117788

~''''''~-' ~ , ~':' -, ',.' 1 h" ,. Ii\.. " ....:~J.~ I~.t. \ .. ), , 111~r!l!jlll L NOMINATION FORM 'NPS Form 1~900 (Oct. 1990) U1ah Won1Perfect 5.1 Fonnat (Revised Feb. 1993) OMB No. 10024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations of eligibility for individual properties or districts. See instructions in How to Complete the National Register of Historic Places Form (National Register Bulletin 16A). Complete each item by marking "x" in the appropriate box or by entering the information requested . If an item does not apply to the property being documented. enter "N/A" for "not applicable." For functions, architectural classification, materials, and areas of Significance, enter only categories and subcategories from the instructions. Place additional entries and narrative items on continuation sheets (NPS Form 10-900a). Use a typewriter, word processor, or computer to complete all items. 1. Name of Property ' historic name people's Co-op Building other names/site number Niagra Skating Rink, Lehi Roller Skating Rink, Grass Furniture Christensen Wholesale 2~Location street & number 151 East State Street N/A not for publication city or town ...... L""ellhlL..·_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ state l Jtah code LIT county l Jtah code 049 N/A vicinity 84043 zip code 3. State/Federal Agency Certification As the deSignated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, I hereby certify that this X.nomination _request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60 . In my opinion, the property Xmeets _does not meet the National Register criteria. I recommend that this property be considered significant _nationally _statewide Xlocally. C See continuation sheet for additi al comments.} Utah Division of State Historv. Office of Historic Preservation State or Federal agency and bureau In my opinion, the property _meets _does not meet the National Register criteria . (_ See continuation sheet for additional comments .) Signature of certifying officialfTitie Date State or Federal agency and bureau 4. National Park Service Certification I hereby certify that this property is: _ entered in the National Register. See continuation sheet. _ determined eligible for the National Register. See continuation sheet. _ determined not eligible for the National Register. _ removed from the National Register. _ other, (explain :},_ _ _ _ __ Signature of the Keeper Date of Action Date Usted \&/ L1 F1B " People's Co-op Building Name of Property Lehi. Utah County, Utah City, County, and State 5. Classification · Ownership of Property (Check as many boxes as apply) ...L private Category of Property Number of Resources within Property (Check only one box) (Do not include previously listed resources in the count.) ..L building(s) Contributing Non-contributing _ public-local district buildings _ public-State site sites _ public-Federal structure structures _object objects o Name of related multiple property listing (Enter "N/A" if property is not part of a multiple property listing.) Historic and Architectural Resources of Lehi, Utah Total Number of contributing resources previously listed in the National Register N/A 6. Function or Use .: Historic Functions (Enter categories from instructions) COMMERCEfIRADE' department store Current Functions (Enter categories from instructions) COMMERCEfIRADE' department store 7. Description Architectural Classification (Enter categories from instructions) I ATE VICTORIAN Materials (Enter categories from instructions) foundation STONE' sandstone walls BRICK roof ASPHALT other METAL (cornice) Narrative Description (Describe the historic and current condition of the property on one or more continuation sheets,) .x. See continuation sheet(s) for Section No, 7 People's Co-op Building Name of Property 8. Statement of Significance Applicable National Register Criteria (Mark "x" on one or more lines for the criteria qualifying the property for National Register listing.) L A Lehi. Utah County. Utah City, County, and State Areas of Significance (Enter categories from instructions) Property is associated with events that have COMMERCE made a significant contribution to the broad INDUSTRY patterns of our history. B Property is associated with the lives of persons significant in our past. C Property embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or represents the work of a master, or possesses Period of Significance 1902-c 1940s high artistic values, or represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components lack individual distinction. o Property has yielded , or is likely to yield , Significant Dates 1902-03 information important in prehistory or history. Criteria Considerations (Mark "x" on all that apply.) Property is: A Significant Person (Complete if Criterion B is marked above) owned by a religious institution or used for N/A religious purposes. Cultural Affiliation NIA B removed from its original location. C a birthplace or grave. o a cemetery. E a reconstructed building, object, or Architect/Builder structure. Andrew Fjeld Charles Ohran (designers/builders) F a commemorative property. G less than 50 years of age or achieved significance within the past 50 years. Narrative Statement of Significance (Explain the significance of the property on one or more continuation sheets.) 9. Major Bibliographical References.·· .x See continuation sheet(s) for Section No. 8 Bibliography (Cite the books , articles, and other sources used in preparing this form on one or more continuation sheets.) Previous documentation on file (NPS): _ preliminary determination of individual listing (36 CFR 67) has been requested _ previously listed in the National Register _ previously determined eligible by the National Register _ deSignated a National Historic Landmark _ recorded by Historic American Buildings Survey #_--- _ recorded by Historic American Engineering Record # _ _ __ Primary location of additional data: .1L State Historic Preservation Office _ Other State agency _ Federal agency _ Local government _ University Other Name of repository: X See continuation sheet(s} for Section No. 9 People's Co-op Building Name of Property Lehi. Utah County, Utah City, County, and State 10. Geographical Data Acreage of property 0.47 acres UTM References (Place additional UTM references on a continuation sheet.) A 1/2 4/2/8/1 18/0 C_I 11/1/ Zone Easting 4/4/7/1 19/9/0 Northing 1/1/1/ B _I ...J.J..1..1... I 1/ I 1/ Zone Easting Northing D _I ...J.J..1..1... 1/ 1/ 1/ Verbal Boundary Description (Descnbe the boundaries of the propertY,) Commencing N 1 deg 32'W 132 ft & S 62 deg 36'E 207,5 ft from NW comer Block 88, Plat A, Lehi City Survey; N 27 deg 24'E 162,34 ft; S 58 deg 38'E 109,2 ft; S 47 deg 21'E 32,76 ft; S 27 deg 24'W 145,37 ft; N 62 deg 36'W 95,70 ft; N 27 deg 24'E 85 ft; N 62 deg 36'W 15 ft; S 27 deg 24'W 85 ft; n 62 deg 36'W 29,9 ft to beginning, Property Tax No, 01 :090:0014:003 _ See continuation sheet(s) for Section No, 10 Boundary Justification (Explain why the boundaries were selected,) The boundaries include the entire city lot that has historically been associated with the property, _ See continuation sheet(s) for Section No, 10 11} Form Prepared. By nameltitle Nelson W Knight, Architectural Historian/Utah SHPD staff organization Smith Hyatt Architects date July 1997 street & number 845 S Main Street telephone [phone] city or town uB.I.lo..... unutwifuJ.ILI_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ state.JJL zip code,....Io8.l:l4""Ou1.1.l0_ _ __ Additional Documentation Submit the following items with the completed form: • Continuation Sheets • Maps: A USGS map (7,5 or 15 minute series) indicating the property's location, A Sketch map for historic districts and/or properties having large acreage or numerous resources, • Photographs: Representative black and white photographs of the property, • Additional items (Check with the SHPO or FPO for any additional items,) PropertY0wner ,;jj" '. name Rudy & Carolyn C Zander street & number _----L1"L1... 85o.LJlM"'a....n.u.,ou.r,J"CLlJiru.,c""le"--_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ telephone [phone] city or town state.JJL zip code ..-'8""'4:L,1.,.2,;:z4'---_ _ Salt lake City Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate properties for listing or determine eligibility for listing, to list properties, and to amend existing listings. Response to this request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance with the National HistOric Preservation Act, as amended (16 U,S.C, 470 et seq.). Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average 18.1 hours per response including time for reviewing instructions, gathering and maintaining data, and completing and reviewing the form . Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form to the Chief, Administrative Services Division, National Park Service, P.O. Box 37127, Washington, DC 20013-7127; and the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reductions Projects (1024-0018), Washington, DC 20503. N P~ Po rm 10-900-a OMB No. 10024-0018 Utah WordPerlecI5.1 Fonnat (Revised Feb. 1993) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section No. L Page_1 People's Co-op Building, Lehi, Utah County, UT Narrative Description The People's Co-op Building, at 151 East State Street in Lehi, was built in 1902-03 as a new mercantile building for the People's Cooperative Mercantile Institution, which had been already established at the site since 1872. The Co-op building was one of several buildings in the complex, including a lumberyard, coal yard, feed store, livery stable, harness shop, hotel, drugstore, and blacksmith shop. At this writing, the only remaining building that retains its integrity is the 1902 mercantile building. Sanborn Maps show that the building was constructed on the site of the Co-op's former furnace, stove, and agricultural implements buildings. The new building was constructed immediately adjacent (southwest) to the original, 1878 mercantile building. As constructed, the new building included 22,000 square feet of space, encompassing mercantile departments and warehouse areas. Completed in the spring of 1903, the building was one of the first in Lehi to receive electricity. In addition, a Bell telephone system and pneumatic tube connection to other buildings in the complex were installed in the mercantile building. The building was also the first in Lehi to have cement sidewalks. Adjacent to the sidewalks is an ashlar sandstone foundation dressed with a diamond pattern. Above the foundation rise walls of brick. The walls were possibly laid up by prominent local brick masons Andrew Fjeld and Charles Ohran. The Coop is a larger example of the two-part block type of commercial building. Brick enframing walls flank the main section of the front (west) facade. 1 This section consists of a three bay street level section with large display windows and a middle clerestory section, also three bays wide, with translucent glazing. The brick upper half of the facade continues the three-bay pattern of the lower sections, with the central section stepped out and adorned with an oval cutout that once prominently displayed the Co-op logo. Atop the front facade is a pressed metal Classical cornice. A row of modillions stretches across the length of the building; coved blocks top the enframing walls. Finials were once placed atop the blocks, but have since been removed. Also removed is the brickwork that once stood above the central bay. These changes appear to have been made at roughly the same time (c.1960) as the installation of an aluminum "storefront" glass wall on the ground level of the main facade. A vinyl awning slightly obscures the effects of this aluminum storefront. The remaining walls of the building are multicolored, unpainted brick. All of them are utilitarian and unadorned, as is common in a street-fronting commercial building. Several double-hung, wood-framed windows, are spaced along the rear (east) and south walls of the building. Many openings have been bricked up; a painted advertisement for the present tenants, Christensen's Wholesale has been applied over some of these bricked in openings and the adjacent wall on the east wall. The advertisement is visible from the nearby freeway. 1Thomas Carter and Peter Goss, Utah's Historic Architecture. 1847-1940. X See continuation sheet OMB NPS Porm 10-900 -a . No. 10024-00'18 Utah WordPerfect 5.1 Fonnat (Revised Feb. 1993) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section No. L Page 2.. People's Co-op Building, Lehi, Utah County, UT The interior retains its original configuration, though most of the detailing has been obscured or obliterated in several renovations. Six substantial square columns divide the largely open interior and support the structure. These columns also support a second floor mezzanine, roughly ten feet wide, that runs around the perimeter of the room. Although changes have been made that obscure some of the historic features of the building, the overall massing and primary architectural features that describe the Co-op building as a turn-of-thecentury, Late Victorian, ClaSSically-styled commercial building remain. The overall integrity of the building is sufficient to consider it eligible for National Register listing . See continuation sheet ~PS FOml 10-900-a Utah WordPerfect 5.1 FOmlat (Revised Feb. 1993) OMB No. 10024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section No. JL Page ~ People's Co-op Building, Lehi. Utah County. UT Narrative Statement of Significance The People's Co-op Building, constructed in 1902-03, is nominated as part of the "Historic and Architectural Resources of Lehi, Utah" Multiple Property Submission. It falls under the historic contexts "The Coming of the Railroad and Economic Expansion, 1871-1899" and "Modernization, Steady Growth, and the War Years, 1900-1940s." The Co-op building is historically significant as one of only two remaining architecturally intact examples of the cooperative store in Lehi and as the main branch of the store. 2 Begun on a wide basis throughout Utah in 1868 by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (LOS or Mormon Church), the cooperative merchandising system encouraged church members to mutually invest in a mercantile store. The members then bought (or often traded for) their necessities from the store. As a branch of the statewide store, Z.C.M.I., the People's Co-op was the largest and most successful mercantile in Lehi during the years of its existence, 1872-1937. The Co-op building was built as part of a large complex that included a lumberyard, coal yard, feed store, livery stable, harness shop, hotel, drugstore, and blacksmith shop. Currently, the only remaining building that retains its integrity is the 1902 mercantile building. The cooperative mercantile system, an integral part of the economic history of Utah, was first put into practice in Lehi. Israel Evans, son of Mormon Bishop David Evans, visited a cooperative mercantile in England while on a mission for the Mormon Church from 1853-57. Upon his return, he advocated for such a mercantile in Lehi. The outgrowth of this, the Lehi Union Exchange opened at 189 W. Main Street in 1868. 3 Within the larger framework of the LOS Church, Lorenzo Snow, then a member of the Church's governing body, the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, was advocating a similar cooperative system. The co-op system was significantly expanded during 1868. In that year, Zion's Cooperative Mercantile Institution (Z.C.M.I.) was organized at Salt Lake City and Lehi's Union Exchange became a branch of that organization. The early success of Lehi's cooperative system was destined to be short-lived, however. As was the case in other Utah communities, the cooperative ideal fell victim to increasing competition from private concerns. Completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 was an event that undoubtedly contributed to the demise of the cooperative system (which had been formally launched less than one year earlier). It also exerted strong influences upon the subsequent course of Lehi's history. The coast-to-coast transportation system ended Utah's geographic isolation. It made goods from the outside more readily available, created new markets for Utah-produced commodities, stimulated commerce and the development of new industries, and brought in more settlers together with more outside influences. In 2"fhe downtown branch building at 189 W Main Street only operated for four years before becoming Racker Mercantile. :Van Wagoner, 123-124. The building was later replaced by the Main Street branch of the People's Co-op and is now part of the Lehi Main Street Historic District. X See continuation sheet . OMS No. 10024-0018 NPS Form 1().9()().a Utah WordPerfect 5.1 Format (Revised Feb. 1993) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section No. JL Page ~ People's Co-op Building, Lehi, Utah County, UT 1871, the Lehi People's Cooperative Mercantile Institution (People's Co-op) was organized to take advantage of the railroad 's arrival in Lehi, and to compete with the established Lehi Union Exchange.4 Located on North State Street near the new railroad depot, the People's Co-op flourished, and soon drove the Union Exchange out of business in 1880. By the end of the nineteenth century, the company was Lehi's largest merchant. Two branches, the "uptown" and the "downtown" locations, were supplemented by clothing, furniture, farming implements, livery, lumber, coal, shoes and harness departments. The uptown branch alone employed twenty-five "men and girls" and stocked more than $75,000 worth of merchandise. 5 In the first two years of the new century, store manager William E. Racker supervised dramatic expansions of both the uptown and downtown stores. In the spring of 1900 a new two-story brick building was begun at the downtown location (189 West Main St.). Shortly after that building was completed, construction began on a new 22,000 square foot building at the uptown site (151 East State St., this nomination). Construction was supervised by prominent local contractors and brick masons Andrew Fjeld and Charles Ohran. Fjeld and Ohran, along with additional partner Olaf Holmstead, were a successful partnership in Lehi from 1891 until 1911. Andrew Fjeld, a native of Lehi, apprenticed as a bricklayer in Lehi in the 1880s. In 1891 he teamed with Char.les Ohran, who had come to Lehi to lay brick on the Lehi Commercial and Savings Bank Building. 6 Together with Olaf Holmstead, the pair constructed a sizable number of Lehi's homes and commercial buildings. 7 Among the features the contractors built into the building were electrical wiring, a Bell telephone system, and a pneumatic tube connection to other buildings in the complex. All of these were technologies new to Lehi. Another Lehi first for the building were the concrete sidewalks, the first to be installed in the town, running along the Co-op's State Street frontage. The new Co-op building was completed and occupied in 1903. A new manager, Samuel I. Goodwin, was appointed the same year after William Racker was called on a mission for the Mormon church. 8 'Van Wagoner, 127. 5Van Wagoner, 127. 6206 E. State - nominated to the National Register in 1998 as part of the Lehi MPS. 7Van Wagoner, 223. Among others, Fjeld and Ohran are attributed with the following buildings: Lehi North Branch Meetinghouse (1190 N 500 West), Lehi Slaughtering Company Meat Market (101 W Main Street), Dr. E.C. Merrihew Building (72 W Main Street), and Dr. Robert E. Steel Building (60 W Main Street). All are part of the 1998 MPS "Historic and Architectural Resources of Lehi, Utah." (1998) 8For more information on Samuel Goodwin, see the Samuel!. and Olena J. Goodwin House National Register nomination. X See continuation sheet I NPS Form 1o-900-a Utah WordPerlect 5.1 Format (Revised Feb. 1993) OMB No. 10024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section No. JL Page 2 People's Co-op Building, Lehi , Utah County, UT In 1904, the People's Co-op sold its downtown branch and concentrated their resources into their new uptown location, at 151 East State Street. The following year the company divested itself even further by selling its livery business. In 1912, the Co-op bought the Union Hotel (built 1891-92), adjacent to the Co-op complex. The company remodeled the Union Hotel into a movie theater, the Royal, in 1914. In 1916, a gasoline pump and two 600 gallon tanks were installed in front of the mercantile. 9 In spite of the gas pump, the automobile can be considered one of the factors in the People's Co-op's decline. It became easier to shop in other communities, including Salt Lake City, where selection and prices were often better. In addition, the Co-op faced increasing competition from a rising number of successful local merchants. The Great Depression ended any hopes of continued success for the Coop. In 1937, Z.C.M.I., the parent company of the People's Co-op announced it was closing twenty branches, including the People's Co-op in Lehi. The Co-op complex was sold piecemeal to a number of different parties. February 1939 "The Niagara" roller skating rink opened inside the former mercantile building. Advertisements advised Lehi residents to "Come to Niagara and watch the falls." This business lasted only a short time, though several other roller skating rinks occupied the building in the next several years, including the Lehi Roller Skating Rink. In July 1948, Grass Furniture opened in the building. The store lasted until 1955, after which a succession of other businesses occupied the space. In 1960, Christensen's Wholesale opened a warehouse in the building which has remained in the building up to the time of this writing (1998). 'Van Wagoner, 208. \. NPS Form 10-900-. Utah WOfdPerlect 5.1 Format (Revised Feb. 1993) OMB No. 10024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section No. JL Page ~ People's Co-op Building, Lehi, Utah County, UT Bibliography Arrington, Leonard J., Beet Sugar in the West: A History of the Utah-Idaho Sugar Company. 1891Washington: University of Washington Press, 1966. 1966. Seattle, _ _ _ , Great Basin Kingdom: An Economic History of the Latter-Day Saints. 1858-1900. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1958. Carter, Thomas and Peter Goss, Utah's Historic Architecture. 1847-1940. Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Graduate School of Architecture and Utah State Historical Society, 1985. Daughters of Utah Pioneers of Utah County, Memories That Live: Utah County Centennial History. Springville, Utah: Art City Publishing, 1947. "Lehi Reconnaissance Level Survey," prepared by Allen Roberts, AlA, for the Utah State Historic Preservation Office, October, 1992, and February, 1994. Copy on file at the Utah SHPO. Owens, G., Salt Lake City Directory. Including a Business Directory of Provo. Springville. and Ogden. Utah Territory, Salt Lake City, 1867. Polk, RL., & Co., Provo City Directory. Salt Lake City: RL. Polk & Co., 1891-92, 1903-1987. Polk, RL., & Co., Utah State Gazeteer and Business Directory. Salt Lake City: Tribune Job Printing Co., 1900-1931. Reeder, Clarence Andrew, Jr., "The History of Utah's Railroads, 1869-1883," unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Utah, 1970. Sanborn Map Company, New York, Insurance Maps of Lehi, Utah, 1890, 1898, 1907, 1922, 1934. Richard S. Van Wagoner. Lehi: Portraits of a Utah Town. Lehi, Utah: Lehi City Corporation, 1990. See continuation sheet ~PS Form 10-900-. OMB No. 10024-0018 Utah WordPerlect 5.1 Format (RO'Med Feb. 1993) United States D.e partment of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section No. PHOTOS Page l People's Co-op Building, Lehi, Utah County, UT Photo No.1 1. People's Co-op Building 2. Lehi, Utah County, Utah 3. Photographer: Kim A. Hyatt 4. Date: June, 1997 5. Negative on file at Utah SHPO. 6. NW elevation of building. Camera facing SE. See continuation sheet • 0·/\iZ) to i±: ( D~ \e''7 \.e.1u· :a -Cr ¥~t~~\ \ \ -\--- ( t'V . ~ /"6 . ~) U T. ;; .• N PS Form 10-900 ( Oct. 1990) U1aI1 WordPerfect 5.1 Format (Revised Feb. 1993) OMS No. 10024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations of eligibility for individual properties or districts. See instructions in How to Complete the National Register of Historic Places Form (National Register Bulletin 16A). Complete each item by marking "x" in the appropriate box or by entering the information requested . If an item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "N/A" for "not applicable." For functions, architectural classification, materials. and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategOries from the instructions. Place additional entries and narrative items on continuation sheets (NPS Form 10-900a). Use a typewriter, word processor, or computer to complete all items. 1. Name .of Property historic name People's Co-op Building other names/site number.............!::IU'.........,.....u..q,......."J.LW........ L.... eLlJhiuR,xol.lJl"'l.... e r....S.uk...awtilUn~g...1.R.>.lillnk.,...--'G ...ru;a..,s"'s...1.F....u.."runiwtu....r...e........ Cwh....ri... st....ewn...s.... eun....lWc.a..u;hol.lJ... l e.. saal...e'--_____ 2. Location street & number 151 East State Street N/A not for publication euh1... i ______________________________ _____ city or town .........1.... N/A vicinity state Wah code III county Utah code 049 zip code 3. State/Federal Agency Certification As the deSignated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, I hereby certify that this _request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property Xmeets _does not meet the National Register criteria. I recommend that this property be considered significant _nationally _statewide Xlocally. See continuation sheet for additi al comments.} ~nomination <- Utah Division of State History. Office of Historic Preservation State or Federal agency and bureau In my opinion, the property _meets _does not meet the National Register criteria. (_ See continuation sheet for additional comments .) Signature of certifying officiallTitie Date State or Federal agency and bureau 4. National .Park Service·Certification I hereby certify that this property is: _ entered in the National Register. See continuation sheet. _ determined eligible for the National Register. See continuation sheet. _ determined not eligible for the National Register. _ removed from the National Register. _ other, (explain:},_ _ _ _ __ Signature of the Keeper Date of Action 84043 Lehi. Utah County, Utah City, County, and State People's Co-op Building Name of Property 5. Classification Ownership of Property (Check as many boxes as apply) L private Category of Property Number of Resources within Property (Check only one box) (Do not include previously listed resources in the count.) .L building(s) Contributing Non-contributing buildings _ public-local district _ public-State site sites _ public-Federal structure structures 1 objects _object o Name of related multiple property listing (Enter "N/A" if property is not part of a multiple property listing.) Historic and Architectural Resources of Lehi, Utah 6~Function Total Number of contributing resources previously listed in the National Register N/A or Use . Historic Functions (Enter categories from instructions) COMMERCEfTRADE' department store Current Functions (Enter categories from instructions) COMMERCEfTRADE ' department store 7:0escription . Architectural Classification (Enter categories from instructions) LATE VICTORIAN Materials (Enter categories from instructions) foundation STONE' sandstone walls BRICK roof ASPHALT other METAL (cornice) Narrative Description (Describe the historic and current condition of the property on one or more continuation sheets,) .x See continuation sheet(s) for Section No, 7 People's Co-op Building Name of Property 8. Statement of Significance Applicable National Register Criteria (Mark "x" on one or more lines for the criteria qualifying the property for National Register listing.) .L. A Lehi. Utah County, Utah City, County, and State Areas of Significance (Enter categories from instructions) Property is associated with events that have COMMERCE made a significant contribution to the broad INDUSTRY patterns of our history. B Property is associated with the lives of persons significant in our past. C Property embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or represents the work of a master, or possesses Period of Significance 1902-c 1940s high artistic values, or represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components lack individual distinction. D Property has yielded, or is likely to yield, Significant Dates 1902-03 information important in prehistory or history. Criteria Considerations (Mark "x" on all that apply.) Property is: A Significant Person (Complete if Criterion B is marked above) owned by a religious institution or used for N/A religious purposes. Cultural Affiliation NIA B removed from its original location. C a birthplace or grave. D a cemetery. E a reconstructed building, object, or Architect/Builder structure. Andrew Fjeld Charles Ohran (designers/builders) F a commemorative property. G less than 50 years of age or achieved significance within the past 50 years. Narrative Statement of Significance (Explain the significance of the property on one or more continuation sheets.) 9. Major Bibliographical References . .x See continuation sheet(s) for Section NO.8 Bibliography (Cite the books, articles, and other sources used in preparing this form on one or more continuation sheets.) Primary location of additional data: Previous documentation on file (NPS): .L. State Historic Preservation Office _ preliminary determination of individual listing _ Other State agency (36 CFR 67) has been requested _ Federal agency _ previously listed in the National Register _ Local government _ previously determined eligible by the National _ University Register Other _ deSignated a National Historic Landmark _ recorded by Historic American Buildings Survey Name of repository: #_--_ recorded by Historic American Engineering Record # _ _ __ See continuation sheet(s) for Section NO. 9 .x People's Co-op Building Name of Property Lehi. Utah County, Utah City, County, and State 10; Geographical Data Acreage of property 0.47 acres UTM References (Place additional UTM references on a continuation sheet.) A 1/2 4/2/8/1 18/0 lone Easting C _I ...J....!..11.L 4/4/7/1 1919/0 Northing B _I ...J....!..11.L 1/ 1/11 lone Easting Northing D _I ...J....!..11.L I 1/1/1 1/1/11 Verbal Boundary Description (Descnbe the boundanes of the propertY,) Commencing N 1 deg 32'W 132 ft & S 62 deg 36'E 207,5 ft from NW comer Block 88, Plat A, Lehi City Survey; N 27 deg 24'E 162,34 ft; S 58 deg 38'E 109,2 ft; S 47 deg 21'E 32,76 ft; S 27 deg 24'W 145,37 ft; N 62 deg 36'W 95,70 ft; N 27 deg 24'E 85 ft; N 62 deg 36'W 15 ft; S 27 deg 24'W 85 ft; n 62 deg 36'W 29,9 ft to beginning, Property Tax No, 01 :090:0014:003 _ See continuation sheet(s) for Section No, 10 Boundary Justification (Explain why the boundaries were selected,) The boundaries include the entire city lot that has histOrically been associated with the property, _ See continuation sheet(s) for Section No, 10 11~, FonnPrepared ':By: .. ,.., . ' nameltitle Nelson W Knight, Architectural Histodan/lJtah SHpa staff organization Smith Hyatt Architects date July 1997 street & number B45 S Main Street telephone (B01 ) 29B-1666 city or town .... B""'o""'IlLln... tifi""JLL.I_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ state.J1L zip code,,.,,B""4""0L<1,.,0_ _ __ Additional Documentation Submit the following items with the completed form: • Continuation Sheets • Maps: A USGS map (7,5 or 15 minute series) indicating the property's location, A Sketch map for historic districts andlor properties having large acreage or numerous resources, • Photographs: Representative black and white photographs of the property, • Additional items (Check with the SHPO or FPO for any additional items,) name Rudy & Carolyn C Zander street & number _--'1...1""B.... 5...uMw a""n..."o....r......C....i..... rc""le"--_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ telephone (B01) 768-3234 city or town state.J1L zip code --'-1:84:...1......2""4'--_ __ Salt Lake City Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate properties for listing or de~ermine eligibility for listing, to list properties, and to amend existing listings, Response to this request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended (16 U.S.C. 470 et seq.). Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average 18.1 hours per response including time for reviewing instructions, gathering and maintaining data, and completing and reviewing the form . Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form to the Chief, Administrative Services Division, National Pari< Service, P.O. Box 37127, Washington, DC 20013-7127: and the Office of Management and Budget, Paperworl< Reductions Projects (1024-0018), Washington, DC 20503. NPS Porm 10-900-a Utah WordPerlect 5.1 Fonnat (Rellised Feb. 1993) OMB No. 10024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section No. L Page..1.. People's Co-op Building, Lehi, Utah County, UT Narrative Description The People's Co-op Building, at 151 East State Street in Lehi, was built in 1902-03 as a new mercantile building for the People's Cooperative Mercantile Institution, which had been already established at the site since 1872. The Co-op building was one of several buildings in the complex, including a lumberyard, coal yard, feed store, livery stable, harness shop, hotel, drugstore, and blacksmith shop. At this writing, the only remaining building that retains its integrity is the 1902 mercantile building. Sanborn Maps show that the building was constructed on the site of the Co-op's former furnace, stove, and agricultural implements buildings. The new building was constructed immediately adjacent (southwest) to the original, 1878 mercantile building. As constructed, the new building included 22,000 square feet of space, encompassing mercantile departments and warehouse areas. Completed in the spring of 1903, the building was one of the first in Lehi to receive electricity. In addition, a Bell telephone system and pneumatic tube connection to other buildings in the complex were installed in the mercantile building. The building was also the first in Lehi to have cement sidewalks. Adjacent to the sidewalks is an ashlar sandstone foundation dressed with a diamond pattern. Above the foundation rise walls of brick. The walls were possibly laid up by prominent local brick masons Andrew Fjeld and Charles Ohran. The Coop is a larger example of the two-part block type of commercial building. Brick enframing walls flank the main section of the front (west) facade. 1 This section consists of a three bay street level section with large display windows and a middle clerestory section, also three bays wide, with translucent glazing. The brick upper half of the facade continues the three-bay pattern of the lower sections, with the central section stepped out and adorned with an oval cutout that once prominently displayed the Co-op logo. Atop the front facade is a pressed metal Classical cornice. A row of modillions stretches across the length of the building; coved blocks top the enframing walls. Finials were once placed atop the blocks, but have since been removed. Also removed is the brickwork that once stood above the central bay. These changes appear to have been made at roughly the same time (c.1960) as the installation of an aluminum "storefront" glass wall on the ground level of the main facade. A vinyl awning slightly obscures the effects of this aluminum storefront. The remaining walls of the building are multicolored, unpainted brick. All of them are utilitarian and unadorned, as is common in a street-fronting commercial building. Several double-hung, wood-framed windows, are spaced along the rear (east) and south walls of the building. Many openings have been bricked up; a painted advertisement for the present tenants, Christensen's Wholesale has been applied over some of these bricked in openings and the adjacent wall on the east wall. The advertisement is visible from the nearby freeway. 1Thomas Carter and Peter Goss, Utah's Historic Architecture. 1847-1940. .x. See continuation sheet OMB No. 10024-0018 NPS Po nn 1 0-9 00 -a Utah WordPerlect 5.1 Fonn31 (Revised Feb. 1993) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section No. l Page.£ People's Co-op Building , Lehi. Utah County. UT The interior retains its original configuration . though most of the detailing has been obscured or obliterated in several renovations. Six substantial square columns divide the largely open interior and support the structure. These columns also support a second floor mezzanine, roughly ten feet wide, that runs around the perimeter of the room . Although changes have been made that obscure some of the historic features of the building, the overall massing and primary architectural features that describe the Co-op building as a turn-of-thecentury, Late Victorian, ClaSSically-styled commercial building remain. The overall integrity of the building is sufficient to consider it eligible for National Register listing. See continuation sheet NPS FOI111 10-900-a Utah Wor<lPerlect 5.1 FOI111a1 (Revised Feb. 1993) OMS No. 10024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section No. JL Page ~ People's Co-op Building, Lehi, Utah County, UT Narrative Statement of Significance The People's Co-op Building, constructed in 1902-03, is nominated as part of the "Historic and Architectural Resources of Lehi, Utah" Multiple Property Submission. It falls under the historic contexts "The Coming of the Railroad and Economic Expansion, 1871-1899" and "Modernization, Steady Growth, and the War Years, 1900-1940s." The Co-op building is historically significant as one of only two remaining architecturally intact examples of the cooperative store in Lehi and as the main branch of the store. 2 Begun on a wide basis throughout Utah in 1868 by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (LOS or Mormon Church), the cooperative merchandising system encouraged church members to mutually invest in a mercantile store. The members then bought (or often traded for) their necessities from the store. As a branch of the statewide store, Z.C.M.I., the People's Co-op was the largest and most successful mercantile in Lehi during the years of its existence, 1872-1937. The Co-op building was built as part of a large complex that included a lumberyard, coal yard, feed store, livery stable, harness shop, hotel, drugstore, and blacksmith shop. Currently, the only remaining building that retains its integrity is the 1902 mercantile building. The cooperative mercantile system, an integral part of the economic history of Utah, was first put into practice in Lehi. Israel Evans, son of Mormon Bishop David Evans, visited a cooperative mercantile in England while on a mission for the Mormon Church from 1853-57. Upon his return, he advocated for such a mercantile in Lehi. The outgrowth of this, the Lehi Union Exchange opened at 189 W. Main Street in 1868. 3 Within the larger framework of the LOS Church, Lorenzo Snow, then a member of the Church's governing body, the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, was advocating a similar cooperative system. The co-op system was Significantly expanded during 1868. In that year, Zion's Cooperative Mercantile Institution (Z.C.M.I.) was organized at Salt Lake City and Lehi's Union Exchange became a branch of that organization. The early success of Lehi's cooperative system was destined to be short-lived, however. As was the case in other Utah communities, the cooperative ideal fell victim to increasing competition from private concerns. Completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 was an event that undoubtedly contributed to the demise of the cooperative system (which had been formally launched less than one year earlier). It also exerted strong influences upon the subsequent course of Lehi's history. The coast-to-coast transportation system ended Utah's geographic isolation. It made goods from the outside more readily available, created new markets for Utah-produced commodities, stimulated commerce and the development of new industries, and brought in more settlers together with more outside influences. In 2The downtown branch building at 189 W Main Street only operated for four years before becoming Racker Mercantile. :Van Wagoner, 123-124. The building was later replaced by the Main Street branch of the People's Co-op and is now part of the Lehi Main Street Historic District. X See continuation sheet OMB No. l0024-m18 NPS Form 1()'900-a Utah WordPerlect 5.1 Fonnat (Revised Feb. 1993) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section No. JL Page...4.. People's Co-op Building, Lehi, Utah County, UT 1871, the Lehi People's Cooperative Mercantile Institution (People's Co-op) was organized to take advantage of the railroad's arrival in Lehi, and to compete with the established Lehi Union Exchange. 4 Located on North State Street near the new railroad depot, the People's Co-op flourished, and soon drove the Union Exchange out of business in 1880. By the end of the nineteenth century, the company was Lehi's largest merchant. Two branches, the "uptown" and the "downtown" locations, were supplemented by clothing, furniture, farming implements, livery, lumber, coal, shoes and harness departments. The uptown branch alone employed twenty-five "men and girls" and stocked more than $75,000 worth of merchandise. 5 In the first two years of the new century, store manager William E. Racker supervised dramatic expansions of both the uptown and downtown stores. In the spring of 1900 a new two-story brick building was begun at the downtown location (189 West Main St.). Shortly after that building was completed, construction began on a new 22,000 square foot building at the uptown site (151 East State St., this nomination). Construction was supervised by prominent local contractors and brick masons Andrew Fjeld and Charles Ohran. Fjeld and Ohran, along with additional partner Olaf Holmstead, were a successful partnership in Lehi from 1891 until 1911. Andrew Fjeld, a native of Lehi, apprenticed as a bricklayer in Lehi in the 1880s. In 1891 he teamed with Charles Ohran, who had come to Lehi to lay brick on the Lehi Commercial and Savings Bank Building. 6 Together with Olaf Holmstead, the pair constructed a sizable number of Lehi's homes and commercial buildings.7 Among the features the contractors built into the building were electrical wiring, a Bell telephone system, and a pneumatic tube connection to other buildings in the complex. All of these were technologies new to Lehi. Another Lehi first for the building were the concrete sidewalks, the first to be installed in the town, running along the Co-op's State Street frontage. The new Co-op building was completed and occupied in 1903. A new manager, Samuel I. Goodwin, was appointed the same year after William Racker was called on a mission for the Mormon church. 8 'Van Wagoner, 127. 5Van Wagoner, 127. 6206 E. State - nominated to the National Register in 1998 as part of the Lehi MPS. TVan Wagoner. 223. Among others. Fjeld and Ohran are attributed with the following buildings: Lehi North Branch Meetinghouse (1190 N 500 West), Lehi Slaughtering Company Meat Market (101 W Main Street), Dr. E.C. Merrihew Building (72 W Main Street). and Dr. Robert E. Steel Building (60 W Main Street). All are part of the 1998 MPS "Historic and Architectural Resources of Lehi. Utah." BFor more information on Samuel Goodwin, see the Samuel I. and Olena J. Goodwin House National Register nomination. (1998) X See continuation sheet NPS Fonn l(}.9(J().a Utah WordPerfect 5.1 Form., (ReVised Feb. 1993) OMB No. 10024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section No. JL Page.Q. People's Co-op Building, Lehi, Utah County, UT In 1904, the People's Co-op sold its downtown branch and concentrated their resources into their new uptown location, at 151 East State Street. The following year the company divested itself even further by selling its livery business. In 1912, the Co-op bought the Union Hotel (built 1891-92), adjacent to the Co-op complex. The company remodeled the Union Hotel into a movie theater, the Royal, in 1914. In 1916, a gasoline pump and two 600 gallon tanks were installed in front of the mercantile. 9 In spite of the gas pump, the automobile can be considered one of the factors in the People's Co-op's decline. It became easier to shop in other communities, including Salt Lake City, where selection and prices were often better. In addition, the Co-op faced increasing competition from a rising number of successful local merchants. The Great Depression ended any hopes of continued success for the Coop. In 1937, Z.C.M.I., the parent company of the People's Co-op announced it was closing twenty branches, including the People's Co-op in Lehi. The Co-op complex was sold piecemeal to a number of different parties. February 1939 "The Niagara" roller skating rink opened inside the former mercantile building. Advertisements advised Lehi residents to "Come to Niagara and watch the falls." This business lasted only a short time, though several other roller skating rinks occupied the building in the next several years, including the Lehi Roller Skating Rink. In July 1948, Grass Furniture opened in the building. The store lasted until 1955, after which a succession of other businesses occupied the space. In 1960, Christensen's Wholesale opened a warehouse in the building which has remained in the building up to the time of this writing (1998). !l\Jan Wagoner, 208. NPS Form 1o-goo.a Utah WordPerfec15.1 Format (Revised Feb. 1993) OMB No. 10024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section No. JL Page.Q. People's Co-op Building , Lehi. Utah County. UT Bibliography Arrington, Leonard J., Beet Sugar in the West: A History of the Utah-Idaho Sugar Company. 18911966. Seattle, Washington : University of Washington Press, 1966. ____, Great Basin Kingdom: An Economic History of the Latter-Day Saints. 1858-1900. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1958. Carter, Thomas and Peter Goss, Utah's Historic Architecture. 1847-1940. Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Graduate School of Architecture and Utah State Historical Society, 1985. Daughters of Utah Pioneers of Utah County, Memories That Live: Utah County Centennial History. Springville, Utah: Art City Publishing, 1947. "Lehi Reconnaissance Level Survey," prepared by Allen Roberts, AlA, for the Utah State Historic Preservation Office, October, 1992, and February, 1994. Copy on file at the Utah SHPO. Owens, G., Salt Lake City Directory. Including a Business Directory of Provo. Springville. and Ogden. Utah Territory, Salt Lake City, 1867. Polk, RL., & Co., Provo City Directory. Salt Lake City: RL. Polk & Co., 1891-92, 1903-1987. Polk, RL., & Co., Utah State Gazeteer and Business Directory. Salt Lake City: Tribune Job Printing Co., 1900-1931. Reeder, Clarence Andrew, Jr., "The History of Utah's Railroads, 1869-1883," unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Utah, 1970. Sanborn Map Company, New York, Insurance Maps of Lehi, Utah, 1890, 1898, 1907, 1922, 1934. Richard S. Van Wagoner. Lehi: Portraits of a Utah Town. Lehi, Utah: Lehi City Corporation, 1990. See continuation sheet NPS Form 1()-900-a Utah WortiPerlect 5.1 Format (Revised Feb. 1993) OMB No. 10024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section No. PHOTOS Page L People's Co-op Building, Lehi, Utah County, UT Photo No.1 1. People's Co-op Building 2. Lehi, Utah County, Utah 3. Photographer: Kim A. Hyatt 4. Date: June, 1997 5. Negative on file at Utah SHPO. 6. NW elevation of building. Camera facing SE. See continuation sheet -,~--. - >;~~j~ ~:,%:pFt !:: ;.~~--.: ~' ·~i:f;~~~;:.::'~~~~lf; :!ifi.f" .: .;i.;;:; .. _ ·,,:t"·· ./ ...""" · --' - - .." .. , :!'" - . V'Nl) \-0 ,ft-I t7ecp~e',? ~o -C"f ¥A.>-\tJ~. . '£hi \jt~ ~o . ) l ( :T PHOTOGRAPHS & SLIDES ,, • ....... v c'lA'r' 2, l q.::-~"? ~. ~. I JUt4E 23, 1997 31 MAPS & DRAWINGS 1890 Lehi Sanborn Map n i ,:r i I' ,. ~r ". lI 11, I 1: ! • ! - ~ I' :[' j; iI . 411' \ '" -; I I I. ' -r. ,- .~ i t', '! -I ,L, ,, , .... " ,. , w- . } " / / . " '-v • i ~i ! dI I) ! "'" . . I ,\ ! i I: J . " ' , ' -1" . -; ... . . I 'r ' ,' , ,l' I' 1898 Lehi Sanborn Map r- ;. .r ' . ~ .;, .i ~. 1 .. 1 ! ',. I " f I ! 'ji:O. . ',' ''' , .- i , t· i' l , i Ii i , !I ~ Ie:, ~ fH . 1" 'V. . ' I I 'I· i I .' S'1;. . . [4rf I ' \ i , " ~ , 1) I , £ ~~ I ~ ~ .·IJ ! ', ' r f; I , ; i , I I I •. j, II i i. L.,./._. J!t.i ~OG ' I I. I r I ' " ' .,I! II . . I I 1 ,~ 1907 Lehi Sanborn Map I ', . .r ,II' i' I . :• ~ i !, . i .. . • 1 I' , , 1 i .1 : i ! -'-- . I 2' •! " , , Ilil Ii .' ,I c· . ' ,·' 1 I ! It, " , d,. ,~ r i I!: i:, ~ r- I I • i' , ,I ,. ! I .\ I ( 'I i. .I..· ".1 I ' I''. r I 1922 Lehi Sanborn Map , I ., . ' -'-, 'I 1; ," '1 :" '. 1 " I '. j. t. ~ .!- I [ ' . I " I : l .~ ·· f , I. . (fJ" .!i ~ . ,.., . j , ~ if? " . r I :! I !. I ' I .,' ~ ~":":-. '.:-;~.r. . '1' " i ., :' I' is '! ~ I N 1 , c L HI :tll ) ! I I I , I : )( 1931 Lehi Sanborn Map I 5IJ UT~H~ I) . ·1 i , ; ." ) . ,;...- - [51 e. s~ 6 , . . ,.1, . ! ... I :i . . ., • ,; n . " I I I RESEARCH NOTESlMlSCElLANEOUS (10-91) mSTORIC SITE FORM DTAH OFFICE OF PRESERVATION 1. IDENTIFICATION Name ofProperty: Christensen Wholesale Address: 151 East State Street Township: 5 South Range: 1 East Section: 9 City, County: Lehi, Utah County UIM: Current Owner Name: USGS Map Name & Date: Lehi, Utah 7.5" Topographic Quad. Current Owner Address: Tax Number: NtA Legal Description (include acreage): NtA 2. STATUSfUSE Property Category X building(s} structure site _object Evaluation X e/igiblelcontributing _ ine/igible/non-contributing _ out-o!-period Use Original Use: Retail Store Current Use: Wholesale Store 3. DOCUMENTATION Photos & Dates slides: X prints: historic: Drawings and Plans _ measured floor plans _ site sketch map _ Historic American Bldg. Survey _ original plans available at: Research Sources (check all sources consulted, whether usefol or not) X other: GLO Maps _ newspapers _ abstract oftitle _ city/county histories _ personal interviews _ tax card & photo _ USHS Library _ bUilding permit _ sewer permit USHS Preservation Files X Sanborn Maps USHS Architects File _ obituary index _ WS Family History _ city directories/gazetteers Library census records _ local library: _ biographical encyclopedias _ university /ibrary(ies}: Bibliographical Rekrences (books, articles, interviews, etc.) Attach copies of all research notes, title searches, obituaries, and so forth. Researcher/Organization: Dale R. Gourley Baseline Data, Inc. Date: 6 June 2003 ~'l.. 4. ARCHITECTURAL DESCRIPTION Building Stylei/'ype: Two-Part Block No. Stories: _2__ Foundation Material: Unknown Wall Material(s): =B:.:,:ri"'ck=-_ _ _ _ _ __ Additions:_ none l minor _ major (describe below) Alterations:_ none _ minor _ major (describe below) Number of associated outbuildings None and/or structures None. Briefly describe the principal building, additions or alterations and their dates, and associated outbuildings and structures. Use continuation sheets as necessary. RETAlL STORE This property represents a two-part block commercial structure. The structure is not depicted on the 1898 Sanborn map but is present on the 1907 Sanborn map, having been constructed sometime between those dates. The store is a twostoty structure resting on an unknown foundation with a single stoty lean-to addition added to the rear. A construction date for this in-period addition is unknown. The roof of the structure is covered with asphalt shingles and is moderately pitched with a stepped gable on its rear facade. Entty to the structure is from the south, front side, which is covered by a narrow overhang. The walls are constructed of orange brick and appear to be in good condition. Large plate glass windows are located across the front of the structure, while a number of double-hung windows are present along the west side on the second stOI)'. An attached lean-to shed is located on the north (back) side of the structure. Its construction consists of lapped wooden siding and has an asphalt-covered roof. The store is eligible for the National Register of Historic Places. 5. mSTORY ArchitectlBuilder: Unknown Date of Construction: 1898-1907 Historic Themes: Mark themes related to this property with "S" or "C n (S = significant, C (see instructions for details) _ Agriculture .£.. Architecture _Archeology Art .£.. Commerce Communications _ Community Planning & Development Conservation Economics Education _ Engineering Entertainment! Recreation _ Ethnic Heritage _ Exploration! Settlement HealthlMedicine _Industry Invention _Landscape Law Literature _Maritime History _Military _ Performing Arts Politics! = contributing). Government _Religion Science _ Social History _ Transportation _ Other (mining) Write a chronological history of the property, focusing primarily on the original or principal owners & significant events. Explain and justify any Significant themes marked above. Use continuation sheets as necessary. Write a chronological history of the property, fOCUSing primarily on the original or principal owners & significant events. Explain and justify any significant themes marked above. Use continuation sheets as necessary. • Historic Buildings ° .o.-::J-===:=::J _-===:=J •°• • 0.5 · 1 Mles 1 ,.0 Kilometers "MC==3M~==~" 05 •. I 21 Historic Building Location Map. Lehi, UT 7.5 min Quad (1994). T4S, R1E. ~ \-::-- -- - ~, .-l ') " r- .-1 L _'-!I 1,1 '.:; ; .\, 'r '. ~ i r' ~. ~ \ . \ \. " \ "' ,j \ ~ ,..II -- -~ ~.- - -- • .'I ~" ~- . . Peck Bulldirlg Supply .~ \ ,-- L I ' - I I ,h-------~ !i ' E: ," ::_ "'1~ I • ., I ... I .. I . .. .. <II. ' 1938 Sanborn Map ofLehi, Utah 4 ,' \.. :~ , .... '. __ . J ! I. I I i .: ... I I ...• ,~ , Depot 1938 SanbomMap ofLehi, Utah ; ,, . , / peck Buildiilg Supply .;' .;' .;' , / '" '" C> ." / ~ \ 4"'. .- ~.: , ,, , r- ~: ""~ \. ~ '\ " ... ... ~ .;' \ " ~~ \~ I ~ ~ ·1 , II> ~~ Christensen \Vb.olesale '. / .' , 1922 SanbOrn Map ofLehi, Utah ~. Depot 1922 Sanborn Map ofLebi, Utah L:EHI Centennial History 1850 - 1950 (A History of Lehi for One Hundred Years) PRINTED IN TWO PARTS Com.piled and Written BY PART I Reprint of First Publication of "HISTORY OF LEHI" 1850 - 1913 PART II HISTORY OF LEHI '., «, LEHI CENTENNIAL COMMITTEE INCLUDING BIOGRAPHICAL SECTION UP TO 1950 '. Published by FREE PRESS PUBLISHING CO. LEIII, UTAH September, 1950 the time of this writing Lehi court. PEOPLE'S IS in great need of a modern auto CO-OPE'R ATIVE INSTITUTION ABOUT 1908 Left to right: John Brems, Unknown, Henry Lewis, Tarvel Hansen, Moses Hart, Alice Roberts, S.adie Wrigley, Etta Fowler, Mary Maudsley, Jesse Winn, James F. Fyffe, Ann Crahb, Bert Peterson, S. I. Goodwin, John Roberts, John Cooper, Sydney Gilchrist, John W. Goodwin. Teamsters from left: Thomas H. Sims, R. John Whipple, .Tames B. Smuin. J ames Stoddart, Bert Goodwin. LEHI Portraits of a Utah Town Richard S. Van Wagoner . Foreword by Max Evans LEHI CITY CORPORATION, 1990 MAKING OF A CITY during the administration of Mayor William H. Winn in 1869-75. During this period also a large tract northwest of Dry Creek known as the "New Survey" began to be settled. James Gough was the first to homestead this area in 1868. Others soon followed. Most Lehi townspeople in the late 1860s were still living inside the fort or within a two-block radius of it. With the coming of Johnston's Army to the area, the massive entrance gates to the fort had been removed, and the walls gradually demolished or allowed to deterioriate. Lehi's wide streets, muddy in the spring and terribly dusty in the summer, were lined with ditches on each side. The water in those ditches, which served for both irrigation and culinary purposes, was diverted from Dry Creek north of town (Nuttal's property) into the Lehi Ditch. Farther downstream it divided into a multitude of branches at the present site of Wines Park. Englishman Sir Richard Burton, a traveler through Lehi in the early 1860s, described the town with its multitude of small log, mud, and adobe buildings intertwined with gardens as a "rough miniature of G[rea]t S. L. City, in which the only decent house was the bishop's: in British India it would have been the collector and magistrate's."47 During the 1870s the Great Chicago Fire burned and Custer and his command were massacred on the Little Bighorn. The Republican governments in southern states began to lose their power, bringing Reconstruction to an end. The decade wrought dramatic changes on Lehi as well. In 1871 members of the community's brass band, financially backed by mining magnate John Beck, built the Lehi Music Hall west of present Wines Park. This theater and dance hall served as the setting for many of the community's social activities until the late 1880s. In the fall of 1867 the Deseret Telegraph Company installed a "talking wire" into Bishop David Evans's home. While outside communication lessened the town's isolation, it was the coming of the railroad that brought the world into Lehi . By February 1872 the Utah Southern Railroad ' had reached Traverse Mountain northwest of town. James Kirkham wrote in his diary that he and other Lehi workers found work with the Boley and Jackson Company making a large fill and cut at the Point of the Mountain for $1.50 per day.48 "There was rejoicing at Lehi yesterday," reported the 28 September 1872 Deseret Evening News as the railroad line was completed into town. Though Lehi was the terminus for only one year, during that brief period the area surrounding the station at State Street and Second East exploded with growth. Saloons, boarding houses, eateries, and various types of mercantile establishments sprang up to service the railroad and its clientele. Shrewd Lehi merchant Thomas R. Cutler, along with William and James Taylor, correctly predicted where Lehi's railroad depot would be built. They commenced a small store on the southeast corner of Second East and State Street which eventually grew into 11 Lehi's largest mercantile establishment - the People's Co-operative Institution. The coming of the railroad to Utah lowered consumer prices. The railroad also led to a boom in the mining industry. The territory soon became dependent on the well-being of mining and railroad interests. Prosperity was shattered by the national panic of 1873Utah mines closed, banks failed, people hoarded cash, consumer spending dropped, and unemployment skyrocketed in the financial depression that ensued. This turn of events convinced Brigham Young that Utah's economy was too closely linked with that of the nation. A return to the principles of the United Order of Enoch (as first introduced by Joseph Smith) was seen as a solution to many of the saints' problems. Enroute to his annual St. George visit during the winter of 1873-74 Brigham Young began preaching the merits of communal economic ventures. He envisioned a society in which the people would manufacture and produce all they needed to eat, drink, and wear. Wilford Woodruff, Erastus Snow, Abraham O. Smoot, and Angus M. Cannon presided over the organization of the Lehi United Order on 28 April 1874. The officers included David Evans, president; William W. Winn and William Goates, vice-presidents; Thomas R. Cutler, secretary; Isaac Goodwin, treasurer; and James W. Taylor, William Bone, and William Gurney, directors. 49 Lehi's United Order, like those elsewhere, though requiring rebaptism to enter, did not require members to consecrate all their property and labor to the group. Yet about two-thirds "gave in their money to join the Order," wrote William Yates. 50 The organization emphasized community ownership and operation of enterprises like the Lehi Union Exchange (established in 1868), a dairy business, and the molasses industry. Virtually every farmer in Lehi had a patch of sorghum cane-which was grown and harvested much like corn. The Lehi Molasses Mill, built on the northeast corner of Center and Sixth North (where the Central School would later be), was powered by water from the Lehi Ditch. This same stream still runs through the property in 1989. Those who did not raise sorghum of their own could work in the thirteen-acre communal cane fields for credit. "Spent the day hoeing Sugar Cane for the United Order," wrote James Kirkham in his 17 June 1875 diary, "was to have 1 112 gallons of molasses in the fall for my work." Though the order produced 520 gallons of molasses that first year, internal strife developed. "There has been considerable dissatisfaction and fault finding with some of the Brethren who joined the United Order," wrote William Yates; "things hasn't worked quite as smoothely as we could wish." The 1875 season was much mOTe successful with over twelve hundred gallons of molasses being produced by the order. 51 Like most communal experiments of the day, Utah's United Orders experienced only limited success. By the 12 OVERVIEW late 1870s most had been discontinued. The Lehi Union Exchange eventually failed. In 1880 it was bought out by its more successful competitor, the People's Co-op, which thrived for another fifty years. . In the 1870s kiln-baked brick first began to be used as a building material in Lehi. The Peter Christofferson home, which would later become the New West School on the southeast corner of Main and First West, was the first brick building in Lehi (1875). Lehi's first city hall, an adobe building constructed in 1871, was put to shame by the newer brick cottage. In 1877 a larger, more imposing, brick city hall was built just south of the adobe hall at approximately 180 West Main. "A brisk and enterprising spirit animated the people of Lehi," wrote a traveling reporter in the 12 November 1878 Deseret News: And notwithstanding the universal scarcity of money, many improvements were being pushed steadily forward. The new City Hall was nearing completion, now being plastered; and the new co-operative store, of stone, surmounted with an iron roof, was a credit to the town. Three Sabbath Schools were flourishing, with an average attendance of 880 pupils, and officered by an efficient corps of teachers. Four good day schools were also in successful operation, doing a good work in the education of the young, and the town was not cursed with a single saloon nor den of infamy. Bishop Evans was alive to his duties, and active in the promotion of every good work . Despite the reporter's glowing report, an undercurrent of discord, much of it related to United Order problems, was slowly eroding the town's morale. "There has been a very contentious spirit manifested in our ward for some time past," wrote William Yates of the strife; "Several of our leading men and the Bishop David Evans were on the [w]rangle all the time, and I am sorry to say the Bishop is rather a stoubern & conten[tjious man who is led by his son [Israel] who is by no means a truthful honest man ."52 In August 1878 Utah Stake President Abraham Smoot and apostles F. D. Richards and Joseph F. Smith came to Lehi to settle the disputes. Despite their words of counsel, the contention continued through the following summer. On 10 September 1879 Bishop Evans resigned and was replaced by merchant Thomas R. Cutler, one of the businessmen at odds with Evans. This change met with the approval of most Lehi churchpeople. Cutler, who later became a driving force behind the success of the Utah-Idaho Sugar Company, served as Lehi's bishop for twenty-four years. In 1880 the Lehi Irrigation Company was formed to serve as the legal entity for distribution of the community's irrigation water. Utah County water commissioners in a 30 April 1881 decision on the waters of American Fork Creek awarded the Lehi company onethird of the flow from 1 July-20 September, one-sixth from 20 September-l December, and one-tenth from 1 April-l July. In 1889 an agreement was reached between the city of Alpine and the Lehi Irrigation Company respecting Dry Creek water rights. This pact gave 50 percent of the flow of the creek from 1 April-lO July to each of the communities. After 10 July of each season, when Lehi had American Fork Creek water, all Dry Creek flow was ceded to Alpine. The irrigation company dug the "Waste Ditch" at this time westward from Dry Creek to the Jordan River to reduce flood dangers. Abram Hatch, James W. Taylor, and John R. Murdock had brought the first apple and peach trees to Lehi in 1855. In the spring of 1881 a shade tree campaign was initiated by the city. Twelve hundred locust trees were purchased and distributed at cost. Then in 1882 hundreds of Lombardy poplars were planted about town. Main Street was lined with the poplars - most of which were cut down in 1902 because theirilshade caused mud problems for the downtown area. 53 Lehi's downtown commercial area received a welcome boost in 1881 when the Denver and Rio Grande Railway laid a line across the southern and western part of town. Many locals found employment in the grading phase of the construction project, but the benefits continued long after the rails were spiked to the ties. Thomas F. Trane and Augustus Powell built a large "blue-rock limestone" building on Main Street just across the tracks west from the depot at Fourth West, where they opened a mercantile store in June 1883 . John Woodhouse had a small general store on the east side of the depot; this building was replaced in late 1887 by Mrs. Sarah J. Smith's large adobe hotel and restaurant, which is still standing in 1989. 54 Midway between the D. & R. G. and the Utah Southern depots, Joseph Broadbent and his son Joseph S. Broadbent opened a small store in their home in 1882. While Broadbents is still thriving in 1989, all other businesses connected with both the Utah Southern and the D. & R. G. railroads long ago failed. The Salt Lake & Western Railroad was also built through Lehi in 1881. This line, which branched westward from the Utah Southern tracks (at the 1989 site of General Refractories), was chiefly used for freighting ore from the Tintic Mining District and limestone from Topliff. This railroad terminus, then called Lehi Junction, eventually spawned numerous brickyards, a general store, assay offices, an artificial stone factory, a school, a Mormon meetinghouse, and dozens of homes. Much excitement was generated in Lehi in the 1880s because of the federal government's intensive antipolygamy crusade. Though polygamy had been outlawed by federal legislation in 1862, large-scale enforcement did not begin until after the passing of the Edmunds Act of 1882. Lehi's first arrest took place on 2 May 1882, when Thomas Hawkins was taken to prison. 55 MAKING OF A CITY At first U.S. marshals came to Lehi unprepared to catch polygamists-who were usually forewarned into hiding. When young Ed Ross was questioned as to the whereabouts of his grandfather, William Clark, the jesting boy replied, "He has gone as far as you can run north, and as far as you can run west with your mouth full of chicken manure."56 Another ten-year-old Lehi wit, grilled by an officer, reportedly volunteered to take the man to the hiding place of a polygamist: Thinking that at last he was about to make an arrest and secure the accompanying reward, the visitor quickly dismounted and eagerly followed the boy around the house. Gravely leading him to the barn and with the utmost caution opening the gate to the object of their search; and there with head erect and in the midst of his cowering wives, stood the polygamist-a roosterY ; Despite whimsical accounts depicting federal officers as buffoons, marshals were successful in capturing at least twenty-four Lehi polygamists, all of whom spent time in prison. The well-coordinated early-morning raid of 8 December 1886 was particularly fruitful. Marshal Dyer and seven deputies swept through town arresting Bishop Thomas Cutler, Edward Standring, James and George Kirkham, John L. Gibb, John Hart, Samuel James, and William Yates. 58 While some of Lehi's much-married citizens were receiving free room-and-board at the Sugar house Penitentiary, approximately two hundred couples attended the gala 1887 Christmas Eve opening of Louis GarfI's new opera house on Main Street. This large two-story "blue-rock" building (where the Lehi Drug Store stands in 1989) hosted most of Lehi's social activities for the next two decades. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876, and a line from Salt Lake City was brought to the uptown store of the People's Co-op in 1887. Toll service was available to businesses and private individuals. On 7 October 1893 C. A. Granger, superintendent of the Lehi Sugar Factory, became the first to install a home phone. By October 1895 the town boasted nine subscribers and Rocky Mountain Bell installed a central switchboard in the Union Hotel. 59 The 1890s was a decade of vigorous business expansion as America's railroads fueled the nation's industrial might. No other single decade in the history of Lehi was filled with so many important occurrences. In September 1890 twenty-six kerosene lamps were placed at strategic points about town, lighting up what had been a dark village at night. By far the single most important event, not just in the 1890s but in the entire economic history of Lehi, was the construction of the Utah Sugar Company's first factory at Mulliner's Mill Pond. Sweeteners were critical to the otherwise bland diet of Utah pioneers. Sucrose preserved fruits, jams and jellies, made hot drinks and mush palatable, and other 13 confectioneries possible. Mormon Church leaders stressed home industries - producing what was needed rather than importing from the East. To satisfy their sweet cravings Lehi's earliest pioneers boiled down the juice of carrots, table beets, and parsnips. In the 1870s sorghum molasses became highly favored. But the ideal was always granulated white sugar. Utah's earliest efforts to make sugar in 1852 failed. Later investigation, however, convinced Mormon Church leaders that sugar could be obtained in commercial quantities from sugarbeets. To that end the Utah Sugar Company - chiefly owned by the church - was organized in 1889. The new company investigated several sites for constructing a sugar factory. On 20 August 1890 the Lehi City Council offered a $1,000 bonus to build in the town. This tender, as well as the excellent supply of water from the Mill Pond, nearby railroads, and a close source of limestone, convinced the company to build the plant in Lehi. On 22 November ground was broken, and on 26 December Mormon Church President Wilford Woodruff and his counselor George Q. Cannon laid the cornerstone. Though all that remains of the Lehi Sugar Factory in 1989 is the 184-foot smokestack, coal pits, and a large warehouse, the facilities at the time of the plant's 1924 closure covered acres of ground, employed scores of men, and consisted of more than a dozen buildings. The economic shockwaves of the sugar factory's opening impacted Lehi everywhere. Farmers, though wary at first, found the sugarbeet a viable cash crop. Most of the hundreds of men who built and operated the plant spent their money in Lehi. "Every man has plenty of work to do," the 29 May 1891 Lehi Banner reported, You see no loafers on the streets ... real estate is rising rapidly, new buildings are being erected in all parts of the town. The carpenters are kept busy from day light till dawn. The people have taken a great step in progress, and we do not mean to stop, or let go, till Lehi shall have become one of the leading towns of central Utah. This sugar money actuated the building of the People's Co-op Livery Stable (1890), Lehi Saloon (1890), Lehi Commercial and Savings Bank (1891), Union Hotel (1891), Peter Larsen Meat and Fish Market (1891), Murdock Resort (1891), Senate Saloon (1891), Comer Saloon (1891), Lehi Restaurant (1891), Lehi Cafe (1891), Barnes Ice Cream Parlor (1891), Boston Clothing Store (1891), Lehi Barbershop (1891), Salznar & Gray Brick Yard (1891), Dr. E. C. Merrihew's dental practice (1891), Dr. L. Lambert's dental practice (1891), Dr. J. B. Hoshaw's medical practice (1891), Central School (1892), Union Drugstore (1893), Dorton Building (1893), Keenan Canning Factory (1893), Kirkham & Sons Mercantile (1893), Stoker .Cash Grocery Store (1893) Lehi Slaughtering Company Butchershop (1893), Thuridon/Broadbent Photography (1893), Hosier Saloon (1894), and Osterloh Bakery (1895). MAKING OF A CITY A parade was formed at the station and the march was made to the court house. The Lehi Silver Band headed the procession, followed by the volunteers and near relatives, in carriages. About 250 young ladies, dressed in white and waving the stars and stripes followed the carriages, and a surging crowd of men, women and children took up their positions in the rear. Upon arrival at the court house the crowds of people yelled frantically for the boys to come forward, that they may be seen once more. After a program was completed, in which speeches were made and medals presented, the soldiers were taken to Ned Darling's restaurant, across the street from the court house, where a banquet had been prepared in their honor. After the meal was finished the crowd gathered at GarfI's Hall and danced the night. 62 That same summer of 1899 electricity surged through the city. It had been rumored as early as 1891 that a dynamo would be installed by the People's Co-op so that the town could be lighted with "electricity instead of candles."63 But no tangible steps were taken until the spring of 1899 when promoter Christian Garff approached the Lehi, American Fork, and Pleasant Grove city councils with plans for a franchise. Thomas Cutler, Lehi's premier promoter and manager of the Utah Sugar Company, promised to purchase 350 lights and a considerable amount of power for the Lehi Sugar Factory. This and other factors considered, the tri-cities agreed to grant Garff a franchise and to purchase $18,000 of the company's $30,000 stock offering. The group's legal entity, the Utah County Light and Power Company, was organized on 2 August 1899. Water rights from American Fork Creek were secured, and work on a hydro-generating plant at the mouth of American Fork Canyon began.64 Work progressed rapidly on the power project. By 14 September numerous homes and businesses had been wired for electricity. Initially home lighting consisted of a naked bulb suspended from the ceiling; cost for all-night service was 354: per month. For the right-ofway on city streets, the power company agreed to furnish electric lights at all principal intersections. On the night of 12 December 1900 electricity was first turned on. "The streets, and many of the business places were ablaze," noted the 13 December 1900 Banner "giving our city a pleasing appearance, and giving the little folks much delight as they gazed upon the brilliant light." The mystery of electricity resulted in several amusing incidents in Lehi history. Eleanor Colledge, used to the dimness of kerosene lamps, said to her husband when their first electric light came on, "turn it down it is too bright."65 The Lehi Sugar Factory experienced a blackout when a sacker removed a light bulb and probed the socket with his big sewing needle to see where the light came from.66 Lehi residents had a reason other than electricity to be excited in 1900. In July the city council purchased a large plot of ground north of the D. & R. G. station 15 for a city park. On 17 July, 225 workers cleared the ground, laid out a baseball field and bicycle track, erected a grandstand, and built an open-air dancing floor which was enclosed in August. This large Pavilion and the surrounding park became the center of hundreds of community, church, and school functions for the next twenty years. 67 One of the darkest moments in the history of the Pavilion was the memorial service for assassinated President William McKinley. On 6 September 1901 while greeting a long line of guests at the Pan-AmericanExposition in Buffalo, New York, the president came face-to-face with a man who extended a bandaged hand. The gauze swathed a large-bore pistol. Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist who "didn't believe one man should have so much service and another man should have none," shot the president several times in the chest and abdomen. Eight days later, McKinley died. Scores of Lehi citizens attended a memorial in the slain president's honor. Theodore Roosevelt became the new chief executive, promising every American a "Square Deal."68 Shortly after completion of the Pavilion, work commenced on a new Mormon meetinghouse to replace the old historic church building on First South at Second West. Foundation work on the "Lehi Tabernacle," as the building was reverently called, was started on 4 October 1900. Though the cornerstone, purchased by Lehi Sunday School children, was laid in September 1901, various financial problems developed which forestalled completion for nearly a decade. The $46,500 structure, its 112-foot gothic tower the town's most prominent landmark, was dedicated by LDS Church President Joseph F. Smith on 15 May 1910. Lehi's twenty-fifth city council established a fire department. Initially ropes, buckets, and ladders were purchased to improve on the efficiency of bucket brigades. After a near-disaster at the Central School, a committee was sent to Eureka and Payson to examine their fire equipment. On 28 February 1901 the Lehi Volunteer Department was organized in the City Hall. Five months later the city purchased the small hand pumper that is now on display at Hutchings Museum. A fire station was built immediately east of the City Hall on Main Street. 69 The first two years of the new century were dry ones. Utah Lake had dropped substantially and the Jordan River flow was reduced to one-fourth its normal volume. Though Lehi did not depend extensively on the Jordan for irrigation, much of Salt Lake County did. And the Lehi Sugar Factory needed Salt Lake's beets. During a 26 March 1902 meeting between the Salt Lake City Council and water interests in the valley, it was decided to build a pumping station at the mouth of the Jordan River an Utah Lake. Lehi Sugar Factory superintendent James H. Gardner and his chief engineer M. W. Ingalls obtained the construction contract for the station. 70 MAKING OF A CITY raphy, and the Lehi PostOffice-was completed in early 1902. This same year J. A. Robinson opened Corner Grocery in the Yearance Building at 102 West Main, E. A. Beers started a millinery shop, Frank Fagan opened a restaurant, and the People's Co-op constructed their spacious building at 151 East State. Gus Slade opened his new Senate Saloon in the Ball Building, 155 West Main, on 3 December 1903. Two weeks later J. E. Cotter purchased the Corner Grocery at 102 West Main. In June 1904 a group of Lehi investors purchased the Provo Knitting Mill, moved the plant to Lehi, and established the Standard Knitting Factory Company in the Kirkham & Sons Building on Sixth North at First East. One month later the Lehi Cash Store opened at 86 West Main, and the People's Co-op sold their entire downtown branch to William Racker, who established Racker Mercantile. Roberts and Brems opened a meat market at 217 East State in 1905. Their business quickly failed and was assummed by Peter Larsen. During 1906 druggist T. J . Wadsworth opened his store at 101 West Main, the Bank of Lehi was established in the Ross Building, and Hammer Brother's Livery expanded their business by constructing a new thirtysix-by-fifty-six-foot stable. To promote Lehi interests a group of local men organized the Lehi Commercial Club on 22 May 1905. Charter members of this association were George Austin, Parley Austin, Joseph Broadbent, J. E. Cotter, John F. Cutler, A. J. Evans, Morgan Evans, W. S. Evans, Andrew Fjeld, Charles Friel, James Fyffe, James H. Gardner, S. I. Goodwin, Mr. Green, George Hammer, Robert Howard, M. W. Ingalls, Edward Karren, Homer Kendall, James M. Kirkham, William Knight, Henry Lewis, J. H. Manderfield, A. C. Pearson, Alex Piper, W . E. Racker, John Roberts, Nate Rockhill, S. W. Ross, O. A. Slade, John Y. Smith, J. E. Standring, Dr. Robert Steele, Dr. W. M. Stookey, S. J. Taylor, T. J. Wadsworth, Dr. Westphal, J. H. Wootton, George Webb, Thomas Webb, and S. G. Wells. As set forth in the organization's preamble, the purpose of the club was to foster the business interests of Lehi, encourage new industry, and furnish social diversion. This active organization first established a fiveroom suite in the Lehi Commercial Bank and Savings Building, meeting there until 1911 when new rooms were established on the second floor of the Ross Building. The group's efforts were beneficial to several Lehi projects, and were directly responsible for initiating the Lehi Mill and Elevator Company (1906), Mount Pickle Factory (1906), the Central Experimental Farm (1906), and the Lehi Waterworks (1907-09). While the Commercial Club was anxious to see Lehi move forward, another group of men were looking backward into the past. In 1905 the last remaining section of the mud wall of Lehi's old fort was demolished. Bishop Andrew Fjeld initiated the formation of a committee to erect a monument commemorating the his- 17 toric structure. "Let it be of the rugged unpolished granite," Fjeld wrote in a 9 April 1908 letter to the Lehi Banner, "with suitable inscriptions, planted on the line of the old wall on the grounds of the Primary School, where it will stand as a memorial and a witness to the patriotism, zeal and courage of the pioneers of Lehi and builders of the old Fort Wall." A mass meeting was called on 21 April 1908 and not a single dissenting voice opposed the plans. The Lehi Pioneer Committee, consisting of Andrew Fjeld, George N. Child, Hamilton Gardner, W. S. Evans, A. B. Anderson, and Martin Bushman, offered a prize for the monument's design. The Elias Morris Company of Salt Lake City submitted the winning proposal, and the contract for the stone work was given to local stonemason Arthur Bradder. The base was made of Utah granite, and the shaft of Vermont granite. The sixteenfoot-high completed work had two polished surfaces, one containing a map of the fort wall and the other inscribing a brief history of the settlement. Dedicatory services for the $650 Pioneer Monument were held on Thanksgiving Day, 26 November 1908. After a program in the Tabernacle, the monument was unveiled by Azubia Cox Hardwick, first baby born in Lehi. The dedicatory prayer was offered by Apostle J. H. Smith. Three days before the dedication, a fifteenby-fifteen-by-six-inch copper box was placed in a cavity in the base of the monument. This time capsule contained the following items: A piece of the old Fort Wall and two coins (Hy Kirkham) Beet sugar made in Utah in 1850 (T. F. Trane) Sugar made by Utah-Idaho Sugar Co. (James Kirkham) Grand Army Badge and five coins (F. G. Hoffmire) Photo of David Evans and wife Rebecca (R. Evans) Two coins (Fred and Millan Kirkham) History of Lehi, a Sunday School badge, Beet Contract of 1906 (M. B. Bushman) Lehi Banner. Xmas 1907 (Andrew Fjeld) Early edition of Deseret News; $1.00 Brigham Young College scrip; Lehi Rustler, 19 Feb. 1897; Try Square used by Thomas Ashton on Nauvoo Temple; two ox shoes used in crossing the plains, two nails made by J. W. Taylor in 1854 (Edison Whipple) Sketch of life of Joseph Dorton (J. E. Dorton) U.S. Calvary belt buckle worn by W. S. Willes (John S. Willes) Views of Lehi (J. C. Cotter) Thousand-dollar check to be paid in 2008 and a ten-cent coin (W. S. Willes) Post Card views of Lehi (James M. Kirkham) Scrip on Provo People's Co-op Store, scrip on S. S. Jones's Store in Provo, two bread tickets and a piece of gingerbread (H. E. Osterloh) One Black Hawk Veterans Badge (Mathias Peterson) English coins dated 1806-17, photos of W. H. Taft and J. S. Sherman, copies of Election Laws of 1908, copy of Inter-mountain Republican, and a dry farm potato (William Asher) Deseret News (T. J. Wadsworth) School books and educational papers (A. B. Anderson) 18 OVERVIEW Salt Lake Herald, photos of W. J. Bryan and J . W. Kerns, letter heads and papers.71 The monument remained on this site until December 1932 when it was moved one block east onto the Carnegie Library property when First North between Center and First West was closed. Obtaining drinkable water has been a historic problem for Lehi. During the first half-century of settlement, culinary water came not only from surface wells, but also from irrigation ditches. Both were constant sources of contagious disease. In 1885 James Hardwood, using sledge-hammer driven pipe, was the first townsman to strike a flowing well. 72 By the turn of the century many homes had these wells; those who did not could purchase water from the People's Co-op. During the summer of 1907 the Lehi Commercial Club became actively engaged in bringing a community water system to Lehi. Initially Grove Springs near Alpine was considered as a water source . But further investigation proved this to be both insufficient and unsuitable. Engineer Richard R. Lyman drew up plans to develop Schoolhouse Springs which would involve the three communities of Lehi, Alpine, and American Fork. American Fork, desiring to develop its own system, was not interested in the proposal. Alpine, however, with its small population and limited resources, was anxious to cooperate with Lehi. During a 14 September 1907 meeting of the Lehi Commercial Club a motion was passed "That it be the sense of this club that we offer to Alpine $3,000 in cash for four-fifths interest in the water that they have in the School House Springs, with privilidge of developing said springs and each of the cities Alpine and Lehi to install their own water system."73 A financial glitch apparently developed in this plan and in the summer of 1908 a committee from the Commercial Club met with the city council urging political action. On 21 July 1908 city officials and interested citizens met with engineer Lyman at Schoolhouse Springs for a field study. On 28 July a mass meeting was called and citizen approval obtained for offering the Alpine City Council $8,000 for the springs and five-sixths of the flow, estimated at one million gallons per twentyfour-hour period . The Lehi City Council passed a supporting resolution on 11 August, and a favorable 14 September 1908 election approved the issue of $26,500 worth of water bonds to finance the system. Two additional bonding elections were held on 26 July 1909, and 11 April 1911 because the cost of the water system had escalated to $53,000. The city also sold its twelve thousand shares of Utah County Light and Power stock to meet the financial obligations of the waterworks. 74 Enough of the bond money was available in early March 1909 to begin the project under the direction of engineer Lyman. W. S. Evans supervised the installation of the collection system at the thirteen springs and the laying of the pipeline to Lehi. The ruggedness of the area surrounding the springs made work difficult. New roads had to be made, brush, timber and boulders removed , and most of the pipe transported in on horseback. At Moyle's Hill in Alpine a weir split the water into Lehi's five-sixths share and Alpine's one-sixth. Lehi's eight-mile pipeline came across the benchland (to the top of present-day Sixth East) where the water was stored in a 324,000 gallon concrete settling tank. 75 By late summer 1909 Lehi had more than enough water to quench its thirst. Those citizens who desired a drink of something stronger, however, found the town again teetering on the brink of Prohibition. On 11 August 1909 representatives of city councils in Utah County met and agreed to pass a uniform Prohibition ordinance to take effect on 1 January 1910. "LEHI HAS COME IN LINE," screamed the 16 September 1909 Lehi Banner, as the city council agreed to make Lehi a "dry town" beginning with the new fear. In 1917 Congress passed the Eighteenth Amendment, which made the entire country legally dry until 1933 when Utah voters, along with Americans nationwide, rejected Prohibition. With the closure of Lehi saloons in 1910, two large downtown buildings became vacant. The New Log Cabin Saloon at 155 West Main became the Isis Theater. On 8 February 1910 the old "blue-rock" Senate Saloon building at 169 West Main, which had closed during the dry years of 1898-1900, became the city's first public library. In addition to two new recreational facilities, Lehi's youth had a new school as well. The Primary School had been built on the southwest corner of Center and Second North in 1905. During the summer of 1910 the new Grammar School was erected just west of the Primary School. The year 1911 brought a singular mixture of good and bad news. The Utah Banking Company, which formerly had been the Lehi Commercial and Savings Bank, was closed by order of the State Bank Examiner. The bank reopened a year later, as the People's Bank, but closed permanently in 1921. The State Bank of Lehi was issued a charter, and from 1921 until 1980 was the only bank in the community.76 Some good news for the town in 1911 was that the federal census reported Lehi's population as 2,964, the state's eleventh largest city. The publicity bureau of the Commercial Club projected that in five years the town would have 5,000 people, and a population of 10,000 by 1920. Though Lehi did not reach the projected 5,000 mark until the 1970s, the town continued to project a progressive image. During the week of 5-11 June 1911 the city celebrated its first Homecoming. Plans had been in the making for months. Mayor Edward Southwick proclaimed 3 Mayas "Cleaning-Up Day," and the city was spiffedup to greet former residents. Huge banners at both railroad depots greeted guests with "Welcome Home, Lehi MAKING OF A CITY The 17 December 1931 Lehi Sun announced a "Hard Time Ball" in the La Veda Ballroom (former Smuin Dancing Academy) . The 504: ticket for men could be purchased with vegetables, fruits, grain, or other foodstuff. Women were encouraged to bring preserves for their 1Oq: entrance fee. LDS Church donations also returned to an "in kind" contribution when the Lehi Stake Presidency announced that farm and garden produce would be accepted as tithing. A Community Welfare Committee under the direction of George S. Peterson was formed to help families in need. Woodcutting teams laid in stockpiles of fuel for winter, and the Lehi Community Cannery was opened in a People's Co-op building to allow people to preserve fruits and vegetables. "The Lord helps them, that help themselves," Peterson advised in the 8 September 1932 Lehi Free Press: We recommend that people prepare and dig vegetable pits and store in them a winter's supply of potatoes, cabbage, carrots, onions ... put up as much fruit and vegetables as you possibly can .. . [and] haul all the wood you can from the canyons. . . . If you will do these things then you will appreciate how the Lord helps them that help themselves. Some people helped themselves by rustling cattle and stealing hogs or helping themselves to other's corn or potatoes, but most honest men just wanted work. Even when jobs were available, however , the hours were reduced in order to spread the work among the greatest number of families. George Ricks, working twelve days a month at Bingham, was paid $2.85 a day, while his neighbor on a WPA project earned $11 a day. Though he had a job, Ricks still had to scrounge for discarded food in a dump in order to feed his family. 92 Lehi's first RFC grant, for $617.55, was announced in the 13 October 1932 Lehi Free Press. The paper noted that the money would be given to those who are "in need and are willing to work for it." November 3, the paper carried the announcement that RFC funds would henceforth be administered through county rather than community organizations. Under this new system, food, clothing, and fuel vouchers were issued instead of cash, though recipients were still required to work for the supplies. One hundred sixty-eight RFC-funded men, making from $3 to $20 a month, worked on crews cleaning the cemetery, streets, sidewalks, ditches, the Memorial Building and Wines Park. In February 1933 an RFC crew relocated the large bleachers, judging stands, and corrals from the rodeo grounds on the Evans' Ranch to the former site of the city ball park. 93 By February 1933 $4,439.05 worth of work vouchers had been allotted to the community. The disbursement of this business generated much controversy when it was discovered that the G.S.P. Store, owned by George S. Peterson, local chairman of the RFC committee, was 23 receiving as much business as the town's other five grocery stores combined. A committee of businessmen demanded Peterson's resignation and former Mormon Bishop Andrew Fjeld, was appointed in his stead. 94 Nearly all Lehi businesses complied with the requirements of the National Recovery Act. George S. Peterson, upon resigning his RFC position, was appointed Lehi's first general chairman of the NRA's Reemployment Committee. Many Lehi men found work on the construction of Deer Creek Reservoir during this time. Others continued to be involved on local projects. The Lehi Free Press announced on 30 November 1933 that Utah County's Civil Works Administration program (CW A), funded by RFC, would put six hundred unemployed workers to work. Forty-one of those jobs went to Lehi men, who began work immediately on the city's streets. George Ricks remembers that some of the work was not always worthwhile. "They raked up little piles of weeds" he wrote, then instead of burning or disposing them, they were left for the wind to scatter , and a few days later, they were up here repeating the process . .. . My neighbor told me that on one painting project, their boss continually warned them about working too fast or they would finish the project long before the appropriation was used up. As a result, he said, they spent the last two weeks playing cards and killing time any way they could. 9s While the State Bank of Lehi was financially solvent during the Depression years, even advertising a $20,000 surplus in the 18 May 1933 Lehi Free Press, directors closed the bank on Saturday 16 January 1932 when they learned that one Midvale and two American Fork banks had closed Friday evening. The Lehi bankers felt their action necessary to "protect depositors and institutions during these trying conditions in the state's banking circles." The bank reopened on 28 July, and on 1 January 1934 received a federal government telegram approving membership in the temporary Federal Deposit Insurance Fund. "Now who's afraid of the big bad wolf?" bank officers asked in the 4 January 1934 Lehi Free Press; "Uncle Sam Guarantees All Depositors of This Bank." But few Lehi families had money to save. Most were living hand-to-mouth, and grateful for what little government support they could get - such as free FERA tomato plants. A new high school tennis court was built with FERA labor in June 1934. The following month local FERA chairman W. H. Jenkinson resigned and was replaced by Clifford Austin. Austin (now in his late nineties) has never forgotten the despair in the faces of men who approached him daily looking for work when there were too few jobs to go around. 96 Federally funded projects over the next few years included laying a new floor on the Jordan River Bridge and graveling the road two miles west (1934), upgrading city waterworks (1935) , and building bleachers at the high school football field (1936) . A WPA sewing = 26 OVERVIEW 1. Scrap metals, including anything made of iron, steel, brass, copper, aluminum or lead. 2. Rubber, including old tires and tubes, rubbers, galoshes, mats, hot water bottles and even rubber heels from .' wornout shoes. 3. Old rags, including castoff clothing, burlap bags, carpeting or anything which contains wool or cotton. I02 The Lehi Minute Women under the direction of chairperson Ella Manning had collected by 8 October 1942 sixty-six tons of scrap metal, including twenty-five stoves and fifteen ranges. They also had gathered 100 burlap bags of rags which were "housed under lock and key."103 The state-wide tin can collection program began on 1 March 1943. Lehi Chairman Ash advised housewives that the "cans should be cleaned, the labels removed, top and bottom cut out, and then pressed flat by stepping on them ." Local grocery stores served as collection sites for the cans which were then stored in the old Cozy Theatre Building. On April 15 a military truck from Camp Williams took Lehi's first ton of tin cans to Fort Douglas. In addition to salvaging valuable items, citizens were involved in many projects of the Red Cross. A sewing room was set up in the basement of the Memorial Building and many local women donated their time there. Financial drives were also held throughout the war, and occasional requests for specific supplies were made. The 24 June 1943 Lehi Free Press, for example, asked each family in Lehi to donate one large-eyed needle and one darning needle as well as woolen materials. Both Lehi newspapers kept citizens abreast of local war efforts, published a "With our Soldiers" column, and printed the latest patriotic slogans. "Let's Go - To Tokyo," rhymed one. "Let's Can Japan," was the byword for the tin drive. "Do Your Bit to Keep It LitThe Torch of Liberty" encouraged everyone to buy United States War Bonds. To raise the billions of dollars necessary to finance the war, Victory Bond drives were conducted continually. Each community was assigned a quota, and every American was requested to invest 10 percent of earnings into bonds. Those who did so were entitled to wear a lapel "badge of patriotism." Lehi's U.S. War Bond and Stamp Committee was formed in June 1942 under chairman Stanley M. Taylor . 104 Lehi along with the rest of America celebrated 8 May 1945 as Victory in Europe (V-E Day). When Japan accepted the Allied terms of surrender on 14 August 1945, Lehi's Main Street was clogged with dancing, jubilant people. Cars all over town honked in noisy unison, while the city fire truck, siren blaring and lights flashing, made victory rounds about town. Even before the war's conclusion Lehi citizens, like everyone else, were waging war against another enemy: poliomyelitis. A wide spread Utah polio epidemic in the summer of 1943 resulted in 178 cases by 10 Sep- tember. Alpine School District Superintendent D. R. Mitchell announced that schools would not open until the end of September to prevent spread of the crippling disease. All children under eighteen were advised to "not frequent any public place until further notice."105 Lehi's city physician, Dr. Elmo Eddington, pleaded for community support in the 16 September 1943 Lehi Free Press: It would be absolutely to no avail to close the schools and then have the children and young adults run wild and congregate in other places. For that reason it was decided that all individuals under 18 years of age should not be permitted to attend any public gatherings or frequent public places. That means that going to picture shows, congregating in ice cream parlors or eating places is absolutely forbidden and will be checked by the marshal. Dr. Eddington went so far as to recommend that all church gatherings be discontinued for th~ remainder of the polio season. Despite local efforts polio cases increased. The 10 February 1950 Free Press reported a total of thirty-five Lehi victims, including three new cases in 1949. In 1954, however, there was a treatment breakthrough with the discovery of the Salk Polio Vaccine. A mass field trial, supported by local medical personnel including Dr. Eddington and Dr. Boyd Larsen, began in Lehi elementary schools on 29 April 1954. One-half of the vaccinated first, second, and third grade children received the vaccine while the other half received a placebo. The vaccine proved to be enormously successful and polio was virtually eradicated by the early 1960s. Many new businesses began in Lehi during the war and shortly afterwards. Fern's Frock Shop, which had opened at 106 West Main in April 1942, became Cora's Classic Shoppe six months later, then Alta's Frock and Beauty Shop in March 1944, and finally Lucille's Dress Shop in August 1946. W. D. Watkins, who had opened Wattie's Cafe at 130 West Main in 1939, opened his Indian Trading Post one door east in December 1943, and then in May 1944 moved his diner from its Second East and State Street location to the former Three Bar Dairy on First East and State. In June 1943 EMSCO Refractories Company leased the new $600,000 war industries brick plant at Lehi Junction. This factory, which employed forty Lehi men at the outset of operations, manufactured silica brick for use in the blast furnaces at Geneva Steel and elsewhere in the west. In the fall of 1946 General Refractories Company of Philadelphia purchased the plant from the War Assets Administration for $375,000. 106 In June 1944, when the Allied D-Day invasion of France was taking place, Armond E. Webb purchased the former People's Co-op property on State Street. He sold all the buildings on the site except the People's Store, which he opened under his own management. In July 1945, just three months after FDR suffered a fatal MAKING OF A CITY stroke at Warm Springs, Georgia, Edward S. Fox and Arthur T. Powell opened the Lehi Block Plant near EMSCO Refractories northwest of town. Two months later Leland and William Price built a new grocery store on Main Street which became the popular Price Brother's IGA. During September Raymond Stewart established the Stewart Lumber Company north of the Lehi Rodeo Grounds. This business became Evans Brothers Lumber & Hardware in January 1950. Just before Christmas 1945 , Ferd Evans opened the Evans' Cafe at 120 West Main. And in March 1946 Ralph Worlton opened Ralph's Cafe and Lodge Room in the old cafe building at 198 East State. Three months later Harold Hutchings introduced a complete line of sporting goods in connection with Wattie Watkins' Lone Eagle Trading Post on Main Street. In September 1946 the Lehi Opera House, formerly the Cozy Theatre at 154 West Main Street, was remodeled into the Utah Theatre by George W. and Clin Leany. Ralph Johnson opened a Western Auto store in the former armory building at 173 West Main in January 1947, and in February M. S. Lott added a new section on the front of his plumbing business at 55 West Main. This new portion became the headquarters for the Lehi Post Office in September 1949. Clyde McKay, owner of Fashion Cleaners at 101 West Main, sold his business to Harold Ellison and Alvin Folkerson in December 1947. During March 1948 Glen Baker purchased Banks's Appliance Business at 189 West Main. One month later Don Howard opened a Truck Inn at 210 West State which later became Ralph Hoover's Truck Inn and eventually the La Casa Supper Club. Cloyed Penrod opened Penny's 5-1O-25~ Store in the old Elk Saloon Building at 106 West Main in April 1948. On 1 July 1948, during the Berlin Airlift, Henry Grass opened Grass Furniture in the large Co-op building at 151 East State. LeRoy and Edna Gammon purchased Webb's Clothing Store at 187 East State Street, which became Edna's Shop in January 1950. The F. Haws Durfey' Dry Cleaning Plant opened at 217 East State in March 1950, and three months later Melvin Hartshorn purchased the Lehi Floral from Broadbent's. In June 1950 Jay Haws opened Haws Sweet Shop at 129 East Main Street, and Paul Julian opened Julian's Drug in the former Lehi Bakery Building at 35 West Main. To coordinate activities of Lehi's centennial celebration from 25 June to 1 July 1950, the Lehi Centennial Committee was organized 23 August 1949 by Mayor L. Carlos Coates. General Chairman Dr. W. L. Worlton directed the week, which was filled with historic programs, socials, pageants, exhibits, parades, rodeos, and other events. It was announced during that festivities that the Federal Board of Geographic Names had officially shortened Lehi City's name to Lehi. In addition to a new name two monuments were also dedicated in the community. Honoring Lehi's first 27 permanent settlement at Sulphur Springs -later called Snow's Springs - the Centennial Committee set a twelveton boulder into a cement base near the site of the springs on Saratoga Road. A bronze plaque provided a brief history of the area. Two days later the Daughters of the Utah Pioneers unveiled their monument at the site of the town's first cemetery on State Street. Thomas F. Kirkham directed efforts towards publishing a Lehi Centennial History. Thirty-nine people worked with him for eight months on the project before it was published by the Lehi Free Press in September 1950. Nearly one thousand pages long, the book incorporated Hamilton Gardner's 1913 History of Lehi, included a new biographical section, and brought the town's history up-to-date. Lehi officials first began to consider a sewer system in 1946 during Mayor Dean Prior's administration. The issue became one of the most hotly debated matters in the history of the community. "Construction of the sewer system will provide safeguards against disease and enhance the city's position among progressive Utah communities," wrote city physician Dr. Elmo Eddington in the 6 December 1946 Lehi Free Press: "Provisions for modern disposal of sewage are inescapable. If they do not come now they ultimately will be forced upon us. State regulations for the protection of health will not condone primitive methods of sewage disposal when population congestion makes them a menace to the public health." In a Special Election on 10 December 1946 city residents voted favorably to construct a sewer system. In the late summer of 1947 city representatives canvassed the town to obtain financial commitments from residents. Supporters were given red, white, and blue stickers to place in their windows which read, "I have Subscribed to the Lehi Sewer." Two large financial barometers, one on State Street and one on Main Street, keep citizens posted on the $50,000 goal. Two bids on the proposed system were received in late 1947. The low bid of $246,435.04 was considerably higher than city Engineer Thomas C. Adams's estimate. Paid-up subscriptions were refunded and the project was halted though not forgotten. 107 In the mid-1950s, after Americans had given $12 billion in Marshall Plan aid to war-torn Western Europe, Lehi citizens again expressed interest in getting a sewer system built. Engineer Alton H. Sorenson estimated that the total costs for a system, including a treatment plant would be $681,000, nearly three times the cost of the previous plan. During a Special Election held on 20 September 1955, citizens overwhelmingly approved the new sewer ordinance and bond proposals. Bids were let on 5 December and Davis and Butler Co. submitted the winning bid of $191,395 on the disposal plant. Redferd and Knudsen, bidding $381,288.74, won the contract on the collection system. By June 1957 the system was completed, and on 24 August 1957 the entire 28 OVERVIEW community was invited to an open house at the new disposal plant south of town near Utah Lake. IOB City-wide drainage districts were established to lower the town's water table in preparation for installation of the sewer system. During 1951 the city replaced the old cement posts of the "white way" with new aluminum light standards. The Lehi Elementary School was nearing completion on 3 August 1951 when a flash flood came coursing down Dry Creek and inundated a large portion of the new school's grounds. Another major event in the 1950s was the Korean War. One hundred twenty-one local men served, and one, James E. Gaisford, was killed in action in Korea. In 1952 newly elected President Dwight D. Eisenhower ended the Korean War quickly. Lehi's veteran's organization, to honor American servicemen and women, purchased an eleven-acre piece of property on West Main Street and built a memorial baseball park . In October the State Road Commission, after the traffic death of young Tommy Featherstone, installed a semaphore at First East and State, the town's first and only traffic light. Lehi's five LDS wards were subdivided into seven units in 1952. But local matters seemed minor compared to the chilling Cold War and Arms Race between the United States and the Soviet Union. Fear of Russian subversion and potential atomic attack permeated American society. Lehi's Civilian Defense was reorganized, and citizens were encouraged to maintain a twoweek supply of food, water, medical supplies, and other emergency necessities. Basement rooms in many Lehi homes were converted into bomb shelters, and elementary school children practiced huddling under their desks in mock air-raid drills. Though the Russians kept their distance in the early 1950s, Americans were bombarded by two powerful new influences-television and rock 'n' roll music. In 1946 only about 17,000 television sets existed in the country, but in the 1950s TV sales rose to nearly 7,000,000 a year . The new device brought news, sports, and entertainment into people's homes on a daily basis. During the election years of 1952 and 1956, when Dwight D. Eisenhower won by landslide margins, Lehi citizens joined millions of Americans in watching the events on TV. Television brought to life a new set of personalities. Every week 20,000,000 teenagers saw and heard rock 'n' roll stars sing their latest hits on Dick Clark's American Bandstand. Children enjoyed Howdy Doody, Lassie, and Roy Rogers and Dale Evans, while their parents watched The Ed Sullivan Show, Our Hit Parade, and the I Love Lucy Show. In early 1953 the State Bank of Lehi announced plans for a new $80,000 building on the site of the original New West School at 99 West Main. Orlin Wathen moved his Modern Shoe Repair to larger quarters at 36 West Main, a building previously occupied by the National Guard, and Hugh Otterson opened the Gateway Furniture Store in the Racker Building at 189 West Main. Clin Leany became manager of Leany's Store, and also reopened the Utah Theatre with the first-run feature Mississippi Gambler starring Tyrone Power . Accommodating the new rage of television, Rex Losee and Jack Barnes both opened sales and repair shops on Main Street. Cloyed Penrod opened a new toyland next door to his variety store. On State Street Brent Mackay opened a new Arctic Circle in the former Utoco Service Station, and Bill Haase purchased Ralph's Cafe at 198 East State and reopened it as the Lehi Drive-in. Paul Julian made news in early 1954 by opening his drugstore in the old Lehi Bank building. The Lehi Riding Club built a new clubhouse just west of the Rodeo Grounds. In April the Lehi Lions Club announced a tentative agreement with John Hutchings to deed his museum collection to a non-profit organization. During the summer the city widened Main Street between Center and Second West and installed new sidewalks, curb, and gutter. The largest fire in the history of the city destroyed the vacant Grammar School building in August. Harold and Marie Hutchings moved their Lone Eagle Trading Post to 189 West Main at the beginning of 1955. Wattie Watkins then remodeled the Trading Post's former quarters into a banquet room in late April. In the former People's Co-op building at 151 East State, Cecil Evans opened a wholesale surplus business. America's teenagers in the mid-1950s were swooning over Elvis Presley. TV cameras focused on his upper body to prevent viewer backlash from the hearthrob's hip swiveling while performing his chart burners "Hound Dog" and "Heartbreak Hotel" on the Ed Sullivan Show. While Elvis's every move was being documented by the news media, Lehi's big story of early 1956 was the completion of a new fire station on Center Street in February. During the remainder of 1956 Ernest and Gus Larsen opened the new Larsen's Market in the former Davis Market building at 173 West Main. "Gentleman Jim" Davis had moved his store to the former Racker Warehouse at 36 South Second West, and the United Brick Company completed a $100,000 brick plant near General Refractories. The Lehi Lions Club completed a new boat harbor on Utah Lake in the summer of 1956 and spearheaded the funding drive for the Hutchings Museum building. J. Lee and Elva Tingey opened their Tingey's Country Store near the Point of the Mountain. Anticipation was high during the summer and fall of 1956 that Lehi would be the site for a $10 million uranium refinery to be built by Twentieth Century Power Corporation on the former site of the Lehi Sugar Factory. Fortunately these plans never materialized: uranimum tailings are now known to cause serious health and hazardous environmental complications. MAKING OF A CITY Though the wheels of fate did not bring the uranium plant to town in 1956, Lehi children living north of Highway 89 did get the new Sego Lily Elementary School in the fall of that year. In 1957 Lehi's old fire station was converted into a city jail. The city's first color dial telephone was installed in the Don Ainge home. The city initiated a massive road-paving project in the spring of 1957 to repair streets which had been dug up during installation of the city's sewer system. In June ground breaking ceremonies for Lehi's new $160,000 National Guard Armory were held on East Main Street. Despite a city survey which showed residents favored a freeway route through the less populated western and southern quadrants of town, the Utah State Road Commission announced plans for constructing 1-15 through the heart of the community, an action which eventually bisected Lehi. "Doctors and hospitals in every major city are tied up," the 3 April 1958 Lehi Free Press reported, trying to combat severe epidemics of undulent and rabbit fever with reports of locally limited outbreaks of smallpox, cholera, and typhus pouring in from every section of the country. Anthrax broke out on the summer ranges in Utah and Nevada killing thousands of sheep; Ronderpest is ravaging cattle herds from Texas to Montana and Florida; Fowl Pest and Newcastle disease kills America's poultry flocks, while farmers in the Midwest are experiencing the worst wheat rust in a century. One might have thought the timing of this announcement was a first-class April Fool's joke. But it was the Lehi Ground Observer Corps' way of drawing attention to the possibility of Russian germ warfare action. Motivated by the Cold War and memories of an unprepared America on 7 December 1941, this unit, part of a nationwide defense system, spent considerable time educating the public to the potential elements of a national disaster. At midnight 6 June 1959 a new dial telephone system went into operation, replacing Lehi's seventeen switchboard operators. Mountain Bell Telephone had invested $300,000 into the modernization, including a new building just south of Main Street on First West. The Golden Jubilee of Lehi High School was celebrated in 1959. All twenty-six hundred past graduates were invited to attend the celebration on 24 June. In August the second of several annual community carnivals was held, with all proceeds going towards construction of the Hutchings Museum. When school opened on 1 September nearly five hundred students inaugurated the opening of the new $1,681,560 Lehi High School at 500 East Main. During the 1950s black Americans intensified their struggle to win equal rights. In both the north and south, blacks faced segregation in jobs, housing, and education. The anger of many led to riots in a number of American cities in the 1960s, and civil rights groups 29 began to make effective use of the courts to fight cases of discrimination. Peaceful sit-ins and boycotts also brought results. In 1963 more than 200,000 Civil Rights demonstrators marched on Washington, D.C., to let Congress know they wanted laws to end discrimination and to help the poor in America. At a huge rally on 28 August 1963 Martin Luther King, J r., made his moving "I Have a Dream" speech. Soon after these events, President John F. Kennedy sent Congress a strong civil rights bill. "This nation," he said, "for all its hopes and all its boasts, will not be fully free until all its citizens are free." After Kennedy's assassination, Lyndon Johnson saw the bill through Congress. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 attempted to protect the rights of all citizens to vote, outlaw discrimination in hiring, and end public segregation. While the American political and sociological scene was being dramatically altered by Civil Rights actions and the Vietnam War, life in Lehi outwardly seemed relatively unchanged. This partly reflected the essentially white, Anglo-Saxon, Mormon makeup of the town. Civil Rights issues were not the major concern for an area in which blacks and other ethnic minorities rarely settled . Lack of enthusiasm for essentially urban, liberal causes of the 1960s also reflected the politically conservative stance of most Lehi citizens. As issues surrounding the Vietnam War increasingly divided the nation, little resistance was visible in Lehi. The first local statement that all was not well in Vietnam came from an anonymous letter to the editor printed in the 1 December 1966 Lehi Free Press. This letter quoted a soldier then serving in Vietnam: "You probably saw on TV that President Johnson stopped here. I can't explain how I felt about seeing him. They said here at the base, his visit was a great morale booster for the G.I.'s at Cam Rahn Bay. That morale booster lasted until he had gone. I have never seen a place where the morale of the G.I.'s is so low." For a town grounded in the concept of America as the major power behind "keeping the world safe for democracy," anti-war criticism, or other radical social changes were viewed with surprising suspicion. Television brought current events into most Lehi homes. But these events signaled a state of world-wide instability. Lehi's majority response was to maintain the essential stability of familiar values - home, church, and "business as usual." In early 1960 Cloyed and Jim Penrod announced plans for construction of their new 5-1O-25¢ store at 109 West Main. This new building, on the former site of the Osterloh Bakery, was completed in November of that year. In April Christensen Stores opened a wholesale warehouse in the former People's Co-op building at 151 East State which had most recently been a roller skating rink and a surplus store. Lehi city officials purchased a small piece of ground east of Dry Creek on State Street where the Lehi Garden Club established MAKING OF A CITY "The Great Society" was the name Lyndon Johnson gave to his New Deal-like programs, and by 1965 most of them were in effect. Medicare helped pay the medical bills of citizens over sixty-five. Medicaid provided money to states for covering the medical expenses of the poor of all ages. Johnson also declared a "war on poverty" to assist all Americans who lived below the poverty line. In 1964 Congress passed the Economic Opportunity Act and Johnson created the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) to establish more housing for low- and middle-income families. In the meantime Lehi officials were engaged in upgrading their own community with $500,000 worth of improvements to the city waterworks. New watermains were installed, a new million-gallon storage tank built near the old settling tank on the bench, and more than fifty new fire hydrants placed throughout the city. In July Bee Jay Food Center was opened by owners Bill and Ja Neane Jacob in the former Davis Market Building at 36 South Second West. On 28 August nineteen miles of 1-15 between Lehi and Provo opened for traffic, reducing travel time between the two cities by half. After ten years of community fund-raising activities, the John Hutchings Museum was officially opened on 8 May 1965. On 6 July the Post Office moved to temporary quarters at 98 West Main while the former building was being demolished. A new $75,000 postal building, on the same site as the old structure, was completed in January 1966. The 15 July 1965 Lehi Free Press carried the news that after thirty-three years in the cafe business, W. D. and Eunice Watkins, famed for their tasty family cuisine, had sold Wattie's Cafe to Leon Brown who reopened under the name Star Cafe. In February 1971, local men Dick Smith, Ned Wilson, and Wayman Winslow purchased the place and renamed it the Pelican Cafe. In the fall of 1965 Lehi Elementary Principal Dale Burgess conceived the idea of a community ice skating rink on the SChool property just north of the Hutchings Museum. The Lehi Lions Club under the direction of Joseph Forrester guided this project to completion just before Christmas. The popular rink was eventually landscaped, provided with a water hydrant for flooding the pond, and lighted for night skating. While the winter season was superb for ice skating, it also brought tragedy. On 27 November 1965 an Edde Airlines DC-3 chartered by the BYU Cougar Club crashed during a blinding snowstorm just west of Camp Williams, killing all thirteen persons aboard - many of them prominent Salt Lake physicians. In early 1966 the State Bank of Lehi opened its expanded and remodeled facilities which included driveup windows. During May crews from the city and the local National Guard unit demolished the old bandstand at Wines Park to make way for new restroom facilities. W. T. Piper, Sr., founder of the Piper Aircraft Corporation, dedicated the Carter Airport on the 31 Lehi Bench in August, and Jo Zimmerman opened Jo's Fashions, a beauty salon, in the old Julian Drug building. During a 26 September 1966 city council meeting approval was given for the Lehi Auxiliary Police to construct an addition to the Memorial Building, south of the jail, for housing the ambulance. An innovative new businessman, Steve Straw, purchased Larsen's Market from the Larsen family in October 1966. He changed the store's name to Silver Dollar Market, later expanded into both buildings now occupied by the Colonial House, and eventually built a large new supermarket on the southwest corner of Main and Second East. Big news in early 1967 was the permanent closing of the city-operated Lehi Hospital, which had served the community since 1926. The two-story building, which had been built for the Lehi Commercial and Savings Bank in 1891, had been condemned by the State Board of Health in 1965. Though talk had circulated for some time that either an extensive remodeling project would be undertaken or a new facility built, city officials felt that either proposal was beyond the city's financial capability. During the spring and early summer of 1967 a David Wolper Productions movie, The Devil's Brigade, was filmed in and around Lehi . Depicting the famed Allied guerilla unit of World War II, more than three hundred members of the Utah National Guard worked as extras. The movie starred William Holden, Cliff Robertson, Vincent Edwards, Dana Andrews, Andrew Prine, and Claude Akins. Director Andrew MacLaglen had a saloon set, "The Golden Nugget," built inside the Lehi National Guard Armory. A wild fight scene in the movie was purposely punctuated by a punch thrown by world champion boxer Gene Fullmer, who served as bartender in Lehi's most famous wateringhole. In May 1967 Wallace and Arlene Olsen purchased and renovated the Cutler Mansion on State Street, and opened their business Outpost Antiques in the old stone Co-op building at 193 East State. This historically oriented couple eventually purchased many of Lehi's oldest buildings - including the Lehi Commercial and Savings Bank building, the old Comer Saloon, and the Dorton Butchershop at 106 and 116 West Main (where their antique business is located in 1989). Few years had as much long-term impact on America as 1968. The year was "pivotal and messy," wrote journalist Lance Morrow, wrought with "deaths of heroes, uprisings, suppressions, the end of dreams, blood in the streets of Chicago and Paris and Saigon, and at last, at Christmastime, man for the first time floating around the moon."IIO On 23 January the American spyship U.S.S. Pueblo was captured by North Korea. One week later the Viet Cong launched the massive Tet Offensive in Vietnam which knocked America's military system reeling. President Lyndon B. Johnson announced to startled Amer- MAKING OF A CITY Lehi Pioneers, coached by Ken Wagner, won the 1982-3 2-A basketball championship by defeating Wasatch in BYU's Marriott Center. Following the game the crowd returned to Lehi and staged a two-hundredcar parade with a fire engine, police cars, and three student busses leading the procession. Following the impromptu parade an assembly was held at the high school in which school officials and townspeople honored the players and their coaches. During the next year Lehi High School was realigned into the 3-A division for larger schools, but this experiment only lasted a single year. During the summer of 1983 huge Paramount Picture Company vans and equipment could be seen at various sites about town as the movie Footloose was filmed in several locations, notably the picturesque Lehi Roller Mills. Produced by Dan Melnick, directed by Herb Ross, and starring Kevin Bacon and Lori Singer, the blockbuster musical was a story of an American town that has banned dancing. A new teenager moves into town, fails in love with the minister's daughter, and leads the fight against the dance ban. During July 1983 Native Plants Incorporated (NPI) announced plans to move their large company to Lehi. Established on forty-six acres of northwest Lehi (formerly Boyd Sunderland's property), the business has provided employment to dozens of local residents. The establishment's seed division, recently sold to Granite Seed Company, seils a wide variety of seeds to florists, greenhouses, and other retailers. NPI's nursery division, also recently sold, provided the same outlets with a multitude of trees and shrubs, most of them native to Utah. A mushroom and floral division were recently added. In August 1983 the Lehi City Council voted to accept a $180,000 loan from the Utah State Safe Drinking Water Committee. This money was used to dig a large weil near Fifth West because, according to Lehi Water Superintendent Dale Walker, the city's system "is puiling more water now than what we can provide in the daytime. A decrease in nighttime usage which helps the city build up reserves is keeping the water system afloat." 1 15 During the fail of 1983 interest was keen in getting a new junior high school for Lehi. The old building, built in 1920, was showing its age. It had not been insulated when built, certain rooms were poorly heated, and there was no air conditioning system. The roof leaked during stormy weather, the floor had buckled in some spots, and the gymnasium could no longer handle the number of P.E. classes. In July 1984 the Alpine School Board voted to build a new junior high on Cedar Hoilow Road. The $6.3 miilion project was awarded to the Paulsen Eilsworth Construction Company which completed the work in 1987. During a 6 March 1984 Lehi City Council meeting the group voted to approve a $250,000 loan from the 37 Utah Water Poilution Control Committee to provide sewer services to the East Industrial Park between the Lehi Roiler Miils and the Forks of the Road. To qualify for this money the city annexed a large area which included Lehi Roiler Mills, Lehi Farm Equipment, Hadfield Irrigation, Four Seasons, Sunset Rail, American Diesel, Timpanogos Metal, Larsen Floors, Schmidt Diesel, Rancher's Supply, and Fowler Pump. In the fall of 1985 a special improvement district was created which included ail of this property south of U.S. Highway 89 and east of Seventh East. The cost of improvements in this area, which included not only the sewer instailation but also the extension of an eightinch water line eastward from the Wasatch Bank, amounted to $995,000. The city paid $704,975 ($597,000 from an EDA grant, $58,400 from UDOT funds and the remaining $49,575 from general city funds). The remaining $290,025 was raised by a special tax levied against the properties abutting the streets to be improved. 116 The city also negotiated with the Union Pacific Railroad at this time to abandon the old sugar factory spur which ran southward from the main line past the Lehi Roiler Mills. The city obtained the right-of-way, removed the old track, and constructed sewer lines and a new two-way road connecting State and Main Streets. Eventually it is anticipated that a fuil on-off ramp for 1-15 wiil be constructed in this area. Local commercial changes in 1984-85 included the opening of a new Durfey Cleaners building at 219 East State. The century-old building on the site, which had housed dozens of businesses dating back to the early days of the People's Co-op, was demolished in September 1984. Mike's Subs, a sandwich shop at 173 West Main, was opened by Mike and Sandee Schanderl in December 1984. Vern's Drive-In was reopened at Fifth East State Street by Doug and Annette Rowley May in January 1985. Russell Daly remodeled part of the old hospital building into the Studio Five recital hail in February 1985. The Wear House, owned by Gary and Vonda Cook, opened for business at 2 West Main in November 1985. David and Syd Penrod purchased Penny's from long-time owner Jim Penrod. Dr. Jerry Brown took over the 588 East Main dental practice of Dr. Donald Worlton after the latter's tragic death in a December car accident. Russell and Maggie Cardon opened a new insurance office at 46 West Main in November 1985, and Robert Trepanier bought Porter's Place from Russell Schneider. In the spring of 1986 Lehi won another state basketbail championship by defeating Manti. The most notorious headlines for Lehi in this year concerned the sale of adult magazines at the local Circle K store. The store came under scrutiny after a KBYU-TV news story of 18 April pointed out that the Lehi store was the only convenience store in Utah Vailey that continued to seil adult magazines. Meeting with representatives from the 76 THE MUNICIPALITY remains of the deceased in the earliest days were prepared for burial the day of death if possible - though the availability of ice allowed for extensions. The body was washed, then dressed in best attire or temple clothing by men and women called to that function by local Mormon priesthood leaders. A camphor-impregnated cloth was placed on the face to retard discoloration . If the burial could not take place until the following day, family members or friends conducted a wake by sitting up with the body overnight. The primary reason for this was to watch for signs of life to avoid the terrifying possibility that an unconscious person might be buried alive. Embalming was only done if the body was to be shipped out of town. Verda Lewis Peterson, daughter of Lehi undertaker Henry Lewis, recalled her father's story of the wake of a badly-crippled Lehi man: After his death a large rock was placed on his chest in an effort to straighten the body. Four men who were sitting up with the corpse got to scuffling and without noticing it, somehow jarred the rock from its place. With the weight released the body sprang up into a sitting position . When the sitters saw the dead man sitting up they left in a big hurry. 12 Another fascinating funerary anecodote was Josephine Clark Brown's account, "A Vision and Testimony on the Truthfulness and Sacredness of the Temple Work and Temple Clothes," later written by Ida Brown Hacking. Sister Brown had been set apart to make temple clothes. James Carter, a family friend, requested that when he died he wanted to be buried in temple clothes made by her hands. She obliged when he died on 11 October 1898. Carter's body was prepared for burial and dressed in the temple clothes by his son James P. Carter and George Webb. He was buried the following day, 15 October. That night Josephine Brown was lying in bed, but had not yet fallen asleep. According to her account she "saw Brother Carter dressed in his temple robes standing at the foot of her bed." "Sister Brown, they forgot to mark my garments, will you see that they are marked as I have gone as far as I can go without them being marked." She said it seemed she could see through his robe and shirt and see they were not marked. She said she was startled and shut her eyes to try and not see him, but she could still see him. He repeated it again, "Sister Brown, they forgot to mark my garments, and I have gone as far as I can go without them being marked." At that she covered her face with the quilts but could still see him. He then said, "Sister Brown, will you go and tell Brother Webb that in his hurry yesterday he forgot to mark my garments?" She said, "Heavenly Father, if You will cause him to go I promise I will see that his garments are marked." At that he disappeared. She woke my father and told him what had happened and they both decided that his garments had not been marked and it should be attended to. The next morning mother went to his daughter, Esther Evans, and told her what had happened and together they went to Brother Webb's home and told him, but he was sure he had marked them, and could not see why Brother Carter had not come to him if such had been the case. The son, James Carter, was quite sure, too, that the garments were marked . But mother insisted she was sure they were not marked. At the insistence of mother and some of the other children in the family of Brother Carter, permission was given by the Mayor of Lehi [John S. Willes) to open the grave and casket, and it was found that his garments had not been marked. 13 An examination of Lehi's pre-1900 cemetery records shows that many men, like George Webb, often called by priesthood leaders, attended to the dead. Henry Lewis was the town's first professional undertaker. Lewis got his start while employed by the People's Co-op as a carpenter. In 1891 this large mercantile advertised the only hearse in northern Utah County-a conveyance they leased out of their livery stable. Hanuner's Livery Stable soon joined the hearse business and purchased an attractive outfit pulled by a matched team of white horses. In addition to the horse-drawn hearse, the livery stables provided hacks (buggy-type vehicles with long bench-like seats running the length of the conveyance), in which mourners could ride to the cemetery behind the hearse. As a symbol of respect for the deceased, friends often walked to the cemetery behind the funeral vehicles. By 1900 the People's Co-op began advertising its undertaking services. "Don't forget," the 1 March 1900 Banner exclaimed, "the Co-op can now take care of you in the line of home made coffins, trimmed in the nicest styles at prices within the reach of all." These caskets, according to Henry Lewis's daughter, "were wide at the top and narrowed down at the foot to a point just wide enough to accommodate the feet of the corpse." Later the Co-op began handling ready-made caskets from the St. Louis Coffin Company. Peterson remembers their plushly trimmed white or pastel exteriors. The interior was left to the design of the mortician. Lewis usually added a padding of excelsior covered with white material and a trimming of lace about ten inches wide tacked around the inside edge. 14 In 1910 Henry Lewis, who was now bishop of the Third Ward, built a small undertaking parlor just north of his home at 807 North Second West. With such an imagination-provoking business in the neighborhood, near-legendary incidents supposedly occurred on the premises. On one occasion a man had been shot to death late in the evening, so Bishop Lewis had gone out early the next morning to work on the body in his shop. He had not yet started when a neighborhood gossip, intent on being the first to obtain the gruesome details of the shooting, pushed open the door - nearly stepping on the dead man in the process. Her scream was blood curdling; her flight was instantaneous. The badly shaken woman soon spread the word of the macabre scene. Section IV: Commercial Development CHAPTER 12 ~ Mercantiles ~ Lehi Union Exchange Though most of Lehi's earliest male settlers were farmers and stockmen, a few adventurous souls attempted to win part of their livelihood by providing goods and services for the rest of the population. These tradespeople included merchants, butchers, barbers, bakers, blacksmiths, innkeepers, cobblers, harness makers, saloonkeepers, clothiers, doctors, dentists, and many others. The first reference to a Lehi merchant was in the 8 September 1854 Deseret News. Utah Stake President George A. Smith remarked that "Elijah Thomas had opened a store in Lehi." Other early shopkeepers included brothers Thomas and William Taylor, Abram Hatch, George Leslie, James Harwood, and Hans Hammer. I These small-scale operations consisted essentially of a shelf or two of dry goods and groceries in a private dwelling. This changed dramatically in 1858 when the Utah Expeditionary Force established itself at Camp Floyd in Fairfield, creating a huge marketplace for Lehi goods and produce. Thomas and William W. Taylor, with stock they had purchased from Salt Lake City, established the mercantile firm of T . and W . Taylor on the southeast corner of Main and Second West. Much of the brothers' success came about through serving as exchange intermediaries between Lehi townspeople and the military camp. Hans Hammer, who also successfully traded with the army, opened a small store in his home - as did James Harwood, in 1860. Harwood explained in his autobiography that he began his business by "turning Our bedroom into a store." He commenced buying eggs, butter, and grain from local families. Once a week he traveled to Salt Lake City, sold the produce, and returned to Lehi with a small stock of groceries and dry goods. The price of these imported items was nec- essarily high because of the added expense in freighting the goods by wagon from the East. Mormon church leaders were opposed to "profiteering Saints," and generally frowned on the proliferation of mercantile establishments in Zion. Brigham Young was particularly critical of merchants who failed to use their profits in building up the kingdom. To counter non-Mormon or lukewarm Mormon businessmen Young encouraged co-operative marketing. "Why not appoint in every ward in the territory," he asked in 1865, a good businessman who is filled with integrity and truth to make contact for the people of the ward and let the convention prices be the rule or not sell. Why not draw money for our grain and spend it ourselves instead of allowing those who have no interest with us to handle it for us and pocket fortunes which we shall enjoy and layout in redeeming the earth and building up the kingdom of god in all the world. 2 Young's opinions filtered down to local leaders, including Lehi's Bishop David Evans. The merchant to suffer most from this policy was James Harwood . Though a Mormon, Harwood did not get along well with the bishop. They initially clashed over a tithing dispute. During one of his weekly trips to Salt Lake City Harwood had discovered that certain goods he had donated to the church were never registered in his name at the General Tithing Office. To further aggravate the situation, Bishop Evans requested that Harwood donate a pair of beautifully matched horses for tithing. He refused the bishop's demand. Harwood noted in his autobiography that Bishop Evans "commenced abusing me publicly from the stand and telling things that were not true. Things he told were false and I asserted publickly that, they were and because I would not publickly acknowledge that I had done wrong in saying so and submit to be abused by him I was cut [off] from the church."3 124 COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT Not only did he suffer excommunication, but Harwood was soon driven out of business by the establishment of the Lehi Union Exchange, a co-operative mercantile. While serving as a Mormon missionary in Great Britain from 1853-57, Israel Evans had visited an early co-operative mercantile at Rochdale, England. This co-op, founded in 1844 by twenty-eight workers, most of whom were low-paid weavers, was based on the following five principles: 1. Anyone may join the co-operative, regardless of nationality, race, or religion. 2. Each stockholder has only one vote, regardless of the number of shares owned. 3. The co-operative pays limited interest, if any, on the shares. 4. The co-operative sells goods and services at regular market prices. 5. Any profits must be used to improve the business or be refunded to the members. Members receive refunds in proportion to how much they use the co-operative, not the amount of stock they own. Israel Evans and his father became convinced that a co-op, roughly patterned after the Rochdale plan, could succeed in Lehi. Bishop Evans called a meeting attended by Israel Evans, William Wanlass, John Zimmerman, William Clark, Thomas R. Jones, Andrew A. Peterson, Joseph A. Thomas, and James Q. Powell. The Lehi Union Exchange was capitalized in early 1868 with $350 worth of stock issued in $25 shares. The company's officers were Bishop David Evans, president; William Wanlass, secretary; John Zimmerman, treasurer; and Israel Evans, William Clark, Thomas R. Jones, and Andrew A . Peterson, directors. 4 On 23 July 1868 clerk William Wanlass opened the mercantile's doors in a small building on the northwest corner of Third West and First South. The Exchange, so named because people could exchange their produce for store goods, met with immediate success-so much so that Brigham Young commented on it during a 6 April 1869 General Conference speech. "Five months after they had commenced their retail store on this cooperative system," the church president said, they struck a dividend to see what they had made, and they found that every man who had paid in twenty-five dollars, - the price of a share, had a few cents over twentyeight dollars handed back or credited to him. Is not this cruel? Is not this a shame? It is ridiculous to think that they are making money so fast. Did they sell their goods cheaper than the people of Lehi could buy them before? Yes. Did they fetch the goods to them? 0, yes, and yet they made money .... That comes the nearest to keeping the cake and eating it of anything I know. 5 The Lehi Union Exchange preceded church-wide co-operative merchandising by more than two months. The first steps towards this large-scale endeavor were taken in September when Brigham Young suggested that the Mormon people should not "trade another cent" with a man "who does not pay his tithing and gather the poor, and pray in his family."6 Church ers further encouraged members to deal as much possible with those in full fellowship in the '"'.. ,.. ""[L Bishop David Evans went so far in a 25 February 187 . worship service as to swear "an oath that he would trade with those who did not belong to the The bishop also had his councilors do the same then requested "all present to do also ."7 Retail church-wide co-operative depended on a successful parent emporium-the sale store. The constitution and bylaws of the Cooperative Mercantile Institution (ZCMI) approved on 24 October 1868 . Within six weeks the 1 March 1869 opening of ZCMI, seventy-eight stores were operating throughout the church. By 1 no known ward or settlement was without a co·-or,erl~~ tive mercantile. 8 The Lehi Union Exchange, a ZCMI subsidiary, initially reasonably successful because most I\II"~ .... ,,..... in town saw it as their religious duty to purchase interest in the store. Bishop David Evans wrote Young on 2 April 1869 that "Cooperation at this is doing verry well meets with good success. There now 71 stock holders and the shares taken by those persons amounts to 200 shares $25 - Each $5000 . . . We have a nice little stock of goods on hand amounting from 3 to 4 Thousand worth."9 "Most of the people taking stock [in the co-op] wrote James Harwood, "would, of course, deal at own store."JO By the spring of 1869, all local had either been forced out of business or had sold to the Exchange. A Lehi correspondent wrote in the May 1869 Deseret Evening News that "about a ago the Bishop and the directors of our store purchased the store and goods of Brother Taylor, of this place, also the goods of Br. [Hans] mer, which leaves us with one store 'The Lehi Exchange.' " The Exchange management for some time had larger quarters for their store. Though they had attempted to construct a new building on the north of Main between First and Second West, fierce had blown the structure down both times. f'\()aI1U\./JWUj this project, the firm then moved into the vacated by T. & W. Taylor. The ZCMI "all-seeing and the inscription, "Holiness to the Lord," became familiar symbols on the storefront. People's Co-operative Institution The Lehi Union Exchange was the only in town for only a couple of years. The first to nnoO!)c< their monopoly was the firm [James] Harwood [Richard] Bradshaw who set up a store on Main in 1870. They immediately encountered stiff -t=SI·:. .....~ from Union Exchange people. Their difficulties MERCANTILES likely have continued except that Bradshaw died 26 June 1872 and Harwood sold out and established a harness shop on State Street. The firm that ultimately drove the Lehi Union Exchange out of business was the People's Co-op. When it became known in 1871 that the Utah Southern Railroad would build its line through northern Lehi, Thomas and William W. Taylor and their clerk Thomas R. Cutler (former proprietors of T. and W. Taylor) sought to take advantage of the situation. They determined where the railroad depot would be built and began to build a small store across the street on property owned by William Taylor. Opposition from primary stockholders in the Lehi Union Exchange arose immediately. William W. Taylor wrote that "just as soon as I[srael] Evans and his father the Bishop learned what we were intending to do the old spirit of Envy Jelousy and Revenge was at work both from [the meeting] stand and in private meeting."!! Cutler and the Taylors initially felt that because they would be situated far from the Exchange they would not be viewed as competitors with the downtown business. But after what William Taylor described as the "brazen barefaced tyranny" of the bishop and his son, they decided to compete openly and organize their own co-op. Accordingly the People's Cooperative Institution, with capitalization of $28,000, was formed in 1871 with James W. Taylor, president; J. C. Naile, vice-president; S. Empey, treasurer; Isaac Goodwin, Sr.; Samuel Briggs, and W. W. Taylor, directors.!2 The People's Co-op opened for business on 4 April 1872 in a fourteen-by-twenty-foot "wooden shanty" on the southeast corner of State and Second East. Thomas R. Cutler and William W . Taylor were the store's original clerks, but William Hutchings and Edwin Standring were later employed. Lehi remained the terminal point for the Utah Southern Railroad for one year. During this time the People's Co-op engaged co-jointly with Ira D. Wines in the forwarding business. The Co-op also purchased a Bain Wagons agency and a farm machinery business from Howard Sebree. For a time it also acted as the shipping agent for the Copperopolis Smelter in Mammoth, and several lumber mills in American Fork Canyon. Once Lehi was no longer the terminus for the railroad, virtually all uptown businesses except the Co-op withered away. The success of the Co-op was so great that Utah Stake President Abraham Smoot encouraged management to build a larger store rather than have to payout such high dividends. 13 Accordingly a new twostory building with basement was completed in 1878 by masons Carl Carlson, J. Wiley Norton, and John Andreason. This thirty-by-sixty-foot rock store (still standing at 193 East State in (989) was up-to-date in all respects - the first building in town to have a galvanized roof. 125 The prosperity of the People's Co-operative Institute caused the ruination of the Lehi Union Exchange. The acrid feelings between prominent stockholders of the two companies culminated in 1880 when the Co-op absorbed the Exchange during its insolvency. But difficulties still existed as late as 13 December 1890, when the People's Co-op had to sue thirty-eight of Bishop David Evans's heirs in order to obtain title to a piece of property on which now sits the Lehi Drug Store. 14 The former Exchange building, under Edwin Standring's supervision, was stocked with $8,000 worth of goods and thereafter known as "the Branch." The following year the gross revenue of the two stores was $150,000. The directors then increased their capital stock to $60,000 and in 1882 initiated an $8,500 building project at the uptown store. A twenty-by-fifty-foot stone granary with basement was built across the alleyway to the east from the main building. A thirty-by-sixty-foot stone addition was made onto the west of the 1878built store, making the overall size sixty-by-sixty. The second story of this portion became a harness shop in 1887 under the direction of Ike Taylor. Both the uptown and downtown Co-op were general stores and much more. They stocked everything from coal oil to calico to canned oysters. Not an inch of space was wasted. Dry goods (fabric), including calicoes, tickings, checks, dress silks, denims, stripes, factory, and shirting were stacked high behind the clerk's counter. Shelves of clothing, hats, groceries, queensware, crockery, cutlery, edge tools, ropes and twine, wallpaper, paper shades, fireboards, books, stationery, school supplies, and patent medicines ran nearly to the ceiling. Arranged about the floor was a multitude of crates, kegs, and barrels brimming with crackers, sugar, vinegar, flour, and molasses; canisters of condiments and spices; and sacks of seasonal produce. The clerk's counter was lined with glass jars of striped candy sticks, peppermint twists, and horehound drops. The stores were wonderfully aromatic. Long-ago shoppers remember the pungent scent of cigars and plug tobacco, boot and belt leather, fresh-ground coffee, choice teas, spices galore, the musty fragrance of fresh fabric in bolts, and the wintertime fumes of lump coal burning in the large pot-bellied stove-the building'S sole source of heat. An 1890 Sanborn map of the uptown store shows the close proximity of the lumberyard, where window glass, doors, window blinds, lath, singles, and all kinds of building materials were kept. An artesian well, one of the earliest in town, was sunk to the rear of the store in 1896. An elevator on the north end of the building moved supplies to the second floor and basement storage areas. Co-op manager Thomas Cutler told a grandson that the hardest work he ever did was necessitated by the lack of this elevator. On a frigid December evening, after the store had closed, a boxcar of onions arrived. Everyone else had gone home for the day and 126 COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT Cutler, fearful that the onions would freeze, singlehandedly unloaded the car and packed the heavy sacks one by one up the rear stairway where they could be protected. Until the mid-1890s the People's Co-op was basically an exchange mercantile. Farmers and ranchers brought in their excess grain, hay, potatoes, wool, hogs, and beef animals. Their wives came with eggs, butter, cheese, and dried fruit. In exchange they received Coop scrip (due bills) for the value of their goods. This scrip could then be used as currency to purchase needed items - but only from the Co-op. The store profited immensely from this arrangement. The exchanged goods were sold to distant markets where they brought top prices. Carloads of grain, wool, and lumber from American Fork Canyon were shipped regularly from the Co-op railroad yard . Manager Cutler was ever alert to new business possibilities and improvements. Until 1882 the company had been supporting three boot factories, two uptown and one downtown. At this time they were amalgamated, under Edward Southwick's supervision, into a single department capable of manufacturing a hundred pairs of shoes and boots per month . Though it was difficult to compete with imported items, particularly smaller ones, the Co-op's furniture manufacturing business as directed by Peter Loutensock was able to craft "heavy goods" such as lounges, cupboards, and bureaus. In late 1885 a one-hundred-by-twenty-foot lumber shed at the uptown store was built north of the railroad tracks by Loutensock, Henry Lewis, Joseph Ashton, and Franz Salzner .I S This was designed to shelter the company's dressed doors, windows, and mouldings, which were being manufactured by Abe Gudmundsen, Jim Evans, and Jim Gaddie. The downtown store also had a lumberyard on the southwest corner of Main and Second West. 16 As artesian wells became popular in the late 1880s the Co-op began stocking large amounts of pipe and drilling supplies . Manager Cutler also used Co-op capital to fund spin-off businesses which were then leased to enterprising individuals. In 1889 the company built a large livery and feed stable on the southwest corner of State and Second East, which was leased to C. N. Barnes and later to Will Wing. Both stores had meat departments which were leased over time to a long string of butchers. Though large scale shoe and boot manufacturing eventually could no longer compete with imports, the Coop continued to lease its shoe shop to various cobblers. It also established a blacksmith shop which was operated by several different smiths. In 1891 the stockholders of the Co-op established the Union Hotel at 121 East State and leased its operation to Robert Stoddart. The following year the Union Drugstore was established in the hotel and leased to druggist T. J. Wadsworth. 17 To facilitate communication between the two Co-op stores, in the early 1880s a non-electrical telephone system was installed. W. F . Butt, a clerk in the upper store, described the phone line as being a single wire nine blocks in length stretched tight between the two stores. The receiver at each end consisted of "a square flared box like a horn or speaking trumpet" with the wire connected to a brass button in the center of a "piece of hog skin" stretched tight like a drum. "To call attention of one store to the other," wrote Butt, "A mallet [was] struck several times .. . . The speakers voice could be heard all over the Receiving Room and the wind on the wire caused a hummey noise[.] [T]his was disconnected when the 'Bell' telephone installed their system between Salt Lake Lehi & Provo Saturday August 13 1887."18 Installation of the new Bell Telephone system was not the only change during the late 1880s. For a time during 1889 there were three Co-op stores in town. Management purchased the old Lehi Music Hall at 529 North Center and converted it into an auxiliary store under Prime Evans's supervision. 19 In the fall of 1890 the uptown Co-op was the scene of an attempted burglary which nearly cost the lives of two Lehi men, Charles Phillips and Edward Southwick III. It was the duty of nightwatchman Phillips to step outside the Co-op and walk around the building whenever trains passed. On the eve of 15 November 1890, as he was returning to the store, he was clubbed over the head by bandit Harry Tracy. Screaming "murder," and firing his pistol, Phillips frightened away the would be thief. Marshal Joseph Roberts and policeman Thomas Wood soon arrived and began a search for Tracy. In the meantime another train came slowly through the area and eighteen-year-old Ed Southwick jumped off to walk to his home. As he was passing through the alleyway between the main Co-op building and the stone granary, the lawmen, thinking he was the bandit, prepared to shoot him. "My God, boy, you were taking a desperate chance!" the relieved marshal said when he recognized Southwick. After being told of the circumstances of his near-shooting Southwick wrote he "was so frightened that I could hardly walk home."2o Tracy was captured the following day, Phillips quickly recovered, and Ed Southwick lived to tell his greatgrandchildren of the incident. Thomas Cutler, relieved that no lives were lost, pressed on with new construction at the Co-op. Anticipating increased business from the Lehi Sugar Factory, he erected two new buildings to the west of the uptown store. One of these housed agricultural implements and the other displayed furniture and stoves. By 1898 a wagon department had been created to the west of the main compound. The coal and lime yard was also greatly enlarged in the area east of the stone granary. During construction of the Lehi Sugar Factory, and for some time afterwards, workers received their pay in MERCANTILES Co-op scrip. But as the sugar industry boomed, cash began to flow more freely into town. On 16 July 1891 the Lehi Commercial & Savings Bank, under president Thomas Cutler, was temporarily established in the People's Co-op while a new bank building was being built on the site of the original People's Co-op store (206 East State). The following month, for the first time in the firm's history, the quarterly dividends of the Coop (3 percent) were paid in cash rather than scrip. Much of this was likely deposited in the new bank, which was paying 5 percent interest. 21 Manager Cutler, who lived across the street from the uptown Co-op, did not ignore the interests of the downtown store. The Branch, though with a smaller , . inventory than the main store, also had a shoe shop and a butcher shop. During the fall of 1889 the old shoe shop on the east of the main building was demolished and a new general merchandise store built. On 29 April 1893, Cutler (who was also general manager of the Utah Sugar Company) resigned as superintendent of the People's Co-op. William E. Racker, who had been serving as assistant superintendent at the Co-op for some time, was selected to be Cutler's successor. Prosperity continued under Racker's management. The 28 December 1893 Lehi Banner extensively detailed the business of the uptown Co-op at the end of Racker's first year of management. The firm was stocked with $75,000 worth of goods. Twenty clerks were employed and the previous Saturday's sales were reported as $1,500. By 1896 the 1878-built store had become the grocery and hardware department. The 1882-built stone addition housed the shoe and dry goods concerns, where cloth sold for 2<1: to $2 per yard. The 1890-built brick building to the west was stocked with clothing and furnishings. The building farther west was the furniture and stove department, where "everything is kept from the common kitchen chair to the fine upholstered parlor suit." Tljle stove line included selections from the "one burner coal oil stove to the latest improved steel ranges." To the rear of the furniture and stove building in 1896 was a large assortment of farming implements, barbed wire, heavy hardware and iron, and pipe of all sizes and descriptions, as well as a full line of oils and paints. The lumberyard in 1896 offered customized "field and fancy fencing" in addition to a large stock of fir lumber from Oregon and redwood from California. The harness and shoe factory at this point was employing four men full time. The entire uptown Co-op then had a staff of twenty-five men and girls.22 In 1899 the People's Co-op capitalization was increased to $100,000, of which $60,000 was fully Paid. In the first two years of the new century Racker supervised dramatic expansions of both the uptown and downtown stores. In the spring of 1900 the original downtown building (T. & W. Taylor/Lehi Union 127 Exchange) was demolished and a large two-story brick facility started. This building (presently the west half of the Colonial House) at 189 West Main was completed in early 1901. The 1889-built portion of the store then became the hardware department. In 1902 the Co-op management initiated construction of a 22,000-square-foot building at the uptown site (161 East State). This structure (Christensen's in 1989) was completed in the spring of 1903. It was one of the first stores in Lehi to be wired for electricity. The 4 June 1903 Lehi Banner commented that it was a pleasure to do business there because there were "no dark corners." The building was also the first in Lehi to have cement sidewalks. "This is something new in our city," commented the 9 April 1903 Lehi Banner, "and we hope to see our merchants on main street soon do likewise and help make our city look more metropolitan. " W. E. Racker was called on a mission to Denmark in early 1903. A festive retirement party was held on his behalf in the Union Hotel. After dinner Co-op president Thomas Cutler presented Racker with a $240 gold watch. Samuel I. Goodwin, who was succeeding Racker. gave a speech. Afterward the group moved to the dancing room in the Lehi Commercial and Savings Bank. 23 When Racker returned from his mission in the summer of 1904 he purchased the downtown Co-op branch. This $9,000 transaction included the lumberyard and all the buildings in the 108-foot frontage - but none of the store goods. Racker Mercantile opened for business on 6 August 1904. To advertise the consolidation of its business interests, the People's Co-op announced in the 4 August 1904 Lehi Banner that "The 'Branch is dead,' long live the MAIN STORE of People's Co-op on State Street." The following year the Co-op divested itself further by selling its livery business to George and Joseph Hammer. 24 In 1912 the People's Co-op, under manager Goodwin's direction, purchased nearly an entire block of property immediately to the west of their large store. This included the Union Hotel, Peter Larsen's Butcher Shop, and the three Wines' Cottages on the west side of First East. The company then moved their lumber and coal yards from north of the railroad tracks to the northeast corner of State and First East (Peck Lumber Company in 1989). One of the most interesting features at the old lumberyard had been a pneumatic tube connection to the main store. This system, which carried cash and small packages, was also installed at the new lumberyard location in 1924. The Union Hotel, which had been only marginally successful under its previous ownership, was remodeled and refurbished by the Co-op management. But it never regained its former popularity and in 1914 was converted into a movie house - The Royal Theatre. The place achieved immense success under Sam Goodwin's management. Four years after the theater opened the 128 COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT Co-op expanded its entertainment interests by leasing the former downtown Lehi Opera House (154 West Main). They called their new business the National Theatre. Manager Goodwin not only secured the highest quality films and road shows, but also linked the theaters with the mercantile by issuing PCI tickets (for People's Co-operative Institute). For each $1 spent at the Co-op patrons were given a PCI ticket worth a 5(1: discount on a movie ticket (adults 20(1:; children 10(1:). The Co-op remained in the entertainment business until 1928. At that time it was necessary to divest itself of the theaters due to the weakening mercantile business. The loss of PCI business can be attributed to several factors. Although a gasoline pump and two six-hundredgallon tanks were installed in front of the store in 1916, the age of the automobile made it easy to shop in other communities. The Co-op remained Lehi's largest mercantile, but other local stores began to achieve success as well. Broadbent's (128 North First East), Larsen Brother's Market (155 West Main), Booth Brothers (2 West Main) Power's Shoe Store (415 North First East) , M. S. Lott Plumbing & Electrical (24 West Main), Watson Mercantile (86 West Main), and Wagstaff Clothing Store (120 West Main) were all successful concerns in the mid-to-Iate 1920s. Sam Goodwin, former PCI manager, also joined competition in 1926 when he opened his Goodwin's Golden Rule in the eastern half of the Racker Building (181 West Main). In the single decade, 1926-36, the troubled PCI had at least six different managers - Sam Goodwin, A. K. Chatfield, Ward Evans, Jr., C. E. Walker, Charles Robbins, and Armond Webb. In 1929 the store listed numerous departments: yard goods, grocery, butcher shop, furniture, hardware, ladies's and men's ready-to wear clothing (Michael Sterns shirts, Rothschilds hats, Morris dress shoes, Wolverine Cordova work shoes, Ault Williamson's shoes, Ault Shackford shoes, Durham and Rollins hosiery). Co-op directors took great pride in 1929 that they could purchase all local poultry, eggs, beef, pork, lamb , butter, hay, and grain. No exchange for trade was involved as in former years, but instead full value paid in cash. The 4 April 1929 Lehi Sun carried an interview with Co-op manager Kelsey Chatfield. "We are on the eve of a very prosperous period," he observed, "let us work together helping one another and in this manner, (for there is no other way) build a bigger and better Lehi." Unfortunately the stock market crashed six months later and the Great Depression fell like nightfall on many American businesses. Economic hardship struck ZCMI, parent company of the People's Co-op. In the fall of 1937 ZCMI management announced that it was abandoning twenty retail branches, including the Lehi business. "The change in policy was made," announced vice-president and general manager Richard W. Madsen, "because independent merchants in smaller communities preferred not to buy from us because we were competitors in retail lines."25 Many of the former ZCMI branches were quickly sold to local merchants. But the large Lehi property, with its numerous buildings, was sold piecemeal. In January 1937 Afton Giles purchased the feed department at 189 East State. After he moved one door east (193 East State) in 1939, Mr. and Mrs. Heber J. Webb opened a clothing store where Giles had formerly been. They soon sold out to Kirk Crabb in 1944. Lynn R. Webb remodeled the place into Webb's Furnishings, a family clothing store. LeRoy and Edna Gammon bought Webb out in January 1950 and renamed the store Edna's Shop. Freida Peterson and Ruby Southwick opened S and P Apparel there in 1959. After they vacated the building it was empty for a considerable time before Arnold Cardon established his insurance agency there. In 1979 Peck's Building Supply opened The Light Works which carried light fixtures. The Jerry Harris family later remodeled it into The Purple Pig !Pizza Parlor which remains in business in 1989. In 1937 M. S. Lott established his plumbing business in the 1878-built store at 193 East State. Stan Giles moved his Giles Feed Store there in 1939. For the next twenty-eight years he carried a "complete line of Grain, Flour, Baled Hay, Cedar Post, Poultry Supplies, etc."26 In 1967 Wallace and Arlene Olsen purchased the building and established Outpost Antiques there. In 1985 Adventureland Video became established in the place when the Olsens moved their business downtown. Shortly before Adventureland went out of business in 1988, the building was extensively remodeled by owner Ronald C. Peck. Attractive gray-and-white vinyl siding covered the wooden false front , though the original bluerock limestone is still visible on the east and north walls of the building. Lehi Barber Stylist is the tenant in 1989. In February 1938 Armond Webb, Leland Price, and Lowell Brown, former PCI clerks, opened The People's Store in the former Co-op building at 173 East State. This establishment sold groceries, meat, dry goods, and general merchandise. In the summer of 1944 Webb purchased nearly all the former Co-op property from the ZCMI real estate department. Though he resold most of the buildings, he retained sole ownership of the People's Store (later Market). In 1947 the thirty-three foot wide building was lengthened to sixty-three feet. Five hundred frozen-food storage lockers were added for customer rental. The store was leased to Ralph Larsen in early 1959 and became Larsen's AG Market. When Larsen moved from the store it was purchased by Christensen's and boarded up in the front in order to use the facility primarily for storage. The largest Co-op building at 151 East State became a roller skating rink in February 1939. "The Niagara," with a new hardwood floor, advertised "Come to the Niagara and watch the falls." But the Niagara fell and MERCANTILES in the fall of 1940 the place was the Lehi Roller Skating Rink, operated by the Smuin brothers. In November 1944 James Comer purchased the building for a farm machinery display room. He was killed in an automobile accident before the business got started, however, and his widow Frances re-leased it to the Smuin brothers for a skating rink. In July 1948 Harry Grass leased the place and established Grass Furniture, which featured household furnishings, carpeting, drapery, and the slogan, "Oh, Go to Grass." In 1955 C. F. Evans opened a wholesale war surplus store there. For a brief time after Evans closed, Frances Comer operated another roller skating rink. In the spring of 1960 Christensen Department Stores purchased the building and have since that time operated a wholesale warehouse for their chain of stores and some sixty-five other establishments throughout the western states. Broadbent's Hundreds of Lehi firms have engaged in trade since the town was incorporated. Many of these businesses, poorly conceived and badly mismanaged, failed quickly. Others flamed brightly for a time only to be eventually snuffed out by the fickle winds of commerce. A few remarkable companies such as the People's Co-op (1872-1937), Lehi Drug Store (1870s-1989), Lehi Roller Mills (1905-89), E. N. Webb Jewelry (1910-69), State Bank of Lehi/ Deseret Bank (1914-89), Power's (1921-77), and The Lehi Free Press (1932-89) found good fortune for more than a half century. In terms of pure longevity, however, no concern except the Lehi Drug Store can match Broadbent's phenomenal record of 107 years of prosperity. Though the store historically has been Broadbent & Son, Broadbent & Son's Emporium, Broadbent's Music Store, Lehi Musical Emporium, Broadbent & Son General Store, and Broadbent & Son's Department Store, it has remained a family-owned corporation since 1882. In the fali of 1859 English immigrants Joseph and Sarah Broadbent arrived in Lehi after trekking across the plains with a handcart. For the next twenty-three years Broadbent eked out a living farming and repairing clocks. His frugal wife, an excellent seamstress, started up a small home industry by turning bolts of blue denim into overalls and jumpers. Her husband added the finishing touch of copper rivets, a symbol of well-made clothing of the day. In 1882 Mrs. Broadbent suggested that the family open a small mercantile. Accordingly Joseph and his nineteen-year-old son Joseph Samuel built a fifteen-bythirty-foot wooden room on the north end of their adobe home (the northeast corner of First North and First East). In addition to watch repair and jewelry work, Broadbent & Son carried a small line of merchandise, furniture, and Sarah Broadbent's homemade work clothing. John Broadbent relates an anecdote that his grandfather Joseph was so ardent that he walked to Dinwoodey 129 Furniture Company in Salt Lake City, purchased three chairs, and then carried them to Lehi on his back Y The Broadbent's industriousness brought them immediate success. In the mid-1880s they more than doubled the size of their place by building a second wooden addition on the north of the original store. They then maintained two departments: dry goods and grocery. Committed to patronizing local products, the mercantile purchased the first sack of beet sugar sold by the Lehi Sugar Factory in the fall of 1891, and thereafter refused to carry cane sugar. Lehi's economy experienced a dramatic upsurge in the 1890s because of the sugar factory. People had cash money to spend . Broadbent's sought to capitalize on this commercial windfall by expanding their business. The 7 July 1892 Lehi Banner announced that Broadbent & Son were hauling brick from M. & B. Co.'s yard at Lehi Junction "preparatory to beginning new building." This two-story structure, with tastefully arched windows and flagpole atop the roof, remains the heart of Broadbent's store in 1989. Although the trade name Broadbent & Son implies just menfolk, Broadbent women have been an integral part of the business from the beginning. In addition to Sarah Broadbent hand sewing work clothing, her daughter Geneva (Lott) became a full-time clerk in 1889. Through her efforts and artistic abilities, a popular millinery department was established on the first floor of the new 1892 store. The "Gay Nineties" were in full swing, and ladies wanted the latest styles in hats, trimmings, ribbons, feathers, and balmorals. A wide assortment of notions including needles, pins, and thimbles were also part of this department. Once women were bedecked in their new headgear a photograph was suggested. A photography studio had been set up in the second story of the new building. When this two-story facility had been completed, the two older buildings became the grocery and dry goods departments. The Lehi Banner praised the establishment in the 16 April 1896 issue: BROAD BENTS & SONS EMPORIUM-without doubt one of the largest department stores in the state and is the store for the people of Lehi . Under excellent management and with a fine corps of capable clerks they run several largely stocked departments-offering a greater selection, later styles and lower prices than any other house south of Salt Lake. In millinery they have the latest spring styles with one of the best milliners in the state in charge. They have a complete line of spring and summer goods, dress goods, ladies's bleached underwear, gents's neckware, hats, table linens, bath towels, and everything in the dry goods department. And shoes! They undoubtedly have the largest stock of shoes ever brought to Lehi and the excellence of the different lines carried and the low prices should convince everyone that now is the time and the place to buy their shoes. In groceries they sell more goods for the same money than any other firm in town. CHAPTER 35 Tinsmith, Sheet Metal, ~ and Heating & Cooling Businesses ~ The Lehi Tin Shop Bishop Collier Earl's mother did not want her son to be drafted into the Union army during the Civil War, so she sent the seventeen-year-old youth to California by sea. In May 1861 he entered the employ of the Overland Mail Company and eventually ended up building mail and telegraph stations on the desert west of Lehi. For a time Earl lived a rather adventurous life as a freighter before settling down with Sarah Ann Goates and raising ten children in Heber and Lehi. The name Bishop Collier Earl would likely have generated much confusion in Lehi had he been the ward's ecclesiastical leader. Bishop Bishop Earl has an echoic rhthym that would certainly have made ears perk up. But although Bishop Earl was a Mormon, he is best remembered not for religious utterances from the Meeting House pulpit, but as a tinsmith and restaurant owner. Earl's Lehi Tin Shop first started in his home. A 17 November 1885 Deseret News article noted that he "manufactures anything in the way of tinware, copperware and stove fittings and supplies many business houses both at home and abroad." Most of his utensil work was fashioned from salvaged metal because sheet tin was so expensive. People saved their empty cans and old metalware for him; he converted their junk metal into buckets, milk pans, tin cups and plates, bread cans, lamps, canteens, coffee pots, and washboards. He also did roofing work and raingutters - installing the first galvanized roof in town on the uptown People's Co-op. In the fall of 1887 Earl purchased property from Hans Hammer at 149 West Main, erected a lumber building, and opened a store in connection with his tin shop. In early 1888 he added a small eating room to his store and the following year, in partnership with Ned Darling, opened up a restaurant in the place (see chapter 22). Earl sold his place of business to William Remington in March 1889 and the new owner maintained the name Lehi Tin Shop. A 12 June 1891 ad in the Lehi Banner announced "Roofing and jobbing. Distillery work. Copper and tinware made to order. All kirids of tin and copper work done by experienced workmen." By October of that year, however, the ownership of the property reverted back to the Earls who until 1906 leased it to various barbershops, grocery stores, and butchershops. In 1906 the Earls sold the place to William Asher, whose many talents included tinsmithing. Asher Tin Shop Bill Asher was born in England in 1867 and apprenticed as a tinsmith before coming to America in 1893. The first reference to his being in Lehi was a 25 October 1894 Lehi Banner article which mentioned he was putting up a tin shop on the north of "Broadbent and Son's Emporium." The small lumber shack remained on the site until John Broadbent demolished it in the mid-1930s. Working next door to Broadbent's (who maintained a photo gallery on the second floor of their store), Asher became interested in photography, learned the positives and negatives of the business, and opened his own studio there in June 1899. J. J. Martin then became the proprietor of Asher's tin shop. In January 1902 Asher moved his photography business into an upstairs suite of the Ross Building (80 West Main). Four years later the photography business faded and Asher purchased the B. C. Earl building for a combination law office and tin shop (he also found time to play the fiddle in a local dance band). When patrons would enter Asher's place of business, the self-trained attorney would announce, "State your business." If the customer wanted a milk pail mended or a copper boiler soldered Asher put on his leather apron and attended CHAPTER 39 ~ Stone-Cutters Lehi Stone, Marble, and Granite Works Arthur Bradder & Company Englishman Arthur Bradder (born 1855) at the age of thirteen began a two-year stone-cutting apprenticeship which he left because of an abusive master. He then traveled about England, Wales, and France plying the skills he had learned. In 1874 he became converted to Mormonism through the efforts of Mary Jane Chappel, whom he married shortly afterwards in Cardiff, South Wales. Working in Liverpool, England, during 1876 Bradder was able to save enough money to transport his family to America. They arrived in Salt Lake City on 6 October 1877, but he could not find work. The family moved first to Sanpete County, then to Providence, Cache County, but work was hard to come by. Finally in the spring of 1878 he found a job which lasted for three years. The Ogden Fourth Ward then sent him to Wasatch (the"mouth of Little Cottonwood Canyon) to cut granite for the Salt Lake Temple. In 1884, on the advice of Wasatch Stake President Abram Hatch, Bradder moved to Heber, where he found ample work for four years. In the spring of 1888 Bradder obtained a contract for cutting stone for the new Ogden City Hall . His business in Utah's second largest city continued to prosper and he eventually employed twelve other cutters. One of these men, Joseph J. Gill (born in England in 1869), married Bradder's daughter Henrietta. The two men formed a partnership and in 1897, after being told there would be no stonecutting competition in Lehi, moved to town and established the Lehi Stone, Marble, and Granite Works (later Arthur Bradder & Company) on the northeast corner of Fourth North and First East. The first major contract Bradder and Gill obtained was for the decorative stone on the downtown People's ~ Co-op building (189 West Main). This structure (Colonial House in 1989) is the only known Bradder/ Gill commercial work that can still be examined - though presumably stone work on the New Log Cabin Saloon (155 West Main), Merrihew Building (98 West Main), Ross Block (86 West Main), and the main building of the uptown People's Co-op (151 East State)-all built between 1902 and 1908 were also Bradder & Co. work. The largest local project for the stone cutters was the Lehi Tabernacle. Because some stones used in that building were so huge, weighing several tons, Bradder and Gill relocated their business to the yard of the uptown railroad depot in August 1901. Huge gang saws were set up in the shop and the cutting began. The 30 January 1902 Lehi Banner noted that the "cut stone work over the main entrance to the new tabernacle is a fine piece of work and reflects credit on our local stone cutter, Mr. A. Bradder." This huge stone, along with the sandstone steps (also cut by Bradder and Gill), was hauled west of Lehi and dumped in a ravine near the Jordan River when the Tabernacle was demolished in 1962. Richard Van Wagoner was jogging in the area several years ago and noticed the heap of dressed stone. On closer examination he made out the inscription, "Holiness To The Lord, " on one piece, and recognized that this was the stone that once graced the Tabernacle's main entrance. Lehi City supervisors Don Pinkham and Glen Carter gave permission for a twoman power crew to assist in recovering the stone. It was then donated to the Hutchings Museum, where it can be seen in the back yard. Another example of the fine stone-cutting abilities of Bradder and Gill is the Lehi Pioneer Monument, which now stands on the Memorial Building grounds. Erected in 1908 at a cost of $650, the monument consists of two sections. The four-by-four-foot base is Utah NEWSPAPERS est it takes in the sugar beet industry. It is being sent for from all the sections of the country where beets are being raised. By this our town is getting well advertised outside of Utah. Thus the BANNER which waves for all is doing a good work for our business men and could do much more if they would advertise more extensively in it." The paper constantly solicited advertisements and job work. The 19 April 1894 issue noted that Lehi visitors frequently stopped in the Banner office and asked where they could get a meal for 25c. Editor Webb then sarcastically explained that he did not know whether the price of a meal at the local hotels was 25<1: or 50<1: because "neither of them advertise in our paper, and here's where they miss it, for they lost more in one day by this neglect, than they would pay for a months advertising." The 21 February 1895 paper outlined the Banner's capabilities: THE LEHI BANNER IS THE PAPER FOR THE PEOPLE IT IS READ BY THE Merchant, Miner, Farmer, At Home and Abroad ADVERTISE NOW SUBSCRIBE NOW GOOD WORK AT REASONABLE RATES Our Job Department Is one of the Largest and most complete in the county We are prepared to do all kinds of ·Commercial and General Job Work in a neat and pleasing style and on shortest possible notice BANK BOOKS BALL & WEDDING CARDS LETTER & BILL HEADS CARDS, DODGERS, ETC. Ads in the early Banner were by no means slick or sophisticated. There is evidence that the editor did not always rewrite the advertiser's copy. A 14 September 1893 ad for the People's Co-op claimed the store was "still in the lead, they sell goods as cheap as the cheapest, their customers know no matter how cheap others may advertise to sell their goods they will buy their goods as cheap from them and good goods too. The Co-op does not buy cheap off brands of goods but always good, reliable, well known, standard brands, goods that has and will stand the test against all competitors." The paper frequently carried quaint or ungrammatical advertisements. But readers, if they noticed the weaknesses at all, did not fuss about them. Perhaps the folksy ads appealed to the buying publicPeople's Co-op was one of the city's most successful long-term businesses. Politically the Banner followed the LDS Church's position on virtually every issue. Anxious to obtain statehood, Mormon leaders abandoned their People's Party in the early 1890s and encouraged their followers to join either the Republican or Democratic party. The balance of Utah political power overwhelmingly tilted to the Republicans. Not only did this party favor free 375 speech, home industry, free silver, woman's suffrage, and protection for Utah's sugar industry, but statehood possibilities were also more likely under Republican sponsorship. During the dawn of national political activism in Utah, twenty-one-year-old Banner editor Walter L. Webb asserted in the 26 June 1891 issue that "this paper wishes it to be distinctly understood that it is neither Republican nor Democratic for the present simply because we have not investigated the situation sufficiently to give an opinion, nor side with either party, but when we have, we will then say what we are fearlessly, and will be able to give intelligent reasons why we have done so." By the fall of 1893 it was obvious the paper had developed a Republican bias. A letter to the editor from a disgruntled Democrat "denounced the action of our local paper as totally uncharacteristic of an unbiased, non-political sheet and condemns their unwarranted attacks on Democratic principles and officers." During the election year of 1895 the Banner placed the Republican state ticket at the head of its editorial columns. This action infuriated the editor of the Salt Lake Herald. "Sometimes [the Banner] gives evidence of ordinary journalistic ability," he mocked; "then again it drools as if affected with idiocy. It is particularly lunatic on the [sugar] bounty question. It is of Republican proclivities, therefore it is selfish and sectional .... The general welfare counts for nothing by the side of the special interests of its own little town, and the growth of beets in a very limited area takes root in its heart, as of vastly more importance than the rights of the entire population of the whole of Utah."4 Evidently the Banner did not hestitate to publish such criticism - possibly because finding sufficiently newsworthy material to fill the paper was not always easy. Though there was the usual grist of marriages, births, deaths, and local celebrations, Banner editors cheerfully appropriated stories verbatim from other newspapers - usually the Salt Lake City papers. Disseminating the news was only one of the functions expected of Banner editors. Editor George Webb, who temporarily replaced his missionary son Walter, noted in his chatty, person-to-person editorial that All an editor has to do is hunt news, clean rollers, set type, sweep the floor, pen short items, fold papers, write wrappers, make paste, mail the paper, talk to visitors, distribute type, saw wood, read proofs, correct mistakes, hunt the shears, write editorials, dodge the bills, dun the delinquents, take cussings from the whole force, say a few cuss words ourselves, try to please Gentile or Jew, bound and free, rich and poor and tell our subscribers we want money. We say we have no business to make mistakes while we attend to the little matters, and getting our living on gopher tails' soup flavored with imaginations, and wearing old shoes and no collar, and patch on our pants, obliged to turn a smiting countenance to the man who tells us your paper isn't worth a continental anyhow, and that he could make a better one with his eyes shut. s T. and W. Taylor building became the Union Exchange in 1869; the downtown branch of the People's Co-op in , 1880; and Racker Mercantile in 1904. The Colonial House is on this site in 1989. (From Kirkham 1950, 124.) Uptown People's Co-op in 1884 (George E. Anderson photograph). Note "bone crusher bicycle" in front. Lehi Barber Stylist is in right half of this building in 1989 and Purple Pig Pizza is in left section . .PEOPLE'S CO-OP, .. ____ ___ :::::z:'Z . ~ ______ _ .. QUITS BUSINESS A BRANCII Of Z. C. M.I. LEJII, UrAl! R[DUCliONS {·-}·i ~~~~1I1!TJ ...,-----_._------ .... - ------_ _- .. ...----_ _...__ . _-.._ . __ . ..-._..----__------.. ... _.-.. _-_ ... _.... _..... - - ........ __ ...__ _-----_ .. _ --.. .. _.. _ ---- _,. .. ----_.. _----_ .. _ __ .. . . __ ..- ..... _..- _.. _-----.... < .,----~- .............. .. • Stock Worth Nearly 30 Thousand Dollars • THE BEST GOODS MONEY CAN BUY it"'J.'tOI1/n People's Co-op, ca. 1910. (Courtesy El Moine Kirkham.) People's Co-op close-out sale in 14 October 1937 Lehi Free Press. 1907 Sanborn Map showing layout of People's Co-op and nearby Oregon Short Line Railroad facilities. Downtown branch of People's Co-op which became Racker Mercantile in 1904. Woman in this 1888 photo is clerk Jane Ross (Smith), butcher in apron is Billy Dawson, other persons are unknown. Dry goods shelves inside downtown People's Co-op. Left to right: John Roberts (branch manager), Ed Ross, and Rachel Evans (Wing). (Courtesy Arva W. Bone.) TITLE SEARCH FORM [Clltain information from title abstract books at County Recorder's Office) Address: /5( 'E. S .....""'h::... City: ~\ Current.Owner: ~~, ~ .... ~... <:.. Address·ll<r~ ~ r. ________ TRANSACTION OATES IO/ZI/'1.l ?11Pt f:6&j tJ1/~ . ~('. ~~~ ~ Tax Number: Dl '. &ib·.O't>l~ Legal Description (include acreage): -.... .J p""l.IZ."-I'Z.~ GRANTOR (SELLER) CM,n~~;~;;:,, r~..,. '1:A.~? CWi~\-u~ L.I~~'r TYPE OF DOLLAR TRANSACTION AMOUNT GRANTEE (BUYER) Z '" ~tl..J21A.~i=~G:..,.6 ~"'-C , ~I/''..~~c...-s ?A;t'r\,.,~_, '.- Cwd~ '7T"" .•A-.,.c, Wv 'l~'P WV COf+1ENTS tD to ~~ Ol·· o7oa&e'~ , I~~t.re·ll 1(\ , lb~t- +>-~.:> ke.v-~ J¢ ' t J , VV'A ~\ "'-:> \ \1'1.. ~,~ NJ?t-r~ ) Researcher: Date: - LIDP * * .. Land Inf'or.atiBn Display Syst~. Praperty Serial Nu.berl 01.0'0J0014c.00l Loc~tor/Old Serial No. I A 1 A-539·- f). .. * *Ye~rl 1995~ Tax District Acres I *1 •• 010 0.47 -------------,- - - - - -,- ,- --- -- O.,.n Itt" 1 n f or •• t i on ~ --...---. ... - .... ---.,..,- ....... -----.- -------Nil •• 2 ZANDE'R , RUDY .. CA'ROl,. YNC " Na.el Address1 1185 MANOR C~R TEE SALT LAKE CITY UT Q4124-12~ ---------------------------- Pr~pe~ty Infor_ationl ----------------------------- Address. 151 E 5T'ATE Date Eff',e ctive& 08/08/94 08/08/94 D'a t It Recorded I Last Entry 4h 63127;94 LEHI UT 84043 Oat. Deleted1 00/00/00 Date Created: 12/31/7~ ':'rev iQU'S 51tri.a1 NUltber I ----... - ... --------- Tax i ng Deser ipt i on 'l: CNo·t COM N 1 DEG 32'W 132FT & S 62 DEG 36'E e07.~ Property Ciasi. 100 Dc.·t e Updated'), 01/03/95 For Leg.a! Docu.ents) ------------ FT FR NW COR BLK 88, PL~T A, LEHI C.ITY; fit 27 DEB 24'E 162.34 FT1 S 58 DEB 38'E' 10c}.2 FT; S 47 DEB Zl'E 32.7& FT; S 27 DEG 24'W 14.5.37 FT; N 6a PEG 3'6 'W 96.70 FT, N 27 DEG 24'E85 FT; N ,~ DEG 36 'W 15 FT; S Z.7 DEG Z4'W 85 FT; N 6.Z DES 36'W 29.9 FT TO BEG. AREA .47 AC. SUBJEC 06/11/«)7 10116:56 INF'O ,1lt 12-2205 584 HIS,T ORY OF LEHI OLD PICTURE REPRODUCED APRIL 21, 1950 Grass Furniture Store: Freda Peterson, Mark Robinson, H.arry Grass (owner). Peoples Market: Shirley Webb, Armond E. Webb, Keith Webb, Dean S. Webb. Clothing Store: Mrs. Edna Gammon, Fern Nielson, T. F. Kirkham. Giles Feed: Leona Giles, E. A. Giles. TWO OF THE OLDEST MERCANTILE ESTABLISHMENTS 8. H. Roberts, Comprehensive History of the Church, Vol.5, Ch.132, p.216 1. Deseret News, weekly, editorial of Oct. 7th, where American Fork is mentioned as having started on the cooperative plan. At Lehi a cooperative store was opened on the 23rd of July, 1868, under the name of the "Lehi Union Exchange." The shares of stock were $25. The institution had but $357.50 worth of goods to begin with, but procured fresh supplies as fast as they were needed. At the end of December a dividend was declared amounting to $28.55 to each share of $25.00. They bought the whole of their goods of Salt Lake merchants, sold them at Salt Lake retail prices, and cleared over 100 per centum. Naturally the number of shareholders rapidly increased after that showing. (Deseret News, weekly, Jan. 27, 1869). "Now is the time to act," said the News editorial of October 7th, "as the inhabitants of American Fork have acted, and as the people of other places are doing, cooperate, sell shares so low that all who earnestly desire can become shareholders, and let the entire people be merchants on the cooperative principles;" and the movement was accelerated. It was not difficult to convince the people of Utah of the value and advantage of the cooperative principle in community mercantile ventures, for many of them were familiar with its success in northern England, where it took its rise in 1844, among the flannel-weavers of Rochdale, and the founding of their "Equitable Pioneers' Cooperative Store;" whence the movement spread over all England in the course of a few years. (An interesting account of the movement is given in McCarthy's History of Our Own Times, American edition, vol. iv, pp. 145-153). 7112/97 7:57 :53 PM Printed from the LDS Collectors Library ©1995 Infobases, Inc. Page 1 PEOPLE'S CO-OP LEHI ROLLER SKATING RINK GRASS FURNITURE CHRISTENSEN'S WHOLESALE Constructed: 1902-03 Address: 151 East State Present owner: Christensen's Wholesale In 1903 Lehi's largest mercantile, the People's Co-operative Institute (P.C.I.), which owned both an uptown and downtown complex, completed construction of a 22,OOO-square-foot building at lSI East State. It was one of the first stores in Lebi to be wired for electricity. The 4 June 1903 Lebi Banner commented that it was a nice place to do bUsiness because there were "no dark comers." It was also the first building in Lehi to have cement sidewalks. "This is something new in our city," noted the 9 April 1903 Lehi Banner "and we hope to see our merchants on main street soon do likewise and help make our city look more metropolitan." In 1904 former Co-op manager, W. E. Racker, purchased the downtown Co-op branch and opened Racker Mercantile there. To advertise the consolidation of its business interests, the People's Co-op announced in the August 4, 1904 Lehi Banner that "The 'Branch is dead,' long live the MAIN STORE of People's Co-op on State Street." In 1912 the People's Co-op, under manager S. 1. Goodwin's direction, purchased nearly an entire block of property immediately to the west of their large store. This included the Union Hotel, Peter Larsen's Butcher Shop, and the three Wines' Cottages on the west side of First East. In the mid-1920s, PCI business began to dwindle. The reasons were rather complicated. Although a gasoline pump and two six-hundredgallon tanks were installed in front of the store in 1916, the "age of the automobile" made it easy to shop in other communities. Although the Co-op remained Lehi's largest mercantile, other local stores began to successfully compete for business. In the single decade, (1926-36), the troubled PCl had at least six different managers-Sam Goodwin, A. K. Chatfield, Ward Evans, Jr. , C. E. Walker, Charles Robbins, and Armond Webb. In 1929 the store listed numerous departments: yard goods, grocery, butcher shop, furniture, hardware, ready-to wear clothing (Michael Sterns shirts, Rothschilds hats, Morris dress shoes, Wolverine Cordova work shoes, Ault Williamson's shoes, Ault Shackford shoes, Durham and Rollins hosiery). As the Depression descended on America, economic hardship struck ZCMI, parent company of the People's Co-op. In the fall of 1937 ZCMI management annolDlced that it was abandoning twenty retail branches, including the Lehi business. "The change in policy was made," announced vicepresident and general manager, Richard W. Madsen, "because independent merchants ill smaller communities preferred not to buy from us because we were competitors in retail lines." Many of the former ZCMI branches were quickly sold, in their entirety, to local merchants. But the large Lehi property, with its numerous buildings, was sold piecemeal. The largest Co-op building at 151 East State became a roller skating rink in February of 1939. "The Niagara," with a new hardwood floor, advertised "Come to the Niagara and watch the falls ." In the fall of 1940 the place was the Lehi Roller Skating Rink., operated by the Smuin brothers. In November of 1944 James Comer purchased the building for a farm machinery display room. He was killed in an automobile accident before the business got started, however, and his widow Frances re-leased it to the Smuin brothers for a skating rink. In July of 1948 Harry Grass leased the place and established Grass Furniture, which featured household furnishings, carpeting, drapery, and the slogan, "011, Go to Grass." In 1955 C. F. Evans opened a wholesale war surplus store there. For a brief time after Evans closed, Frances Comer operated another roller skating rink. In the spring of 1960 Christensen Department Stores purchased the building and have since that time operated a wholesale warehouse for their chain of stores and also for sixty-five other establishments throughout the western states. 74 151 East State in 1910 73 A GUIDE TO LEHI CITY'S HISTORICAL SITES AND PLACES Published by the Lehi Historical Preservation Commission 1997 funded by grants from the l 'lah Stale llistorical Society and "chi CilyCorporation EVALUATION SHEET National Register Nomination Utah office of Preservation Name of Property: Lehi MPS Address: Main Street Historic District and 10 individual MPS nominations Ci ty, County: Lehi. Utah Certified Local Government: __~L~e~h~i~_____________________________________ Submitted by: Nelson Knight Date: Feb. 1998 Evaluation: ~ Approved by staff -- Submitted to the Board of State History Returned for corrections or additional information (see below) Rejec.ted by staff (see below) Evaluated by: Julie Osborne Date: Feb. 1998 Checklist of items required for each nomination Nomination form completed per National Register guidelines (Bulletin * * * * --1L- __ x_ 16A) • Completed CLG approval letter (if located within an active CLG) • U.S. Geological Survey map (7.5 or 15 minute only) with location of the site marked in pencil. At least five, 35 mm color slides showing all sides of the structure and significant interior details. At least two, high-quality 7" x 10 ir full-frame, glossy, black-and-white, photographs with accompanying negatives. Photos should show principal facade and rear and/or side elevations. Name and mailing address of the property owner. Copy of all research materials. Comments Good nominations. Photos and maps en route. ()'8 NPS Form 10·900 (Oct. 1990) Utah WOrdPerfect 5. 1 Format (Rev ised Feb . 1993) No . 10014·0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form This form is for use in nooinating or requesting determinations of eligibility for individual properties or districts . See instructions in How to Conplete the National Regi ster of Historic Places Form (National Register Bulletin 16M. Cooplete each item by marking "x" i n the appropriate box or by entering the information requested. If an item does not appl y to the property being documented. enter "N/A" for "not applicable." For functions. architectural classification . materials . and areas of significance. enter only categories and subcategories froo the instructions . Place additional entri es and narrati ve items on conti nuati on sheets (NPS Form 10-g00a) . Use a typewri ter . word processor. or cooputer to coop 1ete all items. historic name People's Co-op Store other names/site number Niagara Skating Rink. Lehi Roller Skating Rink. Grass Furnityre. Christensen Wholesale street &number 151 East State Street city or _____________________________________________________ town,~Le~h~i~ state Ut ah code ----.UL countY-'U...t..,a...hL.-________________________ code -HLA- not for publication J!LA.... vicinity ~ zip code 84043- As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, I hereby certify that this -X-nomination ___ request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property -X-meets ___does not meet the National Register criteria. I recommend that this property be considered significant ___nationally ___statewide -X-locally. ( ___ See continuation sheet for additional comments.) Signature of certifying official/Title Date Utah Division of State History. Office of Historic preseryation State or Federal agenc and bureau In my opinion, the property ___meets ___does not meet the National Register criteria. continuation sheet for additional comments.) Signature of certifying official/Title State or Federal agenc ( ___ See Date and bureau I hereby certify that this property is: ___ entered in the National Register. See continuation sheet. ___ determined eligible for the National Register. See continuation sheet. ___ determined not eligible for the National Register. removed from the National Register. ___ other, (expl a i n: ) _________________________ Signature of the Keeper Date of Action Lehi, Utah County , Utah City, County, and State people's Co-op Store Name of Property Ownership of Property (Check as many boxes as appl y) ....lL _ _ _ private public-local public-State public-Federal Category of Property Number of Resources within Property not i nclude previ ously l i sted resources i n the count . ) (Check onl y one box) (00 ....lL building(s) district site structure _ object Contributing Noncontributing bui ldings ___________________________________ sites _ _..1...._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________________________ structures ___________________________________ objects ""0<--____ Total _ _ _..1...._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Name of related multiple property listing (Enter "N/A" if property i s not part of a multipl e property li st i ng .) Historic and Architectural Resources of Lehi, Utah Number of contributing resources previously listed in the National Register N/A Historic Functions (Enter categories from instructions) Current Functions (Enter categories from instructions) COMMERCE/TRAPE; department store COMMERCE/TRAPE; department store Architectural Classification (Enter categories from instructions) LATE VICTORIAN Materials (Enter categories from instructions) foundation Sandstone walls BRICK roof ASPHALT other METAL (cornice) Narrative Description (Describe the historic and current condition of the property on one or more continuation sheets.) ....lL See continuation sheet(s) for Section No, 7 peQple's CO-QP Store Name of Property Lehi. Utah County. Utah City, County, and State Applicable National Register Criteria (Mark "x" on one or more lines for the criteria qualifying the property for National Register listing.) -X- A Property is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history. B Property is associated with the lives of persons significant in our past. C Property embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or represents the work of a master, or possesses high artistic values, or represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components lack individual distinction. o Property has yielded, or is likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history. Criteria Considerations (Mark "x" on all that apply.) Areas of Significance (Enter categories from instructions) Property is: A owned by a religious institution or used for religious purposes. B removed from its original location. C a birthplace or grave. o a cemetery. E a reconstructed building, object, or structure. a commemorative property. G less than 50 years of age or achieved significance within the past 50 years. COMMERCE INpUSTRY SOCIAL HISTORY Period of Significance 1902-1937 Significant Dates 1902 Significant Person (Complete if Criterion B is marked above) NIA Cultural Affiliation NIA Architect/Builder Andrew Fjeld. Charles Ohran (designerslbuilders) Narrative Statement of Significance (Explain the significance of the property on one or more continuation sheets.) -X- See continuation sheet(s) for Section No. 8 Bibl iography (Cite the books, articles, and other sources used in preparing this form on one or more continuation sheets.) Previous documentation on file (NPS): ___ preliminary determination of individual listing (36 CFR 67) has been requested ___ previously listed in the National Register ___ previously determined eligible by the National Register ___ designated a National Historic Landmark ___ recorded by Historic American Buildings Survey #_------ Primary location of additional data: -X- State Historic Preservation Office ___ Other State agency ___ Federal agency ___ Local government ___ University ___ Other Name of repository: ___ recorded by Historic American Engineering Record # _ _ _ _ _ __ -X- See continuation sheet(s) for Section No.9 Lehi. Utah COunty. Utah City, County, and State People's Co-op Store Name of Property Acreage of property 0.47 acres UTM References (Place additional UTM references on a continuation sheet.) A 1-LZ- 4/2/8/1/8/0 Zone Easting C---L- 111I1 4/4/7/1/9/9/0 Northing IIIII1 B---L11111 Zone Easting D---L- 11I1I I I I I I I Northing I I I I I I Verbal Boundary Description (Describe the boundaries of the property.) Commencing N 1 deg 32'W 132 ft &S 62 deg 36'E 207.5 ft from NW corner Block 88, Plat A, Lehi City Survey; N 27 deg 24'E 162 .34 ft; S 58 deg 38'E 109.2 ft; S 47 deg 21'E 32.76 ft; S 27 deg 24'W 145.37 ft; N 62 deg 36'W 95.70 ft; N 27 deg 24'E 85 ft; N 62 deg 36'W 15 ft; S 27 deg 24'W 85 ft; n 62 deg 36'W 29.9 ft to beginning. Property Tax No. 01:090:0014:003 ___ See continuation sheet(s) for Section No. 10 Boundary Justification (Explain why the boundaries were selected.) The boundaries include the entire city lot that has historically been associated with the property. See continuation sheet(s) for Section No. 10 name/title Nelson W. Knight I Architectural Historian organization Smith Hyatt Architects date July. 1997 street &number 845 South Main Street telephone [phone] city or town,~Bo~u£n~t~i~f~u~l______________________________________________ state ~ zip code 84010- Submit the following items with the completed form: • Continuation Sheets • Maps: A USGS map (7.5 or 15 minute series) indicating the property's location. A Sketch map for historic districts and/or properties having large acreage or numerous resources. • Photographs: Representative black and white photographs of the property. • Additional items (Check with the SHPO or FPO for any additional items.) name Rydy & Carolyn C. Zander street & number 1185 Manor Circle city or town Salt Lake City telephone [phone] state ~ zip code 84124- Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of HistoriC Places to nominate properties for listing or determine eligibility for li sting. to li st properties . and to amend existing listi ngs . Response to this request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act . as amended (16 U.s.C. 470 et seq. l. Estimated Burden Statet1lent : Public reporti ng burden for thi s form is estimated to average 1B.1 hours per response i ncl udi ng time for revi ewi ng i nstructi ons . gatheri ng and mai ntai ni ng data . and camp 1eti ng and revi ewi ng the form . Di rect comments regardi ng thi s burden estimate or any aspect of thi s form to the Chi ef. Admi ni strati ve Servi ces Di vi si on . Nati ona 1 Park Service. P.O. Box 37127. Washi ngton . DC 20013-7127 : and the Offi ce of Management and Budget . Paperwork Reducti ons Projects (1024·Q01Bl. Washi ngton. DC 20503. NPS Form 10· 900· . ut.h WordPer f ect 5. 1 Format (Revised Feb . 1993) 1116 No . 10024·0016 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section No. -1- Page-1- People's Co-op Store , Lehi, Utah County, UT Narrative Description The People's Co-op Building, located at 151 East State Street in Lehi, was built in 1902 as a new mercantile building for the People's Cooperative Mercantile Institution , which had been already established at the site since 1872 . The Co-op building was one of a number of buildings in the complex, including a lumberyard , coal yard, feed store, livery stable , harness shop , hotel, drugstore , and blacksmith shop. At this writing , the only remaining building that retains its integrity is the 1902 mercantile building . Sanborn Maps show that the building was constructed on the site of the Co-op 's former furnace, stove , and agricultural implements buildings. The new building was constructed immediately adjacent (southwest) to the original , 1878 mercantile building. As constructed, the new building included 22,000 square feet of space , encompassing mercantile departments and warehouse areas. Completed in the spring of 1903, the buildi ng was one of the first in Lehi to be wired for electricity. In addition, a Bell telephone system and pneumatic tube connection to other buildings in the complex were installed in the mercantile building. The building was the also the first in Lehi to have cement sidewalks. Adjacent to the sidewalks is an ashlar sandstone foundation, dressed with a diamond pattern . Above the foundation rise walls of brick . The walls were probably laid up by prominent local brick masons Andrew Fjeld and Charles Ohran. Using the styles outlined in Thomas Carter and Peter Goss ' Utah ' s Historic Architecture . 1847-1940 , the Co -op is a larger example of the two-part block type of commercial building . Brick enframing walls flank the main section of the front (west) facade . This section consists of a three bay street level section with large display windows, a middle clerstory section, also three bays wide, with translucent glazing . The brick upper half of the facade continues the three bay rhythm of the lower sections, with the central section stepped out and adorned with an oval cutout that once prominently displayed the Co-op logo. Atop the front facade is a pressed metal classical cornice . A row of modillions stretches across the length of the building ; coved blocks top the enframing walls. Finials were once placed atop the blocks , these have since been removed . Also removed is the brickwork that once stood above the central bay. These changes appear to have been made at roughly the same time (c .1960) as the installation of an aluminum "storefront" glass wall on the ground level of the main facade. A vinyl awning obscures the effects of this aluminum storefront somewhat. The remaining walls of the building are multicolored, unpainted brick. All of them are utilitarian and unadorned, as is common in a street fronting commercial building. Several double hung, wood framed windows, mostly double hung in type , are spaced along the rear (east) and south walls of the building . A number of the openings have been bricked up; A painted advertisement for the present tenants , Christensen's Wholesale has been applied over some of these bricked in openings and the adjacent wall on the east wall. The advertisement is visible from the nearby freeway . The interior retains it original configuration, though most of the detailing has been obscured or obliterated in several renovations. Six substantial square columns divide up the largely open interior and support the structure. These columns also support a second floor mezzanine , roughly ten feet wide, that runs around the perimeter of the room. Although changes have been made that obscure some of the historic features of the building, the overall massing and primary architectural features that describe the Co-op building as a turn-of-the-century, Classically styled, commercial building remain . The overall integrity of the building is sufficient to consider it eligible for National Register listing. -K- See continuation sheet (tIB No . 10024-001B NPS Form 10-900-. Utah WordPerfect 5 .1 Format (Revised Feb. 1993) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section No _ ~ Page ~ People's co-op Store, Lehi, Utah County, UT Narrative Statement of Significance The People 's Co-op Store Building is nominated as part of the "Historic and Architectural Resources of Lehi, Utah " Multiple Property Submittal _ As outlined in the Submittal , the Co-op building is historically significant as the only remaining architecturally intact example of the cooperative store in Lehi _ Begun on a wide basis throughout Utah in 1868 by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (LOS or Mormon Church), the cooperative merchandising system encouraged church members to mutually invest in a mercantile store_ The members then bought (or often traded for) their necessities from the store _ As a branch of the statewide store, Z.C.M.I. , the People's Co-op was the largest and most successful mercantile in Lehi during the years of its existence , 1872-1937. The Co-op building was built in 1902 and was part of a large complex that included a lumberyard, coal yard, feed store , livery stable , harness shop, hotel, drugstore , and blacksmith shop . At this writing, the only remaining building that retains its integrity is the 1902 mercantile building . The cooperative mercantile system , an integral part of the economic history of Utah, was first put into practice in Lehi . Israel Evans, son of Mormon Bishop David Evans, visited a co-operative mercantile in England while on a mission for the Mormon Church from 1853-57 . Upon his return, he advocated for such a mercantile in Lehi. The outgrowth of this, the Lehi Union Exchange opened in 1868 . 1 Within the larger framework of the LOS Church , Lorenzo Snow , then a member of the Church's governing body the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , was advocating a similar cooperative system. The co-op system was significantly expanded during 1868. In that year, Zion's Cooperative Mercantile Institution (Z .C.M.I.) was organized at Salt Lake City. Lehi ' s Union Exchange become a branch of the Z.C.M.I. organization. The early success of Lehi 's cooperative system was destined to be short-lived , however . As was the case in other Utah communities, the cooperative ideal fell victim to increasing competition from private concerns . Completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 was an event which undoubtedly contributed to the demise of the cooperative system (which had been formally launched less than one year earlier) . It also exerted strong influences upon the subsequent course of Lehi 's history. The coast-to-coast transportation system ended Utah's geographic isolation. It made goods from the outside more readily available , IVan Wagoner, 123-124. created new markets for Utah-produced commodities, stimulated commerce and the development of new industries , and brought in more settlers together with more outside influences . In 1871, the Lehi People's Cooperative Mercantile Institution (People's Co-op) was organized to take advantage of the railroad's arrival in Lehi, and to compete with the established Lehi Union Exchange. 2 Located on North State Street near the new railroad depot, the People's Co-op flourished, and indeed soon drove the Union Exchange out of business in 1880. By the end of the 19th Century the company was Lehi's largest merchant. Two branches, the "uptown" and the "downtown" locations, were supplemented by clothing, furniture, farming implements, livery, lumber, coal, shoes and harness departments . The uptown branch alone employed twenty-five men and girls and stocked over $75,000 worth of merchandise .3 In the first two years of the new century, store manager William E. Racker supervised dramatic expansions of both the uptown and downtown stores . In the spring of 1900 a new two story brick building was begun at the downtown location (189 West Main St.). Shortly after that building was completed , construction began on a new 22,000 square foot building at the uptown site (151 East State St.). Construction was supervised by prominent local contractors and brick masons Andrew Fjeld and Charles Ohran. Fjeld and Ohran , along with additional partner Olaf Holmstead , were a successful partnership in Lehi from 1891 until 1911. Andrew Fjeld , a native of Lehi, apprenticed as a bricklayer in Lehi in the 1880s . In 1891 he teamed with Charles Ohran , who had come to Lehi to lay brick on the Lehi Commercial and Savings Bank Building. 4 Together with Olaf Holmstead, the pair constructed a sizable number of Lehi ' s homes and commercial buildings. s Among the features the contractors built into the building were electrical wiring, a Bell telephone system, and a pneumatic tube connection to other buildings in the complex. All of these were technolgies new to Lehi. Another Lehi first for the building were the cement sidewalks, the first to be installed in the town, running along the Coop's State Street frontage. The new Co-op building was completed and occupied in 1903. A new manager, Samuel I. Goodwin, was appointed the same year after William Racker was called on a Mormon mission . In 1904 the People's Co-op sold their downtown branch and concentrated their resources into their new uptown location, at 151 East State Street . The following year the company divested itself even further by selling its livery business . In 1912, the Co-op bought the Union Hotel, adjacent to the Co-op complex. The company remodeled the Union Hotel into a movie theater, the Royal, in 1914. In 1916, a gasoline pump and two 600 gallon tanks were installed in front of the mercantile .6 In spite of the gas pump, the automobile can be considered one of the factors in the People's Co-op's decline . It became easier to shop in other communities, including 2Van Wagoner, 127. Van Wagoner, 127. 3 4206 E. State - nominated to the National Register in 1997 as part of the Lehi MPS. 5Van Wagoner, 223. >Van Wagoner, 208. Salt Lake City, where selection and prices were often better . In addition, the Coop faced increasing competition from a rising number of successful local merchants . The Great Depression ended any hopes of continued success for the Co-op. In 1937, Z.C.M.I ., the parent company of the People's Co-op announced it was closing twenty branches, including the People's Co-op. The Co-op complex was sold piecemeal to a number of different parties. In February 1939 "The Niagara" roller skating rink opened inside the former mercantile building . Advertisements advised Lehi residents to "Come to Niagara and watch the falls. " This business lasted only a short time, though several other roller skating rinks occupied the building in the next several years, including the Lehi Roller Skating Rink . In July 1948 Grass Furniture opened in the building. The store lasted until 1955, after which a succession of other businesses occupied the space. In 1960, Christensen's Wholesale opened a warehouse in the building. That business has remained in the building up to the time of th is writing (1997) . -X- See continuation sheet ()18 NPS Form 10-900 -a Utah WOrdPerfect 5. 1 Format (Revised Feb . 1993) No . 10024 -0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section No . ~ Page ~ People's Co-op Store, Lehi, Utah County, UT Bibliography Arrington, Leonard J., Beet Sugar in the West: A History of the Utah-Idaho Sugar Company. 1891-1966. Seattle , Washington: University of Washington Press, 1966 . - - - , Great Basin Kingdom: An Economjc History of the Latter-Day Saints. 1858l2frQ. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1958. Carter , Thomas and Peter Goss , Utah ' s Historic Architecture. 1847-1940 . Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Graduate School of Architecture and Utah State Historical Society , 1985 . Daughters of Utah Pioneers of Utah County , Memories That Live : Utah County Centennial History . Springville , Utah : Art City Publishing , 1947. "Lehi Reconnaissance Level Survey , " prepared by Allen Roberts , AlA, for the Utah State Historic Preservation Office, October , 1992 , and February , 1994 . Copy on file at the Utah SHPO. Owens , G., Salt Lake City Directory. Including a Business Djrectory of Provo. Springville. and Ogden. Utah Territory , Salt Lake City, 1867. Polk , R.L. , &Co., Provo City Directory. Salt Lake City: 1903-1987. R.L. Polk &Co ., 1891-92 , Polk, R.L., &Co., Utah State Gazeteer and Business Directory . Salt Lake City : Tribune Job Printing Co., 1900-1931. Reeder, Clarence Andrew, Jr., "The History of Utah's Railroads, 1869-1883," unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Utah, 1970 . Sanborn Map Company, New York, Insurance Maps of Lehi, Utah, 1890 , 1898, 1907 , 1922 , 1934. Richard S. Van Wagoner. Corporation, 1990. Lehi : Portraits of a Utah Town . Lehi, Utah: Lehi City See continuation sheet {)18 NPS Form 10· 900· , utah WordPerfect 5. 1 Format (Revised Feb . 1993) No. 10024·0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Sect ion No . PHOTOS Page ~ People's Co-op Store, Lehi, Utah County, UT Photo No. 1 1. People' s Co-op Store 2. Lehi . Utah County. Utah 3. Photographer: Kim A. Hyatt 4. Date: June . 1997 5. Negative on file at Utah SHPO. 6. W elevation of building. Camera facing E. Photo No. 2 1. People' s Co-op Store 2. Lehi. Utah County. Utah 3. Photographer: Kim A. Hyatt 4. Date : June . 1997 5. Negative on fil e at Utah SHPO. 6. NW elevation of building . Camera facing SE . See continuation sheet CORRESPONDENCE n I ' ~~- i '" ~ 'L ate {)I ;~.)tan Department of Community and Economic Development Division of State History Utah State Historical Society Michael O. Leavitt Governor MaxJ.Evans Director 300 Rio Grande Salt Lake City, Utah 84101-1182 [phone] FAX: [phone] TOD: 533-3502 [e-mail] SINCE Ise7 December 14, 1998 RUDY AND CAROLYN C. ZANDER 1185 MANOR CIRCLE SALT LAKE CITY UT 84124 Dear Mr. & Mrs. Zander: It is my distinct pleasure to inform you that the People's Co-op Store at 151 East State Street in Lehi , nominated by the Utah Board of State History and the Utah State Historic Preservation Officer, was officially listed in the National Register of Historic Places by the National Park Service on December 4, 1998. In recognition of the listing of your property, we would like to present to you an official National Register certificate. It contains the name of the site, the nature of its significance, the date of listing, an embossed gold seal, and the signatures of the Governor, the chair of the Board of State History, and the State Historic Preservation Officer. There is no charge for this certificate. Please contact Cory Jensen in our Historic Preservation Office if you would like to receive this certificate. A public presentation can be arranged if you so desire. We also suggest that a marker be placed to give your historic property additional public recognition. Please contact our office for details if you are interested in purchasing a marker. Listing in the National Register is intended to encourage preservation as well as provide recognition of a property's significance. A 20 percent federal tax credit is available for substantial rehabilitation of residential rental and commercial properties. In addition, a 20 percent state tax credit is available for the rehabilitation of historic residential properties. (See attached fact sheets.) We would be pleased to assist you with either application process should you wish to apply. Please contact Cory Jensen at 801/533-3559, or bye-mail atcjensen@histolY_state.ut.usif you have any questions or if we may be of assistance to you. Wilson G. Martin Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer andPrograr.lManager Preserving and Sharing Utah's Past for the Present and Future SUMMARY OF UTAH HISTORIC PRESERVATION TAX CREDIT The 1993 Utah State Legislature passed the Economic Incentives for Historic Preservation bill which created a tax credit for historic residential rehabilitations. The basic requirements of the historic preservation tax credit are explained below. What is the Utah Historic Preservation Tax Credit? A 20 percent non-refundable tax credit for the rehabilitation of historic buildings which are used as owner-occupied residences or residential rentals. Twenty percent of all qualified rehabilitation costs may be deducted from taxes owed on your Utah income or corporate franchise tax. Example: $22,000 in qualified rehabilitation costs = $4,400 state income tax credit Does My Building Qualify? Buildings listed in the National Register of Historic Places which, after rehabilitation, are used as a residence(s) qualify. The credit is not available for any property used for commercial purposes including hotels or B&Bs (bed and breakfasts). The building does not need to be listed in the National Register at the beginning of the project, but a complete National Register nomination must be submitted when the project is fmished. The property must be listed in the National Register within three years of the approval of the completed project. What Rehabilitation ·Work Qualifies? The work may include interior or exterior repair, rehabilitation or restoration, including historic, decorative, and structural elements as well as mechanical systems. All proposed work must meet the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation and be approved by the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) before the work begins. Depending on the historic conditions and features, some examples of eligible work items include: • • • • repairing or upgrading windows repointing masonry repairing or replacing roofs new floor and wall coverings • • • • painting walls, trim, etc. refmishing floors, handrails, etc. new furnace, Ale, boiler, etc. electrical upgrades • • • • plumbing repairs and fixtures reconstructing historic porches compatible new kitchens reversing incompatible remodellings Necessary architectural, engineering, and permit fees may also be included. The purchase price of the building, site work (landscaping, sidewalks, fences, driveways, etc.), new additions, work on outbuildings, and the purchase and installation of moveable furnishings or equipment (e.g., refrigerators, dishwashers, etc.) do not qualify for the credit. All of the work must meet the Standards or the tax credit cannot be taken on any portion of the work. A completed application should be submitted to the SHPO at least 15-30 days before beginning the project, along with photographs showing all areas of work (both interior and exterior) and any drawings or other technical information necessary to completely understand the proposed project. How Much Money Must I Spend to Qualify? Total rehabilitation expenditures must exceed $10,000. (The tax credit applies equally to this first $10,000.) The purchase price of the building and any donated labor cannot be included. The project must be completed within 36 months of the SHPO's approval of the proposed rehabilitation work. Utah State Historic Preservation Office (Utah Division of State History), 300 Rio Grande, SLC, UT 84101-1182 3562 Phone (801) 533- Utah Historic Preservation Tax Credit Summary -- Continued When Can I Claim the Credit? The credit may be taken for the tax year in which the entire project was completed and the rehabilitation work and a National Register nomination form have been approved by the SHPO. (A certification number will be issued to the owner at that time). Credit amounts greater than the amount of tax due in that year may be carried forward up to five years. Are There Any Restrictions Placed on My Building? The only restriction is that all work done to the building during the rehabilitation project, and for three years following the certification of the project, must meet the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation. Please consult with the State Historic Preservation Office if you have any questions. How do I Take the Tax Credit? The original completed and signed form TC-40H, Historic Preservation Tax Credit, must be attached to your initial state income tax return. This form will be provided by the SHPO when the completed project is approved. If you carryforward this tax credit, you must attach a copy of the completed form, with the new carryforward amount, to your tax return. Note that carryforward amounts must be applied against tax due before the application of any historic preservation tax credits earned in the current year and on a first-earned, first-used basis. Please consult with the State Tax Commission if you have any questions. Original records supporting the credit claimed must be maintained for three years following the date the return was filed claiming the credit. For More Information or a State Tax Credit Application Contact: Charles Shepherd at [phone] or Barbara Murphy at [phone] Utah State Historic Preservation Office 300 Rio Grande Salt Lake City, Utah 84101-1182 For Tax-Related Questions Contact: Lynn Solarczyk at [phone] Utah State Tax Commission For Information on Low-Interest Preservation Loans Contact: Utah Heritage Foundation at [phone] Additional Local Requirements May Also Apply: Salt Lake City Landmarks Committee [phone] Park City Planning Department [phone] Qgden Planning Department [phone] The State Historic Preservation Office can provide additional local preservation contacts. Revised 9115 /94 SUMMARY OF FEDERAL REHABILITATION TAX CREDITS What are the Rehabilitation Tax Credits? There is a 20% Investment Tax Credit (ITC) available for rehabilitating historic buildings and a 10% ITC for renovating nonhistoric buildings constructed before 1936. In both instances the ITC is based on a percentage of the rehabilitation costs and does not include the purchase price. The tax credit applies to the building owner's federal income tax for the year in which the project is completed and approved. If it is not all needed in that year the ITC may be carried back 3 years or forward up to 15 years. Note: this is a tax credit not just a deduction. Example: 20% of a $50,000 rehabilitation = $10,000 tax credit Which Buildings Qualify? The historic rehabilitation tax credit (20%) is available for buildings listed in the National Register of Historic Places which, after renovation, are used for commercial or residential rental use. The nonhistoric tax credit (10%) is available for any pre-1936 building being used for commercial but not residential rental purposes. The work does not have to be reviewed for the 10% credit. Neither ITC is available for the rehabilitation of a private residence. What Rehabilitation Work Qualifies? Any work on the interior or the exterior of the building qualifies for the tax credit. Landscaping or new additions to the building do not qualify. The work on a historic building must be certified by the National Park Service. This is done by completing an application and submitting it to the National Park Service along with "before" and "after" photographs showing all work areas (interior and exterior). How Much Money Must be Spent in Qrder to Qualify for the ITC? The rehabilitation expenditures must exceed the greater of either the "adjusted basis" of the building or $5,000. "Adjusted basis" is the purchase price minus the value of the land minus any depreciation already taken by the current owner of the building plus any capital improvements. Example (recent purchase): $60,000 (purchase price) - $7,000 (land) = $53,000 (adjusted basis); rehabilitation expenses must exceed $53,000 Example (long-time ownership): $60,000 (purchase price) - $40,000 (depreciation) - $7,000 (land) + $5,000 (capital improvement) = $18,000 (adjusted basis); rehabilitation expenses must exceed $18,000 When Can a Rehabilitated Building Be Sold? A building must be kept at least five years in order to avoid any recapture of the tax credit by the federal government. The recapture amount ranges from 100% of the tax credit it the building is sold within the first year to 20% of the credit if it is sold within the fifth year. More Information? Contact: Barbara Murphy (533-3563) or Don Hartley (533-3560) Utah Division of State History 300 Rio Grande Salt Lake City, Utah 84101 "' ~ , -::- ~ '.,--,' !..; .a . -L ~~ ) 1-- "l--- ~ " _ - '... '. ~ ~ ) L~ ~.:. Department of Community and Economic Development Division of State History Utah State Historical Society Michael O. Leavitt Governor MaxJ. Evans Director 300 Rio Grande Salt Lake City. Utah841 0 1- 11 82 [phone] FAX: [phone] roO: 533-3 502 cehisuy.ushs @email.slate.ut.us SINCE 18117 December 11, 1998 MA YOR KENNETH GREENWOOD LEHI CITY PO BOX 255 LEHI UT 84043-0255 Dear Mayor Greenwood: It is my distinct pleasure to inform you that the following buildings in Lehi nominated by the Utah Board of State History and the Utah State Historic Preservation Officer, were officially listed in the National Register of Historic Places by the National Park Service on December 4, 1998: James H . and Rhoda H. Gardner House at 187 East 300 North Samuel!. and Olena J. Goodwin House at 80 West 400 North Christian and Sarah Knudsen House at 123 S Center Street Lehi North Branch Meetinghouse at 1190 North 500 West Lehi Ward Tithing Barn/Centennial Hall at 651 North 200 East (rear) Dr. Elmo and Rhea Eddington House at 617 North 100 East People's Co-op Store at 151 East State Street Thomas and Mary Webb House at 388 North 200 East The National Register of Historic Places is the federal government's official list of historic properties worthy of preservation. Listing in the National Register provides recognition and assists in preserving our Nation's heritage. Preserving and Sharing Utah's Past for the Present and Future C.L , - ', 1 ;......; U at' - ''''Ir- ~ ;,~ - '-.. ,:...:. . ,",' 'I lJ : --,' UTAH STATE '1"'1~ .J a..l...;. Department of Community and Economic Development Division of State History Utah State Historical Society Michael O. Leavitt Governor MaxJ. Evans Director 300 Rio Grande Salt Lake City. Utah 84101-1182 [phone] FAX: [phone] TOO: 533-3502 [e-mail] SINCE 18117 December 11, 1998 JOHN ROCKWELL LEHI CITY CLG 208 EAST 200 SOUTH LEHI UT 84043 Dear CLG Chair Rockwell: It is my distinct pleasure to inform you that the following buildings in Lehi nominated by the Utah Board of State History and the Utah State Historic Preservation Officer, were officially listed in the National Register of Historic Places by the National Park Service on December 4, 1998: James H. and Rhoda H. Gardner House at 187 East 300 North Samuel I. and Olena J. Goodwin House at 80 West 400 North Christian and Sarah Knudsen House at 123 S Center Street Lehi North Branch Meetinghouse at 1190 North 500 West Lehi Ward Tithing Barn/Centennial Hall at 651 North 200 East (rear) Dr. Elmo and Rhea Eddington House at 617 North 100 East People's Co-op Store at 151 East State Street Thomas and Mary Webb House at 388 North 200 East The National Register of Historic Places is the federal government's official list of historic properties worthy of preservation. Listing in the National Register provides recognition and assists in preserving our Nation's heritage. Preserving and Sharing Utah's Past for the Present and Future Cory Jensen ~ National Regi~!cr Weekly List 12/11 /98 Lehi, 98001454, LISTED, 12104/98 (Lehi, Utah MPS) UTAH, UTAH COUNTY, Goodwin, Samuel I. and Olena J., House, 80 West 400 North, Lehi, 98001453, LISTED, 12104/98 (Lehi, Utah MPS) UTAH, UTAH COUNTY, Knudsen, Christian and Sarah, House, 123 S, Center St., Lehi, 98001458, LISTED, 12104/98 (Lehi, Utah MPS) UTAH, UTAH COUNTY, Lehi North Branch Meetinghouse, 1190 North 500 West, Lehi, 98001455, L1STED, 12104/98 (Lehi, Utah MPS) UTAH, UTAH COUNTY, Lehi Ward Tithing Barn-Centennial Hall, 651 North 200 East, (rear), Lehi, 98001456, LISTED, 12104/98 (Lehi , Utah MPS) UTAH, UTAH COUNTY, People's Co-op Building, 151 E. State St., Lehi, 98001457, LISTED, 12104/98 (Lehi, Utah MPS) UTAH, UTAH COUNTY, Webb, Thomas and Mary, House, 388 North 200 East, Lehi, 98001451, LISTED, 12104/98 (Lehi, Utah MPS) UTAH, WASHINGTON COUNTY, Graff, George and Bertha, House, 2865 Santa Clara Dr., Santa Clara, 98001461, L1STED,12104/98 (Santa Clara, Utah MPS) UTAH, WASHINGTON COUNTY, . "" Page 5 '1 - . UTAH STATE -- """\ - r ~ J ~.)' :,_ • ..-." , ....- -.<;! ~ ..J Y'~ 1 , .................... ...... Department of Community and Economic Development Division of State History Utah State Historical Society Michael O. Leavitt Governor 300 Rio Grande Salt Lake City. Utah 84\01 - 1182 [phone] FAX: [phone] TDD: 533-3502 [e-mail] MaxJ.Evans Director SINCE 1897 October 30, 1998 Carol D. Shull National Register of Historic Places Mail Stop 2280, Suite NC 400 1849 C Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20240 Dear Ms. Shull: Enclosed please find the registration form and documentation for the following nominations which have been approved by the Utah Historic and Cultural Sites Review Committee (Utah Board of State History) and the Utah State Historic Preservation Officer for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places: American Fork Historic District Lehi Multiple Property Submission Includes the following properties: Lehi Main Street Historic District Lehi Community Savings Bank Lehi North Branch Meetinghouse Lehi Tithing Barn People's Co-op Eddington, Elmo & Rhea, House Gardner, James & Rhoda, House Goodwin, Samuel & Olena, House Knudson, Christian & Sarah, House Smith, John & Emerette, House Webb, Thomas & Mary, House Thank you for your assistance with this nomination. Please call me at 801-533-3559 if you have any questions. Enclosures Preserving and Sharing Utah's Past for the Present and Future State of Utah UTAH STATE HISTORICAL Department of Community and Economic Development Division of State History Utah State Historical Society Michael O. Leavitt Governor MaxJ.Evans Director 300 Rio Grande Salt Lake City, Utah 84101-1182 (80\) 533-3500 FAX: [phone] TDD: 533-3502 [e-mail] SINCE 18a7 July 31, 1998 RUDY AND CAROLYN C. ZANDER 1185 MANOR CIRCLE SAL T LAKE CITY UT 84124 Dear Mr. & Mrs. Zander: We are pleased to report that the property known as People's Co-op Store at 151 East State Street in Lehi has been approved by the Utah Board of State History for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. Within the next few weeks, we will submit the nomination and documentation to the National Register office in Washington, DC, for final approval. This review typically occurs within six to eight weeks. If you have any questions or concerns about this National Register nomination, please contact Roger Roper of the Historic Preservation Office at 533-3561 or at the address listed above. We appreciate your interest in and support of historic sites in Utah. Wilson G. Martin Program Manager and Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer Preserving and Sharing Utah's Past for the Present and Future '\... ~ '~L- IL.A.. ~ Tli :C~ 'L,.' ('""',j J ~.::J , >' "l ' .'': ,".j : - T : -:... 'J - , I T:.v' a n 1''1. .:. ~, Department of Community and Economic Development Division of State History Utah State Historical Society UTAH STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY (b" Michael O. Leavitt Governor MaxJ.Evans Director 300 Rio Grande Salt Lake City. Utah 84101-1182 [phone] FAX: [phone] TDD: 533-3502 [e-mail] SINCE IBIH June 29, 1998 RUDY AND CAROLYN C. ZANDER 1185 MANOR CIRCLE SALT LAKE CITY UT 84124 Dear Mr. & Mrs. Zander: We are pleased to inform you that the property which you own, known historically as the People's Co-op Store at 151 East State Street in Lehi , will be considered by the Utah Board of State History for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. The National Register of Historic Places is the federal government's official list of historic properties worthy of preservation. Listing in the National Register provides recognition and assists in preserving our Nation's heritage. Listing of a property provides recognition of its historic significance and assures protective review of federal projects that might adversely affect the character of the historic property. If the property is listed in the National Register, certain federal investment tax credits for rehabilitation and other provisions may apply. Listing in the National Register does not place limitations on the property by the federal government. Public visitation rights are not required of owners. The federal government will not attach restrictive covenants to the property or seek to acquire them. Enclosed please find a notice that explains, in greater detail, the results of listing in the National Register. It also describes the rights and procedures by which an owner may comment on or object to listing in the National Register. You are invited to attend the Board of State History meeting at which the nomination will be considered. The Board will meet on July 31 , 1998 at 2:00 p.m., in the Board Room of the former Denver and Rio Grande Depot located at 300 South Rio Grande (440 West), Salt Lake City. Should you have any questions about this nomination before the meeting, please contact Roger Roper of the Historic Preservation Office at 533-3561. Wilson G. Martin Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer and Program Manager Enclosure Preserving and Sharing Utah's Past for the Present and Future RIGHTS OF OWNERS TO COMMENT AND/OR OBJECT TO LISTING IN THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES Owners of private properties nominated to the National Register have an opportunity to concur with or object to listing in accord with the National Historic Preservation Act and 36 CFR 60. Any owner or partial owner of private property who chooses to object to listing may submit, to the State Historic Preservation Officer, a notarized statement certifying that the party is the sole or partial owner of the private property and objects to the listing. Each owner or partial owner of private property has one vote regardless of the portion of the property that the party owns. If a majority of private property owners object, a property will not be listed. However, the State Historic Preservation Officer shall submit the nomination to the Keeper of the National Register of Historic Places for a determination of eligibility of the property for listing in the National Register. If the property is then determined eligible for listing, although not formally listed, Federal agencies will be required to allow for the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation to have an opportunity to comment before the agency may fund, license, or assist a project which will affect the property (see below). If you choose to object to the listing of your property, the notarized objection must be submitted to Wilson G. Martin, Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer, 300 Rio Grande, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84101, before the Utah Board of State History meets to consider the nomination. Other comments regarding the nomination of this property should also be directed to Mr. Martin prior to the meeting date. A copy of the nomination and information on the National Register and the Federal and State tax provisions are available from the above address upon request. RESULTS OF LISTING IN THE NATIONAL REGISTER Eligibility for Federal tax provisions: If a property is listed in the National Register, certain Federal tax provisions may apply. The Tax Reform Act of 1986 revised the historic preservation tax incentives authorized by Congress in the Tax Reform Act of 1976, the Revenue Act of 1978, the Tax Treatment Extension Act of 1980, the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981, and Tax Reform Act of 1984, and as of January 1, 1987, provides for a 20 percent investment tax credit with a full adjustment to basis for the "substantial rehabilitation" of historic commercial, industrial, and rental residential buildings. (The former 15 percent and 20 percent Investment Tax Credits (ITCs) for rehabilitations of older commercial buildings are combined into a single 10 percent ITC for commercial or industrial buildings built before 1936.) The Tax Treatment Extension Act of 1980 provides Federal tax deductions for charitable contributions for conservation purposes of partial interests in historically important land areas or structures. Whether these provisions are advantageous to a property owner is dependent upon the particular circumstances of the property and the owner. Because the tax aspects outlined above are complex, individuals should consult legal or professional counselor the appropriate local Internal Revenue Service office for assistance in determining tax consequences. For further information on certification requirements, please refer to 36 CFR 67. Eligibility for State tax provisions: S.B. No. 42 passed during the 1993 General Session of the Utah State Legislature created a state income tax credit for the rehabilitation of historic (Le., National Register listed) residential buildings, either owner-occupied or rental. The credit is 20% of the cost of rehabilitation work totaling more than $10,000. All of the proposed rehabilitation work must meet the Secretary of the Interior's "Standards for Rehabilitation" and must be pre-approved by the State Historic Preservation Office. Rules implementing these tax provisions are still being developed. Contact the Historic Preservation Office for more information. Consideration in planning for Federal. federally licensed. and federally assisted projects: Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 requires that Federal agencies allow for the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation to have an opportunity to comment on all projects affecting historic properties listed in the National Register. For further information, please refer to 36 CFR 800 or contact the Regulatory Assistance section of the Division of State History. Consideration in issuing a surface coal mining permit: In accordance with the Surface Mining and Control Act of 1977, there must be consideration of historic values in the decision to issue a surface coal mining permit where coal is located. For further information, please refer to 30 CFR 700 et seq. Qualification for Federal or State grants for historic preservation when available: Presently, limited funding may be available through the Certified Local Government program. Direct grants to property owners are also occasionally available. For information about possible grants, contact the Office of Preservation, Utah Division of State History. UTAH STATE I HISTORICAL SOCIETY i Department of Community and Economic Development Division of State History Utah State Historical Society (b/ Michael O. Leavitt Governor Max J. Evans Director , 300 Rio Grande Salt Lake City, Utah 84101 · 11 82 [phone] FAX : [phone] roD: 533-3502 [e-mail] SINCE 1887 June 29, 1998 COMMISSION CHAIR GARY HERBERT UTAH COUNTY 100 E CENTER STREET PROVO UT 84606 Dear Commission Chair Herbert: We are pleased to inform you that the following buildings in Lehi will be considered by the Utah Board of State History for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. James H. and Rhoda H. Gardner House at 187 East 300 North Samuel!. and Olena J. Goodwin House at 80 West 400 North Christian and Sarah Knudsen House at 123 S Center Street Lehi North Branch Meetinghouse at 1190 North 500 West Lehi Ward Tithing Barn/Centennial Hall at 651 North 200 East (rear) Dr. Elmo and Rhea Eddington House at 617 North 100 East Lehi Commercial and Savings Bank at 206 East State Street People's Co-op Store at 151 East State Street John Y. and Emerette C. Smith House at 518 North 100 East Thomas and Mary Webb House at 388 North 200 East In addition, the Lehi Main Street Historic District, comprising the following buildings, will also be considered. 4 West Main Street 12 West Main Street 20 West Main Street 24 West Main Street 32 West Main Street 36 West Main Street 40 West Main Street 46 West Main Street 60 West Main Street 68 West Main Street 72 West Main Street 96 West Main Street 101 West Main Street 102 West Main Street 110 West Main Street 115 West Main Street 120 West Main Street 130 West Main Street 151 West Main Street 154 West Main Street 155 West Main Street 162 West Main Street 164 West Main Street 169 West Main Street 172 West Main Street 175 West Main Street 181 West Main Street 189 West Main Street The National Register of Historic Places is the federal government's official list of historic properties worthy of preservation. Listing in the National Register provides recognition and assists in preserving our Nation's heritage. Preserving and Sharing Utah's Past for the Present and Future Listing of a property provides recognition of its historic significance and assures protective review of federal projects that might adversely affect the character of the historic property. If the property is listed in the National Register. certain federal and/or state investment tax credits for . rehabilitation and other provisions may apply. Listing in the National Register does not place limitations on the property by the federal government. Public visitation rights are not required of owners. The federal government will not attach restrictive covenants to the property or seek to acquire them. You are invited to attend the Board of State History meeting at which the nomination will be considered. The Board will meet on July 31. 1998 at 2:00 p.m. in the Board Room of the former Denver and Rio Grande Depot located at 300 South Rio Grande (440 West). Salt Lake City. Should you have any questions about this nomination before the meeting, please contact Roger Roper of the Historic Preservation Office at 533-3561. Wilson G. Martin Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer and Program Manager "', "'--'" ' .1 ~_ ' .- .... , ,_ ._ , -- . ... 1 '. --. UTAH STATE HISTORICAL ...I~--- Department of Community and Economic Development Division of State History Utah State Historical Society Michael O. Leavitt Governor MaxJ.Evaoa Director 1 300 Rio Grande Salt Lake City. Utah 84\01 - 1182 [phone] FAX: [phone] TDD: 533-3502 [e-mail] SINCE IS87 June 29, 1998 MAYOR KENNETH GREENWOOD LEHI CITY PO BOX 255 LEHI UT 84043-0255 Dear Mayor Greenwood : We are pleased to' inform you that the following buildings in Lehi will be considered by the Utah Board of State History for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. James H. and Rhoda H. Gardner House at 187 East 300 North Samuel I. and Olena J. Goodwin House at 80 West 400 North Christian and Sarah Knudsen House at 123 S Center Street Lehi North Branch Meetinghouse at 1190 North 500 West Lehi Ward Tithing Barn/Centennial Hall at 651 North 200 East (rear) Dr. Elmo and Rhea Eddington House at 617 North 100 East Lehi Commercial and Savings Bank at 206 East State Street People's Co-op Store at 151 East State Street John Y. and Emerette C. Smith House at 518 North 100 East Thomas and Mary Webb House at 388 North 200 East In addition, the Lehi Main Street Historic District, comprising the following buildings, will also be considered. 4 West Main Street 12 West Main Street 20 West Main Street 24 West Main Street 32 West Main Street 36 West Main Street 40 West Main Street 46 West Main Street 60 West Main Street 68 West Main Street 72 West Main Street 96 West Main Street 101 West Main Street 102 West Main Street 110 West Main Street 115 West Main Street 120 West Main Street 130 West Main Street 151 West Main Street 154 West Main Street 155 West Main Street 162 West Main Street 164 West Main Street 169 West Main Street 172 West Main Street 175 West Main Street 181 West Main Street 189 West Main Street The National Register of Historic Places is the federal government's official list of historic properties worthy of preservation. Listing in the National Register provides recognition and assists in preserving our Nation's heritage. Preserving and Sharing Utah's Past for the Present and Future Listing of a property provides recognition of its historic significance and assures protective review of federal projects that might adversely affect the character of the historic property. If the property is listed in the National Register, certain federal and/or state investment tax credits for rehabilitation and other provisions may apply. Listing in the National Register does not place limitations on the property by the federal government. Public visitation rights are not required of owners. The federal government will not attach restrictive covenants to the property or seek to acquire them. You are invited to attend the Board of State History meeting at which the nomination will be considered. The Board will meet on July 31, 1998 at 2:00 p.m. in the Board Room of the former Denver and Rio Grande Depot located at 300 South Rio Grande (440 West), Salt Lake City. Should you have any questions about this nomination before the meeting, please contact Roger Roper of the Historic Preservation Office at 533-3561. Sincerely, Wilson G. Martin Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer and Program Manager cc: John Rockwell