaceae Buckthorn family Simmonsia Jojoba Sphaeralcea Globemallow Typha angustifolia Cattail Zea mays Maize, corn Indeterminate Too badly deteriorated to identify SPORES: 8 Scientific Name Monolete Common Name Fern Trilete Fern Sporormiella Dung fungus 9 REFERENCES CITED Brown, Dwight A. 1984 Prospects and Limits of Phytolith Key for Grasses in the Central United States. Journal of Archaeological Science 11:345-368. Gould, F. N. and R. B. Shaw 1983 Grass Systematics. Texas A&M University Press, College Station. Twiss, Page C. 1987 Grass-Opal Phytoliths as Climatic Indicators of the Great Plains Pleistocene. In Quaternary Environments of Kansas edited by W. C. Johnson. Kansas Geological Survey Guidebook Series 5: 179-188. 10 Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 11.1 NISP and MNI counts for excavated material from features at Cerro Juanaqueña T6 T10 T97 T126 T163 NISP MNI NISP MNI NISP MNI NISP MNI NISP MNI Small fish 4 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 Western box turtle 0 0 5 1 0 0 3 1 1 1 Indeterminate turtles 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Venomous snakes 0 0 0 0 0 0 238 1 0 0 Non-venomous snakes 0 0 2 1 1 1 2 1 0 0 Indeterminate lizards 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Spadefoot toads 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Indeterminate birds 0 0 3 1 0 0 3 1 0 0 Quail 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Perching birds 1 1 0 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 Duck 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Indeterminate rodents 5 1 10 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Indeterminate squirrels 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chipmunk 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Pocket mouse 1 1 11 1 8 1 4 1 2 1 Deer mouse 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cotton rat 3 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kangaroo rat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Wood rat 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pocket gopher 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Jackrabbit 404 6 198 5 1 1 99 3 112 2 Cottontail 38 2 34 1 9 1 17 1 25 1 Indeterminate rabbit 0 0 5 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 Indeterminate canid 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 Coyote 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 Badger 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Indet. artiodactyls 3 1 6 1 0 0 7 1 14 1 Indeterminate deer 6 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 Pronghorn 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 cf. Bighorn sheep 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 cf. Bison 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total ID remains 478 288 23 376 163 Total Unid. Remains 3410 1076 179 1190 1325 Total Remains 3888 1364 202 1566 1488 - 1 Appendix 11.1 NISP and MNI counts for excavated material from features at Cerro Juanaqueña (cont) Small fish Western box turtle Indet. turtles Venomous snakes Non-venomous snakes Indet. lizards Spadefoot toads Indet. birds Quail Perching birds Duck Indet. rodents Indet. squirrels Chipmunk Pocket mouse Deer mouse Cotton rat Kangaroo rat Wood rat Pocket gopher Jackrabbit Cottontail Indet. rabbit Indet. canid Coyote Badger Indet. artiodactyls Indeter. deer Pronghorn cf. Bighorn sheep cf. Bison Total ID remains Total Unid. Remains Total Remains T167 NISP MNI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T175 NISP MNI 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 T222 T273 T287 NISP MNI NISP MNI NISP MNI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 2 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 25 325 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 59 17 0 0 0 0 9 2 6 0 0 98 1713 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 - 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 10 0 0 2 216 31 0 0 1 0 5 1 2 0 0 279 918 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 4 2 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 - 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 30 5 3 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 0 49 488 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 31 12 6 0 0 0 6 0 1 2 1 71 609 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 - 350 - 1811 - 1197 - 537 - 680 - 2 Appendix 11.1 NISP and MNI counts for excavated material from features at Cerro Juanaqueña (cont) Small fish Western box turtle Indeterminate turtles Venomous snakes Non-venomous snakes Indeterminate lizards Spadefoot toads Indeterminate birds Quail Perching birds Duck Indeterminate rodents Indeterminate squirrels Chipmunk Pocket mouse Deer mouse Cotton rat Kangaroo rat Wood rat Pocket gopher Jackrabbit Cottontail Indeterminate rabbit Indeterminate canid Coyote Badger Indet. artiodactyls Indeterminate deer Pronghorn cf. Bighorn sheep cf. Bison Total ID remains Total Unid. Remains Total Remains T290 T297 T387 T413 T487 NISP MNI NISP MNI NISP MNI NISP MNI NISP MNI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 8 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 29 9 4 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 52 539 591 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 - 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 68 18 2 0 0 0 0 4 5 0 0 102 343 445 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 - 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 12 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 34 161 195 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 - 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 99 107 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 4 3 0 0 0 82 9 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 154 806 960 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 6 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 - 3 Appendix 11.1 NISP and MNI counts for excavated material from features at Cerro Juanaqueña (cont) Small fish Western box turtle Indeterminate turtles Venomous snakes Non-venomous snakes Indeterminate lizards Spadefoot toads Indeterminate birds Quail Perching birds Duck Indeterminate rodents Indeterminate squirrels Chipmunk Pocket mouse Deer mouse Cotton rat Kangaroo rat Wood rat Pocket gopher Jackrabbit Cottontail Indeterminate rabbit Indeterminate canid Coyote Badger Indet. artiodactyls Indeterminate deer Pronghorn cf. Bighorn sheep cf. Bison Total ID remains Total Unid. Remains Total Remains T508 T537 BR1 R1A R51 NISP MNI NISP MNI NISP MNI NISP MNI NISP MNI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 28 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 219 19 0 0 1 0 7 6 1 0 0 260 1123 1383 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 5 2 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 105 135 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 24 272 296 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 62 64 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 4 Appendix 11.1 NISP and MNI counts for excavated material from features at Cerro Juanaqueña (cont) Small fish Western box turtle Indeterminate turtles Venomous snakes Non-venomous snakes Indeterminate lizards Spadefoot toads Indeterminate birds Quail Perching birds Duck Indeterminate rodents Indeterminate squirrels Chipmunk Pocket mouse Deer mouse Cotton rat Kangaroo rat Wood rat Pocket gopher Jackrabbit Cottontail Indeterminate rabbit Indeterminate canid Coyote Badger Indet. artiodactyls Indeterminate deer Pronghorn cf. Bighorn sheep cf. Bison Total ID remains Total Unid. Remains Total Remains R234A NISP MNI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 1 0 9 0 R239 NISP MNI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 166 172 - R250 NISP MNI 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 8 70 78 - R286 NISP MNI 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 233 248 - 5 Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 11.2 NISP and MNI counts for flotation samples from features at Cerro Juanaqueña T6 T10 T97 T126 T163 NISP MNI NISP MNI NISP MNI NISP MNI NISP MNI Small fish 31 1 8 1 4 1 4 1 18 1 Indet. amphibians 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 Indeterminate lizards 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 Indeterminate birds 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Non-venomous 1 1 1 1 2 1 5 1 1 1 snakes Indeterminate rodents 27 1 61 1 7 1 9 1 13 1 Jackrabbit 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Cottontail 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Indeterminate rabbit 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 2 1 Indet. artiodactyls 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total ID remains 67 70 15 19 39 Total Unid. Remains 2276 2440 200 1312 3788 Total Remains 2343 2510 215 1331 3827 - Appendix 11.2 NISP and MNI counts for flotation samples from features at Cerro Juanaqueña (cont). Small fish Indet. amphibians Non-venomous snakes Indeterminate lizards Indeterminate birds Indeterminate rodents Jackrabbit Cottontail Indeterminate rabbit Indet. artiodactyls Total ID remains Total Unid. Remains Total Remains T167 NISP MNI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - T175 NISP MNI 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 4 0 16 2056 2072 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 - T222 NISP MNI 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 115 116 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - T287 NISP MNI 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 3 8 424 432 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 - T290 NISP MNI 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 6 142 148 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 - 1 Appendix 11.2 NISP and MNI counts for flotation samples from features at Cerro Juanaqueña (cont) Small fish Indet. amphibians Non-venomous snakes Indeterminate lizards Indeterminate birds Indeterminate rodents Jackrabbit Cottontail Indeterminate rabbit Indet. artiodactyls Total ID remains Total Unid. Remains Total Remains T297 T387 T413 T487 T508 NISP MNI NISP MNI NISP MNI NISP MNI NISP MNI 6 1 2 1 0 0 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 12 0 0 3 0 23 719 742 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 - 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 7 84 91 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 26 0 0 4 0 37 604 641 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 39 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - Appendix 11.2 NISP and MNI counts for flotation samples from features at Cerro Juanaqueña (cont) Small fish Indet. Amphibians Non-venomous snakes Indeterminate lizards Indeterminate birds Indeterminate rodents Jackrabbit Cottontail Indeterminate rabbit Indet. artiodactyls Total ID remains Total Unid. Remains Total Remains T537 NISP MNI 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 12 526 538 - BR1 NISP MNI 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 140 143 - R239 NISP MNI 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 92 95 - R286 NISP MNI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 19 20 - 2 Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 11.3 Faunal Data from Other Sites Kari M. Schmidt This appendix presents detailed faunal data from three Early Agricultural period cerros de trincheras, Cerro el Canelo, Cerro los Torres, and Cerro Vidal plus two Ceramic period sites, Janos Viejo and Sitio Antonio, as well as a buried site, Ophelia's Well. The operations at these locations are reviewed in Chapter 4 and Apppendix 4.1. Our work at the Ceramic period sites was limited to screening backdirt for comparative data. Janos Viejo is a Viejo period site located west of the town of Janos along the Río San Pedro. The Medio period Sitio Antonio is on the Río Casas Grandes floodplain below Cerro Juanaqueña. We located the remnants of the buried Early Agricultural period site of Ophelia's Well in backhoe trenches in the floodplain. Cerro el Canelo In addition to the massive excavations undertaken at Cerro Juanaqueña, test excavations were conducted during the 1999 and 2000 seasons at Cerro el Canelo, a site located approximately 20 km southeast of Cerro Juanaqueña. Two 1 x 2 m units were excavated to bedrock. No modifications were present on any bones recovered from the testing. The faunal remains recovered from both the screens and from flotation activities were analyzed and are presented in Tables A11.3 and B11.3. Table A11.3: Faunal Remains from excavations at Cerro el Canelo by MNI, NISP, and Percent. Identification Minimum Number of Number identified Percentage of Individuals (MNI) (NISP) identified NISP assemblage Box turtle 1 1 0.6 Pocket mouse 1 1 0.6 Deer mouse 1 5 2.8 Cottontail 1 11 6.1 Jackrabbit 5 153 85.5 Pronghorn 1 4 2.2 Indet. artiodactyl 1 4 2.2 Total Identified -179 100 Total Unidentified -236 -Total Faunal Remains -415 -The excavations at Cerro el Canelo were conducted on two terraces. The first, in 1999, was at Terrace 41. Only a few faunal remains were recovered from this terrace and include: 1 artiodactyl tooth fragment, a single intrusive humerus from a deer mouse, 1 jackrabbit astragalus, 1 burned cottontail first phalanx, and 76 unidentified remains, 2 of which were burned. The excavations in 2000 at Terrace 94 and produced a more varied faunal assemblage. A total of 335 faunal specimens were collected from this terrace. Of the total, 175 specimens, or about 52 percent of the assemblage, were identified. Most of the identified fauna (92 percent) from Terrace 94 consists of jackrabbit (Lepus spp.), and cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus spp.). The remaining 8 percent of the identified specimens include mouse (Peromyscus sp.), pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), unidentified artiodactyls, and box turtle (Terrapene sp.). Faunal remains from Cerro el Canelo were recovered from flotation samples as well as from excavated contexts. The processing of collected flotation samples from Cerro el Canelo produced a total of 1181 bones. Of this total, only 14, or just 1.2 percent, were identified to at least the level of class. Table B11.3 presents the combined results of faunal analyses of the 1999 and 2000 samples produced from flotation activities at Cerro el Canelo. The high percentage of rodent remains can likely be attributed to the presence of modern remains and should be weighted accordingly. Table B11.3. Faunal Remains recovered in flotation samples at Cerro el Canelo by MNI, NISP, and Percent. Identification Minimum Number of Number identified Percentage of Individuals (MNI) (NISP) identified assemblage Fish 1 3 21.4 Perching bird 1 1 7.1 Indeterminate rodent 1 8 57.2 Jackrabbit 1 2 14.3 Total Identified -14 100 Total Unidentified -1167 -Total Faunal Remains -1181 -Of the 1596 total bones analyzed from both excavation and flotation samples at Cerro el Canelo, only 193 (12 percent), were identified to at least the level of class. Identified remains from the excavations span the entire vertical profile of the 1 x 1 meter unit, as do the remains recovered from flotation samples. The high percentage of identified remains from the screens at Cerro el Canelo is only slightly larger than the average percentage of identified remains from Cerro Juanaqueña. The identified remains from Cerro el Canelo include taxa similar to those recovered from Cerro Juanaqueña: (jackrabbit, cottontail, pocket mouse, perching birds, artiodactyls, and small fish). Relative abundances at Cerro el Canelo are also similar to those at Cerro Juanaqueña, suggesting similar subsistence and procurement strategies, and a similar suite of environmental niches from which to draw from. Cerro los Torres A 1 x 2 m test unit was excavated at Cerro los Torres, a site located approximately 40 km south of Cerro Juanaqueña along the Río Casas Grandes. The test unit was excavated during the 1998 season and was excavated to bedrock. Excavation and flotation activities produced a fairly sizable collection of unmodified faunal remains. This information is presented in Tables C11.3 and D11.3. Table C11.3: Faunal Remains from excavations at Cerro los Torres by MNI, NISP, and Percent. Identification Minimum Number of Number identified Percentage of Individuals (MNI) (NISP) identified assemblage Fish 1 1 1.1 Non-venomous 1 1 1.1 snakes Pocket mouse 1 8 9.2 Cottontail 1 20 23.0 Jackrabbit 2 54 62.2 Coyote 1 1 1.1 Pronghorn 1 2 2.3 Total Identified -87 100 Total Unidentified -170 -Total Faunal Remains 257 -- As at the other cerros de trincheras sites excavated during the course of the project, faunal remains were recovered from flotation samples as well as from screened contexts. The processing of collected flotation samples from Cerro los Torres produced a total of 218 bones. Of this total, only 10, or just over 4 percent, were identified to at least the level of class. Table D11.3 presents the results of the analyses of the 1998 samples produced from flotation activities at Cerro los Torres. Table D11.3. Faunal Remains recovered in flotations at Cerro los Torres by MNI, NISP and Percent. Identification Minimum Number of Number identified Percentage of Individuals (MNI) (NISP) identified assemblage Indeterminate fish 1 5 50.0 Indeterminate rodents 1 5 50.0 Total Identified -10 100 Remains Total Unidentified -208 -Remains Total Faunal Remains -218 -- Cerro Vidal During the 1998 season, test excavations were conducted at Cerro Vidal, a site located some 70 km south of Cerro Juanaqueña at the confluence of the Río Palanganas and the Río Piedras Verdes where they unite to form the Río Casas Grandes. Cerro Vidal is a 120 m high hill that overlooks this confluence. As at Cerro el Canelo and Cerro los Torres, a single 1 x 2 m unit was excavated to bedrock. These activities produced only 11 faunal remains from both excavation and flotation activities. These remains include nine unidentified specimens, one jackrabbit distal humerus, and one cottontail maxillary fragment. Janos Viejo Samples were collected from the Viejo period site of Janos Viejo (95-448) located just west of Janos to obtain comparative faunal data. Sampling at Janos Viejo did not involve the collection of flotation samples but did include screening looters' backdirt and these data are presented in Table E10.3. Unfortunately the small sample resulted in only two identified taxa from the site, both species that are frequently identified at the Early Agricultural period cerros de trincheras sites. Because of the extremely small sample size recovered from this site, little information can be garnered from analyses of faunal remains. Table E11.3. Screened Faunal Remains Recovered at Janos Viejo by MNI, NISP & Percent. Identification Minimum Number of Number identified Percentage of Individuals (MNI) (NISP) identified assemblage Jackrabbit 2 27 96.0 Coyote 1 1 4.0 Total Identified -28 100.0 Total Unidentified -206 -Total Faunal Remains -234 -- Sitio Antonio A total of 570 faunal remains were recovered from Sitio Antonio, located on the floodplain below Cerro Juanaqueña. We screened looters' backdirt and processed flotation samples from the backdirt to obtain this comparative sample related to the Medio period. The results are presented in Tables F11.3 and G11.3. A total of 7 taxa were identified in the materials from the site, all similar in composition and relative abundance to the cerros de trincheras sites. The high percentage of rodents in the sample can likely be attributed to modern disturbance, as most of these remains appeared to be from a single individual (cf. mouse-sized). In addition to the animal remains, four human remains were recovered in the backdirt. Two of these fragments were adult incisors, and two were unidentifiable tooth fragments. None of the remains showed signs of burning. Table F11.3. Screened Faunal Remains from Sitio Antonio by MNI, NISP, and Percent. Identification Minimum Number of Number identified Percentage of Individuals (MNI) (NISP) identified assemblage Non-venomous snake 1 1 1.0 Box turtle 1 7 7.0 Perching birds 1 2 2.0 Indeterminate rodent 2 52 54.0 Jackrabbit 1 23 24.0 Cottontail 1 7 7.0 Total Identified -96* 95* Total Unidentified -441 -Total Faunal Remains -537 -*four identified human remains makes 96 NISP and 100% Table G11.3. Faunal Remains from Flotations Samples from Sitio Antonio by MNI, NISP & Percent. Identification Minimum Number of Number identified Percentage of Individuals (MNI) (NISP) identified assemblage Indet. small fish 1 1 20.0 Indeterminate rodent 1 4 80.0 Total Identified -5 100.0 Total Unidentified -28 -Total Faunal Remains -33 -- Ophelia's Well Only 10 faunal specimens were recovered from our exploration at Ophelia's Well, a site that dates to the Early Agricultural period that was buried in the floodplain of the Río Casas Grandes northwest of Cerro Juanaqueña. The faunal remains were collected during the examination of backhoe trenches on the floodplain in Colonia Oaxaca below Cerro Juanaqueña and further information is found in Chapters 4, 5, 11, and 13. Two backhoe trenches (BHT-5b and BHT 6) produced faunal remains. BHT 5b produced one unidentifiable fragment, and BHT6 produced one unidentifiable medium/large mammal long bone shaft fragment. Examination of the material from the backdirt removed from the backhoe trench produced the remains of the right distal femur of an adult deer (Odocoileus sp.). A single flotation sample from BHT-5b produced 7 faunal remains; all were unidentifiable to the level of class. Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 11.4 Fish Remains from Cerro Juanaqueña, Chihuahua, Mexico Kenneth W. Gobalet Department of Biology California State University, Bakersfield Fish remains from Cerro Juanaqueña, Chihuahua, Mexico provided by Robert J. Hard were evaluated using comparative skeletons in the collection in the Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield (CSUB). The remains serve as the basis of this report. Smith and Miller (1986) noted the following species in the Río Casas Grandes. Standard lengths are as reported by Lee et al. (1980), and names generally follow Robins et al. (1991). Ictaluridae, catfishes Ictalurus pricei, Yaqui catfish (500 mm) Cyprinodon sp., Palomas pupfish (50 mm, a reasonable size for a pupfish, Moyle 2002) Oncorhynchus sp., undetermined trout (for comparison, cutthroat trout to 900 mm TL, Moyle 2002) Cypriniformes, carps, minnows, and suckers Cyprinidae, minnows Campostuma ornatum, Mexican stoneroller (110 mm) Gila nigrescens, Chihuahua chub (200 mm) Notropis formosus, beautiful shiner (70 mm) Pimphales promelas, fathead minnow (102 mm) Catostomidae, suckers Catostomus plebius, Rio Grande sucker (rarely over 140 mm) Catostomus sp. Because most of the species on this list are not represented in the osteological collection at CSUB, the following species were used because of their evolutionary and presumed morphological similarity or because similar forms are known from other streams in the Río Grande system: 1 Ictaluridae Ictalurus punctatus, channel catfish Ameirus melas, black bullhead Cyprinidae Siphateles bicolor, tui chub Richardsonius egregius, Lahontan redside Rhinichthys osculus, speckled dace Gila elegans, bonytail chub Catostomidae Catostomus latipinnis, flannelmouth sucker C. tahoensis, Tahoe sucker C. platyrhynchus, mountain sucker Percidae, perches Percina macrolepida, bigscale logperch Perca flavescens, yellow perch Lepomis macrochirus, bluegill Tilapia niloteca, Nile tilapia The results are listed in Table A11.4. Only cyprinids and catostomids were identified to a family. They were distinguished on the basis of characteristic spines and recesses on the vertebrae. Precaudal vertebrae (those lacking a complete hemal arch) of cyprinids possess a strut interconnecting the lateral recess of the parapophysis with the neural spine. The lateral recess is present in catostomids, but the strut is lacking or does not extend laterally to the perimeter of the centrum. Both cyprinids and catostomids have similar lateral longitudinal ridging and neural spines on the vertebral centra of caudal vertebrae (ribless vertebrae bearing a complete hemal arch), but only cyprinids possess sharp ventrally pointed spines on the caudal edge or the lateral portion of the ventral surface of the centrum. The transitional region of the cyprinid vertebral column from precaudal to caudal has vertebrae that are equivocal for this character and are thus placed in the order Cypriniformes. Cypriniformes includes both minnows and suckers. Other vertebrae that had damaged diagnostic parts or were fragmentary were either placed in Cypriniformes or Actinopterygii, the general category for all ray-finned fishes (bony 2 fishes excluding lungfishes, coelacanth, bichirs and reedfishes). This is not to suggest that there were additional species present, but features remaining on the fragmentary materials did not lend themselves to diagnosis. There were no features that suggested that any of the remains were from catfishes, pupfishes, or trout. A single element that had the appearance of an actinopterygian quadrate did not match any comparative skeletons and might not even be a quadrate. It might be a pterygiophore, an element that can bear a deceptive resemblance to the quadrate. Because there were only two suckers reported by Smith and Miller (1986) from the Río Casas Grandes, the remains are undoubtedly Catostomus plebius or the undescribed Catostomus sp. It is doubtful that additional comparative skeletal materials will be of help in distinguishing between the four cyprinid species reported from the drainage by Smith and Miller (1986). Only a single partial cyprinid basioccipital was recovered. Usually this element is diagnostic by the shape and curvature of the tooth plate, but that portion of the bone was missing. It is doubtful that all four cyprinid species are found in waters of the Río Casas Grandes adjacent to the site. A survey of the stream would be helpful in suggesting which of the species might have been local. Irrespective of the exact species found, all the individuals (with the possible exception of the single illusive quadrate) were under about 100 mm in length. The scarcity of remains of fishes, the small size of the individuals recovered, and the association with small lizards, snakes, and shrews suggests that fish were not a substantial resource. This is stated with the qualification that I have not seen the site and the fish and geographic literature utilized were minimal. 3 A few tetrapod remains included procoelous vertebrae from snakes or lizards, pleurodont jaw elements of a lizard, the dentary tip of a shrew, and the caudal vertebra of a small mammal. A few shell fragments including a tiny bivalve shell were in the collection as well. 4 Table A11.4. Fish Identifications. Site CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ Feature Bag # Taxon T126 39 Actinopterygii T126 56 Actinopterygii T163 25 Actinopterygii T163 32,33 Actinopterygii T297 47,48,49 Actinopterygii T487 29 Actinopterygii T487 59 Actinopterygii T6 93 Actinopterygii T6 123 Actinopterygii ? T10 21 Actioptergyii T163 27+28 Actioptergyii T126 56 Catostomidae T163 32,33 Catostomidae T163 48,49,50,52 Catostomidae T222 36 Catostomidae T537 69 Catostomidae T537 73 Catostomidae T6 103 Catostomidae T6 108 Catostomidae 297 54 Cyprinidae 297 47,48,49 Cyprinidae BR1 16 Cyprinidae R239 7 Cyprinidae T10 21 Cyprinidae T10 20,25 Cyprinidae T126 57 Cyprinidae T163 32,33 Cyprinidae T163 34&35 Cyprinidae T487 33 Cyprinidae T6 39 Cyprinidae T6 48 Cyprinidae T6 91 Cyprinidae T6 93 Cyprinidae T6 149 Cyprinidae T6 111 Cyprinidae ? T10 21 Cypriniformes T163 10,12,14,19 Cypriniformes Element ray or spine vertebral fragments 2 tiny vertebral frags. vertebral fragment caudal vertebra fragmentary vertebra fragmentary vertebra 3 vertebrae, spine quadrate ? caudal vertebra 2 vertebral fragments precaudal vertebra precaudal vertebra caudal vertebra precaudal vertebra caudal vertebra caudal vertebra 2 vertebrae MNI-2 caudal vertebra precaudal vertebra precaudal vertebra precaudal vertebra precaudal vertebra precaudal vertebra precaudal vertebra basioccipital precaudal vertebra 2 vertebrae caudal vertebra Weberian vertebra precaudal vertebra precaudal vertebra vertebra precaudal vertebra precaudal vertebra caudal vertebra caudal vertebra 5 Site CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ Feature T175 T6 T6 T97 T387 T487 T6 T6 T97 297 T297 T6 T6 T6 BR1 T126 T163 T163 T387 T487 T6 T6 T10 T10 T487 T6 T10 T163 T10 T126 T487 T6 BR1 T163 T175 T175 T6 Bag # 95 107 123 28 Taxon Cypriniformes Cypriniformes Cypriniformes Cypriniformes Other 41 Lepidosaur (lizard) 33 Lepidosaur 48 Lepidosaur 91 Lepidosaur 28 Lepidosaur 47,48,49 Lepidosaur 51&52 Lepidosaur 94 Lepidosaur ? 120 Mammal, bird, other 93 Mammal+other 13 Vertebrate 57 Vertebrate 43-45 Vertebrate 48,49,50,52 Vertebrate 41 Vertebrate 56 Vertebrate 61 Vertebrate 67 Vertebrate 24 Vertebrate ? 40 Bivalve 33 shell 91 shell 15 shrew ? 32,33 Unknown 38 Unknown 39 Unknown 137 Unknown 58 Unknown 16 Unknown bone and other 67 23 63 104 Element precaudal vertebra caudal vertebra precaudal vertebra caudal vertebra vertebra 2 vertebrae vertebra vertebra vertebral centrum jaw fragment jaw fragment vertebra fragments, tooth 3 fragments bone fragment bone fragment bone fragment 3 bone fragments bone fragment bone fragments bone fragment bone fragment crushed bone clam shell fragment fragment dentary tip 2 fragments fragment (shell?) fragment fragment unknown piece 27 bone fragments rock rock or shell rock or shell plant, seed ? 6 Literature Cited Lee, D.S., C.R. Gilbert, C.H. Hocutt, R.E. Jenkins, D.E. McAllister, and J.R. Stauffer, Jr. 1980. Atlas of North American freshwater fishes. Raleigh: North Carolina Museum of Natural History. Moyle. P.B. Inland fishes of California, revised and expanded. Berkeley, University of California Press. Smith, M. L. and R. R. Miller. 1986. The evolution of Rio Grande Basin as inferred from its fish fauna. Pages 457-485 in: The Zoogeography of North American Freshwater Fishes. C.H. Hocutt and E.O. Wiley, editors. New York, John Wiley and Sons. Robins, C.R., C.E. Bond, J. R. Brooker, E. A. Lachner, R. N. Lea, and W. B. Scott. 1991. Common and Scientific Names of Fishes from the United States and Canada. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 20. Bethesda, MD, 7 Appendix 13.1a Ground Stone Metadata Introduction This document contains the metadata for four ground stone data pdf files. There is one data file for each of the following groups: complete metates, metate fragments, complete manos and mano fragments. This metadata document contains the explanations of the file content, variables, values and their codes. These data were collected during the 1999-2000 surface inventory of Cerro Juanaqueña. The four pdf files that were converted from Excel and each pdf file has its own corresponding section in this metadata document. This metadata document is Appendix 13.1a and the data files are Appendix 13.1b to 13.1e. Each section of this metadata is identified by its title and a discrete header. The pdf data files are: Appendix 13.1b Ground stone Data_Complete Metates.pdf Appendix 13.1c Ground stone Data_Metate Fragments.pdf Appendix 13.1d Ground stone Data_Compelete Manos.pdf Appendix 13.1e Ground stone Data_Mano Fragments.pdf 1 Appendix 13.1a Ground Stone Metadata for: Appendix 13.1b Ground stone Data_Complete Metates.pdf Overview This data set contains the complete metates found on the surface of Cerro Juanaqueña. The process of collecting the data are described on page 277 of Hard and Roney (2020) as part of the total surface inventory. This inventory was conducted by walking over the entire site recording and mapping all tools. A few items found on the surface of excavation areas were moved from the excavated data base to this data base. This data file is only for the complete metates; other data files contain the metate fragments, complete manos, and mano fragments. Included in this data file are not only complete slab and basin metates but any nether, or lower grinding stone. It includes a number of nonportable grinding surfaces such as grinding surfaces on bedrock, mortars, and cupules. The vast majority of the metate analyses in Hard and Roney are derived from this data set. These data were recorded in the field on coding sheets and digitized in the lab. Only a few metates were collected and those are identified in the notes field. Spatial analyses of these data are found in Appendix 6.2. The summaries of this data are found in Chapters 6 and 13, for counts see p. 279. The data set contains 250 lines of data. Blank cells indicate missing data. Variables Year The field season that the data were recorded. The detailed surface inventory was conducted in 1999 and 2000. A few items from the surface of excavated areas from previous years are included. Date Month and day data were recorded. Recorder Crew members that recorded the data. RR = Rudi Roney; RJH/BH = Robert J Hard; JR = John Roney; CG= Connie Gibson; KS = Kari Schmidt; GR = Gerry Raymond; MC = Mike Cannon; KH = Kevin Hanselka; JN = Jennifer Nisengard; TP = Todd Pitzel; BZ = Bridget Zavala; JZ = Jose Zapata; BM = Bruce Moses; CM = Clemente Murguia; RJ = Richard Jones; JB = Jorge Bencomo; CH=Chris Hard Site CJ = Cerro Juanaqueña Analysis_grp = Sample Group O = Other, These are metates that became part of the database in ways other than the systematic surface inventory. Most are items that were collected from surface of excavated units. These items were excluded from statistical analyses. N = Detailed Sample These items were in the detailed sample and they were systematically measured, see p. 277. The N meant "not shaded". In order to capture the 50% random systematic sample the lines on the coding sheet were alternately not shaded and shaded. Unshaded lines indicated to the field crew that the item was to be recorded in detail. Items were recorded in the order in which they were found to prevent biased placement in either of the sample groups. 2 Appendix 13.1a Ground Stone Metadata for: Appendix 13.1b Ground stone Data_Complete Metates.pdf Y = Typology-only Sample These items were in the typology-only sample, they were only counted, located on the map, and identified by type. No further measurements or observations were made. The "Y" meant that the line was shaded gray, indicating to the field crew that measurements were to be omitted. Lines on the coding sheet alternated between shaded and unshaded. Items were recorded in the order in which they were found. The goals was to place 50% of the whole metates were in the detailed sample and 50% in the typology-only sample. Fea_type = Feature Type The type of feature on which the artifact was found on. BR = Burned Rock R = Ring (Rock Ring) T = Terrace W = Wall No entry = missing data Fea_No = Feature Number All terraces and rock rings were assigned a sequential number on the site map. Walls did not receive feature numbers but are an element of their terrace. Art_no = Artifact Number All ground stone items were assigned a sequential number unique number for this in-field analysis and these were also placed on the field maps. The series started over with 1 for each feature. In a few cases, the artifact number is actually the Bag number assigned during excavation as these items were collected from the surface of the excavation areas. In other cases the artifact number is the Surface Collection (SC) number as these items were collected prior to this systematic inventory effort. Artifacts with either of these exceptions are noted in the notes column. Ter_Leng1 = Terrace Length in meters These values were measured in the lab from the site map and imported into this dataset for analytical purposes. Sector The site was divided into sectors for spatial analyses. These are described in Appendix 6.2. The sectors are spelled out in the cells, and are: Lower Middle, Lower South, Northeast, Southeast, Top, Northwest, South, and Southwest. These data were brought into this dataset for analytical purposes. Division_1 = Sector clusters The Sectors were aggregated into clusters (see Appendix 6.2). The Sector clusters are spelled out in the cells and are: East Top and West South. Typ = Artifact type BA = Basin Metate (see p. 293-294) 3 Appendix 13.1a Ground Stone Metadata for: Appendix 13.1b Ground stone Data_Complete Metates.pdf CU = Cupule (cupules (see p. 48-50, cupules were recorded systematically as part of the rock art recording effort, but not systematically recorded during this surface inventory) MO = Mortar (mortar hole in bedrock) OBO = Nonportable grinding surface (OnBOulder, grinding surfaces or "grinding slicks" found on boulders, bedrock, etc.) OT = Other (described in notes field) SB = Grinding slab (see p. 291-293) UK = Unknown (Artifact Type is missing) *no_gr_s = No grinding surfaces The number of grinding surfaces. *o_lg = Length The overall maximum length in cm. Length is the dimension perpendicular to the direction of mano travel. Precision was typically to the nearest whole cm. *o_wd = Width The overall maximum width in cm. Width is perpendicular to length. Precision was typically to the nearest whole cm. *o_th = Thickness The maximum thickness of the metate measured in cm. Precision was typically to the nearest .5 cm. *g_lg = Grinding surface length The maximum length of the ground surface measured in cm. Measurement was taken in a plane, not a curved surface. Precision was typically to the nearest whole cm. *g_wd = Grinding surface width The maximum width of the ground surface measured in cm. Measurement was taken in a plane, not a curved surface. Precision was typically to the nearest whole cm. *wr_dpt = Depth of wear The maximum depth of wear in cm. In order to take this measurement a flat plane, such as clipboard, was laid across the surface of the metate and the measurement was made perpendicular to this plane. Precision was typically to the nearest .5 cm. *GSLen_GSWid = Grinding surface length: Grinding surface width This calculated dimension is the ratio of grinding surface length to grinding surface width. *wr_dp_cls = Wear depth class For the basin metates only; depth wear was classified into two categories, see p. 297. d = Deep (metates > 4 cm of wear) s = Shallow (metates ≤ 4 cm of wear) 4 Appendix 13.1a Ground Stone Metadata for: Appendix 13.1b Ground stone Data_Complete Metates.pdf *mat (Material). Rock material type B = Basalt LB = Local Basalt. Appearance was consistent with the bedrock on Cerro Juanaqueña RH = Rhyolite Scoria = Scoria *Dep_cnxt = Depositional context This observation identifies the surface context. FS = Feature surface TS = Talus slope. This refers to the talus found below constructed terraces W = Wall. This refers to a constructed terrace wall. *hole_pres = Hole present This refers to the holes found on the bottom of basin metates (p. 299-301). a = absent p = present *hole_leng = Hole length This was the longest dimension and measured in cm with a precision to the nearest .5 cm. *hole_wid = Hole width This was perpendicular to length and measured to the nearest .5 cm. *hole_thick = Hole thickness This was the thickness of the stone at the margin of the hole, maximum thickness with a precision of .5 cm. Blank indicates missing data. *wear_pres = Hole wear This observation refers to wear on the margin of the hole. Blank indicates missing data. a = absent p = present *volume This calculated volume is a product of overall length * overall width * overall thickness, in cm3 curation = Curation location A blank indicates it was left in the field. CAR = temporarily at University of Texas at San Antonio, Center for Archaeological Research. CG=Stored at INAH facility in Casas Grandes, Chih. *wear The degree of wear on the grinding surface 1 = Light. Wear is present only the tops of the asperities. 2 = Medium. The asperities are worn flat. 5 Appendix 13.1a Ground Stone Metadata for: Appendix 13.1b Ground stone Data_Complete Metates.pdf 3 = Heavy. The shape of the grinding surface is altered. Basin metates, by the presence of a ground basin, automatically have heavy wear. category2 = Depth_type This derived classification combines two previous categories, Artifact Type and Wear Depth Class. SB = slab deep = deep basin shallow = shallow basin GS_area = Grinding Surface Area Grinding surface length * Grinding surface width in cm2 *notes. Miscellaneous observations, reclassifications, etc. LRG = Larissa Galenes rjh = Robert J Hard *Data for the variables indicated with asterisk were only collected for items in the Detailed sample. 6 Appendix 13.1a Ground Stone Metadata for: Appendix 13.1c Ground stone Data_Metate Fragments.pdf Overview This data set documents the metate fragments found on the surface of Cerro Juanaqueña. The process of collecting the data are described on page 277 of Hard and Roney (2020) as part of the total surface inventory. This inventory was conducted in 1999 and 2000 by walking over the entire site and recording and mapping all tools. This data file is only for metate fragments. If all three dimensions can be measured the tool is considered complete; a fragment is an item for which fewer than three dimensions are measurable. Metates are defined as all nether (lower) grinding stone fragments. Included in this file are not only fragments of grinding slabs and basin metates but also other lower grinding stones. The inventory is divided into two sampling groups using a systematic random sampling design as described in the Analysis_grp variable. Eighty percent of the metate fragments were only identified by type, while for the other 20% detailed observations and measurements were collected. Other data files describe the complete metates, complete manos, and mano fragments. These data were recorded in the field on coding sheets and digitized in the lab. Few metate fragments were collected and those are identified in the Notes field. Spatial analyses of these data are found in Appendix 6.2. The summaries of this data are found in Chapters 6 and 13, for counts see p. 279. The data set contains 736 lines. Blank cells indicate missing data. Variables Year: The field season that the data were recorded. The detailed surface inventory was conducted in 1999 and 2000. A few items collected from the surface of excavated areas in previous years are included. Date Month and day data were recorded. Record = Recorder Crew members that recorded the data. RR = Rudi Roney; RJH/BH = Robert J Hard; JR = John Roney; CG= Connie Gibson; KS = Kari Schmidt; GR = Gerry Raymond; MC = Mike Cannon; KH = Kevin Hanselka; JN = Jennifer Nisengard; TP = Todd Pitzel; BZ = Bridget Zavala; JZ = Jose Zapata; BM=Bruce Moses; CM/CJM = Clemente Murguia; RJ = Richard Jones; JB = Jorge Bencomo; CH=Chris Hard. Site CJ = Cerro Juanaqueña Analysis_grp = Sample Group O = Other, These are items that entered the database in ways other than the systematic surface inventory. Most are items that were collected from surface of excavated units. These items were excluded from statistical analyses. N= Detailed Sample. These items were in the detailed sample and they were systematically measured, see p. 277. In order to capture the 20% systematic random sample in the field four lines on the coding sheet were shaded and the fifth line was not shaded and this pattern was repeated throughout the metate fragment field recording data sheets. The 20% of the lines that 7 Appendix 13.1a Ground Stone Metadata for: Appendix 13.1c Ground stone Data_Metate Fragments.pdf were not shaded indicated to the crew that the fragment should receive detailed observations. (The "N" meant "not shaded"). All ground stone was recorded in the order in which it was found to prevent bias towards or against detailed sample recording. Given the much higher number of metate fragments and their lower potential for yielding useful data a 20% sample could be completed in the time available and was likely to yield a representative sample of metate fragments. Y=Typology-only Sample. These items were only counted, mapped and identified by metate type, but were not measured. Consistent with the above, 80% of metate fragments fell into this sampling group and for these they were only identified by type and no further observations were made. Metate fragments were recorded in the order in which the crew discovered them to prevent bias. If the next line of the coding sheet was shaded then only the type of the item was recorded. The "Y" meant that the line was shaded. Four lines on the coding sheet were shaded followed by the fifth line which was not shaded, yielding an 80% typology-only sample with the other 20% in the detailed sample. Fea_type = Feature Type The type of feature the item was found on. BR = Burned Rock ISO = Isolated (not on a feature) R = Ring (Rock Ring) T = Terrace W = Wall Fea_no = Feature Number All features received a sequential number on the site maps. Numbered features included terraces, rock rings, and burned rock features. Walls did not received feature numbers. Terr_grp = Terace group Upper or Lower Terraces Almost all terraces and rock rings fell into either the upper or lower terrace group on the site. l = lower terraces u = upper terraces Art_no = Artifact Number All ground stone items were assigned a sequential number and these were also placed on the field maps. The series started over with 1 for each feature. In a few cases, items that were collected from the surface of excavation areas, the artifact number is actually the bag number assigned during excavation. Most of these items are noted in the notes column. These items were moved from the excavation data to the surface data. Typ = Artifact type BA = Basin Metate (see p. 293-294) OT = Other (described in notes field) SB = Grinding slab (see p. 291-293) 8 Appendix 13.1a Ground Stone Metadata for: Appendix 13.1c Ground stone Data_Metate Fragments.pdf UK-Unknown (Artifact type could not be distinguished in the field) *no_gr_s = No grinding surfaces The number of grinding surfaces. *brok_lg = Broken Length cm The overall maximum length in cm. Recorded as broken if that dimension is incomplete. Length is the dimension parallel to the direction of mano travel if that can be determined on the fragment, otherwise it is the longest dimension. Precision was typically to the nearest whole cm. *brok_wd = Broken Width cm The overall maximum width in cm. Recorded as broken if that dimension is incomplete. Width is the dimension perpendicular to length. Precision was typically to the nearest whole cm. *brok_th = Broken Thickness cm The overall maximum thickness in cm. Recorded as broken if that dimension is incomplete. Precision was typically to the nearest whole cm. *com_lg = Complete Length cm The overall maximum length in cm. Recorded as complete if that dimension is unbroken. Length is the dimension parallel to the direction of mano travel if that can be determined on the fragment, otherwise it is the longest dimension. Precision was typically to the nearest whole cm. *com_wd = Complete Width cm The overall maximum width in cm. Recorded as complete if that dimension is unbroken. Width is the dimension perpendicular to length. Precision was typically to the nearest whole cm. *com_th = Complete Thickness cm The overall maximum thickness in cm. Recorded as complete if that dimension is unbroken. Precision was typically to the nearest whole cm. *any_lg = Complete or Broken Length cm This derived value is filled in as either the complete or broken length and is needed for volume calculations. *any_wid = Complete or Broken Width cm This derived value is filled in as either the complete or broken with and is needed for volume calculations. *any_th = Complete or Broken Thickness cm This derived value is filled in as either the complete or broken with and is needed for volume calculations. *volume = Volume cm3 This calculated value is the product of the three above dimensions. 9 Appendix 13.1a Ground Stone Metadata for: Appendix 13.1c Ground stone Data_Metate Fragments.pdf *brk g_lg = Broken grinding surface length cm The maximum length of the ground surface when dimension is incomplete, measured in cm. Measurement was taken in a plane, not a curved surface. Precision was typically to the nearest whole cm. *com_g_lg = Complete grinding surface length cm The maximum length of the ground surface when dimension is complete, measured in cm. Measurement was taken in a plane, not a curved surface. Precision was typically to the nearest whole cm. *brk_g_wd = Broken Grinding Width cm The maximum length of the ground surface when dimension is incomplete, measured in cm. Measurement was taken in a plane, not a curved surface. Precision was typically to the nearest whole cm. *com_g_wd = Complete Grinding Width cm The maximum length of the ground surface when dimension is complete, measured in cm. Measurement was taken in a plane, not a curved surface. Precision was typically to the nearest whole cm. *brk_wr_d = Broken Wear Depth cm The maximum depth of wear in cm. A flat plane, such as clipboard, was laid across the surface of the metate and the measurement was made perpendicular to this plane. Broken if dimension is incomplete. Precision was typically to the nearest .5 cm. *com_wr_dpt = Complete Wear Depth cm The maximum depth of wear in cm. A flat plane, such as clipboard, was laid across the surface of the metate and the measurement was made perpendicular to this plane. Complete if top and bottom of metate can be discerned. Precision was typically to the nearest .5 cm. *mat = Material type Rock material type B = Basalt GR = Granite LB = Local Basalt. Appearance was consistent with the bedrock on Cerro Juanaqueña RH = Rhyolite SC = Scoria VB = Vesicular Basalt *dep_cnxt = Depositional context This observation identifies the surface context on which the item was found. FS = Feature surface OT = Other TS = Talus slope. This refers to the talus found below constructed terraces W = Wall. Found on a constructed terrace wall. 10 Appendix 13.1a Ground Stone Metadata for: Appendix 13.1c Ground stone Data_Metate Fragments.pdf *wear. The degree of wear on the grinding surface. L = Light. Wear is present only the tops of the asperities. M = Medium. The asperities are worn flat. H = Heavy. The shape of the grinding surface is altered. Basin metates, by the presence of a ground basin, automatically has heavy wear. UK = Unknown *notes. Miscellaneous observations, reclassifications, etc. LRG = Larissa Galenes; rjh = Robert J Hard qc_d. = Quality Control check LRG=Larissa Galenes *Variables with an asterisk were only recorded on those items in the Detailed Sample group 11 Appendix 13.1a Ground Stone Metadata for: Appendix 13.1d Ground stone Data_Complete Manos.pdf Overview This data set documents the complete manos found on the surface of Cerro Juanaqueña. The process of collecting the data are described on page 277 of Hard and Roney ( 2020) as part of the total surface inventory conducted in 1999 and 2000. This inventory was conducted by walking over the entire site and recording and mapping all tools. This data file is only for the complete manos. If all three dimensions can be measured the tool is considered complete. Manos are an upper grinding stone. Like the other ground stone datasets, this one is divided into two sampling groups using a systematic random sampling design as described in the Analysis_grp variable below and p. 277. Fifty percent of the complete manos were only identified by type, while for the other 50% detailed observations and measurements were collected. Other data files describe the complete metates, metate fragments, and mano fragments. These data were recorded in the field on coding sheets and digitized in the lab. A small number of manos were collected and those are identified in the Notes field. Spatial analyses of these data are found in Appendix 6.2. The summaries of this data are found in Chapters 6 and 13, for counts see p. 86 and 279. The data set contains 215 lines. Blank cells indicate missing data. Variables Year: The field season that the data were recorded. The detailed surface inventory was conducted in 1999 and 2000. A few items collected from the surface in previous years are included. Date Month and day data were recorded. Recorder: Crew members that recorded the data. RR = Rudi Roney; RJH/BH = Robert J Hard; JR = John Roney; CG= Connie Gibson; KS = Kari Schmidt; GR = Gerry Raymond; MC = Mike Cannon; KH = Kevin Hanselka; JN = Jennifer Nisengard; TP = Todd Pitzel; BZ = Bridget Zavala; JZ = Jose Zapata; BM=Bruce Moses; CM/CJM = Clemente Murguia; RJ = Richard Jones; JB = Jorge Bencomo; CH=Chris Hard. Site CJ = Cerro Juanaqueña Fea_type = Feature Type The type of feature the item was found on. BR = Burned Rock ISO = Isolated (not on a feature) R = Ring (Rock Ring) T = Terrace W = Wall Fea_no = Feature Number All features received a sequential number on the site maps. Numbered features included terraces, rock rings, and burned rock features. Walls are identified by the terrace they're associated with. 12 Appendix 13.1a Ground Stone Metadata for: Appendix 13.1d Ground stone Data_Complete Manos.pdf In a few cases feature numbers received a letter suffix such as "A" or "B". During data entry these were transformed to decimal suffixes such as ".1" or ".2" Art_no = Artifact Number All ground stone items were assigned a sequential number and these were also placed on the field maps. The series started over with 1 for each feature. In a few cases, items that were collected from the surface of excavation areas, the artifact number is actually the Bag number assigned during excavation. In several other cases tools were collected and given Surface Collection numbers and the Surface Collection number is in the Artifact number column. These items are noted in the notes column. These items were moved from other data files to this surface data file. Typ = Field Assigned Mano Type Mano type based on the cross-section of the grinding surface, this column was assigned during the field work. CV = Convex (see p. 281) FL = Flat (see p. 281) OT = Other (Identifiable but inconsistent with convex or flat types, see p. 281) UK = Unknown (Unidentifiable) Typ9 = Reclassified Mano Type Two types are combined. CV = Convex (see p. 281) FL = Flat (see p. 281) OT_UK = Other or Unknown (Others and Unknowns are lumped together, see p. 281) Typ10 = Reclassified Detailed Sample Manos Convex manos are split into two groups based on a bimodal distribution of length, p. 285. CV = Convex (see p. 281) CV_lg = Large Convex (see p. 281-285) CV_sm = Small Convex (see p. 281-285) FL = Flat (see p. 281) OT_UK = Other or Unknown (Others and Unknowns are lumped together, see p. 281) Analysis_grp = Sample Group) N = Detail sample. Fifty percent of the whole manos were systematically measured and are in the Detailed sample, see p. 277. In order to capture this 50% systematic random sample in the field alternating lines of the field coding sheet were not shaded and shaded. Unshaded lines indicated that the mano was to receive detailed treatment. (The "N" meant "not shaded"). All ground stone was recorded in the order in which it was found to prevent bias towards or against detailed recording. There was not sufficient time to record each mano in detail and it was thought that a 50% sample would generate a reliable sample. Y=Typology-only sample. These items are in the 50% of the whole manos that were only counted, mapped, and identified by type, but not measured and placed in the typology-only 13 Appendix 13.1a Ground Stone Metadata for: Appendix 13.1d Ground stone Data_Complete Manos.pdf sample. (The "Y" meant that the line on which the mano observations was to be recorded is shaded, that is blacked out, and therefore only type was to be recorded). *Plan = Plan View The mano shape (outline) as viewed from above. AN = Angular Ci = Circular Cy = Cylindrical Ir = Irregular OV = Oval Ot = Other RC = Rectangular TR = Triangular UK = Unknown *One_two = One Hand or Two Hand This classification was derived during the analysis. one_hand = One Hand Mano (<15 cm length) two-hand = Two Hand Mano (≥15 cm length) *no_gr_s = No grinding surfaces The number of grinding surfaces. 1=One 2 = Two 3 = Three *end_grd = Grinding on End The presence of grinding on the end or ends of the mano. N = No Y = Yes *lng_cm = Length cm The overall maximum length in cm. Length is the longest dimension. Precision was typically to the nearest .5 cm. *wid_cm = Width cm The overall maximum width in cm. Width is the dimension perpendicular to length. Precision was typically to the nearest .5 cm. *thk_cm = Thickness cm The overall maximum thickness in cm. Precision was typically to the nearest .5 cm. *Thk_Wid. = Thickness to Width Ratio This derived ratio was calculated as part of the analysis. 14 Appendix 13.1a Ground Stone Metadata for: Appendix 13.1d Ground stone Data_Complete Manos.pdf *Leng_Wid = Length to Width Ratio This derived ratio was calculated as part of the analysis. *area = Area cm2 The mano area was calculated as Length x Width. *mat = Material type Rock material type GR = Granite Lb = Local Basalt. Appearance was consistent with the bedrock on Cerro Juanaqueña Qz = Quartzite Rh = Rhyolite Uk = Unknown *dep_cnxt = Depositional context This observation identifies the surface context on which the item was found. FS = Feature surface Isolate = Isolate (not associated with a feature) OT = Other TS = Talus slope. This refers to the talus found below constructed terraces UK = Unknown WA = Wall. Found on a constructed terrace wall. *wear = Wear The degree of wear on the grinding surface. L = Light. Wear is present only visible on the tops of the asperities. M = Medium. The asperities are worn flat. H = Heavy. The shape of the grinding surface is altered. Basin metates, by the presence of a ground basin, automatically has heavy wear. UK = Unknown Curation = Curation location Most items left on the site. CAR = Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas at San Antonio (temporary) CG = Casas Grandes (INAH) Labsampl = Assigned to Sample Group in Lab A few items were collected from the surface prior to the inventory phase of the fieldwork. These items were randomly assigned to either the Typology-only or Detailed sample groups in the lab so as to not bias the inventory data. notes. Miscellaneous observations, reclassifications, etc. LRG = Larissa Galenes; rjh = Robert J Hard qc_d. = Quality Control check 15 Appendix 13.1a Ground Stone Metadata for: Appendix 13.1d Ground stone Data_Complete Manos.pdf LRG=Larissa Galenes *An asterisk indicates the variables that were only recorded for the items in the Detailed sample group. 16 Appendix 13.1a Ground Stone Metadata for: Appendix 13.1e Ground stone Data_Mano Fragments.pdf Overview This data set documents all of the mano fragments found on the surface of Cerro Juanaqueña. The process of collecting the data are described on page 277 of Hard and Roney (2020) during the total surface inventory. This inventory was conducted in 1999 and 2000 by walking over the entire site and recording and mapping all tools. The ground stone tools were recorded in the field and generally not collected. This data file is only for the mano fragments. If all three dimensions can be measured the tool is considered complete. If less than three dimensions are measurable it is considered a fragment. Manos are the upper grinding stone. Like the other ground stone datasets, this one is divided into two sampling groups using a systematic random sampling design as described in the Analysis_grp variable below and p. 277. Eighty percent of the mano fragments were only identified by type, while for the other 20% detailed observations and measurements were collected. Other data files describe the complete metates, metate fragments, and mano fragments. These data were recorded in the field on coding sheets and digitized in the lab. A small number of manos were collected and those are identified in the Notes field. Spatial analyses of these data are found in Appendix 6.2. The summaries of this data are found in Chapters 6 and 13, for counts see p. 86 and 279. The data set contains 441 lines. Blank cells indicate missing data. Variables Year: The field season that the data were recorded. The detailed surface inventory was conducted in 1999 and 2000. A few items collected from the surface in previous years are included. Date: Month and day data were recorded. Recorder: Crew members that recorded the data. RR = Rudi Roney; RJH/BH = Robert J Hard; JR = John Roney; CG= Connie Gibson; KS = Kari Schmidt; GR = Gerry Raymond; MC = Mike Cannon; KH = Kevin Hanselka; JN = Jennifer Nisengard; TP = Todd Pitzel; BZ = Bridget Zavala; JZ = Jose Zapata; BM = Bruce Moses; CM/CJM = Clemente Murguia; RJ = Richard Jones; JB = Jorge Bencomo; CH = Chris Hard. Site: CJ = Cerro Juanaqueña Analysis_grp = Sample Group N= Detail sample. Twenty percent of the mano fragments were systematically measured, and make up the Detailed sample group, see p. 277. In order to capture this 20% systematic random sample in the field four lines of the the field coding sheet were shaded (blacked out) followed by one unshaded line. Unshaded lines indicated that the mano fragment was to receive detailed treatment. (The "N" meant "not shaded"). All ground stone was recorded in the order in which it was found to prevent bias towards or against detailed recording. Since items were recorded strictly in the order in which they were encountered than this strategy yielded a systematic random sample. There was not sufficient time to record each mano in detail and it was thought that a 20% detailed sample would generate a reliable sample. Since mano fragments yield far less useful data than complete tools and it was predicted that more fragments would be found a smaller sampling proportion was warranted in order to achieve efficiency. 17 Appendix 13.1a Ground Stone Metadata for: Appendix 13.1e Ground stone Data_Mano Fragments.pdf Y = Typology-only sample group. This 80% fraction of the mano fragments were only counted, mapped, and identified by type; they were not measured as described above. (The "Y" meant that the cells in which the detailed mano observations are placed are shaded (blacked out) therefore indicating the to crew members that no data was to be gathered other than artifact type and locational information.) This strategy yielded a total count, type, and locational information for all mano fragments. Fea_type = Feature Type The type of feature the item was found on. BR = Burned Rock ISO = Isolated (not on a feature) OT = Other R = Ring (Rock Ring) T = Terrace W = Wall No entry = missing data Fea_no = Feature Number All features received a sequential number on the site maps. Numbered features included terraces, rock rings, and burned rock features. Walls are associated with the terrace where they are found. In a few cases feature numbers received a letter suffix such as "A" or "B". During data entry these were transformed to decimal suffixes such as ".1" or ".2" Art_no = Artifact Number All ground stone items were assigned a sequential number and these were also placed on the field maps. The series started over with 1 for each feature. In a few cases, items that were collected from the surface of excavation areas, the artifact number is actually the Bag number assigned during excavation. In several other cases tools were collected and were given Surface Collection numbers and the Surface Collection number is the Artifact number. These items are noted in the notes column. These items were moved from other data files to this surface data file. Typ = Field Assigned Mano Type Mano type based on cross-section of grinding surface, assigned during the field work. CV = Convex (see p. 281) FL = Flat (see p. 281) PR = Prismatic (Large expedient pestle fragments). Excluded from mano analyses. See p. 119 OT = Other (Identifiable but inconsistent with above types, see p. 281) UK = Unknown (Unidentifiable) Typ2 = Reclassified Mano Type CV = Convex (see p. 281) FL = Flat (see p. 281) OT_UK = Other or Unknown (Others and Unknowns are lumped together, see p. 281) *Plan = Plan View The mano shape as viewed from above. 18 Appendix 13.1a Ground Stone Metadata for: Appendix 13.1e Ground stone Data_Mano Fragments.pdf AN = Angular Ci = Circular IR=Irregular OV=Oval OT = Other RC = Rectangular TR = Triangular UK = Unknown *No_gr_s = No grinding surfaces The number of grinding surfaces. *End_grd = Grinding on End The presence of grinding on the end or ends of the mano. N = No Y = Yes UK = Unknown *brok_lg = Broken Length cm The overall maximum length in cm. Recorded as broken if that dimension is incomplete. Length is the longest dimension. Precision was typically to the nearest .5 cm. *brok_wd = Broken Width cm The overall maximum width in cm. Recorded as broken if that dimension is incomplete. Width is the dimension perpendicular to length. Precision was typically to the nearest .5 cm. *brok_th = Broken Thickness cm The overall maximum thickness in cm. Recorded as broken if that dimension is incomplete. Precision was typically to the nearest .5 cm. *com_lg = Complete Length cm The overall maximum length in cm. Recorded as complete if that dimension is unbroken. Length is the dimension parallel to the direction of mano travel if that can be determined on the fragment, otherwise it is the longest dimension. Precision was typically to the nearest .5 cm. *com_wd = Complete Width cm The overall maximum width in cm. Recorded as complete if that dimension is unbroken. Width is the dimension perpendicular to length. Precision was typically to the nearest .5 cm. *com_th = Complete Thickness cm The overall maximum thickness in cm. Recorded as complete if that dimension is unbroken. Precision was typically to the nearest .5 cm. *any_lg = Complete or Broken Length cm This derived value is filled in as either the complete or broken length and is needed for average area calculations. 19 Appendix 13.1a Ground Stone Metadata for: Appendix 13.1e Ground stone Data_Mano Fragments.pdf *any_wid = Complete or Broken Width cm This derived value is filled in as either the complete or broken with and is needed for average area calculations. *any_th = Complete or Broken Thickness cm This derived value is filled in as either the complete or broken with and is needed for calculations. *any_area = Area cm2 The mano area was calculated as Length x Width using the above two dimensions. *mat = Material type Rock material type BA = Basalt Appearance was inconsistent with the bedrock on Cerro Juanaqueña GR = Granite LB = Local Basalt. Appearance was consistent with the bedrock on Cerro Juanaqueña RH = Rhyolite OT = Other TUFF = Tuff *dep_cnxt = Depositional context This observation identifies the surface context on which the item was found. FS = Feature surface Isolat = Isolate (not associated with a feature) OT = Other TS = Talus slope. This refers to the talus found below constructed terraces UK = Unknown WA = Wall. Found on a constructed terrace wall. *wear = Wear The degree of wear on the grinding surface. L = Light. Wear is present only visible on the tops of the asperities. M = Medium. The asperities are worn flat. H = Heavy. The shape of the grinding surface is altered. Basin metates, by the presence of a ground basin, automatically has heavy wear. UK = Unknown Curation = Curation location Most items left on the site. CAR = Center for Archaeological Research, UTSA (temporary) CG = Casas Grandes (INAH) Labsampl = Assigned to Sample Group in Lab A few items were collected from the surface prior to the inventory phase of the fieldwork. These items were randomly assigned to either the Typology-only or Detailed sample groups in the lab so as to not bias the inventory data. 20 Appendix 13.1a Ground Stone Metadata for: Appendix 13.1e Ground stone Data_Mano Fragments.pdf RA = Randomly Assigned notes. Miscellaneous observations, reclassifications, etc. LRG = Larissa Galenes; rjh = Robert J Hard qc_d. = Quality Control check LRG = Larissa Galenes *Variables indicated with an asterisk were only recorded for the items in the Detailed sample group. 21 Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 13.1b analy sis_g fea_t Fea_n Ter_Le site rp ype o art_no ng1 sector year date recorder 1999 July 1 1999 July 1 1999 July 1 RJH JR CG RR CJ RJH JR CG RR CJ RJH JR CG RR CJ Division_1 typ CJ Surface Complete Metate Data no_ gr_s o_lg GSLen_ wr_d o_wd o_th g_lg g_wd wr_dpt GSWid p_cls mat N N N T T T 1.0 1.0 4.0 8 23.39 Southeast 21 23.39 Southeast 20 22.26 Southeast East_Top East_Top East_Top SB SB SB 1 1 1 34.0 26.5 30.0 16.0 14.0 30.0 16.5 12.0 17.0 34.0 14.0 16.0 16.0 11.0 22.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.88 1.55 0.73 LB LB LB 1999 June 15 RR KS CG CJ N T 6.0 22 20.91 Northeast East_Top BA 1 62.0 41.0 15.0 53.0 29.5 13.0 1.80 d LB 1999 June 15 RR CG CJ N T 9.0 13 13.27 Northeast East_Top BA 1 75.0 50.0 20.0 45.0 30.0 12.0 1.50 d LB 1999 June 15 RR KS CG CJ 1999 July 1 RJH JR CG RR CJ N N T T 10.0 13.0 4 20.97 Northeast 2 8.53 Southeast East_Top East_Top BA MO 1 75.0 50.0 50.0 40.0 14.0 20.0 3.0 2.00 s LB 1999 July 1 N T 14.0 1 20.19 Southeast East_Top BA 1 42.0 31.0 11.5 29.0 20.0 1.0 1.45 s LB 2.00 LB 1.43 1.73 1.60 LB LB LB 1.77 LB 1.39 0.89 1.63 d 2.10 d 1.64 LB LB LB LB LB LB RJH JR CG RR CJ 1999 June 15 RR KS CG CJ N T 16.0 7 11.36 Northeast East_Top OBO 1 32.5 22.0 16.0 16.0 8.0 1999 June 15 RR KS CG 1999 June 15 RR KS CG 1999 June 15 RR KS CG CJ CJ CJ N N N T T T 19.0 20.0 22.0 7 12.67 Top 1 7.39 Top 2 19.99 Top East_Top East_Top East_Top OBO SB SB 1 1 1 20.0 24.0 30.0 13.9 5.5 13.5 15.0 11.0 24.0 21.0 7.8 15.0 1999 June 15 RR KS CG CJ N T 23.0 10 27.91 Top East_Top OBO 1 23.0 13.0 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ N N N N N N T T T T T T 30.0 32.0 33.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 8 5.40 Top 24 21.49 Northeast 14 21.59 Northeast 10 18.34 Northeast 7 8.48 Northeast 6 8.34 Northeast East_Top East_Top East_Top East_Top East_Top East_Top OBO SB BA BA SB SB 1 1 1 1 1 1 19.5 61.5 53.0 29.0 43.0 19.5 6.0 16.0 40.0 13.0 44.0 44.0 12.0 32.5 22.0 5.0 23.0 11.0 31.0 18.0 27.0 15.5 14.0 1999 June 15 RR CG 1999 June 15 RR CG CJ CJ N N T T 38.2 43.0 16 7.88 Northeast 5 10.61 Northeast East_Top East_Top SB SB 2 2 24.0 21.5 18.0 17.0 7.0 5.0 6.5 21.5 9.0 17.0 0.0 0.0 0.56 1.26 LB LB 1999 July 23 RJH GR MC CJ N T 46.0 5 12.41 Southwest West_Sou BA 1 36.0 17.0 12.0 16.0 8.0 0.5 2.00 s LB 1999 July 23 RJH GR MC 1999 July 21 KH GR JN TP 1999 July 21 KH GR JN TP CJ CJ CJ N N N T T T 47.2 48.0 48.0 1 Southwest 8 13.05 Southwest 10 13.05 Southwest West_Sou BA West_Sou SB West_Sou BA 1 1 1 68.0 30.0 94.0 58.0 13.5 41.0 24.0 11.0 17.0 42.0 25.0 55.0 30.0 12.0 29.0 9.0 0.0 10.0 1.37 d 1.42 1.90 d LB LB LB 1999 July 21 KH GR JN TP CJ N T 49.0 7 12.78 Southwest West_Sou BA 1 84.0 67.0 23.0 78.0 54.0 14.5 1.44 d LB 1999 July 21 KH GR JN TP CJ N T 49.0 10 12.78 Southwest West_Sou SB 1 27.0 16.0 10.0 20.0 12.0 0.5 1.67 LB 1999 June 15 RR KS CG 1999 June 15 RR KS CG 1999 June 29 RR CG RJH CJ CJ CJ N N N T T W 53.0 59.0 61.0 13 Top 2 18.90 Top 1 East_Top East_Top BA BA BA 1 1 1 64.0 68.0 90.0 47.0 25.0 23.0 49.0 15.0 42.0 58.0 25.5 38.0 22.0 17.0 20.0 3.0 9.5 7.5 1.05 s 2.47 d 1.90 d LB LB LB 1999 June 30 RR CG RJH CJ N W 63.0 East_Top OBO 30.0 13.0 June 15 June 15 June 28 June 28 June 15 June 15 RR KS CG RR CG RR CG RR CG RR CG RR CG 1 7.10 Northeast 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.5 9.0 0.0 0.0 2.31 wear dep_c hole_ hole_l hole_ hole_ _pre curati catego GS_ nxt pres eng wid thick s volume on wear ry2 area notes one corner pronounced wear, more than face, very TS 7616 1 SB 480 unusual tool - drawn FS 5247 1 SB 187 stone naturally concave TS 14280 2 SB 352 hole thickness 12mm dia TS p 7.0 6.0 1.20 38130 3 deep 1564 7cmx6cm hole L14 W8 T2cm, no wear p 14.0 8.0 2.00 a 75000 3 deep 1350 on collar shallo WA a 187500 3 w 800 FS mortar hole shallo FS a 14973 3 w 580 grinding slick on rock, TS 11440 1 128 changed from SB to On grinding slick on large rock, changed from SB to OBO rjh FS 1 630 11/24/04 WA 1529 2 SB 105 TS 3960 2 SB 360 girnding slick on rock end, changed from SB to OBO rjh TS 2 299 11/24/04 grinding slick cut marks 11cm E. side, changed from SB to TS 2 1333 OBO rjh 11/24/04 FS 2281.5 1 SB 288 WA p 5.5 4.0 2.00 31980 3 deep 1188 hole 5.5x4cm 2cm thick TS p 14.0 6.0 2.00 27984 3 deep 504 hole 14x6cm 2cm thick TS 3190 1 SB 322 TS 1 SB edge looks shaped T38B on original field analysis FS 3024 1 SB 45 form FS 2375.75 1 SB 366 shallo wear changed from L to H TS a 7344 3 w 128 based on depth of wear rjh broken in half longways; 47b FS a 53244 3 deep 1230 on original field analysis form FS 7920 1 SB 204 convex but too big to be a FS a 98700 3 deep 1595 has hole through bottom broken into 2 pieces these rest approx. 3m from one another on the slope TS a 129444 3 deep 4212 measurements on whole lap metate, recorded as BA, changed to SB based on size, slight wear, "lap metate" TS 4320 1 SB 240 written in comments - rjh basin w/ sm depression on lip of rock, wear changed from shallo M to H based on depth of FS a 75200 3 w 506 wear rjh 11/24/04 TS a 49980 3 deep 714 light grinding around basin WA a 133110 3 deep 760 ground on flat prtions also slick on bedrock, changed 390 from SB to OBO rjh 11/24/04 1 CJ Surface Complete Metate Data 1 27.0 16.5 4.0 24.0 12.0 0.0 2.00 LB BA 1 32.0 29.0 13.5 31.0 21.0 0.4 1.48 s RH East_Top SB 1 22.0 17.0 8.0 12.0 7.0 0.0 1.71 LB 2 9.41 Northeast 4 9.41 Northeast 15 13.20 Northeast 1 10.91 South East_Top East_Top East_Top West_Sou BA BA SB BA 1 1 2 1 52.0 70.0 27.5 58.0 43.0 14.0 33.0 53.0 15.0 50.0 20.0 7.5 19.0 42.0 17.0 48.0 15.0 29.0 9.0 29.0 9.0 8.0 0.0 9.5 2.20 d 1.72 d 2.11 1.66 d LB LB LB LB wear dep_c hole_ hole_l hole_ hole_ _pre curati catego GS_ nxt pres eng wid thick s volume on wear ry2 area notes slick on bedrock, changed 285 from SB to OBO rjh 11/24/04 dep context changed from WA 1782 1 SB 288 top of wall to WA, rjh large boulder with grinding slick over petrogyphs, changed from SB to OBO rjh slab shows more wear w/slight concavity, early wear basin?, changed from shallo SB to BA based on comment w 651 and overall dimensions, rjh TS a 12528 3 T78a on original field analysis 2992 1 SB 84 form TS hole 8x4.5x2cm, worn on deep 495 back w/ flake scar TS p 8.0 4.5 2.00 p 31304 3 TS a 55650 3 deep 1450 SB 171 other side 13x13 grd surface TS 4125 1 deep 1392 broken in two pieces FS a 41412 3 1 10.24 South 10 20.36 South West_Sou SB West_Sou SB 1 1 20.0 29.0 18.0 10.0 16.0 15.0 7.0 22.0 10.0 12.0 0.0 0.0 1.60 1.83 LB LB FS TS 3600 3045 1 3 SB SB South West_Sou SB 1 33.0 24.0 8.0 25.0 12.0 0.5 2.08 LB FS 6336 1 SB 120.0 120.0 14 11.09 South 17 11.09 South West_Sou BA West_Sou SB 1 1 64.0 31.0 45.0 12.0 46.0 32.0 10.0 21.0 26.0 22.0 10.0 0.0 1.77 d 0.95 LB LB TS TS p 34560 9920 3 2 deep SB T 125.0 6 14.93 South West_Sou BA 1 92.0 51.0 20.0 54.0 36.0 13.0 1.50 d LB TS a 93840 3 deep N N N T T T 125.0 131.0 135.0 15 14.93 South 6 28.76 Southwest 7 18.08 South West_Sou SB West_Sou OT West_Sou BA 1 1 1 52.0 12.5 91.0 26.0 16.0 43.0 11.5 3.0 9.0 46.0 18.0 54.0 10.0 7.0 33.0 1.0 BA LB LB TS FS FS a 21632 431.25 75348 1 1 3 SB 9.0 4.30 1.29 1.64 d CJ N T 135.0 19 18.08 South West_Sou SB 1 21.0 19.0 9.0 13.0 10.0 0.5 1.30 LB FS 3591 1 SB 1999 July 17 KH GR RR CJ N T 137.0 4 24.08 South West_Sou BA 1 75.0 46.0 20.0 47.0 27.0 9.0 1.74 d LB FS a 69000 3 deep 1999 July 17 KH GR RR CJ N R 137.1 2 South West_Sou BA 1 77.0 60.0 24.0 63.0 52.0 7.5 1.21 d LB FS a 110880 3 deep 1999 July 17 KH GR RR CJ N T 139.0 1 17.00 South West_Sou BA 1 87.0 51.0 13.0 54.0 31.0 11.0 1.74 d LB 57681 3 deep 1999 July 2 CJ N T 157.0 5 19.78 Southeast East_Top 1 24.0 15.0 3.0 16.0 7.0 0.0 2.29 LB FS a up slope 1080 1 SB 1999 July 17 KH GR RR 1999 July 24 TP BM CM CJ CJ N N T T 158.0 161.0 3 12.32 South 9 19.87 Southeast West_Sou OBO East_Top SB 1 105.0 1 26.0 57.0 23.0 45.0 15.5 5.0 12.0 27.0 10.0 0.5 0.0 1.67 1.20 LB LB FS TS 137655 2015 2 3 SB 1999 July 24 TP BM CM 1999 July 21 KH GR JN TP CJ CJ N N T T 161.0 163.0 33 19.87 Southeast 3 16.19 Southeast East_Top East_Top 1 7.5 17.0 10.0 22.0 7.5 8.0 2.0 0.0 1.00 2.75 LB LB FS TS 5100 3 2 SB year date recorder analy sis_g fea_t Fea_n Ter_Le site rp ype o art_no ng1 sector Division_1 typ 1999 June 30 RR CG RJH CJ N W 63.0 3 7.10 Northeast East_Top OBO 1999 June 30 RR CG RJH CJ N W 63.0 9 7.10 Northeast East_Top SB 1999 June 30 RR CG RJH CJ N T 69.0 1 10.18 Northwest West_Sou OBO 1999 June 29 RR CG RJH CJ N T 75.0 2 18.18 Northeast East_Top 1999 June 29 RR CG RJH CJ N T 78.1 2 1999 1999 1999 1999 RR CG RJH RR CG RJH RR CG KH GR JN TP BZ GR TP KH 1999 July 21 JN 1999 July 19 KH GR RR CJ CJ CJ CJ N N N N T T T T 80.0 80.0 82.0 99.0 CJ CJ N N T T 108.0 114.0 1999 July 19 KH GR RR CJ N T 117.0 2000 June 6 2000 June 6 CJ CJ N N T T 1999 July 19 KH GR RR CJ N 1999 July 19 KH GR RR 1999 July 23 RJH GR MC 1999 July 17 KH GR RR CJ CJ CJ 1999 July 20 KH GR JN TP June 28 June 28 June 28 July 21 KS GR JZ KH KS GR JZ KH RR 3 Northeast SB MO SB no_ gr_s o_lg 30.0 GSLen_ wr_d o_wd o_th g_lg g_wd wr_dpt GSWid p_cls mat 19.0 15.0 1.27 7.0 4.0 deep 160 264 broken into two pieces, depth of wear changed from .05 to .5 as measuring .05 (half mm) is unlikely in field, 300 likely a coding error rjh Hole chipped from bottom… 1196 hole on bottom (7x4cm) 462 wear changed from M to H 1944 based on depth of wear rjh very light wear, check 430 material type? 63 very small rock ground in 1782 depth of wear recd as .05, changed to .5. recorded as BA changed to SB based on 130 size, slight wear - rjh used at different angles, 2 1269 ground basins R137a on original field 3276 analysis form *19 July 99 - recategorized 1674 as a fragment not assoc. w/terrace but 112 laying near CHECK overall length - rjh???, based on length changed SB 1215 to OBO 11/24/04 120 other mortar hole in bedrock, 56 changed from OT to MO rjh 176 2 CJ Surface Complete Metate Data year date recorder analy sis_g fea_t Fea_n Ter_Le site rp ype o art_no ng1 sector 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 RR CG RR CG RR RR RR RR CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ N N N N N N T T T T T T 166.0 167.0 168.0 168.0 170.0 172.0 1999 June 15 RR CG CJ N T 174.0 1999 June 15 RR CG 1999 1999 1999 CM others CJ CJ CJ CJ N N N N T T T T 175.0 185.0 185.0 187.0 1999 CJ N T 1999 July 17 1999 CM others 1999 CM others 1999 July 17 1999 1999 1999 CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ N N N N N N N 1999 July 17 CJ 1999 July 17 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 Division_1 typ no_ gr_s o_lg GSLen_ wr_d o_wd o_th g_lg g_wd wr_dpt GSWid p_cls mat East_Top East_Top East_Top East_Top East_Top East_Top SB BA SB SB SB CU 1 2 1 1 1 23.0 47.0 23.0 35.6 27.0 38.0 15.0 4.0 10.0 27.0 13.0 39.0 16.0 5.0 18.0 29.0 9.0 14.0 18.0 4.0 13.0 28.0 5.0 19.0 12.0 14.0 8.0 East_Top MO 1 66.0 40.0 18.5 18.5 18 6.74 Southeast 1 30.36 Northwest 16 30.36 Northwest 1 11.85 Northwest East_Top West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou BA SB SB BA 1 1 1 1 70.0 24.0 19.0 50.0 47.0 13.0 54.0 15.0 8.0 24.0 15.0 10.0 19.0 44.0 17.5 39.0 32.0 15.0 15.0 22.0 9.0 0.0 0.0 11.5 191.1 20 14.93 Northwest West_Sou SB 1 24.0 17.5 6.0 20.0 11.0 0.0 T T T T T T T 193.2 195.0 196.0 203.0 204.0 204.0 206.0 12 13 5 4 3 15 1 West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou SB BA BA SB BA SB SB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 20.0 55.0 64.0 25.0 47.0 33.0 19.0 12.5 5.0 20.0 48.0 20.0 38.0 58.0 11.0 45.0 19.0 5.0 23.0 36.0 9.5 36.0 23.0 5.5 29.0 19.0 4.5 19.0 12.5 20.0 18.0 18.0 16.0 20.0 19.0 N T 207.2 8 21.20 Northwest West_Sou BA 1 63.0 40.0 15.0 44.0 CJ N T 207.3 14 27.73 Northwest West_Sou SB 1 36.0 July 17 CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ N N N N N N T T T T T T 209.0 211.0 212.0 212.0 216.0 217.0 3 21 11 14 2 7 West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou 1 1 1 1 1 1 1999 July 17 1999 1999 CJ CJ CJ N N N T R T 217.0 222.0 223.0 39 37.97 Northwest 21 15.94 Southwest 26 15.46 Northwest West_Sou BA West_Sou SB West_Sou BA 1999 1999 1999 1999 July 16 1999 July 16 CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ N N N N N T T T T T 230.1 230.2 231.0 234.0 234.0 24 5 5 1 17 Southwest Southwest Northwest Northwest Northwest West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou 1999 July 16 CJ N R 234.1 12 Northwest West_Sou OBO 1999 1999 1999 CJ CJ CJ N N N T T T 248.0 249.0 251.0 16 20.80 Southwest 1 7.53 Southwest 1 13.88 Northwest 1999 CJ N T 252.0 5 20.43 Northwest June 15 June 15 July 2 July 2 July 2 July 2 July 17 July 15 July 13 July 13 12 31.45 Southeast 4 21.35 Southeast 9 4.05 Southeast 18 4.05 Southeast 3 10.46 Southeast 9 4.64 Southeast 4 8.05 Southeast 5.86 23.10 16.64 16.48 20.59 20.59 14.20 11.70 24.50 15.94 15.94 24.46 37.97 13.43 19.31 39.37 46.26 46.26 Northwest Northwest Northwest Northwest Southwest Southwest Southwest Northwest Northwest Northwest Northwest Northwest Northwest 2.00 2.05 d 1.50 1.00 1.63 LB LB RH LB LB 1.00 LB 1.69 d 1.60 1.27 1.77 d LB LB LB LB 1.82 LB 0.0 11.0 12.0 0.0 7.0 0.0 0.0 1.60 1.90 d 2.50 d 1.28 2.25 d 1.45 1.00 LB LB LB LB LB LB LB 22.0 10.0 2.00 d LB 32.0 10.0 18.0 14.0 0.0 1.29 BA 45.0 76.0 51.0 23.0 64.0 93.0 15.0 11.0 23.0 59.0 20.0 53.0 36.0 15.0 39.0 15.5 6.0 17.0 15.0 43.0 54.0 16.0 50.0 15.0 26.0 28.0 8.0 11.0 11.0 0.0 1.53 2.04 d 1.39 d 2.13 39.0 12.0 1.28 d LB LB LB LB LB LB 1 1 1 63.0 22.0 60.0 40.0 18.0 47.0 23.0 14.5 20.0 51.0 15.0 38.0 22.0 20.0 23.0 8.0 0.0 11.0 2.14 d 1.00 1.65 d LB LB LB 1 1 1 1 1 72.0 56.0 23.0 80.5 18.0 39.0 26.0 49.0 36.5 13.5 36.0 17.0 6.0 15.0 46.0 14.5 55.0 16.0 6.0 17.5 20.0 17.0 8.0 26.0 15.0 9.0 8.5 0.0 11.0 0.0 2.45 d 2.12 d 1.88 2.12 d 1.17 LB LB LB LB LB West_Sou CU West_Sou SB West_Sou BA 1 1 1 76.0 26.0 80.0 62.0 20.0 9.0 21.0 7.0 26.0 58.0 50.0 9.0 21.0 28.0 1.0 0.0 12.0 1.00 1.24 1.79 d LB LB LB West_Sou OBO 1 49.5 36.0 24.0 32.0 23.0 1.39 LB OBO BA BA SB BA BA BA BA SB BA SB 0.0 9.5 0.0 0.0 wear dep_c hole_ hole_l hole_ hole_ _pre curati catego GS_ nxt pres eng wid thick s volume on wear ry2 area notes grinding side mostly eroded 2 SB 50 possible edge shaped WA 1380 FS p 7.5 5.0 2.00 16497 3 deep 741 hole 7.5x5cm 2cm thick TS 1840 1 SB 216 FS 9291.6 1 SB 196 buried in ground TS 1944 1 SB 104 rock w/3 cupules mortar hole in rock, (note: have drawing by Connie G, TS 3 342 dated 15 June 1999 (Jul 24, hole 5.5x5cm square 1.5 thick, wear changed from L FS p 5.5 5.5 1.50 42770 3 deep 1728 to H based on depth of wear 2880 3 SB 360 FS 2850 3 SB 285 FS deep 858 FS a 38500 3 T191a on original field SB 220 analysis form TS 2520 3 T193b on original field analsis FS 1250 2 SB 250 form TS a 52800 3 deep 760 FS a 40832 3 deep 810 FS 2375 2 SB 414 TS p 5.0 5.0 16074 3 deep 576 hole in center w/5cm TS 4174.5 2 SB 580 FS 1624.5 3 SB 361 square metate T207b on original field TS a 37800 3 deep 968 analysis form T207c on original field FS 11520 2 SB 252 analysis form, check material on small boulder, changed FS 7425 2 345 from SB to OBO rjh TS a 89680 3 deep 1378 TS p 9.0 6.0 p 27540 3 deep 1092 whole 9x6 round lip TS 2139 2 SB 136 FS a 3 buried, measurement TS a 80352 3 deep 1950 hole 14x7 all the way through FS p 14.0 7.0 a 45360 3 deep 1034 top down has sharp lip TS 7337 3 SB 400 TS a 45900 3 deep 874 T230a on original field TS a 73008 3 deep 980 analysis form FS a 27594 3 deep 612 TS 2346 2 SB 120 3 deep 1430 hole 13x8cm FS p 13.0 8.0 53693.5 TS 1728 3 SB 263 flat,cannot measure depth on a boulder; R234a on original field analysis form, CHANGED FRM SB TO On a large boulder with 7 TS 94240 3 81 cupules, average numbers TS 3822 3 SB 546 FS a 3 deep 1400 metate was buried slab on boulder, changed to TS 42768 2 736 OBO rjh 3 CJ Surface Complete Metate Data year date recorder analy sis_g fea_t Fea_n Ter_Le site rp ype o art_no ng1 sector Division_1 typ no_ gr_s o_lg GSLen_ wr_d o_wd o_th g_lg g_wd wr_dpt GSWid p_cls mat 1999 CJ N T 252.0 10 20.43 Northwest West_Sou BA 1 60.0 49.0 27.0 40.0 22.0 2.0 1.82 s LB 1999 CJ N T 254.0 1 17.50 Northwest West_Sou BA 1 65.0 49.5 40.0 22.0 3.5 1.82 s LB 1999 CJ N T 254.0 5 17.50 Northwest West_Sou BA 1 48.0 42.0 21.0 32.0 20.0 3.0 1.60 s LB CJ CJ N N T T 261.0 264.0 5 18.46 Northwest 6 10.98 Northwest West_Sou BA West_Sou SB 1 1 53.0 15.0 27.0 28.0 18.0 10.5 2.5 15.0 15.5 10.0 2.0 0.0 1.16 s 1.50 LB LB 1999 CJ N T 267.0 2 29.60 Northwest West_Sou BA 1 40.0 22.0 12.0 20.0 20.0 3.0 1.00 s LB 1999 CJ N T 267.0 5 29.60 Northwest West_Sou OBO 1 105.0 68.0 30.0 99.0 64.0 1.55 LB 1999 1999 CJ CJ N N R T 267.1 271.0 3 Northwest 3 16.95 Northwest West_Sou BA West_Sou SB 1 1 73.0 54.0 34.0 14.0 55.0 29.0 12.5 46.0 20.0 21.0 0.0 0.5 2.75 s 2.19 LB LB 1999 CJ N T 271.0 8 16.95 Northwest West_Sou BA 1 55.0 47.0 25.0 38.0 20.0 1.5 1.90 s LB 1999 1999 July 13 2000 June 6 KS GR JZ KH CJ CJ CJ N N N T T T 271.0 278.0 294.0 12 16.95 Northwest 2 12.99 Northwest 1 10.00 Southwest West_Sou OBO West_Sou CU West_Sou SB 1 108.0 7.5 1 21.5 72.0 41.0 88.0 7.5 21.0 5.0 18.0 37.0 2.38 15.0 0.5 1.5 0.0 1.20 LB LB LB 2000 June 6 CJ N T 294.0 9 10.00 Southwest West_Sou BA 1 64.0 47.0 17.0 52.0 31.0 12.0 1.68 d LB 2000 June 6 2000 June 7 KS GR JZ KH RJH RJ JB JN CH KS JN KH CJ CJ N N T T 323.0 400.0 5 48.79 South West_Sou SB 6 23.76 LowerMiddl SB 1 1 14.0 33.0 13.0 20.0 4.0 12.0 8.0 17.0 8.0 14.0 0.0 0.0 1.50 1.21 LB LB 2000 June 7 KS JN KH CJ N T 406.0 2 19.30 LowerMiddl BA 1 50.0 40.0 50.0 15.0 10.0 4.0 1.50 s LB 2000 June 8 KS JN JB JZ 2000 June 9 BZ KH GR 1999 June 29 RR CG RJH CJ CJ CJ N N N T T T 418.0 508.0 2 10.89 LowerMiddl 6 18.17 LowerSouth 1 Northeast East_Top SB SB MO 1 1 1 25.0 25.5 68.0 15.5 7.0 18.0 20.0 8.0 23.0 17.0 20.0 14.0 12.0 10.0 8.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.50 2.30 1.75 LB LB LB 1997 CJ O T 6.0 141 20.91 Northeast East_Top BA 1 31.0 40.0 12.0 21.0 6.8 d LB 1997 CJ O T 6.0 148 20.91 Northeast East_Top BA 1 59.0 25.0 16.0 35.0 17.0 6.0 2.06 d LB 1999 1999 CM others wear dep_c hole_ hole_l hole_ hole_ _pre curati catego GS_ nxt pres eng wid thick s volume on wear ry2 area notes shallo 3 880 FS a 79380 w shallo FS a 3 880 w shallo FS a 42336 3 640 w typical to other ba metetes, grinding surfaces round not oval, changed from OT to BA rjh - need to check form, shallo wear changed from M to H w 279 based on depth of wear rjh TS a 40068 3 TS 393.75 3 SB 150 shallo a 10560 3 400 FS w big boulder, changed from SB FS 214200 3 6336 to OBO rjh R267a on original field analysis form, changed from SB to BA based on overall shallo length and width, rjh TS a 34748 3 w 1100 11/26/04, check o length - rjh FS 19575 3 SB 966 shallo FS a 64625 3 760 w on boulder, changed from SB FS 318816 3 3256 to OBO rjh FS 3 small cupule in boulder TS 2257.5 1 SB 270 Hole is 12 cm X 12 flaking of FS p 12.0 12.0 51136 3 deep 1612 hole is from top down Slightly worn small slab TS 728 1 SB 96 metates TS 5280 1 SB 238 shallo TS a 100000 3 150 w CHECK depth rjh ?? was FS 2712.5 1 SB 216 entered 21! TS 4080 2 SB 230 3 112 part of bedrock resharpened; parts are smooth & need to be roughened; had a hole knocked into it; bottom is 4 cm thick; one side shaped; data moved from "excavated metate" database by LRG p 14880 3 10/04; artifact is from surface in 2 pcs; heavily worn basin mt; upper edge shaped; heavily pecked; sides shaped; vertical & rough on 3 sides -clearly shaped; photo; artifact is from surface of Unit 16; data moved from a 23600 3 595 "excavated metate" database 4 CJ Surface Complete Metate Data year date recorder analy sis_g fea_t Fea_n Ter_Le site rp ype o art_no ng1 sector Division_1 typ CJ East_Top O T 10.0 1999 38186 CJ O T 175.0 2000 CJ O T 320.0 CJ O CJ O 384 20.97 Northeast 31 6.74 Southeast 735 13.58 Southwest BA no_ gr_s o_lg 1 43.0 20.5 33.0 21.0 9.5 1.57 d LB wear dep_c hole_ hole_l hole_ hole_ _pre curati catego GS_ nxt pres eng wid thick s volume on wear ry2 area notes used for a few experiments by RJH & LK (grinding corn & amaranth) @ CAR, UTSA 2003-2004; some trimming on sides; analyzed by RJH & TS a 53771.5 CAR 3 693 LRG 10/04 BA 2 68.0 46.0 15.0 43.0 26.0 8.5 1.65 d LB p 6.0 5.0 West_Sou BA 1 58.0 40.0 12.0 35.0 19.0 8.0 1.84 d LB p 16.0 9.0 BA 2 54.0 22.0 10.0 d LB a East_Top 226 9.5 OT 1 9.1 5.3 2.2 16.0 9.0 4.0 12.0 1999 1999 1999 1999 July 1 July 1 July 1 July 1 RJH JR CG RR RJH JR CG RR RJH JR CG RR RJH JR CG RR CJ CJ CJ CJ Y Y Y Y T BR T T 1.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 10 8 8 10 23.39 24.50 24.50 10.39 Southeast Southeast Southeast Southeast East_Top East_Top East_Top East_Top SB SB SB BA 1 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 July 1 June 15 June 15 June 15 July 1 RJH JR CG RR RR KS CG RR KS CG RR CG RJH JR CG RR CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ Y Y Y Y Y T T T T T 4.0 6.0 7.0 9.0 14.0 14 23 2 12 2 22.26 20.91 16.81 13.27 20.19 Southeast Northeast Northeast Northeast Southeast East_Top East_Top East_Top East_Top East_Top SB SB SB SB SB 2 CJ CJ Y Y T T 15.0 20.0 1 6 4.52 Northeast 7.39 Top East_Top East_Top OBO SB 1999 June 15 RR KS CG 1999 June 15 RR KS CG 61.0 GSLen_ wr_d o_wd o_th g_lg g_wd wr_dpt GSWid p_cls mat 0.5 5.0 0.0 Scoria 2.40 LB p 46920 CAR 3 27840 CAR 3 11286 3 from surface of excavation Unit 5 Level 1; back side 3 cm grinding depth; hole in center -- 6cm x 5cm flake scars visible on back of hole; inner lip of hole is squarish; sides of metate shaped; artifact is from surface of Unit 5, Lvl 1; 1118 data moved from " on surface inventory but measured anyway (was on gray line); hole -- 16 cm x 9 cm with rounded lip; hole is oval shaped; metate is trimmed on edges; analyzed 665 by RJH & LRG 10/04 pecked; back side ground, but no depth; again shows early stage basin metate use; side clearly shaped -- vertical roughened; data moved from "excavated metate" database by LRG 10/04, no provenience data 1 edge shaped; very small toy?; special function?; see drawing; moved from "excavated metate" database by LRG 10/04; Artifact # = Surface Collection # striations, distal and flaked 'cerros', check why count 60 only sample? 11/25/04 rjh 2 surface 2-L wedged shaped 'cerros', flaked on edge; GS 2 12x10, check why count only 336 sampe? rjh 11/25/04 106.106 TS 576 a 29.0 18.0 13.5 21.0 16.0 0.0 1.31 LB TS 7047 one edge shaped? grinding slick on rock, changed from SB to OBO rjh 11/24/04 rhyolite frags 5 CJ Surface Complete Metate Data year date recorder analy sis_g fea_t Fea_n Ter_Le site rp ype o art_no ng1 sector 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 RR KS CG RR KS CG RR KS CG RR CG RR CG RR CG RR CG CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ Y Y Y Y Y Y Y T T T T T T T 21.0 22.0 23.0 32.0 34.0 37.0 38.0 10 18 4 28 7 6 5 1999 June 15 RR CG CJ Y T 38.2 15 BZ GR TP KH 1999 July 21 JN 1999 July 23 RJH GR MC CJ CJ Y Y T T 46.0 46.0 9 12.41 Southwest 1 12.41 Southwest West_Sou OBO West_Sou SB 1999 1999 1999 1999 CJ CJ CJ CJ Y Y Y Y T T R R 47.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 8 15.78 Southwest 4 13.05 Southwest 4 6 West_Sou SB West_Sou BA BA SB 1999 June 15 RR KS CG CJ Y T 53.0 6 Top East_Top OBO 1999 June 15 RR KS CG CJ Y T 53.0 16 Top East_Top OBO 1999 June 15 RR KS CG 1999 June 29 RR CG RJH CJ CJ Y Y T R 59.0 62.0 1 18.90 Top 1 6.51 Northeast East_Top East_Top OBO SB 1999 June 30 RR CG RJH CJ Y W 63.0 2 East_Top OBO 25.0 15.0 1.67 slick on bedrock, changed 375 from SB to OBO rjh 11/24/04 1999 1999 1999 1999 June 30 June 30 June 29 June 29 RR CG RJH RR CG RJH RR CG RJH RR CG RJH CJ CJ CJ CJ Y Y Y Y W T T T 63.0 65.0 75.0 78.0 4 7.10 Northeast 4 12.18 Northwest 4 18.18 Northeast 2 9.94 Northeast East_Top West_Sou East_Top East_Top OBO SB SB SB 26.0 16.0 1.63 slick on bedrock, changed 416 from SB to OBO rjh 11/24/04 8.0 7.0 1999 1999 1999 1999 June 28 June 28 June 28 June 28 RR CG RJH RR CG RJH RR CG RJH RR CG CJ CJ CJ CJ Y Y Y Y T T T T 80.0 80.0 80.0 82.0 1 9.41 3 9.41 8 9.41 1 13.20 Northeast Northeast Northeast Northeast East_Top East_Top East_Top East_Top BA BA BA SB 1999 2000 1999 1999 2000 2000 1999 1999 June 30 June 7 July 19 July 19 June 6 June 6 July 19 July 17 RR CG RJH KS GR JZ KH KH GR RR KH GR RR KS GR JZ KH KS GR JZ KH KH GR RR KH GR RR CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y T T T T T T T T 90.0 106.0 114.0 115.0 120.0 120.0 125.0 128.0 Northeast South South South South South South South East_Top West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou OBO SB SB SB BA BA SB BA 1999 July 23 RJH GR MC 1999 July 24 TP BM CM CJ CJ Y Y T T 131.0 132.0 June 15 June 15 June 15 June 19 June 28 June 15 June 15 July 23 July 21 July 21 July 21 RJH GR MC KH GR JN TP KH GR JN TP KH GR JN TP 1 1 1 9 9 16 9 4 Division_1 typ Top Top Top Northeast Northeast Northeast Northeast East_Top East_Top East_Top East_Top East_Top East_Top East_Top OBO SB SB SB BA SB BA 7.88 Northeast East_Top BA 14.13 19.99 27.91 21.49 18.34 11.21 8.34 7.10 Northeast 9.49 10.16 20.36 22.08 11.09 11.09 14.93 12.09 5 28.76 Southwest 1 18.65 Southwest West_Sou SB West_Sou SB no_ gr_s o_lg GSLen_ wr_d o_wd o_th g_lg g_wd wr_dpt GSWid p_cls mat wear dep_c hole_ hole_l hole_ hole_ _pre curati catego GS_ nxt pres eng wid thick s volume on wear ry2 area notes grinding slick on bed rock, changed from SB to OBO rjh 11/24/04 grinding slick on bed rock drawn edge shaped 'cerros slab?' a a T38B on original field analysis form light grinding on large embedded boulder, changed from SB to OBO rjh a 1 cm depression in middle of grinding surface partially buried a a grinding slick on rock, changed from SB to OBO rjh 11/24/04 grinding slick on rock, changed from SB to OBO rjh 11/24/04 grinding slick, changed from SB to OBO rjh 11/24/04 1 20.0 20.0 3.5 0.0 1.14 LB 1400 a p a 11.0 7.5 2.00 p 56 grinding only in middle hole 11x7.5x2cm, rim of hole worn; flake scars on back grinding slick on large rock, changed to from SB to OBO rjh a a a grinding hole slight depression 1cm deep in middle of grinding surface 6 CJ Surface Complete Metate Data year date recorder 1999 July 20 KH GR JN TP analy sis_g fea_t Fea_n Ter_Le site rp ype o art_no ng1 sector CJ Y T 135.0 9 18.08 South Division_1 typ West_Sou SB 1999 July 17 KH GR RR 1999 July 17 KH GR RR CJ CJ Y Y R T 136.1 137.0 1 8.92 South 3 24.08 South West_Sou BA West_Sou SB a 1999 38184 KH GR RR CJ Y T 138.0 1 19.03 South West_Sou BA a 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 KH GR RR KH GR RR KH GR JN TP RR KH GR RR TP BM CM KH GR JN TP RR CG RR CG CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y T T T T T T T T T 146.0 152.0 156.0 157.0 159.0 161.0 162.0 166.0 166.0 4 1 2 3 3 16 4 11 22 West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou East_Top West_Sou East_Top East_Top East_Top East_Top BA BA BA BA SB SB SB SB SB p a a a 1999 June 15 RR CG 1999 July 2 RR 1999 July 2 RR CJ CJ CJ Y Y Y R T T 167.1 168.0 168.0 10 2 17 Southeast 4.05 Southeast 4.05 Southeast East_Top East_Top East_Top BA SB BA 1999 July 2 RR CJ Y T 168.0 21 4.05 Southeast East_Top OBO 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 RR RR RR CG RR CG RR CG CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ Y Y Y Y Y Y T T T T T T 169.0 172.0 174.0 175.0 175.0 185.0 2 8.95 14 26 8.05 17 6.74 19 6.74 12 30.36 Southeast Southeast Southeast Southeast Southeast Northwest East_Top East_Top East_Top East_Top East_Top West_Sou MO SB BA BA BA SB CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y T T T T T T T T T 191.1 192.0 194.0 196.0 197.0 198.0 201.0 203.0 204.0 7 24 18 3 16 5 15 2 9 Northwest Northwest Northwest Northwest Northwest Northwest Northwest Northwest Southwest West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou SB BA BA SB SB BA BA SB SB 1999 CJ Y T 205.0 3 10.62 Southwest West_Sou OBO 1999 July 17 CJ Y T 207.2 6 21.20 Northwest West_Sou BA 1999 July 17 CJ Y T 207.2 11 21.20 Northwest West_Sou UK 1999 1999 1999 1999 July 17 July 17 July 15 July 13 CJ CJ CJ CJ Y Y Y Y T T T T 207.3 210.0 211.0 212.0 12 27.73 Northwest 1 5.44 Northwest 5 24.50 Northwest 12 15.94 Northwest West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou 1999 July 13 1999 CJ CJ Y Y T T 213.0 215.0 7 18.56 Northwest 16 9.06 Southwest West_Sou OBO West_Sou SB July 17 July 17 July 21 July 2 July 17 July 24 July 20 June 15 June 15 July 2 July 2 June 15 June 15 June 15 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 July 17 1999 July 17 1999 CM others CM others CM others CM others 16.82 8.90 9.13 19.78 20.09 19.87 9.59 31.45 31.45 14.93 17.99 21.77 16.64 19.36 25.14 12.91 16.48 20.59 South South South Southeast South Southeast Southeast Southeast Southeast BA BA CU SB no_ gr_s o_lg GSLen_ wr_d o_wd o_th g_lg g_wd wr_dpt GSWid p_cls mat wear dep_c hole_ hole_l hole_ hole_ _pre curati catego GS_ nxt pres eng wid thick s volume on wear ry2 area notes 2 R136a on original field analysis form added to database from original field analysis form by LRG 10/30/04 flake scar radiates up to break - tried to make hole cerros slab edge shaped a a 7.0 7.0 1.00 TS a a a a a R167a on original field analysis form grinding slick on rock, changed from SB to OBO rjh 11/24/04 mortar depression in rock, cupule and slick nearby T172, 49 T168 19x18cm basin T191a on original field analysis form a a a a a in a boulder, changed from BA to OBO - rjh T207b on original field analysis form T207b on original field analysis form T207c on original field analysis form grinding on boulder natural concavity, changed frm UK to OBO rjh 7 CJ Surface Complete Metate Data year date recorder 1999 July 17 1999 July 17 1999 1999 1999 analy sis_g site rp CJ Y CJ Y CJ Y CJ Y CJ Y fea_t ype T T T T R 1999 1999 1999 July 16 CJ CJ CJ T T T Y Y Y Fea_n o art_no 217.0 33 218.0 16 223.0 15 223.0 27 228.0 3 230.1 231.0 234.0 Ter_Le ng1 37.97 17.58 15.46 15.46 sector Northwest Northwest Northwest Northwest 15 13.43 Southwest 13 39.37 Northwest 6 46.26 Northwest 1999 July 16 CJ Y R 234.1 10 1999 July 16 1999 July 16 1999 CJ CJ CJ Y Y Y R T T 234.1 235.0 248.0 13 Northwest 14 14.56 Northwest 1 20.80 Southwest 1999 1999 1999 1999 CJ CJ CJ CJ Y Y Y Y R T T T 249.1 251.0 252.0 252.0 1 Southwest 2 13.88 Northwest 1 20.43 Northwest 8 20.43 Northwest 1999 1999 1999 1999 CJ CJ CJ CJ Y Y Y Y T T T T 252.0 253.0 256.0 265.0 11 1 7 2 20.43 24.18 14.58 10.64 CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y T T T T T T T T R T T T 265.0 267.0 267.0 271.0 271.0 275.0 277.0 280.0 288.0 290.0 292.0 294.0 1 1 4 4 11 17 9 3 2 3 8 8 10.64 29.60 29.60 16.95 16.95 19.47 32.80 9.25 CJ Y T 299.3 1 CJ Y T CJ CJ Y Y T T 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 2000 1999 2000 38184 July 13 JN JZ CM ? June 6 KS GR JZ KH June 6 KS GR JZ KH RJH RJ JB JN CH 2000 June 6 RJH JN RJ JB CH RJH RJ JB JN 2000 June 6 CH 2000 June 17 RJ 2000 June 5 Northwest Division_1 West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou typ BA BA BA BA SB West_Sou BA West_Sou SB West_Sou BA no_ gr_s o_lg GSLen_ wr_d o_wd o_th g_lg g_wd wr_dpt GSWid p_cls mat wear dep_c hole_ hole_l hole_ hole_ _pre curati catego GS_ nxt pres eng wid thick s volume on wear ry2 area notes a a a a T230a on original field analysis form a a on a boulder; R234a on original field analysis form, changed from SB to OBO - rjh R234a on original field analysis form West_Sou OBO West_Sou UK West_Sou SB West_Sou BA a West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou SB BA BA BA a a a Northwest Northwest Northwest Northwest West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou BA UK BA BA a Northwest Northwest Northwest Northwest Northwest Northwest Northwest Northwest Southwest 32.80 Southwest 24.83 Southwest 10.00 Southwest West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou West_Sou BA BA SB SB SB BA BA BA BA BA BA BA a a Southwest West_Sou BA a 320.0 3 13.58 Southwest West_Sou BA p 323.0 548.0 8 48.79 South 5 West_Sou SB BA a R249a on original field analysis form length wise with grinding surface strations are present a a added to database 10/28/04 by LRG example of slab metate a a a a a a a has cupule 1cm deep 15.0 9.0 4.00 T299c on original field analysis form hole in center 15 cm long 9cm wide 4 cm thick RJH 3 Photos 8 Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 13.1c yr date recordr site Analy sis_gr Fea_typ Terr_g p e Fea_no rp Art_no Typ CJ Surface Metate Fragments Data no_gro brok_w _s brok_lg d brok_th com_lg com_w d com_th any_wi d any_th volume any_lg brk_g com_g_l brk_wr_ com_wr_d pt _lg g brk_g_wd com_g_wd d mat dep_cnxt wear LB TS H LB W H LB FS L LB W H LRG 10/29/04 LB FS M LRG 10/29/04 2.5 LB TS H LRG 10/29/04 0.5 LB W H LRG 10/29/04 RH FS M LRG 10/29/04 11.0 3.0 LB TS H LRG 10/29/04 22.0 19.0 2.0 LB TS H 4 pieces 3528 13.0 16.0 7.0 LB TS H 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ N T 1u 26 BA 1 12.5 15.0 5.0 12.5 15.0 5.0 938 12.5 15.0 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ N T 1u 6 BA 1 36.0 24.0 14.0 36.0 24.0 14.0 12096 26.0 15.0 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ N T 1u 15 UK 1 7.0 4.0 6.5 7.0 4.0 6.5 182 5.0 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ N T 2u 7 BA 1 31.5 16.5 4.0 31.5 16.5 4.0 2079 20.0 11.0 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ N BR 2u 22 SB 1 17.0 10.0 5.0 17.0 10.0 5.0 850 13.0 7.0 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ N T 3u 11 BA 1 3.4 36.0 15.0 3.4 36.0 15.0 1836 18.0 20.0 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ N T 3u 18 BA 1 28.0 16.0 14.0 28.0 16.0 14.0 6272 23.5 14.0 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ N T 3u 4 UK 1 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 6.0 182 5.0 3.0 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ N T 4u 19 BA 1 17.0 17.0 9.5 17.0 17.0 9.5 2746 17.0 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR RR CG CJ N T 4u 7 BA 1 22.0 19.0 7.5 22.0 19.0 7.5 3135 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ N T 4u 26 BA 2 14.0 21.0 12.0 14.0 21.0 12.0 1-Jul-99 RJH JR RR CG CJ 1999 6.0 0.5 3.5 3.0 N T 4u 12 UK 2 22.0 22.0 7.0 22.0 22.0 7.0 3388 22.0 22.0 1999 21-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 5u 9 BA 1 23.0 18.0 8.0 23.0 18.0 8.0 3312 20.0 8.0 8.0 1999 21-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 5u 1 BA 1 17.0 16.0 17.0 28.0 16.0 7616 7.0 15.0 3.0 1999 22-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 5u 19 BA 1 18.0 20.0 18.0 30.0 20.0 10800 16.0 16.0 1999 22-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 5u 14 SB 1 33.0 22.0 12.0 33.0 22.0 12.0 8712 1999 19-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 6u 5 BA 1 42.5 31.0 17.0 42.5 31.0 17.0 22398 29.0 1999 21-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 6u 25 BA 1 26.0 18.0 8.0 26.0 18.0 8.0 3744 16.0 1999 21-Jun-00 RR CG CJ N T 6u 18 BA 1 31.5 24.0 9.0 31.5 24.0 9.0 6804 1999 19-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 7u 7 BA 1 24.5 16.0 11.5 24.5 16.0 11.5 4508 1999 22-Jun-99 JR RR CJ N T 9u 4 BA 1 38.0 22.0 1999 22-Jun-99 JR RR CJ N T 10 u 1 SB 1 1999 22-Jun-99 JR RR CJ N T 10 u 14 SB 1 12.0 45.0 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ N T 13 u 4 BA 2 25.0 26.0 11.0 25.0 1999 28.0 30.0 notes qc_d LRG 10/29/04 side ground could be mano LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LB TS M side 2 gs x10x16 0.5 cm deep wear LRG 10/29/04 slab or basin can't tell LRG 10/29/04 LB TS H LRG 10/29/04 LB W H LRG 10/29/04 15.0 LB TS H LRG 10/29/04 17.0 LB W M 18.0 7.5 LB FS H LRG 10/29/04 up slope behind T6, no of grnd surf recd'd as x1 (not sure what is meant rjh) LRG 10/29/04 14.0 3.7 LB TS H 24.0 12.0 LB TS H 13.0 0.5 LB W UK LRG 10/29/04 19.0 10.0 LB TS H LRG 10/29/04 13.0 LB FS L LRG 10/29/04 26.0 28.0 15.0 38.0 28.0 15.0 15960 22.0 16.0 4.0 22.0 16.0 4.0 1408 45.0 30.0 30.0 12.0 16200 26.0 11.0 7150 20.0 18.0 14.0 1999 19-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 18 u 6 SB 1 20.0 25.0 10.0 20.0 25.0 10.0 5000 10.0 1999 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG CJ N T 19 u 1 BA 1 52.0 33.0 8.5 52.0 33.0 8.5 14586 30.0 1999 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG CJ N T 21 u 7 BA 1 30.0 40.0 11.0 30.0 40.0 11.0 13200 1999 15-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 21 u 13 BA 1 60.0 50.0 60.0 50.0 11.0 19.0 2.0 12.0 12.0 LRG 10/29/04 added to database from original field analysis form by LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LB TS L LRG 10/29/04 LB TS H LRG 10/29/04 0.5 LB TS L 7.0 LB OT H 17.0 22.0 5.0 RH TS H 29.0 17.0 7.5 LB FS H open summit of cerros partially buried LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 1 CJ Surface Metate Fragments Data yr date recordr site Analy sis_gr Fea_typ Terr_g p e Fea_no rp Art_no Typ no_gro brok_w _s brok_lg d brok_th com_lg 1999 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG CJ N T 22 u 1 BA 1 28.0 1999 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG CJ N T 23 u 9 BA 2 21.0 1999 15-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 24 u 6 SB 1 1999 15-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 30 u 4 SB 1 32.0 32.0 1999 26-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 32 u 2 SB 1 9.0 7.0 1999 27-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 32 u 14 BA 1 26.0 32.0 1999 28-Jun-99 CS RR CJ N T 33 u 12 BA 1 29.2 1999 28-Jun-99 CS RR CJ N T 33 u 2 SB 1 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 35 u 4 BA 1 1999 22-Jun-99 RR JR CJ N T 37 u 14 BA 1 17.0 1999 22-Jun-99 RR JR CJ N T 37 u 25 BA 1 19.0 1999 22-Jun-99 RR JR CJ N T 37 u 3 BA 1 1999 22-Jun-99 RR JR CJ N T 38 u 4 BA 1 26.0 1999 22-Jun-99 JR RR CJ N T 38.2 u 3 UK 1 12.0 8.0 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 40 u 2 BA 1 28.0 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 41 u 7 BA 1 1999 24-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 41 u 13 BA 1 1999 24-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 43 u 6 BA 1 1999 23-Jul-99 MC RJH GR CJ N R 44 u 5 BA 1 1999 23-Jul-99 MC RJH GR CJ N T 45 u 10 BA 1 44.0 1999 23-Jul-99 MC RJH GR BZ GR TP KH 21-Jul-99 JN CJ N T 47 u 12 SB 1 1999 CJ N T 48 u 7 BA 1 1999 15-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 53 u 4 BA 2 18.0 1999 19-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 54 u 4 BA 1 23.0 1999 19-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 55 u 4 BA 1 14.0 9.0 1999 19-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 56 u 11 SB 1 38.0 1999 19-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 57 u 6 SB 1 12.5 5.0 1999 19-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 58 u 3 BA 2 11.0 1999 30-Jun-99 CG RR CJ N R 60 u 3 BA 1 1999 30-Jun-99 CG RR CJ N T 67 u 1 BA 1 com_w d com_th 39.0 22.0 16.0 any_wi d any_th volume any_lg brk_g com_g_l brk_wr_ com_wr_d pt _lg g brk_g_wd com_g_wd d mat 15.0 28.0 39.0 15.0 16380 15.0 11.0 21.0 22.0 11.0 5082 18.0 16.0 9.3 9.3 32.0 32.0 2.5 9.0 7.0 20.0 11.0 dep_cnxt wear 0.5 LB TS H 6.0 LB TS LB 2.5 notes qc_d LRG 10/29/04 H LRG 10/29/04 L LRG 10/29/04 striations reciprocal pattern LRG 10/29/04 25.0 19.0 LB TS L 158 6.0 6.5 LB FS M LRG 10/29/04 22.0 LB W H LRG 10/29/04 7.5 RH FS H LRG 10/29/04 11.0 26.0 32.0 11.0 9152 26.0 39.0 12.0 29.2 39.0 12.0 13666 26.0 7.0 21.0 14.0 7.0 2058 13.0 32.0 7.5 30.0 32.0 7.5 7200 8.0 18.0 11.0 17.0 18.0 11.0 3366 17.0 15.0 18.0 10.0 19.0 18.0 10.0 3420 19.0 13.0 11.0 58.0 29.0 11.0 18502 20.0 26.0 30.0 20.0 15600 12.0 8.0 4.0 384 8.0 7.0 LB FS M LRG 10/29/04 T38B on original field analysis form LRG 10/29/04 14.0 12.0 28.0 14.0 12.0 4704 21.0 10.0 5.5 LB TS H LRG 10/29/04 29.0 23.0 9.0 29.0 23.0 9.0 6003 26.5 19.0 10.0 LB TS H LRG 10/29/04 26.0 16.0 26.0 16.0 LB TS H LRG 10/29/04 10.0 49.0 33.0 10.0 16170 3.5 LB FS H LRG 10/29/04 20.0 19.0 6.0 20.0 19.0 6.0 2280 LB TS M LRG 10/29/04 21.5 15.0 44.0 21.5 15.0 14190 LB TS H LRG 10/29/04 28.0 17.5 15.0 28.0 17.5 15.0 7350 LB TS L 38.0 38.0 11.0 38.0 38.0 11.0 15884 LB FS H 18.0 9.0 18.0 18.0 9.0 2916 13.5 13.0 3.0 LB TS M partially buried back side, slab x17cmL x12cmW 21.0 7.2 23.0 21.0 7.2 3478 15.0 14.0 1.0 LB TS M shallow basin LRG 10/29/04 14.0 9.0 5.0 630 6.0 8.0 LB TS H 18.0 38.0 49.0 18.0 33516 25.0 0.7 LB TS M 4.3 12.5 5.0 4.3 269 12.5 5.0 LB TS M 5.0 9.0 11.0 5.0 9.0 495 8.5 5.0 5.5 LB TS H edge shaping LRG 10/29/04 could have been used as a mano after broken LRG 10/29/04 30.0 38.0 14.0 30.0 38.0 14.0 15960 23.0 29.0 1.5 LB W H LRG 10/29/04 40.0 20.0 12.0 40.0 20.0 12.0 9600 24.0 15.0 LB W H LRG 10/29/04 14.0 21.0 30.0 29.0 58.0 30.0 4.0 49.0 33.0 5.0 49.0 10.0 24.0 35.0 13.0 9.0 3.5 3.5 11.0 20.0 17.0 34.0 21.0 16.0 LB FS M LRG 10/29/04 LB W H LRG 10/29/04 1.0 LB FS H LRG 10/29/04 LB TS H 2.0 LB TS M 1.0 LB W H hole 11cmL 7cmW 1.5T probably whole slight basin reciprocal striations LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 2 CJ Surface Metate Fragments Data yr date recordr site Analy sis_gr Fea_typ Terr_g p e Fea_no rp Art_no Typ no_gro brok_w _s brok_lg d brok_th com_lg 16.0 1999 29-Jun-99 RR CS RJH CJ N T 78 u 1 SB 1 1999 28-Jun-99 CS RR CJ N T 82 u 5 SB 1 1999 24-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 83 u 4 BA 1 1999 29-Jun-99 RR CS RJH CJ N T 84 u 2 BA 1 1999 28-Jun-99 RR CS RJH CJ N T 89 u 2 BA 1 29.0 1999 30-Jun-00 RR CS RJH BZ GR TP KH 21-Jul-99 JN CJ N T 90 u 1 BA 1 42.0 CJ N T 99 u 5 SB 1 1999 14.5 7.0 27.0 46.0 19.0 23-Jul-99 MC RJH GR CJ N T 107 u 8 BA 2 2000 5-Jun-00 KS JZ KH GR CJ N T 112 u 3 BA 1 1999 19-Jul-99 GR JN KH TP CJ N T 114 u 9 BA 2 2000 5-Jun-00 KS JZ KH GR CJ N T 120.1 u 7 BA 1 30.0 1999 17-Jul-99 KH GR RR CJ N T 127 u 6 BA 1 51.0 24.0 30.0 32.5 4.5 27.0 any_wi d any_th volume 16.0 14.5 4.5 1044 27.0 7.0 8694 19.0 10.0 5130 40.0 20.0 55.0 40.0 20.0 44000 29.0 14.0 29.0 29.0 14.0 11774 10.0 33.0 16.0 42.0 33.0 16.0 22176 25.0 14.0 7.0 19.0 14.0 7.0 1862 14.0 52.0 24.0 14.0 17472 30.0 32.5 16.0 15600 14.0 15.0 27.0 14.0 15.0 5670 15.0 9.5 30.0 15.0 9.5 4275 32.0 12.0 51.0 32.0 12.0 19584 1999 19-Jul-99 GR JN KH TP CJ N T 127 u 25 SB 1 23.0 20.0 7.0 23.0 20.0 7.0 3220 1999 17-Jul-99 GR JN KH TP CJ N T 128 u 3 BA 1 55.0 50.0 22.0 55.0 50.0 22.0 60500 1999 19-Jul-99 KH GR RR CJ N T 128 u 5 SB 1 37.0 31.0 26.0 37.0 31.0 26.0 1999 23-Jul-99 RJH GR MC CJ N T 131 u 4 BA 2 33.5 18.5 13.0 33.5 18.5 13.0 1999 24-Jul-99 TP BM CM CJ N T 133 u 2 BA 1 58.0 12.5 51.0 58.0 1999 20-Jul-99 GR JN KH TP CJ N T 135 u 18 SB 1 20.0 18.0 11.0 20.0 18.0 1999 17-Jul-99 KH GR RR CJ N R 140.1 u 1 BA 2 30.0 24.0 11.0 30.0 1999 21-Jul-99 GR JN KH TP CJ N T 148 u 1 BA 1 1999 17-Jul-99 KH GR RR CJ N T 155 u 1 BA 1 13.0 1999 BZ GR TP KH 21-Jul-99 JN CJ N T 155 u 16 SB 2 20.0 27.5 1999 3-Jul-99 RR CJ N T 160 u 3 BA 1 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CJ N T 161 u 2 BA 1 70.0 39.0 23.0 30.0 23.0 54.0 10.0 27.0 52.0 51.0 brk_g com_g_l brk_wr_ com_wr_d pt _lg g brk_g_wd com_g_wd d mat 46.0 16.0 27.0 any_lg 10.0 19.0 55.0 1999 com_w d com_th LB 7.0 22.0 22.0 dep_cnxt wear FS L 10.0 LB FS L 8.0 LB TS H 51.0 26.0 17.0 4.0 23.0 20.0 notes qc_d LRG 10/29/04 buried LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 9.8 LB FS M LRG 10/29/04 LB FS H LRG 10/29/04 5.5 LB FS H added to database from original field analysis form by LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LB FS L LRG 10/29/04 heavy wear on one side, med. wear on other - hole in bottom LRG 10/29/04 LB TS H 3.0 LB TS H TS H LB FS H LRG 10/29/04 basin on one side, slab on the other - H wear on both LRG 10/29/04 T120A on original field analysis form LRG 10/29/04 LB TS H LRG 10/29/04 grinding surface covers almost the entire surface LRG 10/29/04 originally recorded as whole metate jrr LRG 10/29/04 LB TS M 10.5 LB FS H 29822 LB FS L 8057 LB FS H 12.5 36975 LB FS H 11.0 3960 LB FS L 24.0 11.0 7920 LB TS H LRG 10/29/04 associated w/talus R136 LRG 10/29/04 T140A on original field analysis form LRG 10/29/04 LB TS M LRG 10/29/04 70.0 39.0 13.0 35490 LB FS H 7.0 23.0 20.0 7.0 3220 LB TS H 10.0 30.0 27.5 10.0 8250 7.0 LB TS H LRG 10/29/04 22.0 54.0 23.0 22.0 27324 1.0 LB W H LRG 10/29/04 42.0 28.0 20.0 19.0 45.0 11.0 very light hole in bottom one side is light the other side is heavy LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 3 CJ Surface Metate Fragments Data yr date recordr site Analy sis_gr Fea_typ Terr_g p e Fea_no rp Art_no Typ no_gro brok_w _s brok_lg d brok_th com_lg 18.0 12 BA 1 164 u 3 SB 1 14.0 166 u 23 SB 1 28.5 T 166 u 9 BA 1 N T 167 u 12 BA 1 CJ N T 168 u 5 UK CJ N T 171 u 1 BA 2-Jul-99 RR CJ N T 172 u 2-Jul-99 RR CJ N T 172 u 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ CJ 1999 24-Jul-99 TP BM CM CJ N T 161 u 1999 24-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 1999 26-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 1999 26-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N 1999 26-Jun-99 RR CG CJ 1999 2-Jul-99 RR 1999 2-Jul-99 RR 1999 1999 com_w d com_th 51.0 any_wi d any_th volume any_lg LB wear FS H notes qc_d LRG 10/29/04 51.0 18.0 14.0 8.5 14.0 14.0 8.5 1666 LB FS L LRG 10/29/04 23.5 15.0 28.5 23.5 15.0 10046 19.0 12.0 LB TS M LRG 10/29/04 14.0 53.0 33.0 14.0 24486 37.0 20.0 8.0 LB TS H 10.0 30.0 19.0 10.0 5700 LB FS H LB TS M LB TS H 33.0 17442 dep_cnxt 19.0 53.0 19.0 brk_g com_g_l brk_wr_ com_wr_d pt _lg g brk_g_wd com_g_wd d mat 9.5 10.0 28.0 10.0 7.5 4.0 hole 11x4.5w 2cm thick LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 30.0 19.0 2 8.0 7.5 1 18.0 1 BA 1 28.0 8 BA 1 33.0 174 u 23 BA 1 38.0 16.0 174 u 15 BA 1 16.5 10.0 T 175 u 16 BA 2 16.0 42.0 10.0 42.0 16.0 10.0 6720 35.0 8.0 2.5 LB FS H LRG 10/29/04 T 175 u 10 BA 1 24.0 49.0 11.0 49.0 24.0 11.0 12936 39.0 17.0 4.0 RH W H LRG 10/29/04 N T 176 u 3 BA 1 33.0 22.0 33.0 22.0 17.0 12342 11.0 2.5 N T 180 u 5 BA 1 35.0 40.0 35.0 40.0 CJ N T 185 u 11 BA 1 25.0 22.0 25.0 22.0 10.0 CJ N T 188 u 12 BA 1 44.0 10.0 1999 CJ N T 191.1 u 1 BA 1 28.0 1999 CJ N T 191.2 u 10 BA 1 53.0 CJ N T 193.1 u 2 BA 1 31.0 CJ N T 194 u 29 BA CJ N T 194 u 23 BA CJ N T 194 u 10 UK 1999 CJ N T 197 u 9 BA 1999 CJ N T 199 u 2 BA CJ N T 200 u CJ N T 204 u 1999 1999 2000 1999 KS BZ KH GR 7-Jun-00 CH 17-Jul-99 1999 1999 1999 1999 17-Jul-99 17-Jul-99 1999 1999 23.0 19.0 35.0 3.5 8.0 7.5 3.5 210 8.0 12.0 18.0 23.0 12.0 4968 8.0 12.0 28.0 19.0 12.0 6384 23.0 9.5 1.0 LB FS H LRG 10/29/04 16.0 33.0 35.0 16.0 18480 16.0 24.0 2.5 LB TS H LRG 10/29/04 11.0 13.0 17.0 10.0 15.0 2.0 LRG 10/29/04 38.0 16.0 11.0 6688 29.0 7.5 8.5 LB FS H LRG 10/29/04 10.0 13.0 2145 7.5 8.0 5.5 LB TS H LRG 10/29/04 24.0 5500 LB W H LB FS H LB TS H 6.0 LB FS H 10.0 29.0 9.5 28.0 29.0 9.5 7714 LB FS H 15.0 53.0 43.0 15.0 34185 LB FS H 8.0 31.0 31.0 8.0 7688 LB FS H 31.0 18.0 LRG 10/29/04 buried buried can only be seen partially Partially buried T191A on original field analysis form 18.0 22.0 6.0 4.0 1 45.0 45.0 1 24.0 12.5 3 BA 1 35.0 23.0 10 BA 1 27.0 18.0 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 18.0 22.0 18.0 7128 LB TS H 6.0 4.0 3.0 72 RH TS UK 12.5 45.0 45.0 12.5 25313 LB FS H LRG 10/29/04 10.0 24.0 12.5 10.0 3000 LB FS H 3.0 23.5 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 T193A on original field analysis form LRG 10/29/04 LB 1 LRG 10/29/04 16.5 44.0 43.0 could be mano frag. it could be a mano frag. LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 8.0 35.0 23.0 8.0 6440 LB FS H LRG 10/29/04 less then 1/4 represented LRG 10/29/04 12.0 27.0 23.5 12.0 7614 LB FS H LRG 10/29/04 CJ N T 206 u 7 SB 2 12.5 11.5 5.5 12.5 11.5 5.5 791 LB TS H LRG 10/29/04 1999 17-Jul-99 GF CJ N T 210 u 2 BA 1 33.0 27.0 14.0 33.0 27.0 14.0 12474 LB FS H 1999 17-Jul-99 CJ N T 210 u 13 BA 1 12.0 9.0 5.5 12.0 9.0 5.5 594 LB FS M 1999 15-Jul-99 CJM BH CJ N T 211 u 7 UK 1 6.0 10.0 5.0 6.0 10.0 5.0 300 LB TS H LRG 10/29/04 very slight depression prob. small originally LRG 10/29/04 unknown mano/metate frag. LRG 10/29/04 4 CJ Surface Metate Fragments Data yr date recordr 1999 site Analy sis_gr Fea_typ Terr_g p e Fea_no rp Art_no Typ CJ N T 215 u no_gro brok_w _s brok_lg d brok_th com_lg 9 BA 1 29.0 16.0 CJ N T 216 u 8 BA 1 18.0 18.0 1999 17-Jul-99 GF CJ N T 217 u 16 BA 1 19.0 16.0 1999 17-Jul-99 GF 1999 com_w d com_th any_wi d any_th volume any_lg brk_g com_g_l brk_wr_ com_wr_d pt _lg g brk_g_wd com_g_wd d mat wear TS H notes qc_d LRG 10/29/04 29.0 16.0 10.0 4640 16.0 18.0 18.0 16.0 5184 LB FS H 19.0 16.0 10.0 3040 LB TS H 19.5 52.0 28.0 19.5 28392 LB FS H LRG 10/29/04 20.0 35.0 26.0 20.0 18200 LB TS H LRG 10/29/04 10.0 LB dep_cnxt 10.0 very small portion LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 CJ N T 219 u 1 BA 1 1999 CJ N R 222 u 8 BA 1 35.0 1999 CJ N R 222 u 17 BA 1 41.0 56.0 10.0 41.0 56.0 10.0 22960 LB TS H LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ N T 223 u 12 UK 2 4.5 3.5 5.0 4.5 3.5 5.0 79 RH FS H 1999 CJ N T 230.1 u 11 BA 1 39.0 12.0 45.0 39.0 12.0 21060 LB FS H LRG 10/29/04 T230A on original field analysis form LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ N T 230.2 u 11 BA 1 22.0 43.0 12.5 22.0 43.0 12.5 11825 LB TS H LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ N T 231 u 15 BA 1 48.0 67.0 18.0 48.0 67.0 18.0 57888 LB FS H LRG 10/29/04 LB FS H 15642 LB TS H LRG 10/29/04 R234A on original field analysis form LRG 10/29/04 28.0 52.0 26.0 45.0 1999 16-Jul-99 GF CJ N T 234 u 9 BA 1 10.0 1999 16-Jul-99 CJM BH CJ N R 234.1 u 3 BA 1 36.0 39.5 1999 16-Jul-99 CJM BH 16.0 10.0 11.0 36.0 39.5 11.0 7.5 21.0 16.0 7.5 2520 LB TS H LRG 10/29/04 26.0 72.0 39.0 26.0 73008 LB TS H 8.0 8.5 4.0 272 GR FS H 14.0 33.0 8.0 3696 LB TS H LRG 10/29/04 small frag. little left LRG 10/29/04 added to database from original field analysis form by LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 CJ N T 243 u 10 BA 1 21.0 1999 CJ N T 248 u 10 BA 1 72.0 1999 CJ N T 256 u 4 BA 1 8.0 1999 CJ N T 260 u 8 BA 2 14.0 1999 CJ N T 272 u 2 BA 1 21.0 15.0 12.0 21.0 15.0 12.0 3780 RH FS H 1999 CJ N T 275 u 18 BA 2 10.0 10.0 7.0 10.0 10.0 7.0 700 LB FS UK 9.5 LB TS H LRG 10/29/04 may be bowl frag. LRG 10/29/04 ?Hole in bottom that is broken but chipped from bottom LRG 10/29/04 6.0 LB FS H LRG 10/29/04 LB TS H LB FS H 23.0 3.0 BA TS H LRG 10/29/04 25.0 11.0 LB TS H LRG 10/29/04 H moved from "Whole metate" database by LRG 11/03/04 as per instructions by RJH LRG 11/03/04 39.0 8.5 4.0 33.0 8.0 2000 6-Jun-00 KS JZ KH GR CJ N T 290 u 5 BA 1 66.0 53.0 10.0 66.0 53.0 10.0 34980 2000 6-Jun-00 KS JZ KH GR RJH JN RJ JB 6-Jun-00 CH RJH JN RJ JB 6-Jun-00 CH RJH JN RJ JB 5-Jun-00 CH RJH JN RJ JB 6-Jun-00 CH CJ N T 295 u 7 BA 1 34.0 28.0 14.0 34.0 28.0 14.0 13328 CJ N T 297 u 9 BA 1 24.0 7.0 24.0 18.0 7.0 3024 CJ N T 310 u 6 BA 1 26.0 26.0 15.0 26.0 26.0 15.0 10140 CJ N T 313 u 4 BA 1 44.0 19.0 61.0 44.0 19.0 50996 CJ N T 322 u 1 BA 1 39.0 16.0 46.0 39.0 16.0 28704 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 8-Jun-00 KS JZ JB JN CJ N T 326 l 1 BA 1 18.0 61.0 46.0 25.0 11.0 25.0 11.0 2.0 44.0 39.0 19.0 19.0 49.0 14.0 2.0 LB TS LRG 10/29/04 basalt LRG 10/29/04 5 CJ Surface Metate Fragments Data yr date 2000 recordr 8-Jun-00 KS JZ JB JN site CJ Analy sis_gr Fea_typ Terr_g p e Fea_no rp Art_no Typ N T 339 l 3 SB no_gro brok_w _s brok_lg d brok_th com_lg 1 2000 8-Jun-00 KS JZ JB JN CJ N T 358 l 4 BA 1 2000 RJH JN RJ KS 5-Jun-00 Jo CJ N T 388 l 5 SB 1 2000 8-Jun-00 BZ KH GR CJ N T 393 l 4 SB 2 2000 8-Jun-00 KS JZ JB JN CJ N T 401 l 3 BA 1 2000 RJH JN RJ KS 5-Jun-00 Jo CJ N T 404 l 3 BA 1 com_w d com_th 15.0 any_lg 9.0 any_wi d any_th volume 15.0 6.0 11.0 7.0 1.5 13.0 9.0 13.0 6.0 11.0 7.0 6.0 26.0 brk_g com_g_l brk_wr_ com_wr_d pt _lg g brk_g_wd com_g_wd d mat 1.5 116 6.0 6.0 26.0 13.0 13.0 dep_cnxt FS wear notes H moved from "Whole metate" database by LRG 11/03/04 as per instructions by RJH LRG 11/03/04 LB TS H LB TS H RH TS L LB TS H LB FS M qc_d artifact partially buried, so unclear whether broken or whole; moved from "Whole metate" database by LRG 11/03/04 as per instructions by RJH LRG 11/03/04 small fragment of edge; added to database from original field analysis form by LRG 10/30/04 LRG 10/30/04 very thin; added to database from original field analysis form by LRG 10/30/04 LRG 10/30/04 moved from "Whole metate" database by LRG 11/03/04 as per instructions by RJH LRG 11/03/04 no broken dimensions given, but noted to be fragment; added to database from original field analysis form by LRG 10/30/04 LRG 10/30/04 6 CJ Surface Metate Fragments Data yr date recordr site Analy sis_gr Fea_typ Terr_g p e Fea_no rp Art_no Typ no_gro brok_w _s brok_lg d brok_th com_lg com_w d com_th any_lg any_wi d any_th volume brk_g com_g_l brk_wr_ com_wr_d pt _lg g brk_g_wd com_g_wd d mat 2000 8-Jun-00 KS JN JB JZ CJ N T 415 l 11 SB 1 13.0 4.0 13.0 4.0 9.0 2000 8-Jun-00 KS JN JB JZ CJ N T 419 l 13 BA 1 15.0 4.0 15.0 4.0 8.0 2000 8-Jun-00 KS JN JB JZ CJ N T 439 l 1 BA 1 2000 9-Jun-00 GR KH BZ RJH CJ N T 448 l 1 BA 1 7.0 38.0 30.0 7.0 1.0 15.5 38.0 30.0 15.5 17670 1999 22-Jun-99 JR RR CJ N T 539.2 u 3 BA 1 22.0 15.0 12.0 22.0 15.0 12.0 3960 12.0 9.0 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CJ N T 1001 u 12 UK 1 14.0 10.0 4.0 14.0 10.0 4.0 560 9.0 6.0 1999 22-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 1009 u 1 BA 1 15.0 29.0 15.0 15.0 29.0 15.0 6525 14.0 18.0 1997 CJ O T 6u 148 BA 2 18.1 14.7 6.3 1.0 3.0 5.0 dep_cnxt wear LB TS L 2.0 LB TS H RH TS 2.5 RH FS H LB TS H LB FS M LB FS H RH H notes no broken dimensions given, but noted to be fragment; added to database from original field analysis form by LRG 10/30/04 no broken dimensions given, but noted to be fragment; added to database from original field analysis form by LRG 10/30/04 no broken dimensions given, but noted to be fragment; added to database from original field analysis form by LRG 10/30/04 no broken dimensions given, but noted to be fragment; added to database from original field analysis form by LRG 10/30/04 T539B on original field analysis form qc_d LRG 10/30/04 LRG 10/30/04 LRG 10/30/04 LRG 10/30/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 artifact is from surface of Unit 16; data moved from "excavated metate" database by LRG 10/04; Artifact # = Bag # CG6, moved from whole mt to frag mt database rjh11/11/04, put in SPSS file 7 CJ Surface Metate Fragments Data yr date 1997 1997 recordr site Analy sis_gr Fea_typ Terr_g p e Fea_no rp Art_no Typ no_gro brok_w _s brok_lg d brok_th com_lg CJ O T 6u 12 UK 2 CJ O T 6u 140 OT 2 CJ O T 6u 139 OT 1 CJ O T 8u 358 OT 2 13.8 7.4 9.1 com_w d com_th brk_g com_g_l brk_wr_ com_wr_d pt _lg g brk_g_wd com_g_wd d mat 19.9 3.8 13.8 19.9 3.8 1044 6.6 9.0 5.5 7.4 9.0 5.5 366 7.0 8.6 2.5 VB 4.4 9.1 15.8 4.4 633 9.1 15.8 VB 15.8 5.7 any_wi d any_th volume any_lg 8.8 6.6 5.7 8.8 6.6 331 5.6 14.8 5.9 1.0 dep_cnxt LB 4.5 VB wear qc_d H coll. 6/97; from unexcav. Trench by T6; slight depression (SB/BA?); other side wear light; slight shaping on corners; continued use after broken; indentation resembles Surf. Coll. No. 314; possibly from broken basin metate; moved from "excavated metate" LRG 11/03/04 from surface of excavation unit; trough metate; very unusual shaped rectilineal; part of (goes with) T6 Bag 44 Lvl 2; not archaic; moved from "excavated metate" database by LRG 10/04; Artifact # = Bag# LRG 11/03/04 Unusual footed metate, curated CG, moved from excavated database rjh 11/9/04 H vesicular basalt; trough metate -- like Casas Grandes; extensively shaped into squared form; moved from "excavated metate" database by LRG 10/04; Artifact # = Surface Collection # LRG 11/03/04 H TS notes H 8 CJ Surface Metate Fragments Data site Analy sis_gr Fea_typ Terr_g p e Fea_no rp Art_no Typ 1999 CJ O T 126 u 382 SB 1 1998 CJ O T 175 u 5 UK 1 yr date 1999 recordr no_gro brok_w _s brok_lg d brok_th com_lg CJ O T 175 u 11 UK 2 1997 CJ O T 268 u 314 SB 1 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 1u 3 BA 3.5 2.6 17.5 com_w d com_th 23.4 19.4 9.0 4.5 7.5 9.8 5.5 19.4 5.0 any_wi d any_th volume any_lg 23.4 19.4 9.8 4449 9.0 4.5 3.5 142 7.5 5.5 2.6 107 17.5 19.4 5.0 1698 brk_g com_g_l brk_wr_ com_wr_d pt _lg g brk_g_wd com_g_wd d mat 21.3 10.0 15.8 13.5 2.0 dep_cnxt wear LB M LB H SC H LB H notes qc_d coll. 1998; 492N/513E; some edges slightly shaped; triangular bottom; moved from "excavated metate" database by LRG 10/04; Artifact # = Surface Collection #, changed to SB based on surface collection catalog LRG 10/29/04 pecked; unk fragment; moved from "excavated metate" database by LRG 10/04; Artifact # = Surface Collection # LRG 10/29/04 unk fragment; ; moved from "excavated metate" database by LRG 10/04; Artifact # = Surface Collection # LRG 10/29/04 difficulty metate or st bow. Not similar to BA, SB or St Bo. Not shaped, overall size more like SB, shallow heav worn, flat, circular grinding surface with pecking, but grinding doesn't go to edges; abradedfriction wear, but unk if circ or recip grinding, most would call this a SB met, based on size LRG 10/29/04 9 CJ Surface Metate Fragments Data yr date recordr site Analy sis_gr Fea_typ Terr_g p e Fea_no rp Art_no Typ no_gro brok_w _s brok_lg d brok_th com_lg com_w d com_th any_lg any_wi d any_th volume brk_g com_g_l brk_wr_ com_wr_d pt _lg g brk_g_wd com_g_wd d mat dep_cnxt wear notes qc_d 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 1u 5 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 1u 7 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 1u 9 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 1u 17 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 1u 19 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 1u 20 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 1u 23 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 1u 13 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 1u 28 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 1u 2 UK LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 1u 14 UK LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 1u 27 UK LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 1u 29 UK LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 2u 6 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 2u 11 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 2u 12 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 2u 10 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y BR 2u 2 UK LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y BR 2u 16 UK LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y BR 2u 23 UK 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y BR 2u 1 BA burned rock feature 17.0 17.0 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 small, with slight concavity; circular shape LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y BR 2u 11 SB 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 3u 7 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 3u 8 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 3u 9 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 3u 12 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 3u 13 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 3u 14 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 3u 15 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 3u 17 BA 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 3u 3 UK mano or metate frag. LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 10 CJ Surface Metate Fragments Data yr date recordr site Analy sis_gr Fea_typ Terr_g p e Fea_no rp Art_no Typ no_gro brok_w _s brok_lg d brok_th com_lg com_w d com_th any_lg any_wi d any_th volume brk_g com_g_l brk_wr_ com_wr_d pt _lg g brk_g_wd com_g_wd d mat dep_cnxt wear notes qc_d CJ Y T 4u 5 SB could be thick mano; Fea # = "D" or "O" on original field analysis form LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR RR CG CJ Y T 4u 2 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR RR CG CJ Y T 4u 4 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR RR CG CJ Y T 4u 6 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR RR CG CJ Y T 4u 8 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR RR CG CJ Y T 4u 9 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR RR CG CJ Y T 4u 10 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR RR CG CJ Y T 4u 11 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 4u 13 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 4u 16 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 4u 17 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 4u 23 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 4u 24 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 4u 25 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 4u 27 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 4u 18 UK LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 4u 29 UK LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 4u 30 UK 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 4u 22 OT LRG 10/29/04 small concavity, sm grinding surface LRG 10/29/04 1999 26-Jun-99 RR CG 1 15.0 18.0 12.0 15.0 18.0 12.0 3240 13.0 12.0 0.5 RH TS H 1999 21-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 5u 2 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 21-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 5u 6 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 21-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 5u 7 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 21-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 5u 8 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 22-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 5u 10 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 22-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 5u 11 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 22-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 5u 12 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 22-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 5u 13 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 22-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 5u 15 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 22-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 5u 17 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 22-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 5u 18 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 22-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 5u 20 BA LRG 10/29/04 11 CJ Surface Metate Fragments Data yr date recordr site Analy sis_gr Fea_typ Terr_g p e Fea_no rp Art_no Typ no_gro brok_w _s brok_lg d brok_th com_lg com_w d com_th any_lg any_wi d any_th volume brk_g com_g_l brk_wr_ com_wr_d pt _lg g brk_g_wd com_g_wd d mat dep_cnxt wear notes qc_d 1999 22-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 5u 21 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 22-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 5u 22 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 22-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 5u 23 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 22-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 5u 16 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 21-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 6u 12 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 21-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 6u 15 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 21-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 6u 19 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 21-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 6u 21 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 21-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 6u 26 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 21-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 6u 30 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 21-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 6u 13 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 21-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 6u 14 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 21-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 6u 24 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 21-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 6u 27 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 21-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 6u 28 SB 1999 21-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 6u 17 BA LRG 10/29/04 buried in talus slope LRG 10/29/04 1999 19-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 7u 11 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 19-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 7u 18 BA 1999 19-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 7u 8 BA shallow LRG 10/29/04 1999 19-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 7u 17 BA shallow LRG 10/29/04 1999 19-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 8u 8 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 19-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 8u 11 BA LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 1999 19-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 8u 10 BA partial hole in bottom picked around 15mm thick LRG 10/29/04 1999 22-Jun-99 JR RR CJ Y T 9u 2 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 22-Jun-99 JR RR CJ Y T 9u 3 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 22-Jun-99 JR RR CJ Y T 9u 5 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 22-Jun-99 JR RR CJ Y T 9u 6 BA 1999 22-Jun-99 JR RR CJ Y T 9u 1 BA 1999 22-Jun-99 JR RR CJ Y T 10 u 5 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 22-Jun-99 JR RR CJ Y T 10 u 6 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 22-Jun-99 JR RR CJ Y T 10 u 7 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 22-Jun-99 JR RR CJ Y T 10 u 13 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 22-Jun-99 JR RR CJ Y T 10 u 15 SB LRG 10/29/04 partially buried LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 12 CJ Surface Metate Fragments Data yr date recordr site Analy sis_gr Fea_typ Terr_g p e Fea_no rp Art_no Typ no_gro brok_w _s brok_lg d brok_th com_lg com_w d com_th any_lg any_wi d any_th volume brk_g com_g_l brk_wr_ com_wr_d pt _lg g brk_g_wd com_g_wd d mat dep_cnxt wear notes qc_d CJ Y T 11 u 2 BA formal flat rim - resembles bowl; Fea#= "K" on original field analysis form LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 11 u 4 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 12 u 5 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 12 u 1 UK 1999 1-Jul-99 RJH JR CG RR CJ Y T 12 u 2 SB LRG 10/29/04 also used as a mano LRG 10/29/04 1999 26-Jun-99 RR CG 1999 19-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 16 u 6 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 19-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 18 u 3 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 19-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 18 u 4 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 15-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 19 u 2 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 15-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 19 u 3 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 15-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 19 u 5 SB 1999 15-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 19 u 4 SB LRG 10/29/04 circle as on side two, edge shaped from ridge surface 2? lg. 9.3 wd. 10cm LRG 10/29/04 1999 15-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 19 u 8 SB 1999 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG CJ Y T 21 u 5 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG CJ Y T 21 u 6 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 15-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 21 u 11 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 15-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 21 u 12 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG CJ Y T 22 u 6 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG CJ Y T 22 u 7 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG CJ Y T 22 u 8 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG CJ Y T 22 u 9 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 2000 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG CJ CJ Y Y T T 23 u 23 u 1 BA 1 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 2000 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG CJ CJ Y Y T T 23 u 23 u 6 BA 6 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG CJ Y T 23 u 8 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 2000 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG 15-Jun-00 RR KS CG CJ CJ Y Y T T 23 u 23 u 2 SB 2 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG CJ Y T 24 u 1 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG CJ Y T 24 u 4 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 15-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 24 u 7 BA LRG 10/29/04 1 17.0 19.5 8.6 17.0 19.5 8.6 2851 18.0 9.5 LB TS M small frag. LRG 10/29/04 13 CJ Surface Metate Fragments Data yr date recordr site Analy sis_gr Fea_typ Terr_g p e Fea_no rp Art_no Typ no_gro brok_w _s brok_lg d brok_th com_lg com_w d com_th any_lg any_wi d any_th volume brk_g com_g_l brk_wr_ com_wr_d pt _lg g brk_g_wd com_g_wd d mat dep_cnxt wear notes qc_d 1999 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG CJ Y T 26 u 3 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG CJ Y T 26 u 4 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG CJ Y T 26 u 5 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG CJ Y R 28 u 1 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 15-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 29 u 10 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 15-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 29 u 3 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 15-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 29 u 9 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 15-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 29 u 1 SB 1999 19-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 30 u 6 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 26-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 31 u 5 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 26-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 31 u 12 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 26-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 31 u 15 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 27-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 32 u 6 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 27-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 32 u 11 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 27-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 32 u 12 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 27-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 32 u 13 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 27-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 32 u 16 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 27-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 32 u 31 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 27-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 32 u 32 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 28-Jun-99 CS RR CJ Y T 33 u 8 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 28-Jun-99 CS RR CJ Y T 33 u 10 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 28-Jun-99 CS RR CJ Y T 33 u 11 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 28-Jun-99 CS RR CJ Y T 33 u 1 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 28-Jun-99 CS RR CJ Y T 33 u 9 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 28-Jun-99 CS RR CJ Y T 33 u 13 SB 1999 28-Jun-99 CS RR CJ Y T 34 u 1 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 28-Jun-99 CS RR CJ Y T 34 u 8 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 28-Jun-99 CS RR CJ Y T 34 u 9 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 35 u 5 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 35 u 2 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 35 u 3 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 22-Jun-99 RR JR CJ Y T 37 u 2 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 22-Jun-99 RR JR CJ Y T 37 u 7 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 22-Jun-99 RR JR CJ Y T 37 u 11 BA LRG 10/29/04 RH rhyolite cerros slab' LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 14 CJ Surface Metate Fragments Data yr date recordr site Analy sis_gr Fea_typ Terr_g p e Fea_no rp Art_no Typ no_gro brok_w _s brok_lg d brok_th com_lg com_w d com_th any_lg any_wi d any_th volume brk_g com_g_l brk_wr_ com_wr_d pt _lg g brk_g_wd com_g_wd d mat dep_cnxt wear notes qc_d 1999 22-Jun-99 RR JR CJ Y T 37 u 12 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 22-Jun-99 RR JR CJ Y T 37 u 20 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 22-Jun-99 RR JR CJ Y T 37 u 21 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 22-Jun-99 RR JR CJ Y T 37 u 22 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 22-Jun-99 RR JR CJ Y T 37 u 10 UK LRG 10/29/04 1999 22-Jun-99 RR JR CJ Y T 37 u 18 UK LRG 10/29/04 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 37 u 26 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 37 u 27 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 22-Jun-99 RR JR CJ Y T 38 u 3 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 22-Jun-99 RR JR CJ Y T 38 u 8 BA 1999 22-Jun-99 JR RR CJ Y T 38.2 u 1 BA 1999 22-Jun-99 JR RR CJ Y T 38.2 u 2 BA 1999 22-Jun-99 RR JR CJ Y T 38.2 u 14 BA 1999 22-Jun-99 RR JR CJ Y T 38.2 u 18 BA 1999 22-Jun-99 RR JR CJ Y T 38.2 u 24 BA 1999 22-Jun-99 RR JR CJ Y T 39 u 1 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 22-Jun-99 RR JR CJ Y T 39 u 2 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 40 u 1 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 40 u 3 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 41 u 3 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 41 u 4 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 41 u 6 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 24-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 41 u 9 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 24-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 41 u 10 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 24-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 41 u 11 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 24-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 41 u 12 BA 1999 24-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 42.1 u 3 BA 1999 24-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 42.1 u 1 SB LRG 10/29/04 T42A on original field analysis form LRG 10/29/04 T42A on original field analysis form LRG 10/29/04 1999 24-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 43 u 4 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 24-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 43 u 7 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 24-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 43 u 3 SB LRG 10/29/04 T38B on original field analysis form T38B on original field analysis form T38B on original field analysis form T38B on original field analysis form T38B on original field analysis form LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 15 CJ Surface Metate Fragments Data yr date recordr site Analy sis_gr Fea_typ Terr_g p e Fea_no rp Art_no Typ any_lg any_wi d any_th volume brk_g com_g_l brk_wr_ com_wr_d pt _lg g brk_g_wd com_g_wd d mat dep_cnxt wear notes qc_d LRG 10/29/04 45 u 4 BA LRG 10/29/04 45 u 12 BA LRG 10/29/04 T 45 u 13 BA LRG 10/29/04 T 45 u 14 BA LRG 10/29/04 Y T 45 u 3 SB LRG 10/29/04 Y T 47 u 4 BA LRG 10/29/04 CJ Y T 47 u 3 UK 23-Jul-99 MC RJH GR CJ Y R 47.1 u 4 BA 23-Jul-99 MC RJH GR BZ GR TP KH 21-Jul-99 JN BZ GR TP KH 21-Jul-99 JN CJ Y R 47.1 u 6 SB LRG 10/29/04 R47A on original field analysis form LRG 10/29/04 R47A on original field analysis form LRG 10/29/04 CJ Y T 48 u 5 BA LRG 10/29/04 CJ Y T 48 u 9 BA LRG 10/29/04 CJ Y T 48 u 2 BA 23-Jul-99 MC RJH GR CJ Y R 44 u 1999 23-Jul-99 MC RJH GR CJ Y T 1999 23-Jul-99 MC RJH GR CJ Y T 1999 23-Jul-99 MC RJH GR CJ Y 1999 23-Jul-99 MC RJH GR CJ Y 1999 23-Jul-99 MC RJH GR CJ 1999 23-Jul-99 MC RJH GR CJ 1999 23-Jul-99 MC RJH GR 1999 1999 1999 com_w d com_th 3 BA 1999 1999 no_gro brok_w _s brok_lg d brok_th com_lg partially buried in terrace 1999 BZ GR TP KH 21-Jul-99 JN BZ GR TP KH 21-Jul-99 JN CJ Y R 52 u 5 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 15-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 53 u 5 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 15-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 53 u 15 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 15-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 53 u 18 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 15-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 53 u 14 BA 1999 19-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 54 u 1 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 19-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 54 u 2 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 19-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 54 u 3 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 19-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 54 u 6 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 19-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 54 u 9 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 19-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 54 u 8 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 19-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 54 u 10 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 19-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 55 u 6 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 19-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 55 u 7 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 19-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 56 u 4 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 19-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 56 u 7 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 19-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 56 u 8 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 19-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 56 u 9 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 19-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 58 u 6 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 19-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 58 u 4 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 pecked hole in bottom LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 16 CJ Surface Metate Fragments Data yr date recordr site Analy sis_gr Fea_typ Terr_g p e Fea_no rp Art_no Typ no_gro brok_w _s brok_lg d brok_th com_lg com_w d com_th any_lg any_wi d any_th volume brk_g com_g_l brk_wr_ com_wr_d pt _lg g brk_g_wd com_g_wd d mat dep_cnxt wear notes qc_d 1999 19-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 58 u 10 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 19-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 58 u 11 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 19-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 59 u 4 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 19-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 59 u 5 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 30-Jun-99 CG RR CJ Y R 60 u 4 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 30-Jun-99 CG RR CJ Y R 60 u 1 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 30-Jun-99 CG RR CJ Y R 60 u 2 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 29-Jun-99 RR CS RJH CJ Y W 61 u 2 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 30-Jun-99 CG RR CJ Y T 66 u 4 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 30-Jun-99 CG RR CJ Y T 68 u 1 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 30-Jun-99 CG RR CJ Y T 68 u 2 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 29-Jun-99 RR CS RJH CJ Y T 70 u 3 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 29-Jun-99 RR CS RJH CJ Y T 71 u 1 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 29-Jun-99 RR CS RJH CJ Y T 74 u 3 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 29-Jun-99 RR CS RJH CJ Y T 74 u 5 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 28-Jun-99 RR CS RJH CJ Y T 79 u 3 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 28-Jun-99 RR CS RJH CJ Y T 79 u 4 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 29-Jun-99 RR CS RJH CJ Y T 79 u 7 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 29-Jun-99 RR CS RJH CJ Y T 79 u 6 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 28-Jun-99 RR CS RJH CJ Y T 80 u 5 BA possible use as a mano as well LRG 10/29/04 1999 28-Jun-99 RR CS RJH CJ Y T 81 u 1 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 28-Jun-99 RR CS RJH CJ Y T 82 u 16 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 28-Jun-99 RR CS RJH CJ Y T 82 u 17 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 24-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 83 u 1 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 24-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 83 u 2 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 24-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 83 u 3 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 24-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 83 u 5 UK LRG 10/29/04 1999 24-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 83 u 9 UK LRG 10/29/04 1999 29-Jun-99 RR CS RJH CJ Y T 84 u 3 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 28-Jun-99 RR CS RJH CJ Y T 88 u 1 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 28-Jun-99 RR CS RJH CJ Y T 89 u 1 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 19-Jun-99 RR CG BZ GR TP KH 21-Jul-99 JN BZ GR TP KH 21-Jul-99 JN CJ Y T 92 u 1 BA LRG 10/29/04 CJ Y T 98 u 6 BA LRG 10/29/04 CJ Y T 100 u 13 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 1999 17 CJ Surface Metate Fragments Data yr date recordr BZ GR TP KH JN BZ GR TP KH JN BZ GR TP KH JN KS BZ KH GR CH KS BZ KH GR CH KS BZ KH GR CH KS BZ KH GR CH site Analy sis_gr Fea_typ Terr_g p e Fea_no rp Art_no Typ CJ Y T 100 u 14 BA LRG 10/29/04 CJ Y T 101 u 4 BA LRG 10/29/04 CJ Y T 101 u 5 BA LRG 10/29/04 CJ Y T 104 u 4 BA LRG 10/29/04 CJ Y T 104 u 20 BA LRG 10/29/04 CJ Y T 104 u 21 BA LRG 10/29/04 CJ Y T 104 u 6 SB LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 R107A on original field analysis form LRG 10/29/04 R107A on original field analysis form LRG 10/29/04 no_gro brok_w _s brok_lg d brok_th com_lg com_w d com_th any_lg any_wi d any_th volume brk_g com_g_l brk_wr_ com_wr_d pt _lg g brk_g_wd com_g_wd d mat dep_cnxt wear notes qc_d 1999 21-Jul-99 1999 21-Jul-99 1999 21-Jul-99 2000 7-Jun-00 2000 7-Jun-00 2000 7-Jun-00 2000 7-Jun-00 1999 23-Jul-99 MC RJH GR CJ Y T 107 u 1 BA 1999 23-Jul-99 MC RJH GR CJ Y R 107.1 u 1 BA 1999 23-Jul-99 MC RJH GR CJ Y R 107.1 u 2 BA 1999 23-Jul-99 MC RJH GR CJ Y T 108 u 5 BA LRG 10/29/04 2000 5-Jun-00 KS JZ KH GR CJ Y T 111 u 1 BA LRG 10/29/04 2000 5-Jun-00 KS JZ KH GR CJ Y T 112 u 4 UK LRG 10/29/04 2000 5-Jun-00 KS JZ KH GR CJ Y T 112 u 5 UK LRG 10/29/04 2000 5-Jun-00 KS JZ KH GR CJ Y T 112 u 1 BA 2000 5-Jun-00 KS JZ KH GR CJ Y T 113 u 3 BA 2000 5-Jun-00 KS JZ KH GR CJ Y T 113 u 4 BA LRG 10/29/04 2000 5-Jun-00 KS JZ KH GR CJ Y T 113 u 1 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 19-Jul-99 GR JN KH TP CJ Y T 114 u 8 BA 1999 19-Jul-99 GR JN KH TP CJ Y R 114.2 u 2 BA 1999 19-Jul-99 GR JN KH TP CJ Y R 114.2 u 3 BA 1999 19-Jul-99 GR JN KH TP CJ Y T 115 u 10 BA 1999 19-Jul-99 GR JN KH TP CJ Y T 115.1 u 3 BA LRG 10/29/04 T115A on original field analysis form LRG 10/29/04 2000 5-Jun-00 KS JZ KH GR CJ Y T 116 u 5 BA LRG 10/29/04 2000 6-Jun-00 KS JZ KH GR CJ Y T 120 u 15 BA LRG 10/29/04 2000 5-Jun-00 KS JZ KH GR CJ Y T 124 u 4 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 19-Jul-99 GR JN KH TP CJ Y T 125 u 3 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 19-Jul-99 GR JN KH TP CJ Y T 125 u 5 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 19-Jul-99 GR JN KH TP CJ Y T 125 u 18 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 19-Jul-99 GR JN KH TP CJ Y T 127 u 7 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 19-Jul-99 GR JN KH TP CJ Y T 127 u 10 BA LRG 10/29/04 NISP=2 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 hole ground through bottom LRG 10/29/04 R114B on original field analysis form LRG 10/29/04 R114B on original field analysis form LRG 10/29/04 18 CJ Surface Metate Fragments Data yr date recordr site Analy sis_gr Fea_typ Terr_g p e Fea_no rp Art_no Typ no_gro brok_w _s brok_lg d brok_th com_lg com_w d com_th any_lg any_wi d any_th volume brk_g com_g_l brk_wr_ com_wr_d pt _lg g brk_g_wd com_g_wd d mat dep_cnxt wear notes qc_d 1999 19-Jul-99 GR JN KH TP CJ Y T 127 u 26 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 17-Jul-99 KH GR RR CJ Y T 128 u 2 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 19-Jul-99 GR JN KH TP CJ Y T 128 u 9 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 17-Jul-99 KH GR RR CJ Y T 129 u 1 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 19-Jul-99 KH GR RR CJ Y T 129 u 6 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 23-Jul-99 MC RJH GR CJ Y T 131 u 22 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 23-Jul-99 MC RJH GR CJ Y T 131 u 23 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 24-Jul-99 TP BM CM CJ Y T 132 u 4 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 24-Jul-99 TP BM CM CJ Y T 132 u 6 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 24-Jul-99 TP BM CM CJ Y T 133 u 1 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 24-Jul-99 TP BM CM CJ Y T 134 u 6 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 24-Jul-99 TP BM CM CJ Y T 134 u 1 SB 1999 24-Jul-99 TP BM CM CJ Y T 134 u 11 UK 1999 17-Jul-99 KH GR RR CJ Y T 135 u 1 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 17-Jul-99 KH GR RR CJ Y T 136 u 5 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 20-Jul-99 GR JN KH TP CJ Y T 136 u 14 BA 1999 20-Jul-99 GR JN KH TP CJ Y R 136.1 u 10 UK LRG 10/29/04 T136A on original field analysis form LRG 10/29/04 1999 20-Jul-99 GR JN KH TP CJ Y T 139 u 9 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 17-Jul-99 KH GR RR CJ Y T 140 u 3 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 20-Jul-99 GR JN KH TP CJ Y T 140 u 7 BA 1999 17-Jul-99 KH GR RR CJ Y T 140.1 u 2 BA LRG 10/29/04 T140A on original field analysis form LRG 10/29/04 1999 17-Jul-99 KH GR RR CJ Y R 142 u 2 BA 1999 17-Jul-99 KH GR RR CJ Y R 142 u 1 BA 1999 17-Jul-99 KH GR RR CJ Y T 146 u 3 BA 1999 17-Jul-99 KH GR RR CJ Y T 147 u 1 BA CJ Y T 149 u 11 BA LRG 10/29/04 CJ Y T 150 u 14 BA LRG 10/29/04 CJ Y T 150 u 16 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 very fine grade material LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 talus slope *collected #541, exotic material 2 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 1999 BZ GR TP KH 21-Jul-99 JN BZ GR TP KH 21-Jul-99 JN BZ GR TP KH 21-Jul-99 JN CJ Y T 150 u 15 SB 1999 24-Jul-99 TP BM CM CJ Y T 152 u 4 BA 1999 17-Jul-99 KH GR RR CJ Y T 153 u 2 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 17-Jul-99 KH GR RR CJ Y T 155 u 2 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 1999 LRG 10/29/04 1 31.0 29.0 8.0 31.0 29.0 8.0 7192 21.0 16.0 5.5 LB TS H LRG 10/29/04 19 CJ Surface Metate Fragments Data yr date 1999 recordr site Analy sis_gr Fea_typ Terr_g p e Fea_no rp Art_no Typ CJ Y T 155 u CJ Y T CJ Y T CJ Y no_gro brok_w _s brok_lg d brok_th com_lg com_w d com_th any_lg any_wi d any_th volume brk_g com_g_l brk_wr_ com_wr_d pt _lg g brk_g_wd com_g_wd d mat dep_cnxt wear notes qc_d 4 BA LRG 10/29/04 155 u 7 BA LRG 10/29/04 155 u 12 BA LRG 10/29/04 T 155 u 9 SB 1999 17-Jul-99 KH GR RR BZ GR TP KH 21-Jul-99 JN BZ GR TP KH 21-Jul-99 JN BZ GR TP KH 21-Jul-99 JN 1999 BZ GR TP KH 21-Jul-99 JN CJ Y T 156 u 8 BA 1999 17-Jul-99 KH GR RR CJ Y T 158 u 1 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 17-Jul-99 KH GR RR 1999 1999 hole in center,only 1/2 of it present LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 CJ Y T 159 u 2 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 3-Jul-99 RR CJ Y T 160 u 2 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 3-Jul-99 RR CJ Y T 160 u 4 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 3-Jul-99 RR CJ Y T 160 u 7 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 3-Jul-99 RR CJ Y T 160 u 9 BA LRG 10/29/04 orange/pink rhyolite; slight convexity LRG 10/29/04 1999 3-Jul-99 RR CJ Y T 160 u 11 BA 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CJ Y T 161 u 4 BA LRG 10/29/04 2-Jul-99 RR 1999 RH CJ Y T 161 u 5 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 24-Jul-99 TP BM CM CJ Y T 161 u 8 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 24-Jul-99 TP BM CM CJ Y T 161 u 13 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 24-Jul-99 TP BM CM CJ Y T 161 u 14 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 3-Jul-99 RR CJ Y T 162 u 1 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 24-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 164 u 2 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 24-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 164 u 1 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 26-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 165 u 1 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 26-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 165 u 6 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 26-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 165 u 7 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 26-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 165 u 15 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 26-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 166 u 15 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 26-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 166 u 16 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 26-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 166 u 24 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 26-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 166 u 10 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 26-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 166 u 21 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 26-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 167 u 5 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 26-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 167 u 15 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CJ Y T 168 u 1 BA LRG 10/29/04 20 CJ Surface Metate Fragments Data yr date recordr site Analy sis_gr Fea_typ Terr_g p e Fea_no rp Art_no Typ no_gro brok_w _s brok_lg d brok_th com_lg com_w d com_th any_lg any_wi d any_th volume brk_g com_g_l brk_wr_ com_wr_d pt _lg g brk_g_wd com_g_wd d mat dep_cnxt wear notes qc_d 4 BA LRG 10/29/04 168 u 8 BA LRG 10/29/04 168 u 10 BA LRG 10/29/04 T 168 u 11 BA LRG 10/29/04 T 168 u 12 BA LRG 10/29/04 Y T 169 u 4 BA LRG 10/29/04 Y T 170 u 2 BA LRG 10/29/04 CJ Y T 170 u 4 BA LRG 10/29/04 CJ Y T 171 u 2 BA LRG 10/29/04 2-Jul-99 RR CJ Y T 172 u 3 BA LRG 10/29/04 2-Jul-99 RR CJ Y T 172 u 4 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CJ Y T 172 u 11 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CJ Y T 172 u 2 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CJ Y T 172 u 6 UK LRG 10/29/04 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CJ Y T 173 u 2 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CJ Y T 173 u 3 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CJ Y T 173 u 4 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 174 u 7 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 174 u 13 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 174 u 16 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 174 u 17 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 174 u 18 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 174 u 20 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 174 u 26 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 174 u 36 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 174 u 1 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 174 u 35 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 175 u 3 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 175 u 8 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 175 u 9 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 175 u 11 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 175 u 13 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 175 u 20 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 175 u 4 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CJ Y T 168 u 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CJ Y T 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CJ Y T 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CJ Y 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CJ Y 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CJ 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CJ 1999 2-Jul-99 RR 1999 2-Jul-99 RR 1999 1999 21 CJ Surface Metate Fragments Data yr date 1999 recordr 23-Jun-99 RR CG site Analy sis_gr Fea_typ Terr_g p e Fea_no rp Art_no Typ CJ Y T 175 u no_gro brok_w _s brok_lg d brok_th com_lg com_w d com_th any_lg any_wi d any_th volume brk_g com_g_l brk_wr_ com_wr_d pt _lg g brk_g_wd com_g_wd d mat dep_cnxt wear notes qc_d 14 SB LRG 10/29/04 coll. 7/99; ck field notes for D.C.; natural flat surface; no shaping LRG 10/29/04 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 175 u 12 SB 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 176 u 1 BA 1 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 176.1 u 5 BA 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 176.1 u 2 SB LRG 10/29/04 T176A on original field analysis form LRG 10/29/04 T176A on original field analysis form LRG 10/29/04 1999 17-Jul-99 CJ Y T 177 u 1 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 183 u 1 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 183 u 9 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 183 u 10 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 183 u 11 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 185 u 4 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 187 u 3 BA LRG 10/29/04 CJ Y T 188 u 9 SB LRG 10/29/04 added to database from original field analysis form by LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 added to database from original field analysis form by LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 32.0 23.0 9.0 32.0 23.0 9.0 6624 24.3 13.5 LB L 2000 RJH JN RJ JB 5-Jun-00 CH 2000 RJH JN RJ JB 5-Jun-00 CH CJ Y T 188 u 4 BA 2000 RJH JN RJ JB 5-Jun-00 CH CJ Y T 188 u 6 UK 1999 CJ Y T 189 u 6 BA 1999 CJ Y T 189 u 14 BA 1999 CJ Y T 191.1 u 11 BA 1999 CJ Y T 191.1 u 4 BA 1999 CJ Y T 191.1 u 5 BA 1999 CJ Y T 191.1 u 19 BA 1999 CJ Y T 192 u 3 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 192 u 25 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 192 u 26 BA LRG 10/29/04 possible stone bowl possible stone bowl fragment; T191A on original field analysis form T191A on original field analysis form T191A on original field analysis form T191A on original field analysis form LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 22 CJ Surface Metate Fragments Data yr date 1999 recordr site Analy sis_gr Fea_typ Terr_g p e Fea_no rp Art_no Typ CJ Y T 192 u 6 BA no_gro brok_w _s brok_lg d brok_th com_lg com_w d com_th any_lg any_wi d any_th volume brk_g com_g_l brk_wr_ com_wr_d pt _lg g brk_g_wd com_g_wd d mat RH dep_cnxt wear notes qc_d rhyolite T193A on original field analysis form T193A on original field analysis form T193A on original field analysis form T193A on original field analysis form LRG 10/29/04 1999 17-Jul-99 CJ Y T 193.1 u 6 BA 1999 17-Jul-99 CJ Y T 193.1 u 7 BA 1999 17-Jul-99 CJ Y T 193.1 u 8 BA 1999 17-Jul-99 CJ Y T 193.1 u 11 BA 1999 CJ Y T 194 u 14 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 194 u 17 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 194 u 19 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 194 u 20 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 194 u 33 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 195 u 7 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 195 u 10 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 196 u 1 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 197 u 4 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 197 u 10 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 197 u 15 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 198 u 6 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 198 u 20 BA 1999 CJ Y T 198 u 10 BA LRG 10/29/04 could be bowl frag. LRG 10/29/04 4 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 17-Jul-99 CJ Y T 202 u 1999 17-Jul-99 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 CJ Y T 203 u 1 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 204 u 11 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 204 u 12 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 205 u 2 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 206 u 2 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 206 u 13 BA 1999 CJ Y T 207.1 u 3 BA 1999 17-Jul-99 CJ Y T 207.2 u 5 BA 1999 17-Jul-99 CJ Y T 207.2 u 7 BA 1999 17-Jul-99 CJ Y T 207.2 u 9 BA T207A on original field analysis form T207B on original field analysis form T207B on original field analysis form T207B on original field analysis form LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 23 CJ Surface Metate Fragments Data yr date recordr site Analy sis_gr Fea_typ Terr_g p e Fea_no rp Art_no Typ no_gro brok_w _s brok_lg d brok_th com_lg com_w d com_th any_wi d any_th volume brk_g com_g_l brk_wr_ com_wr_d pt _lg g brk_g_wd com_g_wd d mat 1999 17-Jul-99 CJ Y T 207.3 u 1 BA notes qc_d T207C on original field analysis form LRG 10/29/04 1999 17-Jul-99 CJ Y T 209 u 2 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 17-Jul-99 CJ Y T 210 u 4 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 17-Jul-99 CJ Y T 210 u 8 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 17-Jul-99 CJ Y T 210 u 9 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 17-Jul-99 CJ Y T 210 u 12 UK LRG 10/29/04 1999 15-Jul-99 CJM BH CJ Y T 211 u 1 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 15-Jul-99 CJM BH CJ Y T 211 u 23 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 15-Jul-99 CJM BH CJ Y T 211 u 29 SB 1999 15-Jul-99 CJM BH CJ Y T 211 u 13 BA LRG 10/29/04 other side used as mano LRG 10/29/04 1999 15-Jul-99 CJM BH CJ Y T 212 u 2 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 15-Jul-99 CJM BH CJ Y T 212 u 10 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 215 u 4 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 215 u 6 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 215 u 8 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 215 u 11 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 215 u 12 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 215 u 13 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 215 u 19 BA 1999 CJ Y T 215.1 u 1 BA LRG 10/29/04 T215A on original field analysis form LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 216 u 1 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 216 u 10 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 216 u 11 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 any_lg dep_cnxt wear CJ Y T 216 u 12 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 17-Jul-99 GF CJ Y T 217 u 20 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 17-Jul-99 GF CJ Y T 217 u 23 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 17-Jul-99 GF CJ Y T 217 u 28 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 17-Jul-99 GF CJ Y T 217 u 41 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 17-Jul-99 GF CJ Y T 218 u 15 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 17-Jul-99 GF CJ Y T 218 u 8 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 17-Jul-99 GF CJ Y T 218 u 10 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 17-Jul-99 GF CJ Y T 219 u 2 BA LRG 10/29/04 CJ Y T 220 u 8 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 24 CJ Surface Metate Fragments Data site Analy sis_gr Fea_typ Terr_g p e Fea_no rp Art_no Typ 1999 CJ Y T 220 u 1999 CJ Y R 1999 CJ Y R 1999 CJ Y 1999 CJ Y 1999 CJ 1999 CJ 1999 1999 yr date recordr no_gro brok_w _s brok_lg d brok_th com_lg com_w d com_th any_lg any_wi d any_th volume brk_g com_g_l brk_wr_ com_wr_d pt _lg g brk_g_wd com_g_wd d mat dep_cnxt wear notes qc_d 15 BA LRG 10/29/04 222 u 9 BA LRG 10/29/04 222 u 10 BA LRG 10/29/04 R 222 u 11 BA LRG 10/29/04 R 222 u 13 BA LRG 10/29/04 Y R 222 u 20 BA LRG 10/29/04 Y R 222 u 22 BA LRG 10/29/04 CJ Y R 222 u 23 BA LRG 10/29/04 CJ Y T 223 u 11 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 223 u 28 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 226 u 1 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 226 u 2 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y R 228 u 4 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y R 228 u 5 BA 1999 CJ Y T 230.1 u 3 BA 1999 CJ Y T 230.1 u 10 BA 1999 CJ Y T 230.1 u 13 BA 1999 CJ Y T 230.1 u 20 BA 1999 CJ Y T 231 u 30 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 233 u 2 UK LRG 10/29/04 T230A on orginal field analysis form T230A on orginal field analysis form T230A on orginal field analysis form T230A on orginal field analysis form LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 1999 16-Jul-99 GF CJ Y T 234 u 10 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 16-Jul-99 GF CJ Y T 234 u 16 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 16-Jul-99 GF CJ Y T 234 u 18 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 16-Jul-99 GF CJ Y T 234 u 24 BA 1999 16-Jul-99 GF CJ Y R 234.1 u 8 BA 1999 16-Jul-99 GF CJ Y R 234.1 u 9 BA 1999 16-Jul-99 GF CJ Y R 234.1 u 14 BA 1999 16-Jul-99 GF CJ Y R 234.1 u 5 UK 1999 16-Jul-99 CJM BH CJ Y T 235 u 2 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 13-Jul-99 CJM BH CJ Y T 237 u 3 BA LRG 10/29/04 R234A on original field analysis form R234A on original field analysis form R234A on original field analysis form R234A on original field analysis form LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 25 CJ Surface Metate Fragments Data yr date recordr site Analy sis_gr Fea_typ Terr_g p e Fea_no rp Art_no Typ no_gro brok_w _s brok_lg d brok_th com_lg com_w d com_th any_lg any_wi d any_th volume brk_g com_g_l brk_wr_ com_wr_d pt _lg g brk_g_wd com_g_wd d mat dep_cnxt wear notes qc_d 1999 16-Jul-99 CJM BH CJ Y T 238 u 9 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 16-Jul-99 CJM BH CJ Y T 238 u 10 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 16-Jul-99 CJM BH CJ Y T 243 u 11 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 248 u 11 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 248 u 9 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 253 u 11 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 254 u 6 UK LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 256 u 10 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 13-Jul-99 CJM BH CJ Y T 257 u 4 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 13-Jul-99 CJM BH CJ Y T 260 u 5 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 13-Jul-99 CJM BH CJ Y T 260 u 6 BA 1999 13-Jul-99 CJM BH CJ Y T 260 u 1 BA LRG 10/29/04 upper edge of grinding surface sharp angle lut--(cannot read field notes) LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 261 u 1 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 264 u 2 BA 1999 CJ Y T 264 u 3 BA 1999 CJ Y T 267 u 3 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 268 u 2 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 269 u 4 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 270 u 8 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 271 u 14 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 271 u 17 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 271 u 19 BA LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 RH rh material LRG 10/29/04 1999 30-Jun-99 CG RR CJ Y T 273 u 6 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 30-Jun-99 CG RR CJ Y T 273 u 4 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 30-Jun-99 CG RR CJ Y T 273 u 5 SB LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 274 u 5 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 275 u 3 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 275 u 4 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 275 u 5 BA LRG 10/29/04 1999 CJ Y T 275 u 8 BA LRG 10/29/04 2000 6-Jun-00 KS JZ KH GR CJ Y R 286 u 2 BA LRG 10/29/04 2000 6-Jun-00 KS JZ KH GR CJ Y R 286 u 1 UK LRG 10/29/04 26 CJ Surface Metate Fragments Data yr date recordr 1999 site Analy sis_gr Fea_typ Terr_g p e Fea_no rp Art_no Typ CJ Y T 289 u 4 BA LRG 10/29/04 no_gro brok_w _s brok_lg d brok_th com_lg com_w d com_th any_lg any_wi d any_th volume brk_g com_g_l brk_wr_ com_wr_d pt _lg g brk_g_wd com_g_wd d mat dep_cnxt wear notes qc_d 2000 6-Jun-00 KS JZ KH GR CJ Y T 290 u 4 BA LRG 10/29/04 2000 6-Jun-00 KS JZ KH GR CJ Y T 294 u 3 BA LRG 10/29/04 2000 6-Jun-00 KS JZ KH GR CJ Y T 294 u 5 BA LRG 10/29/04 2000 6-Jun-00 KS JZ KH GR CJ Y T 295 u 1 BA LRG 10/29/04 2000 6-Jun-00 KS JZ KH GR CJ Y T 295 u 2 BA LRG 10/29/04 CJ Y T 296 u 25 BA LRG 10/29/04 CJ Y T 297 u 2 BA LRG 10/29/04 CJ Y T 297 u 5 BA LRG 10/29/04 CJ Y T 297 u 8 BA LRG 10/29/04 CJ Y T 297 u 23 BA LRG 10/29/04 CJ Y T 297 u 21 UK CJ Y T 297 u 4 BA CJ Y T 298 u 1 BA 1999 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 RJH JN RJ JB 6-Jun-00 CH RJH JN RJ JB 6-Jun-00 CH RJH JN RJ JB 6-Jun-00 CH RJH JN RJ JB 6-Jun-00 CH RJH JN RJ JB 6-Jun-00 CH used after broken; slab on other…? LRG 10/29/04 2000 RJH JN RJ JB 6-Jun-00 CH RJH JN RJ JB 6-Jun-00 CH 2000 RJH JN RJ JB 5-Jun-00 CH CJ Y T 299.2 u 2 BA 2000 RJH JN RJ JB 6-Jun-00 CH CJ Y T 299.3 u 7 BA 2000 RJH JN RJ JB 6-Jun-00 CH CJ Y T 299.3 u 9 BA 2000 RJH JN RJ JB 6-Jun-00 CH CJ Y T 301.2 u 6 SB CJ Y T 301.4 u 4 BA CJ Y T 305 u 5 BA LRG 10/29/04 CJ Y T 312 u 1 BA LRG 10/29/04 CJ Y T 312 u 6 SB LRG 10/29/04 CJ Y T 314 u 1 SB LRG 10/29/04 Hole 15cm long 9 (collected); given surface collection # 735 LRG 10/29/04 2000 2000 RJH JN RJ JB 6-Jun-00 CH RJH JN RJ JB 6-Jun-00 CH RJH JN RJ JB 6-Jun-00 CH RJH JN RJ JB 6-Jun-00 CH RJH JN RJ JB 6-Jun-00 CH 2000 RJH JN RJ JB 5-Jun-00 CH 2000 2000 2000 2000 CJ Y T 320 u 3 BA 1999 22-Jun-99 JR RR CJ Y T 537 u 1 SB 1999 22-Jun-99 JR RR CJ Y T 539.1 u 4 BA 1999 22-Jun-99 JR RR CJ Y T 539.1 u 1 SB 1999 22-Jun-99 JR RR CJ Y T 539.2 u 5 BA T299B on original field analysis form T299C on original field analysis form T299C on original field analysis form T301B on original field analysis form T301D on original field analysis form LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 LRG 10/29/04 T539A on original field analysis form LRG 10/29/04 T539A on original field analysis form LRG 10/29/04 T539B on original field analysis form LRG 10/29/04 27 CJ Surface Metate Fragments Data yr date recordr site Analy sis_gr Fea_typ Terr_g p e Fea_no rp Art_no Typ no_gro brok_w _s brok_lg d brok_th com_lg com_w d com_th any_lg any_wi d any_th volume brk_g com_g_l brk_wr_ com_wr_d pt _lg g brk_g_wd com_g_wd d mat dep_cnxt wear notes qc_d 5 BA LRG 10/29/04 1001 u 8 BA LRG 10/29/04 1001 u 11 BA LRG 10/29/04 T 1001 u 15 BA LRG 10/29/04 T 1001 u 16 BA LRG 10/29/04 Y T 1001 u 6 SB LRG 10/29/04 Y T 1004 u 2 BA LRG 10/29/04 CJ Y T 1004 u 4 SB LRG 10/29/04 CJ Y T 1008 u 3 BA LRG 10/29/04 22-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 1008 u 5 BA 19-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y ISO 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CJ Y T 1001 u 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CJ Y T 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CJ Y T 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CJ Y 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CJ Y 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CJ 1999 22-Jun-99 RR CG CJ 1999 22-Jun-99 RR CG 1999 22-Jun-99 RR CG 1999 1999 2 BA LRG 10/29/04 OT LRG 10/29/04 28 Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 13.1d CJ Surface Complete Manos Typ9 Typ10 Analy sis_gr no_ end_ lng_ thk_c Thk_ Leng_W p Plan One_two gr_s grd cm wid_cm m Wid id area dep_ cnxt wear curatio labsam pl n notes year date recorder Site Art_n Fea_type Fea_no o Typ 1999 July 1 RR CG RJ CJ T 2.0 3 CV CV CV_lg N OV one_hand 2 Y 14.5 10.5 3.0 0.29 1.38 152.3 Gr FS H LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 June 29 RR CG CJ BR 2.0 4 CV CV CV_sm N Ir one_hand 2 N 9.5 9.0 3.5 0.39 1.06 85.5 Lb FS M LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 July 1 RR CG RJ CJ BR 3.0 2 OT OT_UK OT_UK N Ir one_hand 2 N 7.5 6.0 2.5 0.42 1.25 45.0 Lb FS L LRG 10/25 & small gr. stone 10/28/2004 mat qc_d 1999 June 29 RR CG CJ T 4.0 28 OT OT_UK OT_UK N TR one_hand 2 N 7.0 4.5 2.7 0.60 1.56 31.5 Rh FS M v. small stone, side 2 same as LRG 10/25 & S1 10/28/2004 1999 June 15 CG KS RR CJ T 6.0 16 FL FL FL N Ci one_hand 1 N 12.0 12.0 4.0 0.33 1.00 144.0 Lb TS M LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 June 15 CG KS RR CJ T 8.0 2 CV CV CV_lg N OV one_hand 1 Y 11.0 7.0 6.5 0.93 1.57 77.0 Lb FS L LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 July 1 RR CG RJ CJ T 12.0 4 CV CV CV_lg N OV one_hand 2 N 11.5 10.0 3.0 0.30 1.15 115.0 Lb TS H LRG 10/25 & slightly convex 10/28/2004 1999 June 15 CG KS RR CJ T 17.0 3 CV CV CV_sm N Ir one_hand 1 N 9.5 7.5 6.0 0.80 1.27 71.3 Lb TS M LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 June 18 RR CG CJ T 31.0 11 CV CV CV_lg N OV two_hand 2 N 15.5 10.0 5.0 0.50 1.55 155.0 Lb FS M 1999 June 21 RR CG CJ T 32.0 1 CV CV CV_lg N RC one_hand 2 Y 12.0 9.0 2.5 0.28 1.33 108.0 Lb FS M LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 June 21 RR CG CJ T 32.0 22 CV CV CV_lg N RC one_hand 2 N 12.0 10.0 4.0 0.40 1.20 120.0 Lb FS M LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 June 21 RR CG CJ T 32.0 26 CV CV CV_lg N OV one_hand 1 N 11.0 9.5 3.5 0.37 1.16 104.5 Lb FS H LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 June 28 RR CG CJ T 33.0 3 CV CV CV_sm N Ir one_hand 1 N 9.5 6.5 3.5 0.54 1.46 61.8 Lb FS H reciprocal H changed frm Cy to Ci plan due to crew error - LRG 10/25 & rjh 11/16/04 10/28/2004 1999 June 28 RR CG CJ T 34.0 5 FL FL FL N Ci one_hand 2 Y 11.5 11.5 3.5 0.30 1.00 132.3 Rh FS M1 T284 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1 CJ Surface Complete Manos Typ9 Typ10 Analy sis_gr no_ end_ lng_ thk_c Thk_ Leng_W p Plan One_two gr_s grd cm wid_cm m Wid id area dep_ cnxt wear curatio labsam pl n notes year date recorder Site Art_n Fea_type Fea_no o Typ 1999 June 18 RR CG CJ T 35.0 8 CV CV CV_sm N Ci one_hand 2 N 7.5 7.5 3.5 0.47 1.00 56.3 Lb TS L 1999 June 18 RR CG CJ T 37.0 5 FL FL FL N Ci one_hand 2 N 12.5 9.5 3.0 0.32 1.32 118.8 Lb TS H 1999 June 18 RR CG CJ T 38.2 21 FL FL FL N OV one_hand 2 Y 13.0 9.0 4.0 0.44 1.44 117.0 Lb FS M 1999 June 15 CG KS RR CJ T 38.2 9 FL FL FL N Ir one_hand 2 Y 14.0 10.5 4.0 0.38 1.33 147.0 Lb FS M 1999 June 18 RR CG CJ T 41.0 5 FL FL FL N Ci one_hand 1 Y 13.5 12.0 4.5 0.38 1.13 162.0 Lb TS M LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 July 23 RJH GR MCCJ T 45.0 9 FL FL FL N Ir one_hand 1 N 13.5 6.0 7.5 1.25 2.25 81.0 Lb TS L LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 2000 July 21 June 15 BZ JN KH CJ CG KS RR CJ T T 48.0 53.0 14 3 FL FL FL FL FL FL N N Ci RC one_hand one_hand 2 N 2 N 12.0 12.0 10.5 12.0 3.0 5.0 0.29 0.42 1.14 126.0 Lb 1.00 144.0 Lb TS TS M M 1999 June 15 CG KS RR CJ T 53.0 3 FL FL FL N RC one_hand 2 N 12.0 12.0 5.0 0.42 1.00 144.0 Lb TS M 1999 June 29 RR CG CJ T 78.1 3 CV CV CV_lg N UK one_hand 2 N 12.0 9.0 4.0 0.44 1.33 108.0 Lb WA M top gr. 8x5cm; T78A on original field LRG 10/25 & analysis form 10/28/2004 1999 June 18 RR CG CJ T 83.0 10 UK OT_UK OT_UK N Ir one_hand 1 N 13.0 10.0 1.30 130.0 Lb TS L cobble, UK 11/8/04 rjh 1999 June 28 RR CG RJ CJ T 88.0 2 FL FL FL N Ci one_hand 2 Y 11.5 11.5 4.0 0.35 1.00 132.3 Rh FS H LRG 10/25 & record slight L 10/28/2004 1999 June 28 RR CG RJ CJ T 88.0 4 FL FL FL N UK one_hand 1 Y 14.0 12.0 3.5 0.29 1.17 168.0 Rh FS H LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 June 15 CG KS RR CJ T 93.0 2 FL FL FL N OV one_hand 1 Y 12.0 11.0 4.0 0.36 1.09 132.0 Lb TS M LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 2000 June 7 KS GR BZ CJ T 97.0 5 CV CV CV_lg N Ci two_hand 2 N 15.5 14.5 8.5 0.59 1.07 224.8 Lb TS L LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 July 21 BZ JN KH CJ T 102.0 3 CV CV CV_sm N Ir one_hand 1 N 9.0 8.0 4.0 0.50 1.13 72.0 Lb FS L LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 2000 June 7 KS GR BZ CJ T 104.0 7 FL FL FL N Ir one_hand 2 Y 14.0 12.0 3.5 0.29 1.17 168.0 Lb FS M LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 mat qc_d LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 drawn T38B on original field analysis form. FL/CV T38B on original field analysis form LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 2 CJ Surface Complete Manos Typ9 Typ10 Analy sis_gr no_ end_ lng_ thk_c Thk_ Leng_W p Plan One_two gr_s grd cm wid_cm m Wid id area dep_ cnxt wear curatio labsam pl n notes year date recorder Site Art_n Fea_type Fea_no o Typ 2000 June 7 KS GR BZ CJ T 104.0 9 FL FL FL N OV two_hand 2 N 15.5 13.0 6.0 0.46 1.19 201.5 Lb TS L LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 July 23 RJH GR MCCJ T 108.0 7 CV CV CV_lg N RC two_hand 1 N 17.5 14.0 9.5 0.68 1.25 245.0 Lb TS L LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 2000 June 5 KS GR JZ CJ T 109.0 3 FL FL FL N Ci one_hand 2 N 14.0 13.5 4.0 0.30 1.04 189.0 Lb FS H H on one side; LRG 10/25 & L on one side. 10/28/2004 2000 June 5 KS GR JZ CJ T 113.0 10 FL FL FL N Ci one_hand 1 N 12.0 11.0 5.0 0.45 1.09 132.0 Lb TS L LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 2000 June 5 KS GR JZ CJ T 113.0 6 FL FL FL N OV one_hand 2 N 12.5 11.0 5.0 0.45 1.14 137.5 Lb FS M LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 2000 June 5 KS GR JZ CJ T 120.1 8 FL FL FL N Ci one_hand 1 N 7.0 7.0 4.5 0.64 1.00 49.0 Lb FS M 2000 June 6 KS GR JZ CJ R 121.0 3 FL FL FL N RC two_hand 2 Y 17.5 10.0 4.5 0.45 1.75 175.0 Rh FS H LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 2000 June 6 KS GR JZ CJ T 122.0 4 CV CV CV_sm N OV one_hand 2 N 9.5 8.5 4.5 0.53 1.12 80.8 Lb TS M LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 July 19 GR KH JN CJ T 125.0 8 CV CV CV_lg N Ci one_hand 2 N 11.0 9.0 5.0 0.56 1.22 99.0 Lb TS L 1999 July 17 KH GR RR CJ T 127.0 6 FL FL FL N OV one_hand 2 N 14.0 11.0 3.5 0.32 1.27 154.0 Lb FS M LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 July 19 GR KH JN CJ T 128.0 11 CV CV CV_lg N Ci one_hand 2 Y 11.0 10.0 5.0 0.50 1.10 110.0 Lb TS M LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 July 19 GR KH JN CJ T 129.0 7 CV CV CV_lg N Ir one_hand 1 N 12.0 9.0 7.0 0.78 1.33 108.0 Lb TS M LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 July 23 RJH GR MCCJ T 131.0 19 FL FL FL N OV one_hand 2 N 12.0 11.5 4.5 0.39 1.04 138.0 Lb TS M med. wear on one side, light LRG 10/25 & on the other 10/28/2004 1999 July 24 TP BM CM CJ T 132.0 8 FL FL FL N Ir one_hand 2 N 12.0 8.0 6.0 0.75 1.50 96.0 Lb TS H LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 July 24 TP BM CM CJ T 133.0 12 CV CV CV_sm N Ir one_hand 2 Y 9.5 8.0 4.5 0.56 1.19 76.0 Lb TS H LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 July 20 GR KH JN CJ R 137.1 4 CV CV CV_lg N OV one_hand 1 Y 12.0 10.0 5.0 0.50 1.20 120.0 Lb FS M LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 July 17 KH GR RR CJ T 138.0 2 CV CV CV_lg N OV one_hand 1 N 14.0 10.0 3.0 0.30 1.40 140.0 Lb FS M LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 mat 120A on original field analysis form striations qc_d LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 3 CJ Surface Complete Manos Typ9 Typ10 Analy sis_gr no_ end_ lng_ thk_c Thk_ Leng_W p Plan One_two gr_s grd cm wid_cm m Wid id area dep_ cnxt wear curatio labsam pl n notes year date recorder Site Art_n Fea_type Fea_no o Typ 1999 July 21 BZ JN KH CJ T 140.0 5 CV CV CV_sm N OV one_hand 1 N 8.0 6.5 5.0 0.77 1.23 52.0 Lb FS L LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 July 17 KH GR RR CJ T 144.0 2 CV CV CV_sm N Ci one_hand 1 N 8.0 8.0 5.5 0.69 1.00 64.0 Lb TS M LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 June 18 RR CG CJ T 165.0 5 UK OT_UK OT_UK N Ir one_hand 2 N 11.0 9.0 2.5 0.28 1.22 99.0 Qz FS M LRG 10/25 & UK rjh 11/8/04 10/28/2004 1999 June 18 RR CG CJ T 166.0 4 CV CV CV_sm N Ir one_hand 1 N 9.5 8.0 3.0 0.38 1.19 76.0 Lb FS M 1999 July 2 RR CG RJ CJ T 172.0 12 CV CV CV_lg N OV one_hand 1 N 11.0 8.5 1.5 0.18 1.29 93.5 Lb TS M LRG 10/25 & metate 1 T 284 10/28/2004 edge shaped like "cerros LRG 10/25 & slab" 10/28/2004 1999 July 2 RR CG RJ CJ T 173.0 5 CV CV CV_lg N OV one_hand 1 N 12.0 11.0 4.0 0.36 1.09 132.0 Lb TS M LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 June 18 RR CG CJ T 174.0 19 CV CV CV_sm N Ci one_hand 2 N 9.5 8.5 4.0 0.47 1.12 80.8 Rh FS M LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 edges shaped & ground -why?; very flat - "hamburger" style; surf. pecked; see drawing; flat mano, doesn't fit any metates at Casa Martinez, but does fit flattish metate from T10, U6, L1; moved from "excavated mano" database by LRG 10/04; LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 random Artifact # = mat CG qc_d 1999 CJ T 175.0 2 FL FL FL N Ci one_hand 2 Y 13.0 12.7 4.9 0.39 1.02 165.1 Lb UK H 1999 CJ T 183.0 13 CV CV CV_lg N OV one_hand 1 Y 12.0 10.0 7.0 0.70 1.20 120.0 Rh FS H battered all over LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 CJ T 189.0 16 CV CV CV_sm N Ci one_hand Y 8.0 8.0 7.5 0.94 1.00 64.0 Lb FS H round like a softball LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 4 CJ Surface Complete Manos year date recorder Site Art_n Fea_type Fea_no o Typ Typ9 Typ10 Analy sis_gr no_ end_ lng_ thk_c Thk_ Leng_W p Plan One_two gr_s grd cm wid_cm m Wid id area mat dep_ cnxt wear curatio labsam pl n notes polished river cobble; 191A on original field analysis form qc_d LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 CJ T 191.1 10 CV CV CV_sm N Ir one_hand 1 Y 9.0 7.0 5.0 0.71 1.29 63.0 Rh TS M 1999 CJ T 192.0 19 CV CV CV_sm N OV one_hand 2 Y 9.0 8.0 3.5 0.44 1.13 72.0 Rh FS H LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 CJ T 194.0 7 CV CV CV_lg N OV one_hand 1 N 14.0 11.5 6.0 0.52 1.22 161.0 Lb FS M LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 CJ T 197.0 18 CV CV CV_sm N OV one_hand 1 Y 8.5 6.0 5.0 0.83 1.42 51.0 Rh TS L CJ T 200.0 11 CV CV CV_sm N Ci one_hand 2 Y 9.0 9.0 5.0 0.56 1.00 81.0 Lb TS H CJ T 207.1 7 CV CV CV_lg N OV one_hand 2 N 13.0 10.0 4.0 0.40 1.30 130.0 Lb FS H 1999 July 17 RJH CM 1999 unmodified river cobble LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 heavy on one side; 207A on original field analysis form LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 July 6 RJH CM CJ T 211.0 15 CV CV CV_lg N OV one_hand 1 N 13.5 10.5 5.0 0.48 1.29 141.8 Lb TS H 1999 July 13 CJM RJH CJ T 213.0 10 CV CV CV_lg N RC two_hand 2 Y 15.5 8.0 4.5 0.56 1.94 124.0 Lb TS M 1999 CJ T 215.0 15 CV CV CV_lg N Ir one_hand 1 N 11.5 8.5 5.5 0.65 1.35 97.8 Lb TS H LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 CJ T 216.0 5 CV CV CV_lg N OV one_hand 2 Y 13.5 12.0 4.0 0.33 1.13 162.0 Lb FS H LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 CJ T 217.0 24 CV CV CV_sm N OV one_hand 2 Y 8.5 7.5 4.0 0.53 1.13 63.8 Rh TS H 1 striation but relatively smoothy polished all LRG 10/25 & over 10/28/2004 1999 CJ T 220.0 17 FL FL FL N OV one_hand 2 Y 12.5 10.5 2.5 0.24 1.19 131.3 Lb TS H very slight convexity 1999 CJ T 223.0 10 CV CV CV_lg N Ci one_hand 1 Y 11.5 11.5 5.5 0.48 1.00 132.3 Lb TS H LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 CJ T 223.0 4 CV CV CV_lg N RC two_hand 3 Y 15.0 9.5 7.5 0.79 1.58 142.5 Lb TS H LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 CJ T 223.0 8 CV CV CV_lg N Ci one_hand 2 Y 12.5 12.5 4.5 0.36 1.00 156.3 Lb TS H LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 July 17 RJH CM other side flat rectangular LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 5 CJ Surface Complete Manos year date Art_n Fea_type Fea_no o Typ Typ9 Typ10 Analy sis_gr no_ end_ lng_ thk_c Thk_ Leng_W p Plan One_two gr_s grd cm wid_cm m Wid id area CJ T 231.0 25 CV CV CV_sm N OV one_hand 1 N 9.0 6.5 4.0 0.62 1.38 58.5 Rh TS M recorder Site 1999 mat dep_ cnxt wear curatio labsam pl n notes using small cobble as a mano qc_d LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 July 16 RJH CM CJ R 239.0 1 FL FL FL N Ci one_hand 2 Y 11.0 10.5 3.5 0.33 1.05 115.5 Lb TS H LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 July 16 RJH CM CJ T 240.0 5 FL FL FL N OV one_hand 1 Y 9.0 6.5 4.0 0.62 1.38 58.5 Lb TS H LRG 10/25 & slight convexity 10/28/2004 1999 CJ T 252.0 7 CV CV CV_lg N OV one_hand 1 Y 10.0 9.0 3.5 0.39 1.11 90.0 Lb FS H LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 CJ T 253.0 4 CV CV CV_lg N OV one_hand 2 Y 13.0 9.0 4.0 0.44 1.44 117.0 Lb FS H LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 CJ T 256.0 1 CV CV CV_lg N Ci two_hand 1 N 17.0 17.5 4.0 0.23 0.97 297.5 Lb FS H 1999 CJ T 261.0 2 OT OT_UK OT_UK N Ir one_hand 2 Y 5.5 5.5 3.0 0.55 1.00 30.3 Rh FS L 1999 CJ T 270.0 10 CV CV CV_sm N Ir one_hand 1 N 7.0 6.0 2.5 0.42 1.17 42.0 Lb TS M LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 CJ T 271.0 15 CV CV CV_lg N Ci one_hand 1 Y 12.5 11.5 8.5 0.74 1.09 143.8 Lb TS H LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 July 6 RJH CM pronounced convexity, large width (492) changed from CV to OT rjh 11/7/04 due to small size LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 June 29 RR CG CJ T 273.0 3 CV CV CV_lg N UK one_hand 2 N 13.0 9.5 7.5 0.79 1.37 123.5 Lb FS M top gr 6x5 2000 June 6 KS GR JZ CJ T 287.0 5 FL FL FL N Ci one_hand 1 Y 8.0 7.0 5.0 0.71 1.14 56.0 Rh FS M Some LRG 10/25 & pecking…edge 10/28/2004 6 CJ Surface Complete Manos Art_n Fea_type Fea_no o Typ Typ9 Typ10 Analy sis_gr no_ end_ lng_ thk_c Thk_ Leng_W p Plan One_two gr_s grd cm wid_cm m Wid id area 1999 CJ T 287.0 61 CV CV CV_lg N OV one_hand 2 Y 13.1 10.5 5.1 0.49 1.25 137.6 Lb UK H curatio labsam pl n notes qc_d other side flat with heavy wear; edges shaped; heavy grinding on ends; appropriate for use with basin metate; analyzed @CAR 10/19/04 by RJH & LRG; moved from "excavated mano" database by LRG 10/04; Artifact # = Bag LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 CAR random # 1999 CJ T 291.0 2 FL FL FL N OV one_hand 2 Y 13.0 10.5 4.0 0.38 1.24 136.5 Lb TS H LRG 10/25 & slight convexity 10/28/2004 CJ T 295.0 3 CV CV CV_lg N Ir two_hand 1 N 16.0 12.0 4.0 0.33 1.33 192.0 Lb TS L LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 CJ T 296.0 17 CV CV CV_lg N Ir one_hand 2 Y 11.0 8.0 4.0 0.50 1.38 88.0 Rh TS H good example of a river cobble with peck marks LRG 10/25 & and grinding 10/28/2004 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 year 2000 date June 6 recorder Site KS GR JZ 1999 mat dep_ cnxt wear 2000 June 6 RJH JN CH CJ T 297.0 7 FL FL FL N Ci one_hand 2 Y 13.0 11.0 4.0 0.36 1.18 143.0 Lb TS H 2000 June 5 RJH JN CH CJ T 299.1 12 CV CV CV_lg N OV one_hand 2 Y 13.0 11.0 7.0 0.64 1.18 143.0 Lb TS M 2000 June 1 KS JB JN CJ T 333.0 2 CV CV CV_lg N OV one_hand 1 N 12.0 10.0 4.0 0.40 1.20 120.0 Lb TS L LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 2000 June 1 KS JB JN CJ T 346.0 3 FL FL FL N OV one_hand 1 Y 13.0 10.0 3.0 0.30 1.30 130.0 Lb TS M LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 2000 June 1 KS JB JN CJ T 358.0 2 CV CV CV_lg N Ci one_hand 1 N 12.0 12.0 4.0 0.33 1.00 144.0 Lb TS L LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 2000 June 1 KS JB JN CJ T 360.0 1 FL FL FL N OV one_hand 2 Y 12.0 10.0 2.5 0.25 1.20 120.0 Rh FS M LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 299A on original field analysis form LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 7 CJ Surface Complete Manos Typ9 Typ10 Analy sis_gr no_ end_ lng_ thk_c Thk_ Leng_W p Plan One_two gr_s grd cm wid_cm m Wid id area dep_ cnxt wear curatio labsam pl n notes year date recorder Site Art_n Fea_type Fea_no o Typ 2000 June 1 KS JB JN CJ T 363.0 1 CV CV CV_lg N OV one_hand 2 N 14.0 11.0 4.0 0.36 1.27 154.0 Lb TS M LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 2000 June 1 KS JB JN CJ T 368.0 4 CV CV CV_lg N OV one_hand 2 Y 14.0 10.0 3.0 0.30 1.40 140.0 Lb FS M LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 2000 June 1 KS JB JN CJ T 368.0 5 FL FL FL N Ci one_hand 1 N 10.0 9.0 4.0 0.44 1.11 90.0 Lb FS L LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 2000 June 1 CJ T 383.0 2 CV CV CV_sm N Ir one_hand 1 Y 9.0 8.0 4.0 0.50 1.13 72.0 Lb TS M Small convex mano 2000 June 1 CJ T 384.0 3 FL FL FL N Ci one_hand 2 Y 12.0 12.0 3.0 0.25 1.00 144.0 Lb FS UK LRG 10/25 & All edges grnd 10/28/2004 2000 June 1 CJ T 388.0 3 UK OT_UK OT_UK N Ci one_hand 2 Y 13.0 13.0 3.0 0.23 1.00 169.0 Lb TS H UK 11/8/04 2000 June 1 CJ T 397.0 2 CV CV CV_sm N Ir one_hand 2 N 8.0 7.0 6.0 0.86 1.14 56.0 Lb TS L LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 2000 June 1 CJ T 400.0 2 CV CV CV_lg N UK one_hand 1 N 10.0 10.0 5.0 0.50 1.00 100.0 Lb TS L LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 2000 June 8 KS JB JN CJ T 409.0 1 FL FL FL N Ci two_hand 1 N 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.50 1.50 150.0 Lb FS L LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 2000 June 1 KS JB JN CJ T 414.0 10 CV CV CV_lg N OV two_hand 1 Y 15.0 11.0 6.0 0.55 1.36 165.0 Rh TS M LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 2000 June 1 KS JB JN CJ T 414.0 9 FL FL FL N Ci one_hand 1 N 10.0 10.0 6.0 0.60 1.00 100.0 Lb TS L LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 2000 June 8 KS JB JN CJ T 435.0 1 FL FL FL N Ci one_hand 1 N 10.0 9.0 4.0 0.44 1.11 90.0 Lb TS L LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 2000 June 10 BZ GR KH CJ T 492.0 5 FL FL FL N Ci one_hand 1 N 12.5 12.0 4.5 0.38 1.04 150.0 Lb FS M LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 2000 June 8 RJH GR KS CJ T 493.0 2 FL FL FL N Ci one_hand 2 N 13.0 12.0 3.0 0.25 1.08 156.0 Lb FS M 1999 June 15 CG KS RR CJ T 537.0 3 FL FL FL N OV one_hand 1 N 13.0 12.0 5.0 0.42 1.08 156.0 Lb TS H 1999 June 15 CG KS RR CJ T 539.1 6 FL FL FL N RC one_hand 2 Y 14.0 12.0 5.0 0.42 1.17 168.0 Lb FS H mat One side convex(med wear) other side flat metate 1 T539A on original field analysis form qc_d LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 8 CJ Surface Complete Manos Typ9 Typ10 Analy sis_gr no_ end_ lng_ thk_c Thk_ Leng_W p Plan One_two gr_s grd cm wid_cm m Wid id area dep_ cnxt wear curatio labsam pl n notes year date recorder Site Art_n Fea_type Fea_no o Typ 1999 July 2 RR CG RJ CJ T 1001.0 17 CV CV CV_lg N OV one_hand 2 N 13.0 11.0 5.0 0.45 1.18 143.0 Lb FS M LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 June 15 CG KS RR CJ T 1008.0 4 FL FL FL N Ir one_hand 1 Y 14.0 11.0 5.0 0.45 1.27 154.0 Lb TS H LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 June 15 CG KS RR CJ ISO 1 FL FL FL Y OV one_hand 1 Y 13.0 10.0 3.5 0.35 1.30 130.0 Lb isolat M drawn 1999 July 1 RR CG RJ CJ T 1.0 4 OT OT_UK OT_UK Y TR one_hand 1 N 8.0 5.0 2.5 0.50 1.60 40.0 Lb FS small grinding LRG 10/25 & pebble 10/28/2004 1999 July 1 RR CG RJ CJ BR 3.0 5 OT OT_UK OT_UK Y LRG 10/25 & small gr. stone 10/28/2004 1999 June 29 RR CG CJ T 4 21 CV CV Y one side LRG 10/25 & slightly convex 10/28/2004 1999 June 29 RR CG CJ T 4.0 6 OT OT_UK OT_UK Y 1999 June 15 CG KS RR CJ T 6.0 31 CV CV Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 pecked; shaped on sides; analyzed @ CAR 10/19/04 by RJH & LRG (not site-wide surface collection no.); moved from "excavated mano" database by LRG 10/04; Artifact # = Surface LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 random Collection # 1997 CV CV CJ T 6.0 2 FL FL FL Y one_hand OV one_hand 7.5 2 Y 11.6 5.5 9.2 1.5 4.1 0.27 0.45 1.36 1.26 mat L v. small stone 41.3 106.7 Lb H CAR qc_d LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 June 15 CG KS RR CJ T 8.0 1 CV CV CV Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 June 15 CG KS RR CJ T 8.0 9 CV CV CV Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 9 CJ Surface Complete Manos year date Art_n Fea_type Fea_no o Typ Typ9 Typ10 Analy sis_gr no_ end_ lng_ thk_c Thk_ Leng_W p Plan One_two gr_s grd cm wid_cm m Wid id area CJ T 10.0 313 CV CV CV Y recorder Site 1998 two_hand 1 Y 17.0 13.4 7.4 0.55 1.27 mat 227.8 Lb dep_ cnxt wear H curatio labsam pl n notes qc_d very lg mano; one end clearly ground; moved from "excavated mano" database by LRG 10/04; Artifact # = Surface LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 CG random Collection # LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 July 1 RR CG RJ CJ T 11.0 2 FL FL FL Y 1999 2000 June 18 June 15 RR CG CJ CG KS RR CJ T T 11.0 29.0 12 2 CV FL CV FL CV FL Y Y Fea "K" on original field analysis form drawn 1999 June 15 CG KS RR CJ T 29.0 2 FL FL FL Y drawn LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 June 21 RR CG CJ T 31.0 13 CV CV CV Y MT T284 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 June 21 RR CG CJ T 32.0 10 CV CV CV Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 June 21 RR CG CJ T 32.0 24 CV CV CV Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 June 21 RR CG CJ T 32.0 29 CV CV CV Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 June 28 RR CG CJ T 34.0 4 CV CV CV Y 1999 June 18 RR CG CJ T 36.0 5 CV CV CV Y 1999 June 18 RR CG CJ T 38.2 11 FL FL FL Y 1999 June 18 RR CG CJ T 39.0 3 FL FL FL Y T 284 M1 metate 1 T253 T38B on original field analysis form LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 10 CJ Surface Complete Manos Typ9 Typ10 Analy sis_gr no_ end_ lng_ thk_c Thk_ Leng_W p Plan One_two gr_s grd cm wid_cm m Wid id area year date recorder Site Art_n Fea_type Fea_no o Typ 1999 June 18 RR CG CJ T 42.1 4 CV CV CV Y curatio labsam pl n notes qc_d unilateral basalt cobble, slight wear; T42A on original field analysis form, changed from "SP" to CV rjh 11/8/04 (SP=spheroidal LRG 10/25 & ?) 10/28/2004 1999 July 23 RJH GR MCCJ R 44.0 1 CV CV CV Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 July 23 RJH GR MCCJ T 47.0 1 FL FL FL Y 1999 July 21 BZ JN KH CJ T 49.0 5 CV CV CV Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 June 15 CG KS RR CJ T 57.0 4 CV CV CV Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 June 29 RR CG CJ T 76.0 4 FL FL FL Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 June 28 RR CG CJ T 79.0 5 FL FL FL Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 June 28 RR CG RJ CJ T 82.0 6 CV CV CV Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 June 28 RR CG RJ CJ T 86.0 1 FL FL FL Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 June 28 RR CG RJ CJ T 88.0 3 FL FL FL Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 2000 June 7 KS GR BZ CJ T 104.0 10 FL FL FL Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 2000 June 7 KS GR BZ CJ T 104.0 8 CV CV CV Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 2000 June 7 KS GR BZ CJ T 106.0 2 CV CV CV Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 2000 June 5 KS GR JZ T 113.0 9 FL FL FL Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 CJ mat dep_ cnxt wear one side flat, one side convex LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 11 CJ Surface Complete Manos Typ9 Typ10 Analy sis_gr no_ end_ lng_ thk_c Thk_ Leng_W p Plan One_two gr_s grd cm wid_cm m Wid id area year date recorder Site Art_n Fea_type Fea_no o Typ 1999 July 19 GR KH JN CJ R 114.1 1 FL FL FL Y curatio labsam pl n notes qc_d chipped along edge; R114A on original field analysis LRG 10/25 & form 10/28/2004 2000 June 6 KS GR JZ CJ T 119.0 9 FL FL FL Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 2000 June 6 KS GR JZ CJ T 120.0 6 CV CV CV Y 2000 June 5 KS GR JZ CJ T 120.1 4 CV CV CV Y 120A on original field analysis form LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 2000 June 6 KS GR JZ CJ T 122.0 6 FL FL FL Y Kid mano 1999 July 19 GR KH JN CJ T 125.0 11 CV CV CV Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 July 17 KH GR RR CJ T 127.0 5 FL FL FL Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 July 19 GR KH JN CJ T 128.0 8 CV CV CV Y chipped along LRG 10/25 & edge 10/28/2004 1999 July 23 RJH GR MCCJ T 131.0 18 CV CV CV Y some battering LRG 10/25 & on two ends 10/28/2004 1999 July 24 TP BM CM CJ T 133.0 7 CV CV CV Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 July 17 KH GR RR CJ T 135.0 4 CV CV CV Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 July 20 GR KH JN CJ R 136.1 8 CV CV CV Y 1999 July 21 BZ JN KH CJ T 147.1 12 CV CV CV Y 1999 July 17 KH GR RR CJ T 147.2 1 CV CV CV Y 1999 July 24 TP BM CM CJ T 152.0 5 CV CV CV Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 July 17 KH GR RR CJ T 159.0 5 FL FL FL Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 mat dep_ cnxt wear R136A on original field analysis form T147A on original field analysis form T147B on original field analysis form LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 12 CJ Surface Complete Manos Typ9 Typ10 Analy sis_gr no_ end_ lng_ thk_c Thk_ Leng_W p Plan One_two gr_s grd cm wid_cm m Wid id area dep_ cnxt wear curatio labsam pl n notes dep context "up slope" deleted year date recorder Site Art_n Fea_type Fea_no o Typ 1999 July 2 RR CJ T 160.0 12 FL FL FL Y 1999 July 24 TP BM CM CJ T 161.0 23 CV CV CV Y 1999 June 18 RR CG CJ T 165.0 4 UK OT_UK OT_UK Y 1999 June 18 RR CG CJ T 166.0 2 CV CV CV Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 July 2 RR CG RJ CJ T 168.0 23 CV CV CV Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 July 2 RR CG RJ CJ T 172.0 13 CV CV CV Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 June 18 RR CG CJ T 174.0 34 FL FL FL Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 June 18 RR CG CJ T 174.0 8 CV CV CV Y 1999 June 18 RR CG CJ T 175.0 7 FL FL FL Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 Y very small; appropriate for mortar; used after broken; other side light wear; not pecked; wear curves up on edges; possibly fits mortar; analyzed @CAR 10/19/04 by RJH & LRG; moved from "excavated mano" database by LRG 10/04; Artifact # = Bag LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 random # 1999 CJ T 175.0 19b OT OT_UK OT_UK OV two_hand 2 Y 15.0 11.5 3.0 0.26 1.30 mat 172.5 Lb M qc_d LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 slight ground, LRG 10/25 & UK rjh 11/8/04 10/28/2004 Ir LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 Ci Ir one_hand 2 N 7.5 6.1 4.0 0.66 1.23 45.8 Lb M CAR 13 CJ Surface Complete Manos year date recorder Site Art_n Fea_type Fea_no o Typ Typ9 Typ10 Analy sis_gr no_ end_ lng_ thk_c Thk_ Leng_W p Plan One_two gr_s grd cm wid_cm m Wid id area mat dep_ cnxt wear curatio labsam pl n notes qc_d 1999 CJ T 180.0 14 CV CV CV Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 CJ R 186.0 1 CV CV CV Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 CJ T 187.0 4 CV CV CV Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 CJ T 191.1 6 CV CV CV Y 1999 CJ T 191.2 6 CV CV CV Y 1999 CJ T 193.1 1 CV CV CV Y 1999 CJ T 194.0 21 FL FL FL Y 1999 CJ T 199.0 4 CV CV CV Y LRG 10/25 & slight convexity 10/28/2004 SP changed to CV rjh 11/8/04, SP = spheroidal LRG 10/25 & ? 10/28/2004 CJ T 201.0 2 CV CV CV Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 CJ T 207.1 1 CV CV CV Y 1999 July 17 RJH CM 1999 191A on original field analysis form almost flat; 191B on original field analysis form T193A on original field analysis form 207A on original field analysis form LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 July 6 RJH CM CJ T 211.0 13 CV CV CV Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 July 6 RJH CM CJ T 211.0 17 CV CV CV Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 CJ T 215.0 3 CV CV CV Y SP changed to CV rjh 11/8/04 SP = LRG 10/25 & spheroidal? 10/28/2004 CJ T 217.0 3 CV CV CV Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 CJ T 220.0 13 CV CV CV Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 CJ R 222.0 16 CV CV CV Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 1999 July 17 RJH CM 14 CJ Surface Complete Manos year date recorder Site Art_n Fea_type Fea_no o Typ Typ9 Typ10 Analy sis_gr no_ end_ lng_ thk_c Thk_ Leng_W p Plan One_two gr_s grd cm wid_cm m Wid id area mat dep_ cnxt wear curatio labsam pl n notes qc_d 1999 CJ T 223.0 19 CV CV CV Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 CJ T 223.0 5 CV CV CV Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 CJ T 223.0 9 CV CV CV Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 CJ T 230.2 12 CV CV CV Y 1999 CJ T 231.0 33 CV CV CV Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 CJ T 237.0 5 FL FL FL Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 CJ R 239.0 4 CV CV CV Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 CJ T 252.0 15 CV CV CV Y 1999 CJ T 252.0 2 CV CV CV Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 CJ T 256.0 9 FL FL FL Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 2000 1999 June 13 July 16 GR JN RJH CM Added GR, JN 13 June 2000; 230b on original field analysis form almost flat LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 15 CJ Surface Complete Manos Analy sis_gr no_ end_ lng_ thk_c Thk_ Leng_W p Plan One_two gr_s grd cm wid_cm m Wid id area dep_ cnxt wear curatio labsam pl n notes qc_d very unusual; very large; almost circular/disk shaped; other side slight wear; curvature appropriate for shallow basin metate; edge grinding suggests use on side of basin metate; most edges ground; edges shaped; analyzed @ CAR 10/19/04 by RJH & LRG; LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 CAR random move Art_n Fea_type Fea_no o Typ Typ9 CJ T 256.0 492 OT OT_UK OT_UK Y CJ T 260.0 3 FL FL FL Y 1999 CJ T 264.0 4 FL FL FL Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 CJ T 275.0 2 FL FL FL Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 Y sm. mano for st. bowls?; unk. material, poss. granite; largely complete; edges battered; some pecking on surface; see drawing; not shaped; moved from "excavated mano" database by LRG 10/04; Artifact # = Bag LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 random # year 1999 1999 date July 6 recorder Site RJH CM CJ T 287.0 8 OT Typ10 OT_UK OT_UK OV two_hand 2 Y 17.1 17.1 5.2 0.30 1.00 mat 292.4 Lb H very slight convexity AN one_hand 2 N 7.8 6.1 3.7 0.61 1.28 47.6 M CG LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 16 CJ Surface Complete Manos year date recorder Site Art_n Fea_type Fea_no o Typ Typ9 Typ10 Analy sis_gr no_ end_ lng_ thk_c Thk_ Leng_W p Plan One_two gr_s grd cm wid_cm m Wid id area mat dep_ cnxt wear curatio labsam pl n notes qc_d 1999 CJ T 296.0 15 CV CV CV Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 1999 CJ T 296.0 22 CV CV CV Y LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 2000 June 6 RJH JN CH CJ T 297.0 20 FL FL FL Y 2000 June 6 RJH JN CH CJ T 297.0 6 FL FL FL Y 2000 June 5 RJH JN CH CJ T 299.1 10 CV CV CV Y 2000 June 5 RJH JN CH CJ T 301.0 5 FL FL FL Y 1999 June 15 CG KS RR CJ T 539.1 3 CV CV CV Y 1999 June 15 CG KS RR CJ T 539.1 7 FL FL FL Y 1999 June 15 CG KS RR CJ T 539.2 2 CV CV CV Y 1999 July 2 RR CG RJ T 1001.0 13 FL FL FL Y CJ Slight convexing 299A on original field analysis form T539A on original field analysis form T539A on original field analysis form fit metate 4; T539B on original field analysis form LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 LRG 10/25 & 10/28/2004 17 Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 13.1e year 1999 date record 1-Jul-99 RR CG Anal ysis_ Fea_ Fea_ site grp type no Art_no CJ N T 1.0 Typ 11 UK Typ2 CJ Surface Mano Fragments Plan OT_UK UK 1999 26-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 1.0 3 FL FL 1999 30-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N BR 2.0 5 UK OT_UK UK CI No_gr End_gr brok_w brok_t comp_l comp_ comp_t any_ any_a _s d brok_lg d h g wd h any_lg wd rea 1 UK 7.0 6.0 4.0 24.00 LB FS 2 UK 6.0 4.0 3.0 6.0 4.0 24.00 RH FS BR 3.0 1 FL FL CI 2 Y 1999 26-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 4.0 2 FL FL IR 1 Y 8.0 1999 21-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 6.0 7 UK OT_UK UK 1 Y 10.0 1999 1999 18-Jun-99 RR CG 26-Jun-99 RR CG 6.0 6 FL FL CJ N T 8.0 3 UK OT_UK UK CJ N T 8.0 5 FL FL 1999 26-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 10.0 3 CV CV 1999 1-Jul-99 RR CG CJ N T 11.0 1 UK 1999 18-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 18.0 1 UK 1999 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG CJ N T 22.0 1999 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG CJ N T 25.0 CI CI CI FS 4.0 N T 4.0 28.00 LB 4.0 CJ N 7.0 6.0 21-Jun-99 RR CG CJ 6.5 dep_c curat Labs nxt wear ion ampl 2 Y 1999 1997 4.0 mat 6.0 1 N 13.1 1 N 8.0 2 Y 9.0 2 Y 7.5 OT_UK UK 2 UK 6.5 OT_UK UK 1 N 6.0 13 FL FL IR 1 Y 4.5 2 FL FL RC 1 N 7.0 12.0 5.0 10.0 7.0 4.0 5.5 8.4 9.5 10.0 L FS H 8.0 10.0 80.00 LB FS M FS L 10.0 7.0 70.00 LB 13.1 8.4 ##### RH 7.0 8.0 9.5 76.00 LB 9.0 10.0 90.00 LB FS M 9.5 71.25 LB FS M 2.0 4.0 6.5 2.0 13.00 LB FS H 5.0 5.0 6.0 5.0 30.00 RH FS M 4.0 4.5 10.0 45.00 LB TS L 5.0 7.0 TS L 6.0 42.00 LB LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 Fea "H" on original field analysis form, Q changed to T rjh 11/16/04, pln changed LRG from CY to CI rjh 11/02/04 7.5 6.0 LRG 11/02/04 L 5.0 10.0 Pln changed from CY to CI rjh 11/16/2004 crew coding error Fea "D" on original field analysis form , Q changed to T rjh 11/16/04 edges shaped; surface pecked; moved from "excavated mano" database by LRG 10/04; Artifact # = Bag LRG # 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 M FS q_cd LRG 11/02/04 Fea "A" on original field analysis form, Q changed to T rjh 11/16/04, pln changed LRG from CY to CI rjh 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 M 6.0 72.00 GR 6.3 4.0 9.5 12.0 notes CG RA Fea "J" on original field analysis form, Q changed to T rjh 11/16/04, pln changed from CY to CI rjh, type changed from FL/CV to LRG CV 07/5/05 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 river cobble LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 corner frag. 1 CJ Surface Mano Fragments year date record Anal ysis_ Fea_ Fea_ site grp type no Art_no Typ Typ2 Plan No_gr End_gr brok_w brok_t comp_l comp_ comp_t any_ any_a _s d brok_lg d h g wd h any_lg wd rea 7.5 30.00 LB TS L end frag. 3.2 7.0 4.5 31.50 RH TS L 4.0 9.5 3.0 28.50 LB FS could be granite T31a on original field analysis form 6.0 8.0 7.0 56.00 LB FS M 4.5 6.5 10.0 65.00 LB FS M 6.0 5.0 8.0 6.0 48.00 LB FS M 4.5 4.0 10.0 4.5 45.00 BA FS M CJ N T 27.0 6 UK OT_UK UK 1 N 4.0 1999 18-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 30.0 9 FL FL UK 2 N 7.0 4.5 1999 27-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 31.1 2 UK OT_UK UK 1 N 9.5 3.0 1999 27-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 32.0 30 CV CV IR 1 N 8.0 7.0 1999 27-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 32.0 17 FL FL RC 1 Y 6.5 1999 21-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 37.0 17 FL FL CI 2 Y 8.0 1999 21-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 38.2 7 FL FL OV 2 Y 10.0 1999 23-Jul-99 CJ N T 45.0 5 UK OT_UK 1999 23-Jul-99 RJH GR MC CJ N T 47.2 2 FL FL RC 2 N 14.5 1999 22-Jul-99 GR KH JN CJ N T 49.0 12 FL FL OV 1 N 7.0 6.0 4.5 7.0 1999 22-Jul-99 GR KH JN CJ N R 52.0 2 UK OT_UK OV 1 N 6.0 4.5 5.0 1999 18-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 58.0 7 UK OT_UK UK 1 N 7.0 5.0 1999 30-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 66.0 1 UK OT_UK UK 2 Y 4.0 7.0 1999 28-Jun-99 CG RR RJH CJ N T 80.0 7 CV CV 2 N 7.0 1999 28-Jun-99 CG RR RJH CJ N T 82.0 12 UK OT_UK UK 2 Y 5.0 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 83.0 8 FL FL CI 2 Y CJ N T 97.0 4 CV CV UK 1 N KS GR BZ 7-Jun-00 KH notes 4.0 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG 2000 dep_c curat Labs nxt wear ion ampl 6.0 1999 CI mat 7.5 10.0 FS M 6.0 42.00 LB FS L 6.0 4.5 27.00 LB TS M 6.0 7.0 5.0 35.00 RH TS M 5.7 4.0 7.0 28.00 LB FS M 2.5 7.0 8.5 59.50 LB FS L 5.0 3.5 5.0 5.0 25.00 RH FS M 7.5 4.0 3.5 7.5 4.0 30.00 LB TS H 6.5 5.5 3.0 6.5 5.5 35.75 LB TS M 11.0 8.5 6.0 14.5 11.0 ##### LB Pln changed from CY to CI rjh 11/16/2004 crew coding error other basalt; T38b on original field analysis form med wear on one side light on other; T47b on original field analysis form field analysis form unclear as to which dimension(s) are broken (LRG 11/02/04), L & W moved to Broken -rjh very small frag.; field analysis form unclear as to which dimension(s) are broken (LRG 11/02/04), L & W moved to Broken -rjh Pln changed from CY to CI rjh 11/16/2004 crew coding error field analysis form unclear as to which dimension(s) are broken (LRG 11/02/04), L & W moved to Broken -rjh q_cd LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 2 CJ Surface Mano Fragments year 1999 2000 2000 date record BZ KH JN 21-Jul-99 TP KS GR BZ 5-Jun-00 KH KS GR BZ 6-Jun-00 KH Anal ysis_ Fea_ Fea_ site grp type no Art_no Typ Typ2 Plan No_gr End_gr brok_w brok_t comp_l comp_ comp_t any_ any_a _s d brok_lg d h g wd h any_lg wd rea CJ N T 102.0 4 CV CV OV 2 N CJ N T 109.0 18 FL FL UK 1 N CJ N R 121.0 2 FL FL OV 1 N 1999 GR KH TP 19-Jul-99 JR CJ N T 125.0 2 CV CV IR 1 N 1999 17-Jul-99 KH GR RR CJ N T 127.0 4 FL FL UK 1 N 12.0 8.5 8.0 9.5 12.5 11.0 9.0 1999 GR KH TP 19-Jul-99 JR CJ N T 128.0 15 FL FL CI 2 Y 1999 24-Jul-99 TP BM CM CJ N T 132.0 20 CV CV UK 2 Y 5.5 1999 24-Jul-99 TP BM CM CJ N T 134.0 7 CV CV IR 1 N 9.0 9.0 9.0 5.0 11.0 7.0 mat dep_c curat Labs nxt wear ion ampl 4.5 12.0 9.0 ##### LB TS M 6.0 8.5 8.0 68.00 LB TS M 5.0 12.5 9.5 ##### LB FS L 7.0 11.0 9.0 99.00 LB FS M 4.0 9.0 5.0 45.00 LB FS M 4.0 11.0 7.0 77.00 LB TS M 7.0 5.0 5.5 7.0 38.50 LB TS H 8.5 6.5 9.0 8.5 76.50 LB TS H 1999 KH TP GR 20-Jul-99 JR CJ N R 137.2 4 CV CV IR 2 N 10.0 6.0 4.0 10.0 6.0 60.00 LB FS M 1999 KH TP GR 20-Jul-99 JR CJ N T 138.0 7 CV CV UK 2 UK 10.0 6.5 4.0 10.0 6.5 65.00 LB TS M 1999 BZ KH JN 21-Jul-99 TP CJ N T 143.0 18 FL FL UK 1 N 9.0 6.0 3.0 9.0 6.0 54.00 TUFF TS H notes q_cd field analysis form unclear as to which dimension(s) are LRG broken (LRG 11/02/04) 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 2/3 present; field analysis form unclear as to which dimension(s) are LRG broken (LRG 11/02/04) 11/02/04 LRG 10/31/04 1/2 present; field analysis form unclear as to which dimension(s) are LRG broken (LRG 11/02/04) 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 flat on one side w/ heavy wear on this side; R137b on original field analysis form; field analysis form unclear as to which dimension(s) are broken (LRG 11/02/04) field analysis form unclear as to which dimension(s) are broken (LRG 11/02/04), L & W moved to Broken -rjh field analysis form unclear as to which dimension(s) are broken (LRG 11/02/04), L & W moved to Broken -rjh LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 3 CJ Surface Mano Fragments year date record Anal ysis_ Fea_ Fea_ site grp type no Art_no Typ Typ2 Plan No_gr End_gr brok_w brok_t comp_l comp_ comp_t any_ any_a _s d brok_lg d h g wd h any_lg wd rea 1999 22-Jul-99 GR KH JN CJ N T 150.0 6 CV CV OV 2 N 1999 17-Jul-99 KH GR RR CJ N T 159.0 4 UK OT_UK UK 1 Y CJ N T 161.0 6 CV CV 2 Y 10.0 OT_UK 1 N 5.0 5.0 1999 2-Jul-04 RR OV 10.0 4.5 5.5 14.0 8.0 mat dep_c curat Labs nxt wear ion ampl 3.5 10.0 4.5 45.00 LB FS M 6.0 14.0 5.5 77.00 TUFF FS M 3.5 10.0 8.0 80.00 RH TS M 5.0 5.0 25.00 LB FS M 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 166.0 6 UK 1999 27-Jun-99 RR CG CJ N T 167.0 14 FL FL CI 1 N 9.5 9.5 3.5 9.5 9.5 90.25 LB FS L 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CG CJ N T 168.0 13 FL FL CI 2 N 6.0 10.0 4.0 6.0 10.0 60.00 LB TS M 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CJ N T 169.0 1 UK OT_UK UK 1 UK 2.5 7.0 4.0 2.5 7.0 17.50 RH FS L CJ N T 174.0 29 UK OT_UK IR 1 UK 5.5 7.5 5.5 10.0 55.00 LB FS M 1999 CJ N T 175.0 26 FL FL CI 2 Y 12.9 8.2 4.3 12.9 8.2 ##### LB H CG RA 1999 CJ N T 175.0 90 FL FL UK 2 N 7.6 4.1 4.5 7.6 4.1 31.16 LB M CG RA 1999 1999 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG 23-Jun-99 RR CG 6.5 10.0 CJ N T 176.1 3 FL FL CI 2 N 6.0 9.5 3.5 6.0 9.5 57.00 LB FS L CJ N T 185.0 14 CV CV UK 2 Y 4.5 9.5 5.0 4.5 9.5 42.75 LB FS H notes q_cd other side flat -also M wear; field analysis form unclear as to which dimension(s) are broken (LRG 11/02/04), L & W LRG moved to Broken -rjh 11/02/04 LRG 10/31/04 added to database from original field analysis form by LRG LRG 11/02/04 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 field analysis form unclear as to which dimension(s) are broken (LRG 11/02/04), L & W LRG moved to Broken -rjh 11/02/04 Pln changed from CY to CI rjh 11/16/2004 - LRG crew coding error 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 all edges shaped & ground; surfaces pecked; moved from "excavated mano" database by LRG 10/04; Artifact # = Bag LRG # 11/02/04 edges shaped & rounded; pecked surfaces; moved from "excavated mano" database by LRG 10/04; Artifact # = Bag LRG # 11/02/04 T176a on original field analysis form, pln LRG changed from CY to CI 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 4 CJ Surface Mano Fragments year date record Anal ysis_ Fea_ Fea_ site grp type no Art_no Typ Typ2 Plan No_gr End_gr brok_w brok_t comp_l comp_ comp_t any_ any_a _s d brok_lg d h g wd h any_lg wd rea mat dep_c curat Labs nxt wear ion ampl 1999 17-Jul-99 CJ N T 190.0 7 CV CV UK 1 N 9.5 7.0 5.0 9.5 7.0 66.50 LB FS M 1999 17-Jul-99 CJ N T 201.1 2 CV CV OV 1 Y 8.0 8.0 7.5 8.0 8.0 64.00 LB FS H 1999 CJ N T 206.0 10 CV CV IR 1 UK 3.5 1.3 3.5 2.0 7.00 RH FS M 1999 CJ N T 207.1 10 CV CV UK 2 Y 8.0 6.0 8.0 9.0 72.00 LB TS H 4.5 13.5 10.0 ##### LB TS H 2.0 9.0 1999 16-Jul-99 RJH CM CJ N T 214.0 1 FL FL OV 2 Y 1999 17-Jul-99 CJ N T 217.0 6 FL FL UK 2 Y 10.0 8.5 5.5 10.0 8.5 85.00 LB FS H 1999 CJ N T 230.1 21 CV CV UK 2 Y 8.5 4.5 5.5 8.5 4.5 38.25 LB TS H 1999 CJ N T 230.1 2 CV CV CI 2 Y 8.0 13.0 7.0 91.00 LB TS H 1999 CJ N T 230.2 7 FL FL OV 2 Y 4.5 10.0 4.5 6.5 29.25 RH FS H 1999 CJ N T 231.0 23 CV CV UK Y 4.0 6.0 4.0 6.0 24.00 GR FS H 2.5 6.0 2.5 15.00 RH FS H 2.0 8.0 7.0 56.00 RH TS M 10.0 13.5 7.0 13.0 6.5 11.0 1999 16-Jul-99 RJH CM CJ N T 234.0 13 CV CV RC 2 Y 6.0 1999 16-Jul-99 RJH CM CJ N R 234.1 1 CV CV IR 1 N 8.0 1999 13-Jul-99 RJH CM CJ N T 237.0 9 UK OT_UK UK 1 N 4.0 7.5 7.5 4.0 7.5 30.00 LB TS H CJ N T 248.0 13 FL FL IR 2 N 9.5 9.0 3.0 9.5 9.0 85.50 LB TS M CJ N T 253.0 7 CV CV UK 2 N 9.5 9.5 3.0 9.5 9.5 90.25 LB FS H 1999 CJ N T 263.0 4 FL FL UK 2 Y 8.5 3.5 3.5 8.5 3.5 29.75 LB FS H 1999 CJ N T 268.0 1 CV CV RC 1 Y 10.0 7.5 3.5 10.0 7.5 75.00 LB FS H 1999 1999 17-Jul-99 7.0 notes field analysis form unclear as to which dimension(s) are broken (LRG 11/02/04), L & W moved to Broken -rjh T201a on original field analysis form polished river cobble T207a on original field analysis form q_cd LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 with slight convexity very slight convexity to surface T230a on original field analysis form T230a on original field analysis form very polished river cobble; T230b on original field analysis LRG form 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 field analysis form unclear as to which dimension(s) are broken (LRG 11/02/04), L & W LRG moved to Broken - rjh 11/02/04 R234a on original field LRG analysis form 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 field analysis form unclear as to which dimension(s) are broken (LRG 11/02/04), L & W LRG moved to Broken -rjh 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 slight convexity field analysis form unclear as to which dimension(s) are broken (LRG 11/02/04), L & W LRG moved to Broken -rjh 11/02/04 5 CJ Surface Mano Fragments year date record 1999 Anal ysis_ Fea_ Fea_ site grp type no Art_no Typ Typ2 Plan No_gr End_gr brok_w brok_t comp_l comp_ comp_t any_ any_a _s d brok_lg d h g wd h any_lg wd rea CJ N T 272.0 1 CV CV UK 2 Y CJ N T 287.0 4 UK OT_UK OV 2 Y 8.5 1999 CJ N R 288.0 1 CV CV IR 1 N 5.0 1999 CJ N T 292.0 1 CV CV UK 2 Y 8.5 2000 6-Jun-00 RJH JN CH CJ N R 317.0 1 FL FL UK 2 Y 5.0 2000 9-Jun-00 KS JB JN JZ CJ N T 327.0 1 CV CV OV 1 Y 2000 9-Jun-00 KS JB JN JZ CJ N T 347.0 1 FL FL CI 2 N 2000 9-Jun-00 KS JB JN JZ CJ N T 371.0 3 FL FL UK 1 Y 2000 5-Jun-00 RJH JN JB CJ N T 377.0 4 FL FL RC 2 Y 2000 5-Jun-00 RJH JN JB CJ N T 377.0 3 FL FL OV 1 N 2000 5-Jun-00 RJH JN JB CJ N T 378.0 3 UK OT_UK UK 2 Y 2000 8-Jun-00 KS JB JN JZ CJ N T 392.0 2 CV CV IR 1 Y 2000 8-Jun-00 GR KH BZ CJ N T 393.0 9 FL FL IR 1 N 4.8 2000 8-Jun-00 GR KH BZ CJ N T 393.0 1 CV CV UK 2 Y 6.0 2000 KS GR BZ 6-Jun-00 KH 2000 5-Jun-00 RJH JN JB CJ N T 400.0 3 PR 2000 8-Jun-00 GR KH BZ CJ N T 454.0 1 CV 2000 8-Jun-00 GR KH BZ CJ N T 455.0 1 CV 11.0 5.0 11.0 6.5 71.50 RH FS H 4.0 8.5 6.5 55.25 RH TS M 1.5 5.0 7.0 35.00 RH FS M polished river cobble 4.0 8.5 8.0 68.00 LB FS H 10.0 5.0 5.0 10.0 50.00 LB FS H 8.0 2.0 RH FS L 3.0 LB TS M 4.5 RH FS L 8.0 9.0 11.0 3.0 1 Y 21.0 CV UK 1 N 10.0 6.5 CV UK 1 Y 6.5 4.0 2.5 8.0 9.0 9.0 81.00 RH TS M fragment 4.0 11.0 8.0 88.00 RH TS M fragment 3.0 5.0 3.0 15.00 LB FS H fragment LB TS L 4.0 5.1 2.0 4.8 5.1 24.48 RH TS L 2.0 6.0 5.0 30.00 LB TS M 10.0 one is moderate, one is light 3.0 10.0 5.0 RC notes 6.5 6.5 7.0 8.0 dep_c curat Labs nxt wear ion ampl field analysis form unclear as to which dimension(s) are broken (LRG 11/02/04) Pecking evidence; field analysis form unclear as to which dimension(s) are broken (LRG 11/02/04), 6.5 9.0 mat 10.0 8.0 21.0 10.0 ##### LB TS L 4.0 10.0 6.5 65.00 LB FS L 6.5 4.0 26.00 RH TS M field analysis form unclear as to which dimension(s) are broken (LRG 11/02/04), L & W moved to Broken -rjh field analysis form unclear as to which dimension(s) are broken (LRG 11/02/04) field analysis form unclear as to which dimension(s) are broken (LRG 11/02/04), L & W moved to Broken -rjh q_cd LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 6 CJ Surface Mano Fragments year date record Anal ysis_ Fea_ Fea_ site grp type no Art_no Typ Typ2 Plan No_gr End_gr brok_w brok_t comp_l comp_ comp_t any_ any_a _s d brok_lg d h g wd h any_lg wd rea 2000 8-Jun-00 GR KH BZ CJ N T 461.0 1 CV CV UK 1 Y 2000 8-Jun-00 GR KH BZ CJ N T 465.0 2 CV CV UK 1 UK 10.0 2000 8-Jun-00 GR KH BZ CJ N T 466.0 5 FL FL UK 1 N 2000 8-Jun-00 GR KH BZ CJ N T 466.0 3 CV CV UK 1 N mat dep_c curat Labs nxt wear ion ampl 3.5 9.0 7.5 67.50 LB FS M 6.5 10.0 10.0 6.5 65.00 LB FS L 9.5 9.5 6.0 9.5 9.5 90.25 LB TS L 9.0 6.0 6.0 9.0 6.0 54.00 LB TS M 9.0 2000 9-Jun-00 RJH BZ GR CJ N T 501.0 3 CV CV RC 2 N 2000 9-Jun-00 RJH BZ GR CJ N T 505.0 1 FL FL UK 2 N 7.0 2000 9-Jun-00 RJH BZ GR CJ N T 511.0 5 CV CV UK 2 Y 4.0 2000 9-Jun-00 RJH BZ GR CJ N T 511.0 2 CV CV RC 1 N 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CG CJ N T #### 7 UK OT_UK UK 2 N 1999 26-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 1.0 1 FL FL 1999 26-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 1.0 4 FL FL 1999 26-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 1.0 7 UK OT_UK 1999 1-Jul-99 RR CG CJ Y T 1.0 12 UK OT_UK 1999 1-Jul-99 RR CG CJ Y T 2.0 9 CV CV 1999 1-Jul-99 RR CG CJ Y BR 2.0 13 CV CV 1999 1-Jul-99 RR CG CJ Y T 2.0 1 FL FL 1999 30-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y BR 2.0 3 FL FL 1999 1-Jul-99 RR CG CJ Y BR 2.0 19 FL FL 7.5 4.0 11.0 7.0 77.00 LB FS H 4.5 7.0 7.0 49.00 LB FS M 11.0 4.0 4.0 11.0 44.00 LB TS H 9.0 7.0 5.0 9.0 8.0 11.0 8.0 8.0 11.0 88.00 LB 11.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 63.00 RH L TS L notes q_cd LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 light battering on one LRG edge 11/02/04 Beautiful, rect., morph typical of late pd., close to ceramics on terrace; field analysis form unclear as to which dimension(s) are broken (LRG LRG 11/02/04) 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 FT for provenience deleted- ambiguous LRG rjh 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 Fea "A" on original field analysis form, Q changed to T rjh LRG 11/16/04 11/02/04 Fea "A" on original field analysis form, Q changed to T rjh LRG 11/16/04 11/02/04 Fea "A" on original field analysis form, Q changed to T rjh LRG 11/16/04 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 slight convexity LRG 11/02/04 sight convexity LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 7 CJ Surface Mano Fragments year date record Anal ysis_ Fea_ Fea_ site grp type no Art_no Typ Typ2 1999 26-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 2.0 1 UK OT_UK 1999 26-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 2.0 2 UK OT_UK 1999 1-Jul-99 RR CG CJ Y BR 2.0 6 UK OT_UK 1999 1-Jul-99 RR CG CJ Y BR 2.0 15 UK OT_UK CJ Y BR 2.0 168 CV CV 1999 1-Jul-99 RR CG CJ Y BR 3.0 1 UK OT_UK 1999 30-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 4.0 5 CV CV 1999 26-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 4.0 4 FL FL 1999 30-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 4.0 15 PR 1999 21-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 6.0 37 FL FL 1999 26-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 7.0 7 CV CV 1999 21-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 7.0 1 FL FL 1999 26-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 7.0 8 FL FL Plan OV No_gr End_gr brok_w brok_t comp_l comp_ comp_t any_ any_a _s d brok_lg d h g wd h any_lg wd rea 2 Y 8.6 8.0 4.8 mat LB dep_c curat Labs nxt wear ion ampl H CG RA notes Fea "B" on original field analysis form, Q changed to T rjh 11/16/04 Fea "B" on original field analysis form, Q changed to T rjh 11/16/04 q_cd LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 one side CV, other side flat; edges wellrounded; shaped & ground' some pecking; one face w/eroded concavity in ctr as a result of crushing something; one end also used for pounding; moved from "excavated mano database by LRG 10/04; Artifact # = LRG Surface 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 Fea "D" on original field analysis form, Q changed to T rjh LRG 11/16/04 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 10/31/04 Fea "G" on original field analysis form, Q changed to T rjh 11/16/04, changed from FL/CV to CV LRG 11/02/04 7/5/2005 LRG 10/31/04 Fea "G" on original field analysis form, Q changed to T rjh LRG 11/16/04 11/02/04 8 CJ Surface Mano Fragments year date record Anal ysis_ Fea_ Fea_ site grp type no Art_no Typ Typ2 1999 26-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 7.0 9 FL FL 1999 21-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 7.0 16 FL FL 1999 21-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 8.0 5 CV CV 1999 21-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 8.0 4 FL FL 1999 21-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 9.0 7 FL FL 1999 27-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 10.0 4 CV CV 1999 26-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 10.0 1 UK OT_UK 1999 21-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 10.0 12 FL FL 1999 26-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 11.0 3 FL FL 1999 26-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 11.0 7 UK OT_UK 1999 26-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 11.0 9 UK OT_UK 1999 1-Jul-99 RR CG CJ Y R 14.1 1 CV CV 1999 18-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 16.0 1 FL FL 1999 18-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 17.0 2 FL FL 1999 18-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 17.0 4 UK OT_UK 1999 18-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 18.0 2 UK OT_UK 1999 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG CJ Y T 19.0 11 CV CV 1999 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG CJ Y T 19.0 12 UK OT_UK 1999 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG CJ Y T 19.0 13 UK OT_UK 1999 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG CJ Y T 19.0 15 UK OT_UK Plan No_gr End_gr brok_w brok_t comp_l comp_ comp_t any_ any_a _s d brok_lg d h g wd h any_lg wd rea mat dep_c curat Labs nxt wear ion ampl notes Fea "G" on original field analysis form, Q changed to T rjh 11/16/04 Fea "J" on original field analysis form, Q changed to T rjh 11/16/04 Fea "J" on original field analysis form, Q changed to T rjh 11/16/04 GR granite Fea "K" on original field analysis form, Q changed to T rjh 11/16/04 Fea "K" on original field analysis form, Q changed to T rjh 11/16/04 Fea "K" on original field analysis form, Q changed to T rjh 11/16/04 R14a on original field analysis form side polished q_cd LRG 11/02/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 9 CJ Surface Mano Fragments year date record Anal ysis_ Fea_ Fea_ site grp type no Art_no Typ Typ2 1999 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG CJ Y T 20.0 3 FL 1999 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG CJ Y T 20.0 10 UK 1999 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG CJ Y T 21.0 8 PR 1999 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG CJ Y T 21.0 4 UK 1999 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG CJ Y T 22.0 12 CV CV 1999 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG CJ Y T 22.0 5 FL FL 1999 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG CJ Y T 22.0 10 FL FL 1999 2000 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG CJ CJ Y Y T T 22.0 22.0 16 FL 5 UK FL OT_UK 1999 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG CJ Y T 22.0 14 CV CV 1999 2000 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG CJ CJ Y Y T T 23.0 23.0 3 FL 3 FL FL FL 1999 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG CJ Y T 26.0 7 FL FL 1999 15-Jun-99 RR KS CG CJ Y T 27.0 3 UK OT_UK CJ Y R 28.0 383 UK 1997 Plan No_gr End_gr brok_w brok_t comp_l comp_ comp_t any_ any_a _s d brok_lg d h g wd h any_lg wd rea mat dep_c curat Labs nxt wear ion ampl notes FL OT_UK OT_UK OT_UK UK 1999 18-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 30.0 5 CV CV 1999 27-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 31.0 3 FL FL 1999 27-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 31.0 10 FL FL 1999 27-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 31.0 1 UK OT_UK 1999 27-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 31.0 8 UK OT_UK 1999 27-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 32.0 23 CV CV 1999 27-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 32.0 3 FL FL 1999 27-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 32.0 15 FL FL 1999 27-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 32.0 5 UK OT_UK 1999 27-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 32.0 8 UK OT_UK drawn drawn q_cd LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG drawn, polish on sides 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 BA LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 1 UK 4.8 13.0 2.7 LB M CG RA tiny fragment; moved from "excavated mano database by LRG 10/04; Artifact # = LRG Surface Collection # 11/02/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 10 CJ Surface Mano Fragments year date record Anal ysis_ Fea_ Fea_ site grp type no Art_no Typ Typ2 1999 27-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 32.0 19 UK OT_UK 1999 27-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 32.0 20 UK OT_UK 1999 27-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 32.0 27 UK OT_UK 1999 28-Jun-99 CG RR CJ Y T 33.0 6 FL FL 1999 28-Jun-99 CG RR CJ Y T 34.0 3 CV CV 1999 28-Jun-99 CG RR CJ Y T 34.0 11 CV CV 1999 28-Jun-99 CG RR CJ Y T 34.0 2 UK OT_UK 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 35.0 7 CV CV 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 36.0 6 FL FL 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 36.0 8 FL FL 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 36.0 4 UK OT_UK 1999 21-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 37.0 1 CV CV 1999 21-Jun-04 RR CG CJ Y T 38.1 2 CV CV 1999 21-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 38.2 25 UK OT_UK 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 41.0 2 UK OT_UK 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 41.0 8 FL FL 1999 21-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y R 41.1 2 CV CV 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 42.1 5 FL FL 1999 23-Jul-99 CJ Y T 45.0 11 FL FL 1999 23-Jul-99 CJ Y T 46.0 6 CV CV 1999 23-Jul-99 RJH GR MC CJ Y T 47.0 2 UK OT_UK 1999 23-Jul-99 CJ Y R 47.1 1 CV CV 1999 23-Jul-99 CJ Y R 47.1 2 FL FL 1999 23-Jul-99 CJ Y T 47.2 5 FL FL Plan No_gr End_gr brok_w brok_t comp_l comp_ comp_t any_ any_a _s d brok_lg d h g wd h any_lg wd rea mat GR dep_c curat Labs nxt wear ion ampl notes q_cd LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 changed from FL/CV to LRG CV 7/5/205 10/31/04 T38a on original field LRG analysis form 10/31/04 T38B on original field LRG analysis form 10/31/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 granite R41a on original field LRG analysis form 10/31/04 T42a on original field LRG analysis form 11/02/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 R41a on original field LRG analysis form 10/31/04 R41a on original field LRG analysis form 10/31/04 T47b on original field analysis form; this bag may have been deleted -- need to check for actual LRG artifact 10/31/04 11 CJ Surface Mano Fragments year date record Anal ysis_ Fea_ Fea_ site grp type no Art_no Typ Typ2 Plan No_gr End_gr brok_w brok_t comp_l comp_ comp_t any_ any_a _s d brok_lg d h g wd h any_lg wd rea 1999 22-Jul-99 GR KH JN CJ Y T 48.0 16 CV CV 1999 22-Jul-99 GR KH JN CJ Y T 49.0 2 CV CV 1999 22-Jul-99 GR KH JN CJ Y T 49.0 13 CV CV 1999 22-Jul-99 GR KH JN CJ Y T 49.0 14 CV CV 1999 22-Jul-99 GR KH JN CJ Y T 49.0 3 FL FL 1999 22-Jul-99 GR KH JN CJ Y T 49.0 4 FL FL 1999 22-Jul-99 GR KH JN CJ Y T 49.0 9 FL FL 1999 CJ Y R 51.0 7 FL FL UK 2 Y 7.8 4.3 4.1 1999 CJ Y R 51.0 1 UK OT_UK UK 1 N 6.3 6.3 1.5 1999 CJ Y R 51.0 2 UK OT_UK UK 2 UK 4.6 5.8 4.5 1999 18-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 53.0 7 CV CV 1999 18-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 53.0 9 CV CV 1999 18-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 53.0 12 FL FL 1999 18-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 55.0 2 UK OT_UK 1999 18-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 56.0 5 UK OT_UK 1999 18-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 57.0 1 FL FL mat LB RH RH dep_c curat Labs nxt wear ion ampl H CG RA L CG RA M CG RA notes fragment of flat mano; sides shaped & ground; surface pecked; moved from "excavated mano" database by LRG 10/04; Artifact # = Bag # this thin, unusual piece of gstone made of unusual, fine grain dk red stone (fine grain rhyolite?); perhaps small mano for st. bowl or some type of polishing stone; moved from "excavated mano" database by LRG 10/04; Artifact # = Bag # moved from "excavated mano" database by LRG 10/04; Artifact # = Bag # side polished; 1/2 river cobble rhyolite q_cd LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 12 CJ Surface Mano Fragments year date record Anal ysis_ Fea_ Fea_ site grp type no Art_no Typ Typ2 1999 18-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 58.0 5 FL FL 1999 18-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 59.0 3 FL FL 1999 29-Jun-99 CG RR RJH CJ Y OT 63.0 5 FL FL 1999 29-Jun-99 CG RR RJH CJ Y OT 63.0 6 FL FL 1999 30-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 66.0 5 UK OT_UK 1999 28-Jun-99 CG RR RJH CJ Y T 79.0 1 FL FL 1999 28-Jun-99 CG RR RJH CJ Y T 79.0 2 FL FL 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 83.0 11 UK OT_UK 1999 28-Jun-99 CG RR RJH CJ Y T 87.0 2 UK OT_UK 1999 28-Jun-99 CG RR RJH CJ Y T 87.0 3 UK OT_UK 1999 18-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 92.0 2 FL FL 1999 CJ Y T 93.0 1 CV CV CJ Y T 94.0 5 FL FL 2000 18-Jun-99 RR CG KS GR BZ 7-Jun-00 KH KS GR BZ 7-Jun-00 KH CJ Y T 95.0 3 CV CV 1999 22-Jul-99 GR KH JN CJ Y T 98.0 7 FL FL 1999 22-Jul-99 GR KH JN CJ Y T 99.0 11 FL FL 1999 22-Jul-99 GR KH JN CJ Y T 100.0 4 CV CV 1999 22-Jul-99 GR KH JN KS GR BZ 7-Jun-00 KH KS GR BZ 7-Jun-00 KH KS GR BZ 7-Jun-00 KH KS GR BZ 7-Jun-00 KH KS GR BZ 5-Jun-00 KH KS GR BZ 5-Jun-00 KH KS GR BZ 5-Jun-00 KH KS GR BZ 5-Jun-00 KH CJ Y T 100.0 7 FL FL CJ Y T 103.0 4 FL FL CJ Y T 104.0 15 CV CV CJ Y T 104.0 16 CV CV CJ Y T 106.0 7 CV CV CJ Y T 109.0 8 FL FL CJ Y T 109.0 17 FL FL CJ Y R 110.0 1 FL FL CJ Y T 111.0 4 UK OT_UK 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 Plan No_gr End_gr brok_w brok_t comp_l comp_ comp_t any_ any_a _s d brok_lg d h g wd h any_lg wd rea mat dep_c curat Labs nxt wear ion ampl notes 2 sides gr. q_cd LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 13 CJ Surface Mano Fragments year date 1999 19-Jul-99 2000 5-Jun-00 2000 6-Jun-00 2000 6-Jun-00 2000 6-Jun-00 2000 6-Jun-00 2000 6-Jun-00 2000 6-Jun-00 2000 5-Jun-00 2000 6-Jun-00 2000 6-Jun-00 1999 20-Jul-99 1999 1999 record GR KH TP JR KS GR BZ KH KS GR BZ KH KS GR BZ KH KS GR BZ KH KS GR BZ KH KS GR BZ KH KS GR BZ KH KS GR BZ KH KS GR BZ KH KS GR BZ KH KH TP GR JR Anal ysis_ Fea_ Fea_ site grp type no Art_no Typ Typ2 CJ Y T 115.0 12 UK CJ Y T 116.0 4 FL FL CJ Y T 119.0 2 FL FL CJ Y T 119.0 3 FL FL CJ Y T 119.0 1 PR CJ Y T 120.0 11 CV CV CJ Y T 120.0 10 FL FL CJ Y T 120.0 4 UK OT_UK CJ Y T 120.1 1 FL FL CJ Y T 122.0 2 CV CV CJ Y T 123.0 3 UK OT_UK CJ Y T 125.0 20 UK OT_UK 17-Jul-99 KH GR RR CJ Y T 127.0 1 FL FL CJ Y T 127.0 2 FL FL CJ Y T 127.0 17 FL FL CJ Y T 127.0 19 FL FL CJ Y T 127.0 18 UK OT_UK CJ Y T 128.0 10 CV CV 1999 17-Jul-99 KH GR RR GR KH TP 19-Jul-99 JR GR KH TP 19-Jul-99 JR GR KH TP 19-Jul-99 JR GR KH TP 19-Jul-99 JR GR KH TP 19-Jul-99 JR CJ Y T 128.0 14 FL FL 1999 24-Jul-99 TP BM CM CJ Y T 132.0 5 CV CV 1999 24-Jul-99 TP BM CM CJ Y T 132.0 12 CV CV 1999 24-Jul-99 TP BM CM CJ Y T 132.0 17 CV CV 1999 24-Jul-99 TP BM CM CJ Y T 132.0 15 UK OT_UK 1999 24-Jul-99 TP BM CM CJ Y T 133.0 8 CV CV 1999 24-Jul-99 TP BM CM CJ Y T 133.0 10 CV CV 1999 24-Jul-99 TP BM CM CJ Y T 133.0 19 CV CV 1999 1999 1999 1999 OT_UK Plan No_gr End_gr brok_w brok_t comp_l comp_ comp_t any_ any_a _s d brok_lg d h g wd h any_lg wd rea mat dep_c curat Labs nxt wear ion ampl notes q_cd LRG 10/31/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 T120a on original field LRG analysis form 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 10/31/04 rhyolite - very light LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 2 grinding surfaces LRG grinding on both sides 10/31/04 LRG grinding on all surfaces 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 slightly polished LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 14 CJ Surface Mano Fragments year date record Anal ysis_ Fea_ Fea_ site grp type no Art_no Typ Typ2 1999 24-Jul-99 TP BM CM CJ Y T 133.0 17 FL FL 1999 24-Jul-99 TP BM CM CJ Y T 134.0 2 CV CV 1999 17-Jul-99 KH GR RR KH TP GR 20-Jul-99 JR KH TP GR 20-Jul-99 JR CJ Y T 135.0 2 CV CV CJ Y T 135.0 22 UK OT_UK CJ Y T 136.0 10 CV CV 17-Jul-99 KH GR RR KH TP GR 20-Jul-99 JR KH TP GR 20-Jul-99 JR CJ Y T 136.0 1 FL FL CJ Y R 136.1 7 CV CV CJ Y R 136.1 9 UK OT_UK 17-Jul-99 KH GR RR KH TP GR 20-Jul-99 JR KH TP GR 20-Jul-99 JR KH TP GR 20-Jul-99 JR CJ Y T 137.0 1 UK OT_UK CJ Y T 137.0 7 UK OT_UK CJ Y R 137.2 3 CV CV CJ Y R 137.2 7 FL FL 17-Jul-99 KH GR RR KH TP GR 20-Jul-99 JR KH TP GR 20-Jul-99 JR CJ Y T 138.0 3 UK OT_UK CJ Y T 138.0 13 UK OT_UK CJ Y T 138.0 14 UK OT_UK CJ Y R 138.1 1 FL FL CJ Y T 143.0 12 CV CV CJ Y T 143.0 22 FL FL 1999 17-Jul-99 KH GR RR BZ KH JN 21-Jul-99 TP BZ KH JN 21-Jul-99 TP BZ KH JN 21-Jul-99 TP CJ Y T 143.0 6 UK OT_UK 1999 17-Jul-99 KH GR RR CJ Y T 144.0 1 FL FL 1999 CJ Y T 149.0 9 CV CV 1999 CJ Y T 149.0 10 UK OT_UK 1999 CJ Y T 149.0 13 UK OT_UK 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 22-Jul-99 GR KH JN CJ Y T 150.0 5 CV CV 1999 22-Jul-99 GR KH JN CJ Y T 150.0 7 CV CV 1999 22-Jul-99 GR KH JN CJ Y T 150.0 8 CV CV Plan No_gr End_gr brok_w brok_t comp_l comp_ comp_t any_ any_a _s d brok_lg d h g wd h any_lg wd rea mat dep_c curat Labs nxt wear ion ampl notes R136a on original field analysis form R136a on original field analysis form R137b on original field analysis form R137b on original field analysis form R138a on original field analysis form flat on one side q_cd LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 15 CJ Surface Mano Fragments year date record Anal ysis_ Fea_ Fea_ site grp type no Art_no Typ Typ2 Plan No_gr End_gr brok_w brok_t comp_l comp_ comp_t any_ any_a _s d brok_lg d h g wd h any_lg wd rea mat dep_c curat Labs nxt wear ion ampl notes CJ Y T 150.0 11 CV CV CJ Y T 155.0 6 CV CV CJ Y T 155.0 11 CV CV 1999 22-Jul-99 GR KH JN BZ KH JN 21-Jul-99 TP BZ KH JN 21-Jul-99 TP BZ KH JN 21-Jul-99 TP CJ Y T 155.0 14 FL FL 1999 17-Jul-99 KH GR RR CJ Y T 155.0 5 CV CV TUFF shaping on 3 sides CJ Y T 157.0 1 CV CV RH purple rhyolite CJ Y T 158.0 2 CV CV CJ Y T 160.0 5 CV CV 1999 24-Jul-99 TP BM CM CJ Y T 161.0 7 CV CV 1999 24-Jul-99 TP BM CM CJ Y T 161.0 10 CV CV 1999 24-Jul-99 TP BM CM CJ Y T 161.0 19 CV CV CJ Y T 161.0 3 FL FL 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 3-Jul-99 RR 17-Jul-99 KH GR RR 3-Jul-99 RR 2-Jul-04 RR 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 165.0 14 UK 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 166.0 1 CV CV 1999 26-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 166.0 8 FL FL 1999 26-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 166.0 17 FL FL 1999 26-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 166.0 26 FL FL 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 166.0 3 UK OT_UK 1999 27-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 167.0 1 CV CV 1999 27-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 167.0 9 UK OT_UK 1999 27-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 167.0 13 UK OT_UK 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CG CJ Y T 168.0 6 CV CV 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CG CJ Y T 168.0 3 UK OT_UK 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CG CJ Y T 168.0 7 UK OT_UK 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CJ Y T 168.0 16 UK OT_UK added to database from original field analysis form by LRG 11/02/04 OT_UK M1 T284 cut marks? q_cd LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 16 CJ Surface Mano Fragments year date record Anal ysis_ Fea_ Fea_ site grp type no Art_no Typ Typ2 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CJ Y T 168.0 20 UK 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CJ Y T 169.0 5 FL FL 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CJ Y T 169.0 6 FL FL 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CJ Y T 169.0 7 UK OT_UK 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CJ Y T 172.0 7 CV CV 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CJ Y T 172.0 10 FL FL Plan No_gr End_gr brok_w brok_t comp_l comp_ comp_t any_ any_a _s d brok_lg d h g wd h any_lg wd rea mat dep_c curat Labs nxt wear ion ampl notes OT_UK river cobble w/striation 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 174.0 12 FL FL 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 174.0 14 FL FL 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 174.0 37 UK OT_UK 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 175.0 1 FL FL 1999 23-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 175.0 2 FL FL 1999 CJ Y T 175.0 26 UK OT_UK UK 2 Y 5.7 7.5 6.7 LB H CG 1999 CJ Y T 175.0 42 FL FL UK 2 UK 7.0 9.0 4.4 LB H CAR RA 1999 CJ Y T 175.0 4 FL FL CI 2 Y 10.1 7.8 3.6 LB H CG RA 1999 CJ Y T 175.0 3 FL FL UK 2 Y 10.3 8.1 5.5 LB H CG RA RA moved from "excavated mano" database by LRG 10/04; Artifact # = Bag # other side medium wear; used after broken; analyzed @CAR 10/19/04 by RJH & LRG; moved from "excavated mano" database by LRG 10/04; Artifact # = Bag # all edges shaped & ground; surfaces pecked; moved from "excavated mano" database by LRG 10/04; Artifact # = Bag # edges shaped & ground; both faces pecked; moved from "excavated mano" database by LRG 10/04; Artifact # = Bag # q_cd LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 17 CJ Surface Mano Fragments year date record Anal ysis_ Fea_ Fea_ site grp type no Art_no Typ Typ2 Plan No_gr End_gr brok_w brok_t comp_l comp_ comp_t any_ any_a _s d brok_lg d h g wd h any_lg wd rea 1999 CJ Y T 175.0 16 UK OT_UK UK 1 N 7.3 7.0 1999 CJ Y T 175.0 46 UK OT_UK UK Y 4.2 3.6 1999 CJ Y T 175.0 46 UK OT_UK UK 2 N 9.5 4.1 1999 CJ Y T 175.0 19.1 PR UK 2 Y 11.3 1999 17-Jul-99 CJ Y T 177.1 4 CV CV 1999 17-Jul-99 CJ Y T 177.1 1 FL FL 2000 5-Jun-00 RJH JN CH CJ Y T 179.0 6 FL FL 1999 CJ Y T 180.0 8 CV CV 1999 CJ Y T 180.0 11 CV CV 1999 CJ Y T 181.0 3 CV CV 1999 CJ Y T 185.0 5 CV CV 6.0 mat dep_c curat Labs nxt wear ion ampl LB L CG RA 3.3 LB M CG RA 6.6 LB M CG RA BA M CAR RA 10.7 7.7 notes edge shaped & rounded; moved from "excavated mano" database by LRG 10/04; Artifact # = Bag # all edges shaped & ground; surfaces pecked; moved from "excavated mano" database by LRG 10/04; Artifact # = Bag # pecked; piece looks convex; moved from "excavated mano" database by LRG 10/04; Artifact # = Bag # pestle-like; 2 corners heavily groundl fragment of long mano/pestle; rounded corners possibly compatible with metates that have holes in bottom; analyzed @CAR 10/19/04 by RJH & LRG; moved from "excavated mano" database by LRG 10/04; Artifact # = Bag #, very slight convexity, almost flat; T177a on original field analysis form very slight convexity; T177a on original field analysis form q_cd LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 18 CJ Surface Mano Fragments year date record 1999 Anal ysis_ Fea_ Fea_ site grp type no Art_no Typ Typ2 CJ Y T 189.0 15 CV CV CJ Y T 190.0 4 CV CV 1999 CJ Y T 191.2 1 CV CV 1999 CJ Y T 192.0 8 CV CV 1999 CJ Y T 192.0 18 UK OT_UK OT_UK 1999 17-Jul-99 1999 17-Jul-99 CJ Y T 193.1 4 UK 1999 17-Jul-99 CJ Y T 194.0 15 CV CV 1999 17-Jul-99 CJ Y T 194.0 24 UK OT_UK 1999 CJ Y T 204.0 4 CV CV 1999 CJ Y T 205.0 1 CV CV 1999 CJ Y T 206.0 8 CV CV 1999 CJ Y T 207.1 11 CV CV OT_UK 1999 13-Jul-99 RJH CM CJ Y T 211.0 12 OT 1999 13-Jul-99 RJH CM CJ Y T 213.0 8 FL FL 1999 16-Jul-99 RJH CM CJ Y T 214.0 4 CV CV CJ Y T 215.1 2 CV CV 1999 1999 17-Jul-99 CJ Y T 217.0 17 CV CV 1999 17-Jul-99 CJ Y T 217.0 25 CV CV CJ Y T 217.0 517 OT CJ Y T 218.0 7 CV 1999 17-Jul-99 Plan OT_UK OV CV No_gr End_gr brok_w brok_t comp_l comp_ comp_t any_ any_a _s d brok_lg d h g wd h any_lg wd rea mat dep_c curat Labs nxt wear ion ampl notes T191b on original field analysis form T193a on original field analysis form polished river cobble T207a on original field analysis form very small grinding stone with eroded pit 6.0 T215a on original field analysis form 2 Y 7.2 7.4 3.1 OT M CAR RA very small; convex surface; appropriate for mortar; wear extends over entire conve surface; very fine grain material; analyzed @CAR 10/19/04 by RJH & LRG; moved from "excavated mano database by LRG 10/04; Artifact # = Surface Collection # q_cd LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 19 CJ Surface Mano Fragments year 1999 date 17-Jul-99 record Anal ysis_ Fea_ Fea_ site grp type no Art_no Typ Typ2 CJ Y T 218.0 9 FL FL 1999 CJ Y T 220.0 5 CV CV 1999 CJ Y T 220.0 7 CV CV 1999 CJ Y R 221.0 4 CV CV 1999 CJ Y R 222.0 15 CV CV 1999 CJ Y R 222.0 24 CV CV 1999 CJ Y R 222.0 3 UK Plan No_gr End_gr brok_w brok_t comp_l comp_ comp_t any_ any_a _s d brok_lg d h g wd h any_lg wd rea mat dep_c curat Labs nxt wear ion ampl OT_UK 1997 CJ Y T 222.0 7 UK OT_UK UK 1999 CJ Y T 223.0 20 UK 1999 CJ Y R 228.0 2 CV CV CJ Y T 230.0 318 CV CV 1999 CJ Y T 230.1 4 CV CV 1999 CJ Y T 230.1 6 CV CV 1999 CJ Y T 230.1 12 CV CV 1999 CJ Y T 230.1 17 CV CV 1999 CJ Y T 230.1 26 CV CV 1999 CJ Y T 230.2 2 CV CV 1999 CJ Y T 230.2 4 CV CV 2 Y 8.6 3.5 5.7 RH M CG RA 4.5 GR H CG RA OT_UK OV 2 N 9.6 11.1 notes q_cd LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 edges shaped; surface pecked; moved from "excavated mano" database by LRG 10/04; Artifact # = Bag LRG # 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 fire-cracked LRG 11/02/04 one side hvy grinding -flat; other side med grinding; slightly convex; moved from "excavated mano database by LRG 10/04; Artifact # = Surface Collection #, changed to CV from LRG FL/CV 7/7/05 11/02/04 T230a on original field LRG analysis form 11/02/04 T230a on original field LRG analysis form 11/02/04 slight convexity; T230a on original field LRG analysis form 11/02/04 T230a on original field LRG analysis form 11/02/04 T230a on original field LRG analysis form 11/02/04 polished river cobble; T230b on original field LRG analysis form 11/02/04 T230b on original field LRG analysis form 11/02/04 20 CJ Surface Mano Fragments year date record Anal ysis_ Fea_ Fea_ site grp type no Art_no Typ Typ2 1999 CJ Y T 231.0 3 CV CV 1999 CJ Y T 231.0 6 CV CV 1999 16-Jul-99 RJH CM CJ Y T 234.0 2 CV CV 1999 16-Jul-99 RJH CM CJ Y T 234.0 11 CV CV 1999 17-Jul-99 CJ Y T 234.0 22 CV CV 1999 16-Jul-99 RJH CM CJ Y T 234.0 12 FL FL 1999 17-Jul-99 CJ Y T 234.0 23 UK OT_UK 1999 16-Jul-99 RJH CM CJ Y R 234.1 2 FL FL 1999 16-Jul-99 RJH CM CJ Y T 235.0 1 UK OT_UK 1999 16-Jul-99 RJH CM CJ Y T 236.0 1 UK OT_UK 1999 6-Jul-99 RJH CM CJ Y T 237.0 2 FL FL 1999 6-Jul-99 RJH CM CJ Y T 237.0 8 UK OT_UK 1999 16-Jul-99 RJH CM CJ Y R 239.0 5 UK OT_UK 1999 6-Jul-99 RJH CM CJ Y T 242.0 4 FL FL 1999 13-Jul-99 RJH CM CJ Y T 243.0 3 CV CV 1999 16-Jul-99 RJH CM CJ Y T 243.0 9 CV CV 1999 CJ Y T 248.0 5 CV CV 1999 CJ Y T 248.0 8 CV CV 1999 CJ Y T 248.0 17 CV CV 1999 CJ Y T 249.0 7 CV CV 1999 CJ Y T 249.0 8 CV CV 1999 CJ Y T 253.0 3 CV CV CJ Y T 253.0 6 CV CV CJ Y T 253.0 10 CV CV CJ Y T 255.0 2 CV CV 1999 17-Jul-99 1999 1999 17-Jul-99 Plan No_gr End_gr brok_w brok_t comp_l comp_ comp_t any_ any_a _s d brok_lg d h g wd h any_lg wd rea mat dep_c curat Labs nxt wear ion ampl notes very small 6cm wide GR q_cd LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 slight convexity; R234a on original field LRG analysis form 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 granite mat. LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG some battering on end 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 very slightly convex LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 21 CJ Surface Mano Fragments year 1999 date record 17-Jul-99 Anal ysis_ Fea_ Fea_ site grp type no Art_no Typ Typ2 CJ Y T 256.0 6 CV CV CJ Y T 264.0 1 CV CV CJ Y T 264.0 2 CV CV 1999 CJ Y T 264.0 5 CV CV 1999 CJ Y T 264.0 7 CV CV 1999 CJ Y T 269.0 2 FL FL 1999 CJ Y T 270.0 3 CV CV 1999 CJ Y T 271.0 9 CV CV 1999 CJ Y T 271.0 18 CV CV 1999 CJ Y T 271.0 20 FL FL 1999 CJ Y T 271.0 5 UK OT_UK 1999 CJ Y T 272.0 3 CV CV 1999 1999 17-Jul-99 JN JZ 1999 30-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 273.0 1 CV CV 1999 30-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 273.0 2 CV CV 1999 CJ Y T 275.0 6 CV CV 1999 CJ Y T 275.0 1 FL FL CJ Y T 276.0 2 FL FL CJ Y T 280.0 2 CV CV CJ Y R 285.0 4 FL FL 1999 CJ Y T 289.0 2 CV CV 1999 CJ Y T 292.0 4 CV CV CJ Y T 292.0 9 CV CV 1999 1999 2000 1999 6-Jul-99 RJH CM 17-Jul-99 KS GR BZ 6-Jun-00 KH 2000 KS GR BZ 6-Jun-00 KH CJ Y T 293.0 5 FL FL 2000 6-Jun-00 RJH JN CH CJ Y T 297.0 15 FL FL 2000 6-Jun-00 RJH JN CH CJ Y T 297.0 13 UK OT_UK 2000 5-Jun-00 RJH JN CH CJ Y T 299.1 4 UK OT_UK Plan No_gr End_gr brok_w brok_t comp_l comp_ comp_t any_ any_a _s d brok_lg d h g wd h any_lg wd rea mat dep_c curat Labs nxt wear ion ampl notes q_cd LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 with rounded edges LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG polished river cobble 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 T299a on original field LRG analysis form 11/02/04 22 CJ Surface Mano Fragments year date record Anal ysis_ Fea_ Fea_ site grp type no Art_no Typ Typ2 2000 5-Jun-00 RJH JN CH CJ Y T 299.1 5 UK OT_UK 2000 6-Jun-00 RJH JN CH CJ Y T 301.4 2 FL FL 2000 6-Jun-00 RJH JN CH CJ Y T 301.4 3 FL FL 2000 6-Jun-00 RJH JN CH CJ Y T 301.4 11 UK OT_UK 2000 Y T 301.4 14 UK OT_UK Y T 307.0 1 CV CV 2000 6-Jun-00 RJH JN CH CJ KS GR BZ 7-Jun-00 KH CJ KS GR BZ 7-Jun-00 KH CJ Y T 307.0 5 CV CV 2000 5-Jun-00 RJH JN CH CJ Y T 313.0 3 UK OT_UK 2000 6-Jun-00 RJH JN CH CJ Y T 323.0 7 FL FL 2000 1999 21-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 537.0 3 FL FL 1999 21-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T 539.2 1 UK OT_UK 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CG CJ Y T #### 3 CV CV 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CG CJ Y T #### 1 FL FL 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CG CJ Y T #### 4 FL FL 1999 2-Jul-99 RR CG CJ Y T #### 14 UK 1999 21-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T #### 1 FL FL 1999 21-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T #### 3 FL FL 1999 21-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y T #### 2 CV CV 1999 18-Jun-99 RR CG CJ Y ISO 7 FL FL OT_UK Plan No_gr End_gr brok_w brok_t comp_l comp_ comp_t any_ any_a _s d brok_lg d h g wd h any_lg wd rea mat dep_c curat Labs nxt wear ion ampl notes T299a on original field analysis form T301d on original field analysis form T301d on original field analysis form T301d on original field analysis form T301d on original field analysis form q_cd LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 10/31/04 T539B on original field LRG analysis form 10/31/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 11/02/04 LRG 10/31/04 LRG 10/31/04 multiple grinding surfaces, changed from FL/CV to CV by definition, CV and FL LRG sides is a CV 11/02/04 LRG 10/31/04 23 Appendix 13.2 Grinding Experiment: Basin Metate Wear Rate Introduction The experiment described here is related to our interest in relating the basin metate wear depth to the nature of the occupation of Cerro Juanaqueña. The large number of basin metates and the substantial depth that most were ground to suggested to us that the accumulated wear of all of the basin metates represents a proxy for the population and flour processing that occurred at the site as discussed on page 308 of the volume. The underlying assumption is that metates wear in proportion to the grinding that occurs on them. Since depth of wear can be measured on basin metates relative to the metate's upper surface this approach is feasible. It would not be viable on a slab metate that wears horizontally across the entire stone there as there is no upper surface to measure against. In order to relate accumulated basin metate wear to population in any meaningful way we needed to answer the question, how fast do basin metates wear? In a previous publication (Roney and Hard 2002:171-173) we had used published ethnoarchaeological and experimental data to estimate that metates used by full-time maize agriculturalists using basalt metates in Mexico and Guatemala had a wear rate of 5 mm/year or .0046 mm/hour, assuming grinding occurred 3 hours per day, 365 days per year. The goal of this experiment was to enhance the accuracy of this estimate focusing on the rate at which the stone wears in relationship to the amount of time the metate was used in grinding. This is not a study of the efficiency of grinding or the amount of maize that could be ground per unit of time. This experiment required controls on metate wear, time grinding, and product being ground. Given the very slow rate that basalt metates wear many hours of grinding would be required to produce measureable wear. We entertained a number of possible designs including working in an ethnographic context with individuals experienced in using a metate or constructing a machine to replicate a grinding movement but these ideas were quickly discarded as impractical. Methods The experiment involved constructing a metate so that precise measurements could be made on metate wear. In order to accumulate a measurable degree of metate wear a substantial number of undergraduate students were needed to grind maize for a large number of hours. A controlled setting was required in order control for grinding time, material ground, procedures, grinding tools, etc. Experimental Metate The experimental metate was constructed by a local stone cutter using modern tools to be roughly similar to a Cerro Juanaqueña metate. The metate was constructed from a large piece of unmodified basalt from the base of Cerro Juanaquena identical to the regolith basalt of the hill and virtually all of the metates found at Cerro Juanaquena. The stone is dark brown and somewhat vesicular (Figure 1). The maximum overall dimensions reflect the irregular outline of the small boulder and were 48 cm long x 48 cm wide x 21 cm thick. The grinding surface was cut into the stone was oval with a shallow, basin-shaped grinding surface designed to be roughly similar to a Cerro Juanaquena metate. The grinding surface was 32 cm long x 20 cm wide and had a maximum depth of 4.8 cm. 1 Appendix 13.2 Grinding Experiment: Basin Metate Wear Rate The experiment required a stable reference plane that was fixed over the concave grinding surface from which highly precise measurements could be made as the metate surface would be lowered in sub-millimeter increments as it slowly accumulated wear. This was engineered as plexiglass table that could be removed for grinding and reattached in order to make the measurements. The table needed had to be designed so it could be reattached within very tight tolerances so comparable measurements could be made at between grinding intevals (Figure 2). The University of Texas at San Antonio Physics and Engineering Lab designed and constructed the measurement table to meet our requirements. Four holes were drilled in the corners of the metate and aluminum screw mounting sleeves were epoxied into the four holes. Bolts screwed into the sleeves were used to remove and reattach the measurement table. Aluminum spacers were inserted between metate and table. The spacers were machined to different lengths in order to precisely level the table and compensate for uneven metate surface. The sleeve, spacers, and bolts allowed the table to be reattached in precisely the same position. A grid of 28 probe holes were drilled into the plexiglass table as well as 3 slots so that both multiple point measurements and continuous measurements could be potentially made. We used a Mitutoyo Series 547 digital depth gauge with a theoretical resolution of .00005 inches. The device was maintained in a perpendicular position relative to the measurement table by the four inch long, highly machined flattened base of the gauge. The gauge had detachable extension pins (.5, 1 and 2 inch lengths) that allowed the gauge's probe to reach from the plate to the bottom of the metate grinding surface to measure the depth of the metate wear. We alternated extension pins as needed to compensate for the varying distances from the measurement table to the surface of the metate. The pin lengths were subtracted from the measurements. The gauge was attached to Mitutoyo MIG-4A Digimatic/RS-232 interface unit that transmitted the measurements into an Excel spreadsheet on a laptop computer. The data was captured in inch units and transformed into mm in the spreadsheet. As the metate accumulated wear the distance increased between the table and the metate surface in sub-millimeter increments. The grinding experiments were conducted as an assignment for students from Robert Hard's Introduction to Archaeology classes at the University of Texas at San Antonio. The experiment was integrated into the class curriculum and was supported with background lectures on experimental archaeology, research design, Cerro Juanaqueña, and included an assignment integrating data related to the experiment. The grinding experiment was set up at the Center for Archaeological Research (CAR) on campus where students would come and grind maize on the metate during an eight week period in each of the fall and spring semesters of 2003-2004. The experiments were supervised by graduate students and CAR staff. Each student went to the lab at their appointed time. They were given a bag containing 125 g of parched commercial popcorn. The dry popcorn had previously been roasted by spreading it out on a baking sheet and cooking for one hour at 150 to 200 degrees F in a household oven. This roasting is similar to parching as practiced by many Southwestern Indigenous people in recipes to make pinole. Parching has the effect of making the kernels far 2 Appendix 13.2 Grinding Experiment: Basin Metate Wear Rate easier to grind and begins the chemical breakdown of polysaccharides in the maize (Hard et al. 1996). The students were given basic instructions as to how to grind the maize but were allowed to arrange themselves and the metate in an appropriate position. The supervisor reviewed the written instructions, assisted the student in getting started and answered questions. After the student had initiated the work the supervisor left the room. The students were instructed to place a small handful of maize kernels on the metate and use a combination of crushing with the edge of the mano and reciprocal grinding with the mano face until the maize becomes floury. They were then instructed to test the fineness of the flour by placing it on a 1 mm mesh geological screen. If it passed through the screen then the maize was deemed sufficiently ground. If not, then the maize was returned to the metate for further grinding. All of the maize needed to pass through the geological screen for the grinding session to be completed. Students learned to gauge by feel the appropriate level of grinding so they did not need to repeatedly test the fineness of the flour. As they finished with one small batch of maize they were then to add another small handful to the metate. They were told that leaving a small amount of flour on the metate allows the next batch to be ground more smoothly. Once all of the maize passed through the 1 mm screen then the supervisor reviewed the work, checked the log sheet, and weighed the maize and checked it for fineness. The student recorded their times when they started grinding and after completing grinding the maize. The total time included the manipulation of the maize. The metate was measured at the beginning and end of each eight week grinding session and a number of times during the course of the experiment. The metate was measured a total of 10 times during the 16 week experiment. There were 28 holes (measurement locations) across the table and the measured distance between the plate and the bottom of the grinding surface were repeated three times at each of the 28 locations to enhance precision. The mean of the three measurements was used in the analysis. Two measurement locations (1 and 28) were outside of the grinding surface provided controls to evaluate the precision and error range of the measurements. We pecked the metate four times during the course of the experiment, once at the beginning of the experiment and three subsequent times during the course of the experiment (Table 1). We used a chert hammerstone to peck or roughen the metate surface. We pecked it at more frequent intervals early in the experiment but determined pecking made little difference in the surface texture as the stone is somewhat vesicular and we could not detect that pecking made a difference in surface roughnesss and we then minimized the frequency of this effort. We measured the experimental grinding surface depth before and after each pecking interval. Archaeologically surface pecking of the Cerro Juanaquena basin metates was not a common strategy; only 17 percent (4 out of 28 metates recorded during the transect recording effort (p. 277) for which these data were recorded had evidence of surface pecking. 3 Appendix 13.2 Grinding Experiment: Basin Metate Wear Rate Results During the total of 16 weeks over the two semesters 195 students participated and contributed 242.2 hours of grinding time (Table 1). A total of 24.40 kg of maize was ground, although given the inexperience of these student grinders we do not think .1 kg/hour production rate is a useful measure and is not used in the analysis. The analysis focuses instead on the total hours of grinding in relationship to the total wear on the metate. The assumption is that the relationship between time grinding and metate wear gives a rough, but nonetheless useful indicator of the rate at which ancient metates would wear. Measurement error Given that the experiment required precision at the level of hundredths of a mm we were concerned about measurement error. Locations 1 and 28 served as controls as they were outside of the grinding surface and therefore not modified during the grinding experiment. Both locations were measured along with the other 26 locations for each of the 10 measurement events. Variability in measurements at these two control locations are an indicator of measurement error. The error rate at both locations is very similar; Location 1 had a standard error of ±.0421 mm (95% confidence, n = 10) and Hole 28 ±.0441 mm (95%, n = 10). Wear rate Since metate wear was variable across the grinding surface measurement location 20 was used as the best estimator of wear. It was located near the deepest point of experimental metate grinding surface and was the best analog for the archaeological metate depths which were always measured at the deepest point of the grinding surface. The results are in Table 1. Figure 3 plots the depth data from location 20 and the two control locations, 1 and 28. As can be seen the data from the two control locations fluctuate slightly due to measurement error. Also note the paired accumulated wear values at 21, 62, and 126 hours of grinding. These are before and after measurements for the metate pecking events. These values typically varied in the range of measurement error and we did not think differences in these values reflected changing depth. In fact there are instances where the measurement after pecking is less than the measurement prior to pecking and there are cases of negative values, all indicators of measurement error. All before and after pecking measurements but one fall near the established error range (±.04 mm). The extreme and inconsistent value at the top of the graph at 126 hours of grinding however is believed to be an erroneous measurement due to other unknown causes. This data point does not affect the final results. Figure 3 and Table 1 show that location 28 accumulated a total 1.18 mm of wear following a total of 242.2 hours of grinding during the course of the experiment. Since the goal of the experiment was to estimate accumulated wear over years of grinding we wanted to establish a normal wear rate. During the first week of the grinding experiment the metate accumulated wear at a far faster rate than during the remainder of the experiment. After only 21.58 hours of grinding by 20 students the first measurement showed that .44 mm of wear had accumulated. During this initial period the metate was wearing far faster than during the remainder of the experiment. This was over 6 times the average wear rate over the following 17 weeks of the experiment and this wear accounted for 37.6 percent of the total wear occurred in 4 Appendix 13.2 Grinding Experiment: Basin Metate Wear Rate only 9.0% of the total grinding time of the experiment. This was a break-in period as the fresh metate surface was rapidly wearing to conform to the contours of the mano. Therefore the summary results reported here exclude the first week of grinding. From the beginning of week 2 till the end of the experiment the metate received 217.47 hours of grinding and produced .7366 mm of wear for an overall rate of .0034 mm/hr. In Chapter 13 (pp. 308) we report these results and compare them to the previously estimated metate wear value based on estimates from ethnographic descriptions of 5 mm/year or .0046 mm/hour. Our experimental results are similar to the ethnographic data. Our experimental rate of wear of .0034 mm/hour is then integrated to examination of metate wear across the site. 5 Appendix 13.2 Grinding Experiment: Basin Metate Wear Rate Figure 1: Experimental metate with mounting bolts. 6 Appendix 13.2 Grinding Experiment: Basin Metate Wear Rate Figure 2: Experimental metate with measurement table and gauge. Note measurement hole locations. 7 Appendix 13.2 Grinding Experiment: Basin Metate Wear Rate Figure 3: Accumulated wear and grinding time. Break-in period was excluded from final rate calculations. Some data points are overwritten. Black dots reflect accumulated wear. 8 Appendix 13.2 Grinding Experiment: Basin Metate Wear Rate Total Accumulated Metate Wear & Grinding Time Measurement Date Control Location 1 mm Control Location 28 mm Grinding Surface Location 20 mm 10/15/2003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 10/23/2003 10/24/2003 11/11/2003 11/11/2003 11/18/2003 11/25/2003 12/19/2003 0.1143 0.0127 0.1397 0.0762 0.0339 -0.0381 0.0847 0.1016 0.0677 0.1736 0.1143 0.1693 -0.0169 0.0720 0.4445 0.3598 0.5334 0.4868 0.5884 0.5249 0.8170 2/10/2004 0.1058 0.0762 1.1684 4/16/2004 -0.0508 0.1693 1.1811 0.7366 Notes start experiment end breakin period, excluded pecked pecked end 2003 start 2004, pecked end experiment Total minus break-in Accumulated Grinding Hours 0.0 21.6 21.6 62.0 62.0 78.8 95.7 126.3 126.3 239.1 217.5 Total minus break-in 0.0034 Final rate mm/hr Table 1: Metate accumulated wear and grinding time data. 9 Appendix 13.2 Grinding Experiment: Basin Metate Wear Rate References Cited Hard, Robert J., Raymond P. Mauldin, and Gerry R. Raymond 1996 Mano Size, Stable Carbon Isotope Ratios, and Macrobotanical Remains as Multiple Lines of Evidence of Maize Dependence in the American Southwest. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 3:253-318. Roney, John R., and Robert J. Hard 2002 Early Agriculture in Northwestern Chihuahua. In Traditions, Transitions, and Technologies: Themes in Southwestern Archaeology in the Year 2000, edited by Sarah Schlanger, pp. 163-180. University Press of Colorado, Boulder. 10 Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 14.1 Definition of Terms Bradley J. Vierra Cores Core Type Definitions Cores (n=56) are nodules that have faceted platforms from which specific kinds of flakes are removed. They are subdivided into unidirectional, bi-directional, multi-directional, bipolar, flake core and undetermined fragment types. Flake cores were produced on large flakes, bipolar and undetermined types from flakes on nodules, and the remaining core types were produced directly from pebbles or cobbles. Tested materials (n=0) are nodules with a single flake removed from an unprepared cortical platform at one or more isolated locations. They probably represent nodules that have been tested for material quality and were then rejected. Cobble unifaces (n=14) have two or more flakes unifacially removed along a single edge margin, usually at one end of the pebble or cobble. Cobble unifaces probably represent unprepared cobble cores. Cobble bifaces (n=0) have two or more flakes bifacially removed from a single edge at the end of a pebble or cobble. They presumably represent formal heavy-duty chopping tools (i.e., choppers), but might have also been used as a source for flakes. Cobble bifaces differ from bifacial cores in the bifacial cores are generally made of siliceous materials and have more than one continuous edge bifacially retouched edge perimeter. Split pebbles (n=2) are small pebbles that have been intentionally broken in half. Recorded Attributes for Cores After the artifact type is defined, a series of detailed attributes are monitored for each item. Material type is identified by classifying an artifact to a specific rock class. The material coding sheet used during the analysis is presented in Appendix A, although not all of these materials were identified. During the first season of analysis, several of the major rock types were subdivided into specific color variations based on the use of a rock color chart (Goddard et al. 1984). These included the rhyolites, obsidian, chalcedony and chert material types. This was done to familiarize the analyst with the material variability, and to identify possible color variations that could reflect separate sources. The color variations identified in the modern gravel samples were also present in the archaeological samples. The results of identifying these subdivisions will be discussed in the detailed material selection section. These subtypes will then be lumped together for the remainder of the discussion. Material grain on the other hand is separated into fine, medium and coarse-grained categories. Fine-grained materials are those that are glossy and translucent. Medium-grained materials exhibit a smooth surface, dull to glossy luster and are aphanetic. Coarse-grained materials are grainy to the touch, dull in luster and are porphyritic. Artifact condition was monitored as whole or fragment. Length for cores and cobble unifaces was measured in mm along the axis through the major flaking surface. Width was measured perpendicular to the length and thickness was measured as the remaining dimension. In contrast, the length of hammerstones was measured in mm along the longest axis, the width was measured perpendicular to length and thickness was the smallest dimension of the artifact. Each artifact was weighed to the nearest tenth of a gram with an Ohaus digital scale. Weight was the only measurement recorded for core fragments. Several core types were recorded based on platform orientation and core shape. As previously noted, these consist of single-directional, bi-directional, multidirectional, bipolar, flake cores and core fragments. In addition, these core types were subdivided into specific subtypes. The singledirectional cores as single-face, multi-faced, prismatic or pyramidal cores with flakes being removed from a single striking platform. Bi-directional cores are change-of-orientation, discoidal, bifacial, opposed same face, opposed different face and ninety degree cores with flakes being removed from two separate striking platforms. Multi-directional cores are globular, opposed/ninety degrees, and opposed same/different face cores, with flakes being removed from three or more platforms. Bipolar cores exhibit battering, crushing and/or negative or positive bulbs of percussion at one or both opposing ends. Flake cores are same-face and multi-face. Core fragments are broken cores. Number of platforms, platform type and platform preparation were recorded. Number of platforms was coded as zero for non-cores and core fragments; whereas, bipolar cores were arbitrarily assigned a single platform. Platform type was cortical, single-faceted, multifaceted, cortical/single faceted and undetermined/non-applicable (i.e., core fragments and non-cores). A cortical platform is unprepared and situated on cortex. A single-faceted platform consists of a single flake scar; whereas, a multifaceted platform consists of two or more flake scars. A cortical/single faceted platform exhibits both of these platforms types on a platform surface. Platform preparation, either on the platform or along the platform edge, was recorded as none, abraded/crushed, ground, abraded/ground and undetermined/non-applicable. Cortex type was recorded as nodular, tabular, waterworn, quartz crystal and undetermined. Nodule or tabular cortex is the natural weathered surface of a nodule or tabular-shaped rock; whereas, waterworn cortex is the rolled surface created through water transport of a rock. The percentage of the cortical or unflaked surface was measured for whole artifacts as less than 25 percent, 26-50 percent, 51-75 percent, more than 75 percent and undetermined fragments. The reason for discard was monitored for cores and cobble unifaces. This consisted of broken (material flaw), broken (culturally induced fracture), extensive hinging/stepping, exhausted, still useable, extensive battering, burned, undetermined and non-applicable (i.e., hammerstones). The presence or absence of burning was recorded. This could be represented by the presence of discoloration, pot lids and/or crackling. The number of damaged loci was also recorded. This damage refers to possible use-wear and not to kind of platform preparation. Each damaged locus was given a sequential number for each artifact. The type of damage present was monitored as battering, rounding, scarring and abrasion/ground. Battering is the pounding application of force to a specific locus when one object is struck against another. This action can produce conical impact rings (hertzian cones) on a natural surface, or bi-directional step fracturing and the deterioration of an edge margin. Rounding is the damage that results in the rounding of an edge margin and scarring from the removal of microflakes along an edge margin. Abrasion/ground is the presence of any abraded or ground surface on an artifact. Only damage that was obviously visible, or could be identified with a 10x hand lens was recorded. The location of the damage was recorded as an edge, convex surface, ridge, flat surface, flake scar ridge or all over the artifact. An edge is the intersection of one or more negative flake scar facets and edge damage is associated with the artifact being used as a chopper or pecking stone. A convex surface is a non-acute, natural convex surface of an object; damage in this location reflects use as a hammerstone. A ridge is an acute, naturally sharp surface; the damage on a ridge reflects use as an angular hammerstone. Flat is a naturally flat surface; damage on this surface reflects use as a hammerstone or anvil. Flake scar ridges (arrises) are the high points along the edge of negative flake scars; sometime these areas are ground (e.g., on cobble unifaces) indicating that the tool may have been used as a plane or adze. Damage over the entire surface of an artifact presumably reflects a multifunctional use of the artifact (e.g., heavily battered hammerstone or pecking stone). Debitage Debitage Type Definitions Debitage consists of the by-products of core reduction and tool production. Flakes are pieces of material that have been detached from a core or tool by percussion or pressure. Angular debris (n=1000) are pieces that are incidentally broken off during core reduction. These pieces of shatter lack definable flake characteristics, such as a platform, bulb of percussion, eraillure, ventral/dorsal surface, and proximal/distal ends. Microdebitage (n=8321) are pieces of debitage with a maximum length equal to or less than 10 mm. Core flakes (n=4675) are flakes that have been detached from a core. A polythetic set (Clark 1968:36-37) of attributes for core flakes consists of a single or dihedral platform, a platform that is approximately as wide as the flake, a platform angle of greater than 75o, cortex present on the dorsal surface, dorsal scars that may be absent, parallel or perpendicular to the platform, a thickness of greater than about five millimeters, a pronounced bulb of percussion, and an eraillure scar. To be classified as a core flake, the flake must exhibit at least six of the eight defining attributes. Bipolar flakes (n=5) are flakes that have been detached from a core through the use of a bipolar reduction technique. That is, the core is set on an anvil and struck with the percussor (Crabtree 1972:42). The resultant flake differs from a core flake in that it may have two bulbs of percussion (positive or negative), eraillures and/or scaling/crushing at one or both ends. Core trimming flakes (n=38) are pieces that have been struck at a 90o angle to the major flaking axis of the core, along the edge of the core platform and dorsal flaking surface. They are sometimes referred to as platform renewal or rejuvenation flakes, since they often remove the step fractures than can occur adjacent to the edge of the platform. However, they may also represent an attempt to change the orientation of the core, by preparing and reorienting a new flaking surface that is perpendicular to the previous major flaking axis. Core trimming flakes are similar to uniface rejuvenation flakes (Highley 1995:482), but are struck perpendicular and not parallel to the major flaking axis of the core or tool. Core tablets (n=1) are also flakes that have been struck perpendicular to the major flaking axis of the core; however, they have been struck just below the platform to remove the whole striking platform from the core (Marks 1976:374). Opposing core flakes (n=3) have been detached from the bottom of the core by striking it at a 90o angle to the major flaking axis. This then acts to create a platform from which flakes are removed in the opposite direction from previous removals. Change-of-orientation flakes (n=0) are flakes removed from the opposite end as the major flaking axis of the core. Both flakes exhibit marked ventral curvature and multiple dorsal flake scars; however, these dorsal scars are perpendicular to the proximal-distal flake axis on the opposing core flake, vs. radiating towards the proximal end (i.e., platform) of the change-of-orientation flake. These flakes are similar to overstruck flakes in that the distal end of the core is removed (e.g., Tixier 1963:43-44), but they do not originate from the major flaking axis platform. Blades (n=6) are specialized forms of flakes that are twice as long as they are wide, with parallel lateral sides and one or more parallel dorsal arrises (Bordes 1981:16). Biface flakes (n=438) are flakes that have been detached from a bifacially retouched artifact. A polythetic set of attributes for biface flakes consists of a multi-faceted platform, an isolated platform, a lipped platform, a platform angle less than 75o, a weak bulb of percussion, cortex absent on the dorsal surface, dorsal scars that are roughly parallel to each other and perpendicular to the platform, a thickness of less than five millimeters that is relatively even from proximal to distal ends and a pronounced ventral curvature. A flake must exhibit at least six of the nine attributes to be classified as a biface flake. Biface flakes removed from retouched tools tend to exhibit a platform angle less than 50o, whereas, flakes removed from bifacial cores generally have platform angles from about 50o to 75o. Overstruck flakes (n=1) are flakes removed from the edge of a biface, but go over and beyond the face of the artifact detaching a portion of the opposite edge. These items are also referred to as outrepassé flakes (Tixier 1963:43-44). Notching flakes (n=1) are flakes that exhibit a negative dorsal scar originating from the platform, a small indentation at the platform, a convex ventral profile and a salient bulb of percussion (Titmus 1985:251-252). Uniface flakes (n=3) are flakes which have been detached from a unifacially retouched artifact (Highley 1995:482; Jelinek 1966; Shafer 1970). A polythetic set of attributes for uniface flakes consists of a single-faceted platform, a platform angle of greater than 60o, dorsal scars that are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the platform, a single distal scar on the dorsal surface of the flake (sometimes separated by an arris), and marked ventral curvature. Burin spalls (n=0) are pieces that have been struck from the edge of a flake, so the resulting scar (or facet) approaches a 90o to the plane of the blank from which it was removed. Pot lids (n=6) are Hertzian cones produced when siliceous rocks are subjected to heat. Hammerstone flakes (n=11) are flakes with cortex on the platform and dorsal surface, with the platform being heavily battered. Ground stone flakes (n=4) are flakes that have a ground facet(s) situated on their dorsal surface. Undetermined flake fragments (n=581) are fragments for which flake type could not be determined. Recorded Attributes for Debitage Material type and material grain was recorded for each piece. The condition of the artifact was recorded as either whole, proximal, midsection, distal, lateral or undetermined (e.g., flakes smaller than 10 mm). All pieces of angular debris were considered to be whole. Measurements were taken on all whole flakes. Length was defined as the distance along the proximal-distal axis of a flake (i.e., perpendicular to the platform) and was measured in mm using a sliding digital caliper. Weight was recorded for all debitage items to the nearest tenth of a gram. The type of platform was recorded for all flakes as absent, cortical, single-faceted, dihedral, multifaceted, crushed, collapsed, battered and non-applicable (for angular debris and microdebitage). Cortical and single-faceted platforms are the same as monitored for cores. However, a dihedral platform consists of two flake scars and a multifaceted platform of three or more flake scars. A crushed platform is one in which the proximal end of the flake is covered with step fractures, indicative of crushing along the edge of the core platform. A collapsed platform is identified on whole flakes that lack a clear platform and any traces of crushing. A battered platform is a cortical platform that is covered with battering and impact marks, which may be indicative of a hammerstone spall. Platform preparation was monitored as none, abraded/crushed, ground, abraded/ground, retouched, retouched/abraded, retouched/ground and undetermined/non-applicable. The latter category was used for flakes with collapsed, crushed or battered platforms, as well as flake fragments, angular debris and microdebitage. Cortex type was recorded using the same attributes as for the cores. The placement of the cortex was recorded on whole flakes only. It was monitored as absent, on the platform only, on the dorsal surface only, on the platform and partially on the dorsal surface, orange rind (i.e., along the platform and lateral edge), on the platform and/or totally covering the dorsal surface. The presence or absence of burning was recorded. Retouched Tools Retouched Tool Type Definitions Retouched tools are the result of the secondary percussion or pressure flaking of a piece in order to produce a specific tool shape. Marginally retouched pieces (n=23) are pieces of debitage with retouch that extends over less than one-third of the surface of the artifact (Chapman and Schutt 1977:86). This is non-invasive retouch that is limited to the edge margin, but may be unidirectional or bidirectional. Notches (n=14) are flakes with one or two contiguous notches along the edge of the piece. Denticulates (n=3) are flakes with three or more contiguous notches along the edge of the piece (GEEM 1975). Perforators and gravers are flakes with retouched projections. Gravers (n=0) exhibit a blunt end and perforators (n=2) a pointed end. Burins (n=0) are flakes which have had a portion of their edge removed (Crabtree 1972:48). Unifaces (n=7) are artifacts which exhibit retouch scars over one-third or more of only one of their surfaces. This type of retouch can be defined as invasive. Unifaces exhibit initial edge retouch that lack a formal overall shape. Scrapers (n=0) are specialized forms of unifaces that exhibit secondary edge retouch producing a formal shaped tool with an edge angle between 60 to 80o. Bifaces (n=53) are artifacts that exhibit retouch scars extending over one-third or more of both of their surfaces (Chapman and Schutt 1977:93). Generalized bifaces tend to be ovate or lanceolate in shape, with edge angles between about 30 to 50o. In addition to the generalized bifaces, drills and projectile points are considered specialized forms of bifaces. Drills (n=2) are bifacially retouched flakes that are twice as long as they are wide, about as thick as they are wide and often exhibit a diamond-shaped cross-section. Projectile Points (n=26) are bifaces that exhibit hafting modifications that distinguish a stem from the blade. Cruciforms (n=1) are "X"-shaped artifacts that have initially been shaped by percussion or pressure flaking and then finished by grinding and polishing. Recorded Attributes for Retouched Tools Material type, material grain, condition, cortex type, cortex placement and burning were recorded for retouched tools using the same attributes as those monitored for the debitage. Measurements were taken in mm for whole tools. Length was measured along the proximaldistal axis. Width was measured at a 900 angle to the proximal-distal axis. Thickness was the greatest measurement once the proximal-distal axis was rotated 900. The proximal end is the same as that defined for flakes on informal retouched tools and the possible hafted end on formal tools (e.g., bifaces, projectile points and scrapers). Weight was measured to the nearest tenth of a gram. Tool fragments were only weighed. Biface shape and projectile (haft) type were recorded as ovoid, ovate, lanceolate, round, triangular, cruciform, stemmed, contracting stemmed, corner-notched, side-notched, sidenotched with basal notch and non-applicable (i.e., not a biface). The number of separate retouched edges was monitored on each tool. Each edge was given a sequential number. Only one edge was recorded on tools exhibiting a continuously retouched edge (e.g., bifaces, projectile points, drills and scrapers). It is the marginally retouched pieces that most often exhibit separate retouched edges. Retouch type was recorded as unidirectional ventral (inverse), unidirectional dorsal (obverse), bi-directional (continuous on both faces), alternating (inverse and obverse retouch along the same edge), alternate (inverse and obverse retouch along opposite edges), beveled, alternate/beveled, burination, backed and bidirectional/beveled. Edge outline was recorded as straight, concave, convex, straight/concave, straight/convex, concave/convex (i.e., denticulate or double notch), projection (i.e., graver or perforator), flat (i.e., abraded or ground surface), and undetermined (i.e., fragments). Edge outline and edge angles were monitored each edge of a retouched piece or along the blade of a biface and projectile point and the retouched edges on scrapers. Edge angles were measured using a "shurikan" edge angle template. The template consists of a circular disk with angles cur into its side at five-degree increments from 20 to 900. The edge to be measured is placed within a notch until the angle that fits most accurately is found. A sketch was also made of each retouched tool, noting information on the presence and location for breakage type, and the presence of hafting polish. The bases of hafted tools were observed using a 10x-hand lens to identify possible hafting wear (i.e., polish on arrises or tool surface). All of this data was used to infer possible manufacturing, vs. use-related breakage patterns (e.g., see Callahan 1979; Crabtree 1972; Johnson 1979). Other Artifacts Three other artifact types were monitored during the analysis. However, only two of these were identified. Hammerstones (n=3) are nodules that exhibits battering on otherwise unmodified cortical portions of their surfaces. This battering usually occurs on the end or along the perimeter of the pebble or cobble. Anvils (n=0) are artifacts that exhibit repeated battering in a specific isolated location, so that a small circular depression is created on a planar surface. The recorded attributes are the same as defined for the cores, with the exception of core type and platform characteristics. Manuports (n=8) are unmodified pieces of lithic raw material that have been transported from their source area to another location as a result of human behavior. This may include materials to be used in lithic reduction, ceramic production or other miscellaneous functions. The recorded attributes are similar to those of debitage, but solely consist of material type, material grain, measurements, cortex type, and burning. Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 14.2 Chi-Square Analysis Bradley J. Vierra The chi-square test is one of the most commonly used statistics in archaeology. It provides a method of determining whether two samples are statistically independent. Since many of the variables monitored during this lithic analysis is nominal data consisting of specific categories (e.g., material or debitage type), this test is an excellent means of comparing variables within a two-way contingency table. The null hypothesis for the test states that the proportions are equal for each of the artifact types in the two samples. Statistical comparisons are made comparing the observed to the expected values and a chi-square statistic derived. The null hypothesis of no difference between the variables will be rejected if the probability (p) value is less than 0.05. If the chi-square test shows that there is a significant difference in the expected frequency of observations for the table at the 0.05 significance level, then adjusted residuals will be calculated to determine which of the cells is contributing to the significant chi-square value. Adjusted residuals greater than 1.96 or -1.96 are significant at the 0.05 level (Everitt 1977:47; Haberman 1973; Reynolds 1984). The chi-square statistic, degrees of freedom (df) and p-values will be presented below each of the contingency tables. Analyses were not conducted on contingency tables where cells with values less than 5 contribute 20% or more of the total table (Reynolds 1984:20). Everitt, B.S. 1977 The Analysis of Contingency Tables. Chapman and Hall, London. Haberman, S.J. 1973 The Analysis of Residuals in Cross-Classified Table. Biometrica 29:205-220. Reynolds, H.T. 1984 Analysis of Nominal Data (Second Edition). Sage Publications, Beverly Hills. Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 14.3 Raw Material Sample Location by Material Type.1 Sample Location Ephemeral Stream Material Type Chalcedony Rhyolite 0 59 [-2.1] [-7.2] Basalt 40 [9.0] Río Casas Grandes 18 [-4.1] 9 [0.4] 220 [3.6] 247 (54.6%) Río San Pedro 2 [-3.9] 6 [1.5] 98 [2.9] 106 (23.5%) TOTAL 60 (13.3%) 15 (3.3%) 377 (83.4%) 452 TOTAL 99 (21.9%) 1 Top cell values are artifact counts. Bottom, bracketed cell values represent adjusted residuals. Significant (p=<0.05) cell values are shown in bold. Chi-square=85.7, df=4, p=<0.001. Note that andesite (1%), conglomerate (0.1%), and vesicular basalt (0.9%) are excluded. Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 14.4 Color Variations in Major Rock Types Bradley J. Vierra Several of the major rock types were initially subdivided into specific color variations based on the use of a rock color chart (Goddard et al. 1984). This was done to familiarize the analyst with the material variability, and to identify possible color variations that could reflect separate sources. Appendix 13.04 presents the information on the rhyolites, obsidian, chalcedony and chert material subtypes and cortex types as identified during the initial season of debitage analysis. Appendix 13.06 lists the raw material codes used for this analysis. The majority of the rhyolites (79%) were either brownish gray or grayish red in color. While most of the chalcedony was white (75%) and the chert (64%) were either white, grayish red or brownish gray. The white chalcedony was differentiated from the white chert solely on the former being translucent and the latter opaque. Both of these materials were probably derived from the same local spherulite sources. In contrast, the grayish red and brownish gray cherts may be pieces of an aphanetic rhyolite. Similar materials were observed in the rhyolite formation near Cerro El Canelo, where a red jasper (type 264) and a white chalcedony (type 261) were also observed. During the analysis the rhyolites were primarily differentiated from the cherts by being dull in luster, coarse-grained and porphyritic (i.e., containing feldspar phenocrysts). In contrast, artifacts classified as chert exhibited a semi-glossy luster, were medium-grain and aphanetic. Otherwise, gray cherts that might have been obtained from local limestone or surface gravel sources only comprise about 4% of the cherts. Lastly, six different color varieties of obsidian were also defined. Most of the obsidian was a black translucent (81%), with less, semi- translucent banded, black opaque, semi-translucent green, dark greenish gray and glossy banded gray. Although not identified during the initial analysis, a dusky blue or bluish gray obsidian was subsequently recorded. Goddard, E.N., P.D. Trask, R.K. DeFord, O.N. Rove, G.T. Singewald, Jr. and R.M. Overbeck 1984 Rock Color Chart. Geological Society of America, Boulder. Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 14.5 Lithic Material Type Codes Bradley J. Vierra 100. undetermined igneous (medium bluish gray [andesite?]) 110. basalt 111. dark gray 112. grayish red 113. vesicular (dark gray) 114. vesicular (grayish red) 115. vesicular (general, includes 113 and 114) 120. rhyolite 121. gray (brownish gray, light brownish gray) 122. dark gray 123. reddish (grayish red, pale red, moderate reddish brown) 124. gray banded 125. very light gray (also moderate orange pink, very pale orange) 126. speckled light brown 127. yellow-brown (dark yellow orange, moderate yellow brown, light brown, grayish orange, fine-grained) 128. tan (pale yellow brown) 129. dark greenish gray, greenish gray 130. pinkish gray 131. grayish red purple 140. andesite 141. light olive gray, salt and pepper 150. granite/diorite 180. obsidian 181. translucent 182. banded semi-translucent 183. black opaque 184. semi-translucent, green at edges (can exhibit banding) 185. dark greenish gray 186. glossy gray (banded) 187. dusky blue, bluish gray 190. vitrophyre 192. ignimbrite 193. pumice 194. volcanic breccia 200. undetermined sedimentary 210. sandstone 211. concretion 212. fossil 213. orthoquartzite 214. conglomerate 215. breccia 220. siltstone 230. shale 240. jet 250. limestone 260. chalcedony 261. white/translucent 262. pinkish, mottled moderate pink-moderate red, pinkish gray 263. pale yellow brown/light brown (yellowish) 264. mottled white/yellow/red/gray (cf. jasper) 265. grayish purple, pale red purple 266. very light gray 267. Pale blue 270. Chert 271. white 272. light gray (medum-grained) 273. light brownish gray (light brown, light brownish gray, pale yellow brown) 274. grayish red (pale red, pale reddish brown, dark reddish brown, very dusky red, moderate orange pink) 275. dark brownish gray (pale brown, moderate brown, dark brownish gray ) 276. yellow brown (mod yellow brown, grayish orange, dark yellowish orange, yellow orange, dark yellow brown). 277. brown banded, grayish red banded (similar to 274) 278. mottled purple/yellow orange 279. mottled white/yellow/red/gray (similar to 264, but chert) 280. cream (grayish orange pink, pale yellow brown, pale yellow orange, yellow gray) 281. grayish purple 282. medium gray (dark) 283. light gray, light bluish gray , med bluish gray (fine-grained) 284. mottled grayish purple/grayish orange (similar to 278) 285. dark greenish gray, greenish gray , light olive gray grainy) 290. silicified wood 400. undetermined metamorphic 410. quartzite 411. grayish red 420. schist 430. soapstone 440. metaconglomerate 450. greenstone 460. gneiss 470. slate 899. undetermined mineral 900. quartz 901. quartz crystal 902. hematite 903. limonite 904. selenite/gypsum 905. calcite 906. mica 907. azurite 908. kaolinite 909. turquoise 910. augite 911. malachite 912. pyrite Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 14.6 Core and Biface Flake by Material Type.1 Material Type2 Basalt Rhyolite Obsidian Chalcedony Chert TOTAL Core flake 141 2894 47 942 645 4669 [3.7] [10.8] [-4.0] [-14.2] [1.5] (91.4%) Biface 0 156 14 219 49 438 flake [-3.7] [-10.8] [4.0] [14.2] [-1.5] (8.6%) TOTAL 141 3050 61 1161 694 5107 (2.8%) (59.7%) (1.2%) (22.7%) (13.6%) 1 Top cell values are artifact counts. Bottom, bracketed values represent adjusted residuals. Significant (p=<0.05) values are shown in bold. 2 "Other" Raw Material Type not included. Flake Type Chi-square=234.6, df=4, p=<0.001. Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 14.7 Core and Biface Flakes by Material Grain.1 Debitage Type Core flake Material Grain Fine Medium Coarse TOTAL 1075 2512 1088 4675 [-15.3] [4.6] [10.7] (91.4%) Biface flake 247 185 6 438 [15.3] [-4.6] [-10.7] (8.6%) TOTAL 1322 2697 1094 5113 (25.9%) (52.7%) (21.4%) 1 Top cell values are artifact counts. Bottom, bracketed values represent adjusted residuals. All cells are significant (p=<0.05) and are shown in bold. Chi-square=272.5, df=2, p=<0.001 Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 14.8 Excavated Debitage Material Type by Cortex Type Material Type Gray Dark gray Reddish Very light gray Rhyolite Speckled light brown Yellow-brown Tan Greenish gray Translucent Black opaque Obsidian Semi-trans. Green Dark greenish gray Glossy gray White Pinkish Pale yellow brown Chalcedony Mottled (cf. jasper) Grayish purple Very light gray Pale blue White Light gray (medium) Light brownish gray Grayish red Dark brownish gray Chert Yellow brown Banded Mottled (278) Mottled (279) Cream Grayish purple Medium gray Light gray (fine) Dark greenish gray Total Cortex Type Absent Nodular 562 1 7 0 329 0 34 1 2 0 Waterworn 64 3 218 13 5 627 10 547 48 7 65 55 1 37 2 4 1 0 715 34 24 175 4 4 2 92 70 75 93 20 28 4 2 12 20 4 8 9 13 2496 82 35 2 0 0 0 0 1 83 3 12 10 0 1 1 14 2 17 34 12 10 5 0 1 14 1 4 4 3 659 147 90 3 47 3 5 1 1 800 38 36 186 4 5 3 106 72 92 128 32 38 9 2 13 34 5 12 13 16 3176 0 0 0 10 1 1 1 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 Total Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 14.9 Excavated and In-field Analysis of Core Type by Percentage Cortex.1 Core Type <25% Singledirectional Bidirectional Multidirectional Bipolar 28 Flake core TOTAL Percentage Cortex 265150% 75% 11 6 >75% TOTAL 6 51 (61%) 12 (14%) 9 (11%) 1 (1%) 11 (13%) 84 5 4 3 0 7 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 5 4 1 1 46 19 11 (55%) (23%) (13%) 1 Excavated n=42, In-field Analysis n=42. 8 (10%) Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 14.10 Excavated and In-field Analysis of Core Type by Material Type.1 Core Type Singledirectional Bidirectional Multidirectional Bipolar Basalt 0 2 Material Type Obsidian Chalcedony 0 9 Other 0 Rhyolite 40 0 0 9 0 3 0 0 0 5 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 Flake core 1 0 8 0 1 2 Core fragment Cobble unifaces TOTAL 1 0 7 0 7 1 0 1 73 0 1 1 2 (1%) 1 (1%) 142 (80%) 1 (1%) 23 (13%) 8 (5%) 1 Excavated n=70, In-field Analysis n=107. 2 Other Material, in this case, is Andesite. Chert 2 TOTAL 51 (29%) 12 (7%) 9 (5%) 1 (1%) 12 (7%) 16 (9%) 76 (43%) 177 Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 14.11 Excavated and In-field Analysis of Material Type by Core Platform Preparation1 Material Type Basalt Rhyolite Obsidian Chalcedony Chert None 2 Platform Preparation Abraded Undetermined 0 0 47 20 3 1 0 0 13 5 3 5 1 1 68 26 (67%) (26%) 1 Excavated n=56, In-field Analysis n=45. TOTAL 7 (7%) TOTAL 2 (2%) 70 (69%) 1 (1%) 21 (21%) 7 (7%) 101 Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 14.12 Material Type by Platform Type of Excavated Core Flakes.1 Platform Type Material type MultiCortical Single Dihedral faceted Collapsed Crushed Basalt Count 11 74 1 0 6 0 % Material type 12.0% 80.4% 1.1% 0.0% 6.5% 0.0% Rhyolite Count 1004 838 28 11 29 3 % Material type 52.5% 43.8% 1.5% 0.6% 1.5% 0.2% Obsidian Count 4 18 0 2 0 0 % Material type 16.7% 75.0% 0.0% 8.3% 0.0% 0.0% Chalcedony Count 110 448 18 5 12 5 % Material type 18.4% 74.9% 3.0% 0.8% 2.0% 0.8% Chert Count 113 268 11 4 5 3 % Material type 28.0% 66.3% 2.7% 1.0% 1.2% 0.7% Total Count 1242 1646 58 22 52 11 % of Total 41.0% 54.3% 1.9% 0.7% 1.7% 0.4% 1 Flakes without platforms are excluded (n=1644) and andesite and quartzite materials are excluded (n=3). Total 92 100.0% 1913 100.0% 24 100.0% 598 100.0% 404 100.0% 3031 100.0% Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 14.13 Material Type by Cortex Placement. Material Type Basalt Rhyolite Obsidian Chalcedony Chert Total Count % Material Type Count % Material Type Count % Material Type Count % Material Type Count % Material Type Count % of Total Absent 41 77.4% 373 36.4% 10 66.7% 243 68.8% 124 57.7% 791 47.7% Platform Only 7 13.2% 305 29.8% 0 0.0% 55 15.6% 35 16.3% 402 24.2% Cortex Location Dorsal Platform & Surface Partial Dorsal Only Surface 4 0 7.5% 0.0% 130 43 12.7% 4.2% 4 0 26.7% 0.0% 39 0 11.0% 0.0% 33 4 15.3% 1.9% 210 47 12.7% 2.8% Orange Rind 0 0.0% 116 11.3% 0 0.0% 7 2.0% 9 4.2% 132 8.0% Platform and/or All Dorsal Surface 1 1.9% 57 5.6% 1 6.7% 9 2.5% 10 4.7% 78 4.7% Total 53 100.0% 1024 100.0% 15 100.0% 353 100.0% 215 100.0% 1660 100.0% Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 14.14 Debitage Material Type by Platform Preparation.1 Material Type Basalt Platform Preparation Absent Present TOTAL 86 0 86 [3.8] [-3.8] (2.5%) Rhyolite 1869 176 2045 [11.2] [-11.2] (59.7%) Obsidian 20 6 36 [-5.3] [5.3] (1.1%) Chalcedony 575 72 647 [-12.8] [12.8] (18.9%) Chert 392 26 460 [-0.5] [0.5] (13.4%) TOTAL 2942 482 3424 (85.9%) (14.1%) 1 Top cell values are artifact counts. Bottom, bracketed values represent adjusted residuals. Significant (p=<0.05) values are shown in bold. Chi-square=217.4, df=4, p=<0.001 Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 14.15 Material Type by Core Flake Condition.1 Condition Whole Proximal Midsection Distal Lateral TOTAL 56 33 10 38 4 141 [1.0] [0.1] [-0.7] [0.2] [-1.7] (3.0%) Rhyolite 1024 685 246 736 203 2894 [-0.4] [1.1] [-1.0] [-1.5] [2.7] (62.0%) Obsidian 15 9 8 13 2 47 [-0.5] [-0.7] [2.0] [0.2] [-0.6] (1.0%) Chalcedony 346 214 88 257 37 942 [0.8] [-0.3] [0.6] [0.9] [-3.3] (20.2%) Chert 221 139 60 178 46 644 [-0.7] [-1.0] [0.5] [0.9] [1.0] (13.8%) TOTAL 1662 1080 412 1222 292 4668 (35.6%) (23.1%) (8.8%) (26.2%) (6.3%) 1 Top cell values are artifact counts. Bottom, bracketed values represent adjusted residuals. Significant (p=<0.05) values are shown in bold. 2 "Other" material (n=6) and a single unclassified chert flake fragment are not included. Material Type2 Basalt Chi square=24.0, df=16, p=0.89. Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 14.16 Flake Lengths.1 Debitage Length (mm) Type N Minimum Maximum Mean Std Core flake 1654 6 71 21.6 9.5 Blade 4 28 35 31.5 2.8 Biface flake 145 6 35 17.2 5.7 1 One core flake with a length recorded as 1 mm is excluded from the summary Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 14.17 General Surface Collection Biface Measurements by Reduction Stage. Metric Thickness (mm) W/T ratio Edge Angle (degrees) N 33 27 35 Early Stage Mean Std 12.3 5.1 2.2 0.3 66.2 5.1 N 56 24 57 Middle Stage Mean Std 6.7 1.0 3.3 0.4 58.3 4.8 N 60 24 75 Late Stage Mean 5.3 5.2 50.2 Std 1.0 0.7 5.4 Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 14.18 Material Type by Feature Type.1 Material Type2 Basalt Rhyolite Obsidian Chalcedony Chert TOTAL Rock Ring 29 [1.2] 878 [3.4] 38 [1.8] 515 [-8.0] 232 [6.3] 1692 (11.2%) 1 Feature Type Terrace 181 [-1.2] 6362 [-3.4] 221 [-1.8] 5435 [8.0] 1203 [-6.3] 13403 (88.8%) TOTAL 210 (1.4%) 7240 (48.0%) 259 (1.7%) 5950 (39.4%) 1435 (9.5%) 15095 Top cell values are artifact counts. Bottom, bracketed values represent adjusted residuals. Significant (p=<0.05) values are shown in bold. 2 Other raw material type categories excluded. Chi-square=85.12, df=4, p=<0.001. Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 14.19 Debitage Type by Feature Type.1 Debitage Type Debris Core flakes Biface flakes TOTAL Rock Ring 114 [-4.9] 848 [5.4] 60 [-1.8] 1022 (16.7%) Feature Type Terrace 886 [4.9] 3827 [-5.4] 378 [1.8] 5091 (83.3%) 1 TOTAL 1000 (16.4%) 4675 (76.5%) 438 (7.2%) 6113 Top cell values are artifact counts. Bottom, bracketed values represent adjusted residuals. Significant (p=<0.05) values are shown in bold. Chi-square=29.9, df=2, p=<0.001 Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 14.20 Excavated Site Debitage by Material Type.1 Assemblage Material Type Basalt Rhyolite Chalcedony Chert Total T972 8 118 99 41 266 0.8 3.5 -6.1 4.6 Canelo 68 984 2071 193 3316 -2.3 -13.2 19.0 -10.4 Torres 3 214 50 34 301 -1.6 13.9 -14.0 2.2 Vidal 17 111 59 62 249 4.9 3.4 -10.3 10.2 Total 96 1427 2279 330 4132 1 Top value in cell represents artifact count and bottom value represents adjusted residuals. Significant (p=<0.05) positive values are shown in bold. 2 Cerro Juanaqueña. Chi-square=483.9, df=9, p=<0.001. Early Farming and Warfare in Northwest Mexico Appendix 14.21 Excavated Site Assemblage by Debitage Type.1 Debitage Type Debris Core flake Biface flake Total T972 12 141 8 161 -1.2 4.2 -4.0 Canelo 126 698 241 1065 3.1 -10.5 10.1 Torres 12 222 5 239 -2.9 7.3 -6.4 Vidal 13 120 3 136 -0.3 4.0 -4.6 Total 163 1181 257 1601 1 Top value in cell represents artifact count and bottom value represents adjusted residuals. Significant (p=<0.05) positive values are shown in bold. 2 Cerro Juanaqueña Assemblage Chi-square=126.2, df=6, p=<0.001.