The History of Red Butte Canyon

Red Butte and Emigration Canyons are contained in the Wasatch Mountain Range, opening westward into the Salt Lake Valley. Emigration Canyon was used by the early Mormon pioneers to enter the valley in 1847, and the canyon has been used extensively by man to the present day. Red Butte Canyon has never been used as an access route or home building site, but for some forty years following the Mormon emigration, it was used for live stock grazing and construction materials.

THE HISTORY OF RED BUTTE CANYON Compiled for Red Butte Garden and Arboretum 1995 HERITAGE ASSOCIATES W. Dee Halverson TABLE OF CONTENTS I. The History of Red Butte Canyon Page 1 II. History of Fort Douglas Page 19 III. Fort Douglas Closure and Transformation Page 40 IV.End Notes Page 47 V. Bibliography Page 52 I. The History of Red Butte Canyon Red Butte and Emigration Canyons are contained in the Wasatch Mountain Range, opening westward into the Salt Lake Valley. Emigration Canyon was used by the early Mormon pioneers to enter the valley in 1847, and the canyon has been used extensively by man to the present day. Red Butte Canyon has never been used as an access route or home building site, but for some forty years following the Mormon emigration, it was used for live stock grazing and construction materials. Soon after the Mormons' arrival in the Salt Lake valley in 1847, they lost no time in inventorying and using available resources. Some of the first industries to utilize resources on a large scale were saw mills. These they established in Millcreek, City Creek, and other nearby canyons. A second resource used in building construction was rock. Soon after the pioneers settled in the valley, a find bed of red sandstone was discovered a few miles east of the city in Red Butte Canyon. This rock was easily quarried and was used extensively for buildings during the rapid growth and expansion of Salt Lake City. The naming of Red Butte dates back to 1847. From "The Proceedings of the First General Conference in the Valley of the Great Salt Lake" Brigham Young, the LDS Church President states: "I move that this creek that we are standing on be called City Creek...and that the little creek south of camp be called Red Butte Creek." The settlers lost no time in pin-pointing resources and naming features. The Salt Lake Rock Company quarried rock in the canyon and had since 1848; Jerome Kempler was given permission to quarry for public buildings in April 1872. John Thomas was afforded the same privilege the next month and the firm of Almy and Conley were given permission to make brick. Charles Popper had erected a slaughter house near the mouth of Dry Fork Canyon, the first canyon north of Red Butte, and regularly supplied meat for the post and for the people in the city. In the early 1880s he applied for title to the land under the homestead Act of 1862, and in 1885 Congress granted his petition because he had made numerous improvements on the land and had lived there for nearly twenty years. The area was originally known as "Butcherville" for obvious reasons and later became known as Popperton Place. In 1861, the Salt Lake valley was visited by Richard F. Burton, an English journalist. He wrote a book about his adventures entitled The City of the Saints. Within, he states: "...we enjoy the eastern wall of happy valley (Salt Lake valley). A little to the north of Emigration canyon, and about one mile nearer the settlement, is the Red Butte, a deep ravine, whose quarried sides show mottlings of the light ferruginous sand stone which was chosen for the building of the temple wall." A major decision concerning the type of stone to be used in the Temple was discussed during sessions of the October 1852 conference of the LDS Church. President Young said: I want a vote from the congregation concerning the Temple, whether we shall have it built of the stone from Red Butte, or of adobes, or timber, or of the best quality stone that can be found in the mountains. After the motion had been seconded, President Brigham Young commented on the material that should be used: When you find a rock that has arrived at its greatest perfection, you may know that the decaying has begun... Go to Egypt and you will find the monuments that were erected in the days of Joseph. They were built of what we call adobes, clay mixed with straw. They have bid defiance to the wear of ages and they still remain...I give it as my opinion that adobes are the best material to build the Temple of. Despite this recommendation, Red Butte sandstone was selected for the temple's foundation and the stones were quarried. The first cash contracts issued by the Church for the temple construction were to the Sharp brothers, John and James, for hauling rock from Red Butte Canyon to the temple with terms calling for $11.00 per cord. Their proceeds from May 1853 to October 1854 were $3,200.00 Wages for teamsters ran about $1.50 to $4.00 a wagon load making a total of $1,106.34, which left a tidy profit for the Sharp brothers and Daniel H. Wells, their partner. John Sharp was born on 8 November 1820 in the Devon Ironworks in Scotland and was sent into a coal pit to work when he was eight years old. He was working as a coal miner in 1847 when William Gibson, a Mormon Elder, converted John and his two brothers. The following year they decided to immigrate to America to join the body of the Latter-day Saints. John arrived in Salt Lake City in 1850. His first work in the valley was in the stone quarry in Red Butte Canyon obtaining rock for the Tabernacle and Tithing Office. He was made superintendent of the quarry and was responsible for contracting for the transportation of all stone to be used in the original foundation of the Salt Lake Temple. The first road to be used for the transportation of temple rock was initially proposed as a railroad. Plans were mentioned as early as February 13, 1851, and on February 22, the City Council issued an ordinance incorporating the Red Butte Railroad Company. This railroad was for the express purpose of transporting rock for the temple. The empty cars were to be pulled to the quarry site by oxen where they were to be loaded and then manned by a brakeman, to be coasted back to Temple Square. Contracts were let for sleepers and rails and construction was started on the last day of April. Throughout the summer, work progressed and with the curtailment of labor in the fall, the road had been surveyed, the grading had been partially completed and a considerable share of the timbers and rails were on the ground. With the advent of 1852, contracts were issued for the completion of the work. For undisclosed reasons, the railroad plan was changed and it was decided to use broad tire wagons on the road, rather than laying the rails. Work continued gradually and the road was completed for the hauling of rock and lumber by 17 June, 1853. This road was used until the late 1860s for hauling the Salt Lake Temple's red sandstone foundation blocks. Quarrying the stone at Red Butte was a relatively simple operation compared to the task of getting the granite from the Cottonwood Canyons for the exterior walls of the temple. The distance from Red Butte to the city was only four miles and the sandstone was considerably lighter. Most of the teamsters made two trips daily, spending the night at the quarry, where the oxen fed on the range overnight. Generally the work force at the quarry fluctuated between thirty and forty men and in the early years before the railroad the quarry was closed for the winter. The regular hand labored ten hours per day, six days a week. Most of the skilled masons worked in two-man teams. Most of the common labor was done by men assigned to the quarry from the LDS Wards for a period of a week or ten days as a tithe-labor assignment. These men generally lived quite independently from the quarrymen. Many of the hands employed were single men from England, Scotland and Wales. They were anxious to work on the Church-sponsored projects to be able to pay off their own passage and to save enough money to bring other family members to Utah. Finding skilled craftsmen was a challenge in the early days of the construction of the Salt Lake Temple. William Ward Jr. was an immigrant Latter-day Saint who was a member of a long line of stone masons. Following both his father and grandfather into the trade, Ward became one of Utah's best artisans. Ward was born on 2 September 1827 in Leicestershire, England. In addition to learning stone masonry, he also studied architecture, sculpture and painting. In 1844, after joining the Mormon church, Ward immigrated with his parents and family to Nauvoo and then on to Utah in the fall of 1850. Because of his extensive training and vast experience, Ward was appointed foreman over the stonecutters working on the Salt Lake Temple Block projects. He later became an assistant to Truman O. Angell, Sr., the LDS church architect. Using the fine-grained sandstone quarried in Red Butte Canyon, Ward constructed the castellated stone entrance to the famous Lion House. He also carved and signed the couchant lion for its doorway. During this same period this multi-talented craftsman sculpted a bust of William Shakespeare for the Salt Lake Theater and painted murals for the Endowment House. After turning his attention to gravestone carving in 1854, Ward ran the following advertisement in the Deseret News: Through the Winter Season I intend to work at Gravestone Engraving. Persons wishing to erect a tombstone in memory of their friends can see specimens in the grave yard, or designs at my house. There are almost a dozen well preserved gravestones carved by Ward in the Salt Lake City Cemetery that document his unique English Gothic Revival style. Ward's work on the Salt Lake Temple Block using his favorite Red Butte Canyon sandstone is truly monumental. The massive stone pillars which support the Tabernacle represent a unique architectural design. The lower section of the walls which surround the Temple Square is as durable today as they were in 1888. LDS Apostle George A. Smith provides a good description of the activity in Ward's workshop: Went to the stone cutter's shop, where 17 men were busily plying their hammers and chisels, forming the coping for the north was of the Temple Block...also saw a gravestone for Brother Patterson, who was killed quarrying rock. Most of the fine masonry was done in the shops of the Temple Block. The heavy tools and equipment needed to shape the large stone made this work very hazardous. On January 12, 1855 Archibald Bowman, aged twenty-seven, was killed at the Red Butte quarry. At the base of the wall in the southeast corner of the Salt Lake Temple is the "record stone". It is carved out of red firestone quarried in the Red Butte Canyon. It measures 3 feet long, 20 inches wide and 20 inches deep and has a cavity one foot square which holds books, papers, coins and other records of importance. The opening is covered with a sandstone slab which fits snugly into the opening and is sealed carefully to prevent air or moisture from damaging the contents in the stone. Red Butte Creek flowing out of Red Butte Canyon furnished water for the camp with sparkling streams flowing along either side of the parade ground, not only watering the pleasant shade trees and grass but also carrying the camp waste away to the "sink" west of the main gate. The small reservoir located south of the creek near the mouth of the canyon furnished water for the horses and mules and the stables located along the south side of the creek. Water was furnished to the soldiers and officers by a water wagon until January 1876 when pipes were installed between the reservoir and the various buildings. Ownership of the water in Red Butte Creek was a constant source of friction between the post and the people of Salt Lake City. The latter had had the use of the water for fifteen years when the camp was established at the mouth of the canyon and this use was threatened by the demands of the military. The camp did not utilize all of the water, but the citizens complained that it was polluted by the time it reached the city. On several occasions the creek flooded causing extensive damage to houses and gardens. The creek had been dammed by the people of the Eleventh Ward below Camp Douglas and after it washed away in May 1876 about 50 men and 8 teams were required to rebuild it. In July 1874, during a water shortage, the people of the Eleventh Ward were justifiably upset by the loss of the water and were talking about suing Colonel Marrow, Post Commander, but the results of their efforts were fruitless as the post continued to monopolize the water, regardless of the claims of the people of Salt Lake City. While the camp undoubtedly caused considerable pollution, there were other concerns which were also responsible. Red Butte Creek has always served the post as a constant source of pure, cold and sparkling mountain water. However, shortages and pollution began to be a major problem for those in the fort. In 1883 one of the small reservoirs east of the Fort was enlarged to a capacity of 700,000 gallons which increased the supply but didn't appreciably improve water quality. Pollution of the Red Butte Creek by the Salt Lake Rock Company, the newly built Salt Lake and Fort Douglas Railroad and "squatters" eventually led to the enlargement of the post for the purpose of protecting the water supply. The primary reasons for the pollution of Red Butte Creek were the quarrying of sandstone in the canyon and the railroad built to haul the stone to Salt Lake City. The rock quarries were originally opened in 1848, a year after the Mormons arrived in the Valley, and mule and horse teams continued to haul rock from the canyon after the establishment of Fort Douglas. In 1887, John W. Young, son of Brigham Young, petitioned Congress to grant him right-of-way to build a railroad across the Fort Douglas Military Reservation to Red Butte Canyon. Congress passed an Act in March 1887 granting the Salt Lake and Fort Douglas Railway a right-of-way on the condition that Mr. Young grant Fort Douglas title to three sections of land in the canyon owned by the Salt Lake Rock Company. John Young was the President of both the Salt Lake Rock Company and the railroad which was completed up Red Butte Canyon in 1888. In celebration of his father's birthday, 1 June he issued a special invitation to the family to join him on the initial ride up the canyon. The reservoir was again enlarged on 2 April 1890 to further protect the water supply in Red Butte. The remainder of the water shed was added to the reservoir on 19 June 1896, completing the expansion of the Post to its greatest limit. John Young had been paid $20,000 for his property in Red Butte Canyon in 1887. In June 1906, after a new reservoir had been built in the Canyon, LeGrande Young, nephew of Brigham Young, succeeded John Young as President of the Salt Lake and Fort Douglas Railway. He was also granted approximately forty acres between the University and Popperton Place, a slaughter house north of Dry Fork Canyon, in exchange for his interest in Red Butte. He was also granted a right-of-way along the south boundary of the reservoir for a railroad and wagon road up Emigration Canyon. Pollution of drinking water by the post sewage system, which was an open ditch running behind the barracks and quarters, emptying into the dry ravine north and west of the post, was a major concern of the Post Surgeons. In 1883 there were twentythree cases of typhoid fever with four deaths. As a result, a private firm was employed to survey the Fort and make recommendations for improvement. The reservoir and sewage lines were flushed out and extensive improvements made the next year at a cost of $35,134. Finally, in July 1897, the sewage system was connected to the Salt Lake City system and one of the more serious health problems was solved. Quarrying the Red Butte Canyon and using the area for grazing for the Mormon pioneers' livestock was short-lived. In 1888 the United States Government purchased Red Butte for use as a watershed for military personnel at Fort Douglas. Mormon quarrying was stopped at this time. Shortly after the purchase, the fort opened the main Red Butte quarries to obtain sandstone for the buildings on the fort, and thus Red Butte Canyon has been rigidly protected from public use for more than half a century. By 1909, nearly all private land in Red Butte Canyon was acquired by the federal government, which meant that all livestock grazing was restricted and finally eliminated. Quarrying in Red Butte Canyon again halted for a short time only to be started during the Great Depression. In the midst of financial chaos, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt instituted the New Deal to cure the ills of an unemployed and impoverished society. The New Deal projects brought needed capital to the Salt Lake community and further increased the sense of prosperity of Fort Douglas. Between 1933 and 1939, nearly $66,000,000 was spent on Works Project Administration (WPA) and Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) projects in Utah, most of which filtered directly through Fort Douglas. Begun in 1933, the mission of the CCC included work in forestry, fire fighting, improvement of grazing lands, soil conservation, and law enforcement. This program consisted of young men who left crowded cities and poor families, "to enter this vigorous outdoor life which has broadened their outlook and is building the into strong useful citizens." Back in 1886, a new quartermaster stable was constructed of red sandstone. This stable was capable to hold seventy-eight horses or mules. This building was later converted to a warehouse, which it is today, however, in the 1930s the CCC had their district offices there. The fort helped to employ some of the 17,000 Utahans commissioned by the WPA. WPA workers built a swimming pool with a modern bath house, updating the fort's roadways and constructed the Red Butte Canyon Dam. In 1928 the Red Butte Reservoir was completed. It was made with a 430 acre-feet capacity. The reservoir provided water storage for Fort Douglas and water for irrigation and culinary purposes. The WPA was commissioned to build a stone building near the main Red Butte Canyon sandstone quarries. This building, constructed from Red Butte sandstone, was used as a black smith shop where quarrying tools were sharpened. Quarried stone was also shaped in this stone building. Sandstone quarried in Red Butte Canyon was used in many buildings and monuments around the fort and the University of Utah. Quarrying was again stopped in 1940. In the late 1960s the canyon was acquired as a Research Natural Area by the United States Forest Service, and the University of Utah has gained long-term, exclusive access to this nearby, natural laboratory for research and educational purposes. Since that time, the U.S. Forest Service has continued to keep the canyon closed to the public and has designated Red Butte Canyon as a Research Natural Area. The Red Butte Canyon Research Natural Area, east of Fort Douglas and the University, has been closed to the general public and to grazing for nearly 80 years in order to protect the watershed from which the military post at Fort Douglas obtains its water supply. The near pristine conditions existing in the canyon provide a valuable resource for ecological research. The U.S. Forest Service report proposing that Red Butte Canyon be declared a Research Natural Area described the area as "a living museum and biological library of a size that exists nowhere else in the Great Basin...an invaluable benchmark in ecological time." Red Butte Canyon is one of the many canyons along the Wasatch Mountain Range and opens westward into the Salt Lake Valley, immediately east of Fort Douglas. The drainage basin covers an area of approximately 9 square miles. Elevations vary from about 5,200 feet to more than 8,000 feet. The drainage arises on the east from a minor divide between City Creek and Emigration Canyons and drains to the west. Red Butte Creek is a perennial stream which has an average annual discharge of 3.7 cubic feet per second as it enters the reservoir at 5,400 feet. The stream has created a narrow-based canyon with sides rising abruptly on both sides. In 1986 Fort Douglas converted to the Salt Lake City water system. After this decision, Red Butte Water was only used for irrigation purposes, not for drinking water as it had been used for in the past. With the shrinking U.S. Military Fort Douglas' property going to the University of Utah, among others, the concept of an "outdoor classroom" for the purpose of growing and studying the native plants of the area became reality. The University's administrators, beginning in the 1960s, placed plans of an Arboretum high on their priority lists. The concept of an arboretum and botanical garden for Utah originated with plantings made by Dr. Walter P. Cottam in a ravine west of the Utah Museum of Natural History in 1930. By 1961, when the Legislature established the University of Utah landscape as the State Arboretum, the campus had already served for 30 years as a testing ground for plants adaptable for horticulture in the Intermountain West. Since its humble beginnings in Cottam Gulch, Arboretum collections have grown to more than 8,000 trees of over 300 species and varieties. Over the years, Arboretum development was paralleled by rapid growth in student population. New buildings, roadways and parking lots expanded into ever dwindling green space. The need of a permanent secure home for Arboretum collection and educational facilities was needed. A study identified 147 acres along Red Butte Creek in University of Utah Research Park as an appropriate site. At that secluded stream side setting, ground was broken for Red Butte Garden of the State Arboretum on July 19, 1983. Following an extensive nationwide search among professional botanical garden planners, Environmental planning and Design of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania was selected to develop a master plan for Red Butte Garden. With input from Arboretum staff, Advisory Board and University Administration, a plan evolved to most effectively serve as the State Arboretum for Utah. Red Butte Garden and Arboretum is now the largest botanical institution growing, researching and displaying plants in the Intermountain West. The garden consists of three major components: The arboretum, the botanical garden and a significant land reserve. After the University of Utah received a 1968 federal land grant, the public garden was officially opened in 1986. At present, the garden consists of 25 acres of developed lands in the mouth of Red Butte Canyon, including the Water Pavilion Garden, the Amphitheater Garden, the Four Seasons Garden, the Floral Walk, Country and Herb Garden, a collection of native plant communities and the visitors center. The Forest Service hosted over 5,000 visitors during the first general opening in 1987. The next year the service hosted 1,100 visitors during the second Red Butte opening. The 147-acre Red Butte Garden represents a major regional botanical garden and educational facility. An education/administration/orientation building provides services to students and visitors. An amphitheater provides seating to accommodate concerts, meetings and special events. Following the strong ecological philosophies of Dr. Cottam, natural land historic interpretation will always be an important aspect of Red Butte Garden's educational programming. Of the 147 acres, over 80 acres will be dedicated to interpretation of natural vegetation via designated hiking trails and information stops. Existing trails have been delineated, maintained and interpreted. Gathering spots for educational groups are provided. The Garden service, maintenance and support facilities include nurseries, greenhouses, storage and research planting areas. The mission of the University of Utah's Red Butte Garden and Arboretum is to provide the Intermountain West with a world-class botanical garden arboretum and pristine natural area, which will: foster an understanding of regional horticulture and ecology; create opportunities for research and education; promote responsible conservation and stewardship of the environment; offer an aesthetic setting for cultural and community events; and serve as a retreat for personal enjoyment and relaxation. Red Butte's pristine qualities can be attributed to its undisturbed history. II. History of Fort Douglas No United States Army post established in the Western states during the 19th Century played a more significant role in the development of the community surrounding it than Fort Douglas Utah nestled at the foot of the Wasatch Mountains on a plateau overlooking Salt Lake City. The history of Fort Douglas is a small but significant part of a larger story, the accelerating migration and settlement of western America which occurred during and after the Civil War. Among challenges facing this post, the primary obstacle was the American Indian who occupied land coveted by white immigrants. The United States entered the Civil War with a very small army, decimated by the resignation of a large percentage of its officers who accepted commissions in the Army of the Confederacy. Regular troops were recalled from frontier duty for action against the South. As a result, the Overland Mail route and emigrant trails were left unguarded from attack by hostile Indians. President Lincoln and the War Department realized the importance of the Overland Mail route in maintaining contact with the West, ensuring the loyalty of California to the Union, and continued access to the gold and silver mines of both California and Nevada. The Secretary of War called for volunteer regiments. Patrick E. Conner volunteered and was appointed Colonel of the Third California Volunteer Infantry. The regiment was assigned the task of protecting the Overland Mail route in July of 1862 and proceeded east for the purpose of establishing a military post near Salt Lake City, Utah Territory. Colonel Conner also felt that it was his duty to keep an eye on the Mormons, whose loyalty to the Union was suspect. Colonel Connor called the Mormons "whores and murderers" in his report to the War Department. Colonel Connor and his command left Camp Ruby, a camp established by Connor in September of 1862, reaching abandoned Fort Crittenden on 17 October, and ignoring possible Mormon belligerence proceeded towards Salt Lake City the next day. Rumors of resistance by the Mormons were unfounded, however. On Monday, 20 October, the California Volunteers marched up the State Road, now State Street, and turned right on first South to Governor Stephen S. Harding's mansion. The Governor then made a short speech of welcome, remarking, "I confess that I have been disappointed somewhat in your coming to this city...But you are here, and I can say to you, God bless you, and God bless the flay you carry..." The boys then gave three cheers for the Governor count and the "brave old flag" and turning, marched east and set up camp south of Red Butte Canyon Creek near the present post cemetery. This first camp was about a half mile north and west of where Brigham Young on first viewing the Salt Lake Valley is said to have exclaimed, "This is the place." On the following day, a site north of Red Butte Creek was selected for the post and the troops moved there It was said that the officers of the command desired that the post be named in honor of their commanding officer. Colonel Connor, however, gave it the name of the lately-deceased Senator of Illinois Stephen A. Douglas, whose name it has borne ever since. Orders No.14, Headquarters District Utah, dated October 26, 1862, gave the formal announcement of the naming and description of the camp: Pursuant to orders from department headquarters a military post is hereby established in this camp, to be called Camp Douglas. The following is declared to constitute the military reserve pertaining to this post. Commencing at a post due north one mile distant from the garrison flagstaff, and running thence west one mile, thence south two miles, thence east two miles, thence north two miles, and thence west one mile to the place of beginning, containing 2,560 acres more of less. Signed: By order of P. Edw. Connor, Colonel Third Infantry California Volunteers, Comdg. District. The first post buildings were dugouts covered by canvas but the next summer, log and adobe buildings were erected. Most of the buildings were built of logs, but several laundresses quarters were of adobe construction and the guardhouse, magazine and ordinance storehouse were built of red sandstone. The Post commanding officer's quarters was built of adobe and was being utilized as quarters for Non-commissioned officers. It is the only building remaining from the original construction program of 1863 and is located east of the parade ground on Connor Road. Over the years several construction programs were completed and most of the native red sandstone buildings built in 1873-76 by troop labor still remain as beautiful and historical landmarks. Camp Douglas, high on a bench overlooking Salt Lake City, was a rude collection of log and adobe huts in 1874, adequate for wartime frontier duty, but hardly sufficient for a permanent military installation. Brigadier General James F. Rusling had conducted an investigation of western posts in the fall of 1866 and commented on how poorly the barracks looked. However, construction and repair of buildings were being carried out on a regular basis. A civilian work force of 82 men was employed at the camp in April 1866, including 22 carpenters, 5 clerks, 2 blacksmiths, 18 teamsters and 17 laborers. Their pay was good for the times, even in "greenbacks," and varied from $100 a month for skilled mechanics to $45 a month for teamsters and laborers. The number of civilian employees gradually decreased, however, as the Army faced a more austere budget. By April 1868, only four civilians were employed: a carpenter, wheelwright, blacksmith and watchman. Pay ranged from $45 a month for the latter to $100 for the three mechanics. Colonel John Gibbon arrived in June 1869, and the Post began to sparkle under his energetic direction. Colonel Gibbon was only the first of succeeding post commanders who would improve and beautify the post. Colonel Henry A.Marrow of the Thirteenth Infantry continued the modernization and beautification program. A new road was built to Salt Lake City under his supervision The Road connected with South Temple Street, graveled, graded and a large wooden trestle built over the ravine near the post border. The Salt Lake Herald commented very favorably on the post in the fall of 1873: ...The new road, connecting with South Temple Street at the eastern limit of the city...is completed, and is such a drive as is seldom seen in the western country. Evenly and smoothly graded and graveled, a gutter on either side to drain off the water in wet seasons, it is always firm, smooth and solid... At the post the new barrack building, commenced about six weeks ago and is just completed ready for occupancy, at a cost of $7,000, is an elegant and lasting monument to government, and a credit to the skill of both Major W. T. Howell, architect and Mr. H. Monheim, builder... Everything about the place, the roads, walks, parade ground and quarters are kept clean, tidy and in the most perfect order. In fact, Camp Douglas is one of the most pleasantly situated, best arranged, orderly and ably governed small military posts in the country. Despite this laudatory report, plans were in the wings for a complete rebuilding of the rot and replacements for the log and adobe structures would be in Red Butte sandstone, a beautiful and permanent building material. Brigadier General E. O. C. Ord had visited the post in the summer of 1872 and reported that the quarters were "old and dilapidated...scarcely habitable on account of the logs in the deep winter climate having rotted." He asked for an appropriation of $30,000 to construct new stone quarters. At the General's recommendation, $7,500 was authorized for construction of a two story red sandstone barracks, the one mentioned above by the Daily Herald, which was completed in November 1873. It is the oldest stone building on the post and is located at the east of the parade ground on the north side next to the Officer's Club and was more recently Officers' quarters. One new barracks was only a small beginning, and in the summer of 1874 Lieutenant General Philip H. Sheridan visited the camp on an inspection tour and commented somewhat acidly: During my late visit, I made a careful inspection of Camp Douglas, and find it in a very dilapidated condition, especially the men's quarters...I have seen no other post in the service where the quarters are so utterly worthless as at Camp Douglas.44 As a result of this report, and perhaps in response to the anticipated war with the Plains Indians, funds were authorized for five new barracks, ten double unit Officer's quarters, Headquarters and band building, hospital, and new quarters for the Commanding Officer. These buildings were also to be built of Red Butte sandstone. 45 The Fourteenth Infantry, under the command of Colonel, brevet Brigadier General John E. Smith would spend a total of seven momentous years at the Utah Post, years in which they would play a significant part in the crescendo of the Plains Indian Wars. They were just in time to begin the construction program recently authorized. Captain George W. Davis, Acting Quartermaster, was appointed Constructions Superintendent and work commenced in the fall of 1874, Captain Davis organized a detachment of enlisted men to quarry the building stone from a quarry near the mouth of Red Butte Canyon. Meanwhile, other enlisted men were detailed to tear down the old buildings and to excavate for the new barracks. Soldiers detailed as laborers received twenty cents a day over and above their regular pay of $13.00 a month; mechanics such as Sergeant Miles Doran, who was a mason, received thirty-five cents a day extra. A total of seventy men was normally placed on extra detail for a period of two weeks to assist in this work. Stone cutting and masonry work was contracted to the Watson Brothers, however, and carpenter work, plastering and painting was contracted to William Paul, Sons and Brooks, with assistance from the soldiers.46 The first barracks was completed and occupied by 1 January 1875 and the remainder were completed by the end of June, at the cost of $27,700. The ten sets of Officer's, plus the Commanding Officer's quarters, cost the government $57,000 while the new hospital was not to exceed $9,000.47 The plans for the new buildings were standard Quartermaster plans, modified to suit local conditions and building materials. The fine Officer's quarters can be considered Gothic Revival in architectural style, with their steeply pitched gables terminating in pointed pinnacles and decorative bargeboards.48 A new Post Headquarters and bank barracks building was also constructed of red sandstone, again the quarrying and excavations being performed by the troops. This building was "L" shaped and served as the Headquarters building until World War II. At this time it was enlarged by enclosing the other two sides and is now used as an Officer's Club. It is very appropriately decorated in dark paneling with mementos of the Civil War, the California Volunteers and General Connor. A new guard house was also built and in the words of Captain Davis, "constructing thirty two cells, each four by eight feet in the clear and to confine no two prisoners in the same room - to permit no intercourse - no games - jokes or amusements of any sort - to make the Guard House a place to be dreaded - a place where dangerous men may be put for safety and easily guarded and where well disposed men may be kept apart from the bad characters and not subjected to bad influence." 49 Army and civilian prisons have come a long way since those sentiments were expressed, perhaps too far in some cases. The post modernization program was complete by the fall of 1876 and a most successful and pleasing prospect it was for people driving through on a warm Sunday afternoon. A bird's eye view of the Post, prepared by an unknown artist of the time, shows the parade ground bordered by new barracks on the north and south, with new shade trees fast shooting up, Officer's Circle to the east facing the flag pole, and the guard house on the west. The Commanding Officer's quarters are north of the Headquarters building and the hospital stands imposingly on the hill to the northeast. A row of log houses runs up the north side of Red Butte Creek, the ever-present laundresses quarters, pointing the way to two small reservoirs where the post water was stored. Pleasant streets wind their way around and through the post, allowing charming vistas of Salt Lake City to the west and the imposing Wasatch Mountains to the east. Certainly it could be said without fear of contradiction that Colonel John E. Smith and the Fourteenth Infantry enjoyed one of the "largest, best built, most creditable posts in the army." 50 Construction of new buildings had kept a good portion of the Fourteenth Infantry busy, but there were other activities which also demanded men and time. The early 70s was a comparatively peaceful lull between periods of intense Indian campaigns and an occasional exercise of special detail could relieve the tedium of garrison life. On 6 October 1875 President U.S. Grant visited the Camp. 51 The construction program was proceeding in full swing at that time but very probably the President saw the Camp shining with "spit and polish" and beginning to take on the air of permanency that characterizes it at the present time. By the summer of 1876, construction was complete at Camp Douglas, the fruit and shade trees were beginning to reach a respectable size, new roads and walks were graded and graveled, grass was green from the irrigation waters of Red Butte Creek and the company gardens were providing a fine variety of fresh vegetables. The first major Indian engagement that troops from Fort Douglas fought in was the Battle of Bear River in southern Idaho, in which a large force of Shoshone Indians were very nearly annihilated after a severe fight . 52 Troops from Fort Douglas took part in the Powder River Campaign of 1865, the Sioux and Cheyenne War of 1876-77, the Bannock War of 1878, the Ute War of 1879-80, and finally , the Sioux out break which culminated in the Battle of Wounded Knee. Besides the countless Indian encounters, the fort was always monitored by the valley's other inhabitants. The relationship between the leaders of the fort and the leadership of the Mormon Church was an interesting one. Brigham Young and Colonel Connor "butted heads"53 on issues more than once, according to historians. Following passage of anti-polygamy legislation by Congress in 1863, there arose persistent rumors that Brigham Young was to be taken prisoner by the Army for prosecution on charges of polygamy. A telescope was set up atop the Mormon leader's Bee Hive House and through it the Mormons watched activities at Camp Douglas each day. One night a cannon boomed about 10 o'clock and the Mormons hastily mobilized an emergency force of militia to surround the residence of their leader, but no conflict ensued. It was later discovered that the 11-gun salute was fired to celebrate the news that Connor had been brevetted a Brigadier General for his outstanding victory over the Indians at Bear River.54 Meanwhile Connor was becoming increasingly disturbed over the "Mormon Menace" although the people of Salt Lake City had gradually lost their animosity for the Army, recognizing it as the first sizable market for their surplus produce . In a letter to Colonel Drum on October 26, 1863, Connor outlined his plan of action: In former communications I have had the honor to fully set forth my views to the Department Commander relative to the condition of the Mormon people and the sentiments of their leaders, and have endeavored to present my opinions as to the settlement of the Mormon question, so far as it has necessarily thrust itself upon me in the performance of strictly military duties. I need hardly repeat that it has been my constant endeavor to maintain amicable relations with the people and avoid conflict, so far as compatible with the strict and proper fulfillment of the obligations resting upon me... Until such time therefore as the Government in the interest of humanity and the vindication of its offended dignity and laws, shall deem it advisable to inaugurate by force an observance of its recorded laws, and come to the relief of a people oppressed and downtrodden by a most galling church tyranny, my own course has been plainly marked by the dictates of policy and the manifest necessity of the case... I have sought, by every proper means in my power to arrest (Mormonism's) progress and prevent its spread...I can conceive of but two ways of striking at its root and annihilating its baneful influence. The one by an adequate military force, acting under martial law and Punishing with a strong hand every infraction of law or loyalty, the other by inviting into the Territory large numbers of Gentiles, to live among and dwell with the people. The former, I am aware, is at the present time impracticable, even though it were deemed advisable. The latter, if practicable, is perhaps in any even the wiser course. The discovery of mines would unquestionably induce an immigration to the Territory of a hardy, industrious and enterprising population, as could not but result in the happiest effects, and in my opinion, presents the only sure means of settling peaceably the 'Mormon Question'... Having reason to believe that the Territory is full of mineral wealth I have instructed commanders of post and detachments to permit the men of their commands to prospect the country, in the vicinity of their respective posts whenever such course would not interfere with their military duties, and to furnish every proper facility for the discovery of and opening of mines of gold, silver, and other minerals. After outlining the progress that had been made at that time in locating mineral ores in the valley, Connor concluded: The results so far have exceeded my most sanguine expectations...If I be not mistaken in these anticipations, I have no doubt that the Mormon Question will at an early date be finally settled by peaceable means without the increased expenditure of a dollar by the Government, or still more important, without the loss of a single soldier in conflict.55 Col. Connor is called the "father of mining," for it was he who encouraged his men in their free time to prospect in the mountains of the region. And the first significant discoveries in the Bingham Canyon area were made by some of his men. The Army had other dealings with the Mormons. Recently, the so-called "Morristie War" of June 1862 had culminated in bloodshed and Colonel Connor saw himself as a succorer for these "unfortunate people." John Morris was an apostate Mormon who believed that he had a divine mission to rescue the Mormons from Brigham Young's "benighted leadership" and the evils of polygamy. He attracted a substantial following and settled at the mouth of Weber Canyon. Inevitably conflicts arose with the Mormon Church. The climax came when three disgruntled Morrisites hijacked a load of wheat and Morris sent men to seize them. One man escaped but two were imprisoned in the fort built by the Morrisites. When Morris declined to honor a writ of habeas corpus, Judge John J. Kinney asked for a posse comitatus to enforce the law. Colonel Robert T. Burton of the territorial militia commanded the posse, which left Salt Lake City on 12 June 1862 with five hundred men and arrived at Kingston Fort with over one thousand. Colonel Burton surrounded the fort and demand its surrender within thirty minutes. While his ultimatum was being read to the assembled Morrisites, a canon was fired and screams of pain immediately followed as shells erupted into the massed group. Two women were killed and a third suffered a shattered jaw. This ended the shelling and after a siege of three days the Morrisites raised a flag of truce. Colonel Burton entered the fort commanding Morris to surrender. Inexplicably, Morris apparently refused and Burton fired. In the melee Morris and two women were killed and John Banks was fatally wounded. Burton took ninety men back to Salt lake City as prisoners. Nine months later in March 1863, seven Morrisites were sentenced to prison terms for the murder of two posse members and sixty-six others were fined $100 apiece for resisting arrest. Governor Harding, a Gentile, pardoned them three days later, further widening the gulf between him and the Mormon hierarchy. 56 The Morrisite refugees were taken in hand by Colonel Connor soon after his arrival in the valley, and they constructed temporary housing at the mouth of Red Butte Canyon. Camp Douglas was growing in number. In November 1865, the Michigan Brigade or First Veteran Cavalry Regiment, which had participated in the Powder River Campaign, and very reluctantly made the trip west. In an ironic twist, upon their arrival Camp Douglas was garrisoned by three companies of former Confederate soldiers and eight companies of Union soldiers, who very well could have met on the field of battle in the recent past. The day after the arrival of the Michigan troops, Connor held a review near the Jordan River Bridge - a fond farewell to the western troops and warm welcome to the easterners.57 Camp Douglas was bursting at the seams with a total strength of 39 officers and 988 men.58 With the large number of troops, there was a need for "off-duty entertainment. The saloons on Commercial Street were a favorite of the troops. There were other diversions besides the saloons on Commercial Street, but probably most of the more genteel events were beyond the means of the average soldier. Mr. Robert Gibbons, formerly of the Second California Cavalry, ran a shuttle coach between the Camp and Salt Lake City, but the fare was a costly fifty cents.59 Fort Douglas has another claim to historical fame in that it was here that the first daily newspaper in Utah, the Daily Union Vedette, was published. November 20, 1863, saw the first issue of the Union Vedette, then a weekly newspaper, which Connor causes to be published because his troops were not satisfied with the policies of the existing newspaper in Salt Lake City. The weekly became the first daily in the territory under the title Daily Vedette. On January 27, 1864, the name was changed to the Daily Union Vedette. The Vedette was an immediate success and its advertising prospered. The paper jumped from four to eight pages and its size was increased from three to six columns. Subscriptions were $16.00 a year. Conner did not allow his interest in the Verdette to favor those on special duty as its office force. The issue at end of the month always was suspended to permit its staff to attend the ceremony of the muster. On November 25, 1865, when the majority of the volunteers were mustered out, the paper's office was moved to Salt Lake City. In May, 1867, it was temporarily reduced in size and the last issue was that of November 27, 1867. the Vedette was instrumental in attracting attention to Utah from outside sources. Founded with Connor's money, he discovered the publication was of particular assistance in bringing outside interests to Utah. After Connor's departure in March, 1866, Lt. Colonel Milo George of the Nevada Cavalry commanded Camp Douglas, and the Volunteers were ordered disbanded in July. A small group remained pending the assignment of regulars to the post. The 18th U.S. Infantry under command of Major William H. Lewis moved in during July, 1866. Major General Henry Morrow took command in the early 1870s, and was responsible for changes which included the post's artificial lake, subsequently named "Morrow Lake" in his honor. The transition from Camp Douglas to Fort Douglas came in 1876, after the post had been almost completely rebuilt under the command of General John E. Smith, Wooden buildings were replaced by substantial stone buildings, the stone for which was quarried in Red Butte Canyon above the post. The 14 th Infantry was garrisoned at the post at that time. Toward the end of the century there was an increase in activity at Fort Douglas when the Spanish-American War broke out. The Utah Light Artillery, which took a major part in the war, was trained at Fort Douglas. In 1869, rails were joined at Promontory Point, Utah, and the transcontinental railroad was a reality. Fort Douglas took on new life as a result of its strategic location, since the railroad permitted the Army to rapidly deploy troops to threatened areas. Fort Douglas assumed a new role with the end of Indian warfare. New commitments in Cuba and the Philippines, and along the Mexican border meant that troops from Fort Douglas would spend their time in training for foreign wars. The Twenty-fourth Infantry, a black regiment, departed Fort Douglas for service in Cuba and then returned to Utah for a short time before leaving for the Philippines. Three other regiments would follow. Regiments from Fort Douglas were also called upon to patrol the Mexican border during that nation's civil war. The Twentieth Infantry returned to Fort Douglas in May 1917 after an absence of four years. They were lonely years, the only activities were training camps for civilian and Utah National Guard troops. After the SpanishAmerican War there was little activity of consequence at Fort Douglas until 1917, and at times the budget was cut so low that it seemed the continuation of the post would be impossible. When the United States entered World War I; however, Fort Douglas was ready. World War I changed the role of the Army; it was the end of an era; the beginning of a new age as Fort Douglas adjusted to meet new challenges. New construction was authorized for a prisoner of war camp. When the prisoners began arriving some anxiety was felt in the community, and not without justification. Numerous attempts to escape were discovered. Tunneling, bombing with homemade explosives, and cutting wire enclosures were some of the means of escape. In December, 1917, two Germans managed to escape, with outside aid, but were later apprehended and their accomplices jailed. The post was commanded by Colonel George L. Byram in 1917. Most of the permanent stone buildings still in use at Fort Douglas were constructed during the rebuilding program which took place between 1870 and 1876 when virtually every log, frame and adobe building on the post was replaced. Although no ground force training units were stationed at Fort Douglas during the second World War, the military population was close to 1,000 officers and enlisted men at the peak of activity in the fall of 1943, with twice that many civilians. As more and more military personnel were replaced for overseas service the military population declined sharply and the civilian total rose. After Ninth Service Command headquarters moved out in June, 1946, the personnel strength dwindled rapidly as the post completed various phases of activity. A prisoner of war camp was established at Fort Douglas in the spring of 1945 and approximately 250 Italian POWs were interned behind barbed wire in a group of old Civilian conservation Corps buildings on the lower post. The prisoners gave little trouble except for one occasion when they decided to go on strike because of long working hours and inadequate food. As a disciplinary move they were placed in an open enclosure near the post stables, sheltered from the wind and rain by a few leaky pyramid tents, and given no food except bread and water. After four days the insurgent capitulated and returned to their assigned duties. After the Italians departed, the following winter, a group of German POWs worked on the post, leaving in June, 1946, when the last of the prisoners were repatriated. Since World War II the level of Army activities at Fort Douglas has declined. The original one square mile installation had grown to about 12.2 square miles (7,898 acres) at its peak, but much of this land was excesses in the post-World War II era. Much of the land has remained in federal ownership as part of the Wasatch National Forest, but some of the land and buildings have gone to the adjacent University of Utah campus and Research Park, which virtually surround the current post. Today the Fort encompasses less than 0.2 square miles (119 acres). A number of small military functions remain at the Fort and it also serves as a major reserve facility. A few new structures were built in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, but most of these were for the reserve center at the southern end of the Fort. However, eight detached garages were built in 1972 behind the 1870s buildings on Officers Circle within the National Historic Landmark boundaries. III. Fort Douglas Closure and Transformation Fort Douglas, established in 1862, fought valiantly for life as an active military post starting in the early 1960s to the last 1980s, when the Fort was recommended for base closure and realignment by the Defense Secretary's Commission on Base Realignment. The flag over fort Douglas was lowered for the last time November 5, 1991 as the base closed. In 1965, Robert S. McNamara, then the U.S. Secretary of Defense, announced that Fort Douglas, along with several other military installations, would be phased out by June 30, 1967. 60 After this announcement, there arose a question of what to do with the property. The University of Utah stepped in as an interested party. Utah Gov. Calvin L. Rampton set up a committee of five men to explore the various parties interested in Fort Douglas. When the Department of Defense deemed the property excess, the State of Utah had specific recommendations ready. University of Utah President James C. Fletcher wrote the Governor's Committee, listed five reasons why the University should be considered first. First, the area of research seemed to be the most important to Fletcher. Under research he made five sub-recommendations: an industrial park, "much like the Stanford University Industrial Park," Red Butte Canyon Biological Conservancy and Ecological Research; the use of existing building space which could be converted relatively inexpensively to research laboratories, land needs for future expansion of research in the medical-biological-physical science areas; and the Utah State Arboretum Development, which was the organized development of tree planting. 61 Fletcher thought the research park was a two-fold idea. The research park would offer industry a center of applied research contiguous to a University with an already strong graduate school. Second, Fort Douglas would remain intact as a historical entity with the University maintaining and preserving the historical identity of the old Fort Douglas' buildings. 62 Third, Fletcher foresaw the possible need to expand in its academic facilities. He saw the only direction of potential expansion was pointing toward Fort Douglas. With the additional land, Fletcher saw that expansion could be performed at almost no cost. 63 Fourth, Fletcher desired to create a location for married student housing . With the elimination of the "Post war temporaries" to make room for academic buildings and roads, the University of Utah had less housing than Fletcher desired. Fifth, Fletcher would make use of portions of the mountainous land on the immediate east of the Fort Douglas buildings. Fletcher's efforts were rewarded in 1968. Two hundred and thirty acres of surplus U.S. Government land at Fort Douglas were awarded to Gov. Rampton. He said the land , said to be excess by the Department of the Army, will be developed into a research park and an academic addition to the University of Utah. A segment will be used in expansion of Pioneer Monument State Park. 64 "The University of Utah is landlocked and has no other opportunity for expansion other than the Fort Douglas property," Gov. Rampton said on August 4, 1968. 65 Fort Douglas continued to lose acres of property to the University and to other organizations. On February 8, 1972, President Richard Nixon approved the donation of 155 acres of Fort Douglas land to the state of Utah for Pioneer Trail State Park. 66 It was among 20 parcels of federal land worth $4.6 million which were turned over to state and local governments for park and recreation use. Acquisition of the property permitted expansion of what is now the "This Is the Place" monument at the mouth of Emigration Canyon where the original Pioneer Trail ends. On April 26, 1978, the Pentagon sent Congress a long list of military installation under consideration for closure or realignment, the list included Fort Douglas and Dugway Proving Ground. 67 One report was that Fort Douglas should be phased out "all the way" but later it was learned the base's reserve center and nearby maintenance facility would not be affected. The fort found its way off the chopping block this time, however, it was not the final time that it would be considered for closure. In 1988, Congress reviewed several recommendations concerning the closure of Fort Douglas and, as directed by the Base Closure and Realignment Act of 1988 (P.L. 100-526), had only two choices for action: (1) accept the recommendations in total, which in effect would give them the force of law or (2) reject all of the recommendations. The recommendations were accepted by Congress in early 1989, thus initiating the closure and realignment of Fort Douglas and the first major overhaul of the U.S. Military base structure in nearly two decades. The Commission's recommendations affected 145 installations nationwide. Of this number, 86 were to be closed fully, five were to be closed in part, and 54 experienced a change, as units and activities were relocated. The purposes for these actions were to improve the effectiveness of the military base structure and to realize cost savings through the realignment or closure of unnecessary or underutilized military installations. The specific consequences at Fort Douglas were its closure as an active Army installation and the reassignment of its functions to other installations. Following closure, about 51 acres of the approximately 119-acre Fort were declared as excess property for public disposal. The remaining approximate 68 acres of the Fort were retained in federal ownership for use as a military Reserve Center. The property which was retained is currently being used by reserve units principally for administrative, training, support, assembly, recruiting, and storage purposes. As the role and needs of the fort changed, excess portions of Fort Douglas property were transferred to other agencies and owners. The present approximate 119 acres of Fort Douglas is in two noncontiguous parcels: the main portion of the installation, 115 acres, and the post cemetery 4 acres. Real estate that was previously Fort Douglas property is now University of Utah campus, Red Butte Garden and Arboretum, Medical Center, and Research Park; Wasatch-Cache National Forest; Veterans Administration Complex; Utah National Guard Headquarters; Mount Olivet Cemetery; and a large portion of Federal Heights residential area. 68 Today the primary mission of Fort Douglas is to provide administrative, logistical, maintenance, and family support services to active and reserve tenant units and off-post reserve units in the states of Utah, Idaho, and Montana. The Commission recommended Fort Douglas for closure because the operational flexibility of the property is severely limited by (1) its small size (approximately 119 acres) and restricted location between University of Utah properties and other properties, and (2) the National Historic Landmark status of approximately 49 acres of the central portion of the installation which further constrains the new construction potential. The Commission also found that the Fort's primary mission to provide regional support to reserve units in several western states could be effectively transferred to other installations. The use of a portion of the Fort Douglas property as a continuing facility was also specified by the Commission's recommendations. The passage of P.L. 100-526 and the subsequent acceptance of the Commission's recommendations makes the closure and realignment of Fort Douglas a mandated federal action. With the passage of U.S. Senate Bill No. 2405, Fort Douglas was officially closed in November of 1991. Simultaneously with the closure, the Stephen A. Douglas Reserve Center was opened. The final settlement in the base closure saw 51 acres of historic homes and work buildings deeded to the University of Utah. The southern 68 acres was retained by the government and is still the headquarters for the 96th Army Reserve Command, which covers seven Western states. Marine and Navy reserve components keep facilities at the post-fort post as well. The fort's museum was also transferred to the University, but museum operations have been taken over by the Utah National Guard. The museum remains as a long-term tenant. IV. Endnotes 1. Post Return Camp Douglas, "March, April 1872; Quartermaster General Correspondence," Document No. 134742,28 January 1905. A resume of correspondence between Mr. Legrande Young, Esq. And Fort Douglas reference and exchange of property between time. The land belonging to the Salt Lake Rock Company in Red Butte Canyon owned by My Young, was eventually exchanged for twenty acres north of the old University campus, plus other considerations. 2. Office of the Quartermaster General, Record Group No. 77, Fortifications File, War Department General Order No. 120, 3 June 1907, National Archives; Deseret News, 1 October 1873. 3. Richard F. Burton, City of the Saints, (Edited by Fawn M. Brodie 1963). Originally published in 1861 (Alfred A. Knopf, New York 1861)., pp. 216-217 . 4. Sermon by Heber C. Kimball, 9 October 1852, Great Salt Lake City. Journal of Discourses, I, 162. 5. Sermon by Brigham Young, ibid., pp. 218-220. 6. Temple Rock Account Book No. 1, 26 May 1853 to 31 October 1854, LDS Church Historical Archive. 7. Andrew Jenson, Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia., Salt Lake City: 1901, pp 62-66. 8. John Sharp. Letters and Correspondence. LDS Church Historical Archive. 9. History of the Salt Lake Stake, 13 February 1851, LDS Church Historical Archive. 10. Minutes of the Salt Lake City Council, Book A., 22 February 1851, LDS Church Historical Archive. 11. History of the Salt Lake Stake, 30 April 1851, LDS Church Historical Archive. 12. Deseret News Weekly., 18 June 1853. 13. Millennial Star, XVII, No.32 (28 August 1855), 507 14. Wallace A. Raynor. The Everlasting Spires: A Story of the Salt Lake Temple. Salt Lake City; Deseret Book Co., 1965The Everlasting Spires: A st 15. Robert S. Olpin. Dictionary of Utah Art. Salt Lake City: Salt Lake Art Center, 1980. 16. Utah Resources and Activities. Salt Lake City, 1933. 17. Journal History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 31 May 1855, p.4. 18. Millennial Star, XXVII, No. 17 (28 April 1855), 267. 19. Based on information given by Truman O. Angell, "Temple Description, "Millennial Star, XXVI (5May, 1874), pp. 273-5. 20. Deseret News, 12 January 1876. 21. Ibid., 15 May 1876; 10 May 1876. 22. Ibid., 29 July, 5 August 1874. 23. Quartermaster Correspondence File. A weekly inspection of Red Butte Canyon was conducted by the Post Surgeon during the summer of 1889 and pollution by the Salt Lake Rock Company was extensive, caused by the erection of the stables and housing for the sixty-six men and thirty-eight animals kept at the quarry. A squatter was also living in the canyon and he kept six cows. United States Army Continental Commands, 1821-1820, Record Group 393, N.A., "Medical Histories of Posts" and "Sanitary Reports," 28 October 1890. 24. Deseret News, 6 June 1888. 25. Ibid., General Order 39, 1890, General Order 26, 1896. 26. Ibid., General Order 120, 3 June 1907: Quartermaster Correspondence File, DOC. 134742. LeGrande Young, Esq. had succeeded John Young as president of the Salt Lake and Fort Douglas Railway. Senator Thomas Kearns of Park City mining fame personally wrote a letter to the Secretary of the Army on behalf of Mr. Young's claims. 27. Leonard J Arrington, "Utah, the New Deal and the Depression of the 1930s," 1982. Lecture presented at the Dello G. Dayton Memorial Lecture, Utah State Historical Society Library, Salt Lake City. p.27 28. Ted B Shermin, A History of Fort Douglas, Utah State Historical Society Library, Salt Lake city 1946. p.14. 29. Harold Shore (former civilian employee of the Department of Army and care taker of Fort Douglas), interview by author, 7 August 1995. pp.1-2. 30. Dwayne Ashby (former employee of Pioneer State Park), interview by author, 7 August 1995. pp.1-2. 31. Harold Shore, interview by author, 7 August 1995. p.2. 32. Jim Ehleringer Background Information for the Red Butte Canyon Research Natural Area, (Department of Biology University of Utah Report, September 1982). pp 1-4. 33. Pam Poulson "Red Butte Garden," the Cultivator,. Spring and Summer Edition 1988. 34. War of the Rebellion, series I, Vol. I, Part II, pp. 119-120. 35. Deseret News, 15 October 1862. Rogers, pp. 36-54. 36. Patrick Edward Connor "Orders No. 14, Headquarters District Utah"., October 26, 1862,. History of Fort Douglas (Fort Douglas, Utah 22 October 1862-30 September 1954). p.10 37. t Return Camp Douglas," June 1863 - August 1864. 38. Arrington and Alexander, p. 334, quoting U.S. Congress, "House Report of Brigadier General James F. Rusling," 39th Congress, 2nd session, 1866, House Ex. Doc. 45, pp. 61-62. 39. "Post Return Camp Douglas," April 1866, April 1868. 40. Deseret News, 1 October 1873. 41. Salt Lake Daily Herald, 27 November 1873. 42. Arrington and Alexander, p. 334 quoting "Annual Report of the Secretary of War," U.S. War Department (Washington, D.C.: 1872), Vol. I, p. 54. 43. George W. Davis, "Report to the Quartermaster General's Office," 30 June 1875, National Archives, Washington D.C., no pagination (hereafter referred to as "Davis' Report"). 44. Lieutenant General Philip H. Sheridan to Colonel W.D. Whipple, Assistant Adjutant General of the Army, 14 July 1874. Office of the Quartermaster General, U.S. War Department, Consolidated Correspondence File, National Archives, Washington, D.C., (hereafter referred to as Quartermaster General Correspondence). 45. "Davis Report 1875" 46. Ibid., 1875; Deseret News, 1 September 1875. 47. Ibid., 1875 48. Peter L. Goss, "The Architectural History of Utah," Utah Historical Quarterly 43 (Summer 1975): 219-220. 49. Captain George W. Davis to Chief Quartermaster, Department of the Platte, Omaha, Nebraska Territory, 27 May 1875, Quartermaster General Correspondence. 50. Arrington and Alexander quoting War Department Report, 1877, I, p.85. 51. "General order No. 8 Camp Douglas," 16 February 1873, National Archives; Deseret News, 6 October 1875. 52. San Francisco Bulletin, 20 February 1863 cited by Charles Hibbard Fort Douglas 1862-1916: Pivotal Link on the Western Frontier. p.38 53. Franklin D Danines, "Separatism in Utah, 1847-1870" in Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the year 1917 (Washington, D.C., 1920), pp. 333-343. 54. History of Fort Douglas (Fort Douglas, Utah 22 October 1862-30 September 1954). 55. Patrick Edward Connor to Colonel Drum, Oct. 26, 1863, History of Fort Douglas (Fort Douglas, Utah 22 October 1862-30 September 1954)p. 15. 56. G.M. Howard, "Men, Motives and Misunderstandings: A New Look at the Morrisite War of 1862," Utah Historical Quarterly. 44 (Spring 1976): 112-132. 57. Vedette, 25 November 1865. The Michigan Brigade was first organized in 1863 and Brigadier General George A. Custer was appointed the commander on 29 June 1863. The Brigade was encamped at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania while on a reconnaissance. They were one of the first units to become involved in the battle and played a conspicuous role. The Brigade was consolidated into the Michigan First Veteran Cavalry Regiment in September 1865. Jno. Robertson, compiler, Michigan in the War (Lansing: Revised ed. W.S. George and Co., State Printers and Binders, 1882), pp. 570, 574, 611-613. 58. "Post Return Camp Douglas," November 1865. 59. Vedette. 6 October 1865. 60. (No Byline) "U. Makes a Claim on Fort Douglas." Daily Utah Chronicle 30 July 1965. 61. Ibid. 62. Ibid. 63. Ibid. 64. George Raine "U.S. Releases Ft. Douglas Land to Utah for Study, Recreation." Salt Lake Tribune 4 August 1968. 65. Ibid. 66. (No Byline) "Utah Land Donation Approved by Nixon" Deseret News 8 Feb. 1972. 67. Frank Hewlett "Pentagon Lists Dugway, Fort Douglas: Closure or Realignment Plan Going to Congress Today." Salt Lake Tribune., 26 April 1978. 68. Dames and Moore. Base Closure Final Environmental Impact Statement. (Under the United States Army Corps of Engineers Sacramento District) May 1991. V. Bibliography 1. Irma Watson Hance and Irene Warr, Johnston, Connor and the Mormons: An Outline of Military History in Northern Utah., (Published in Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of Fort Douglas, Utah 22 Oct. 1962). 2. Robert Joseph Dwyer, A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of the Catholic University of America in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy., The Gentile comes to Utah: A Study in Religious and Social Conflict (1862-1890)., 2nd ed. (Western Epics Salt Lake City, Utah 1971). 3. Charles G. Hibbard, A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of Utah in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Fort Douglas 1862-1919: Pivotal Link on the Western Frontier. 4. War of the Rebellion, Series I, Vol. I, Part II. 5. History of Fort Douglas (Fort Douglas, Utah 22 October 1862-30 September 1954). 6. Franklin D. Danines, "Separatism in Utah, 1847-1870" in Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1917., (Wash. D.C., 1920). 7. Salt Lake Tribune., 20 July 1965. 8. Salt Lake Tribune., 4 Aug. 1968. 9. Salt Lake Tribune., 26 Apr. 1978. 10. Deseret News., 8 Feb. 1972. 11. Dames and Moore., Base Closure Final Environment Impact Statement. (Under the United States Army Corps of Engineers Sacramento District)., May 1991. 12. Richard F. Bruton, City of the Saints., (Edited by Fawn M. Brodie 1963)., Originally published in 1861 (Alfred A. Knopf, New York 1861). 13. Journal of Discourses, Vol. 1,. 14. Millenial Star, XVII, No. 32 (28 Aug. 1855). 15. Millenial Star, XXVII, No. 17 (28 Apr. 1855). 16. Millenial Star, XXVI. 17. Utah Daily Chronicle., 30 July 1965. Carrie Richter, The Golden Age of Fort Douglas., Prepared for Professor Thomas Carter, Department of Architecture, University of Utah, 1995. (Unpublished.)