107658

UTAH STATE HISTORY 111111111111111111111111111 1111 111111111111111111111111111111111 3 9222 00576 8952 r. NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 10024-0018 (Oct 1990) Utah WordPerlect 5.1 Format (Rellised Feb. 1993) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations of eligibility for individual properties or districts. See instructions in How to Complete the National Register of HistOric Places Form (National Register Bulletin 16A). Complete each item by marking "x" in the appropriate box or by entering the information requested. If an item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "N/A" for "not applicable." For functions, architectural classification, materials, and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategOries from the instructions. Place additional entries and narrative items on continuation sheets (NPS Form 10-g00a). Use a typewriter, word processor, or computer to complete all items. 1. Name of Property historic name Lehi Ward Tithing Barn/Centennial Hall other names/site number_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 2. Location street & number 651 North 200 East (rear) N/A not for publication city or town -,-I""euhiL-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - state LJtah code IJI county I Itah code_o~4~9~ _ _ _ _ __ N/A vicinity zip code 3. State/FederalAgency Certification As the deSignated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, I hereby certify that this _request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion , the property Xmeets _does not meet the National Register criteria. I recommend that this property be consi ered significant _nationally _stateWide Xlocally. L See continuation sheet for additional fomments .) ~nomination /] U" Utah Division of State Historv. Office of Historic Preservation State or Federal agency and bureau In my opinion, the property _meets _does not meet the National Register criteria. (_ See continuation sheet for additional comments.) Signature of certifying officiallTitie Date State or Federal agency and bureau 4. National Park Service Certification I hereby certify that this property is: _ entered in the National Register. See continuation sheet. _ determined eligible for the National Register. See continuation sheet. _ determined not eligible for the National Register. _ removed from the National Register. _ other, (explain:)_ _ _ _ __ Signature of the Keeper Date of Action 84043 Lehi Ward Tithing Bam/Centennial Hall Name of Property Lehi. Utah County, Utah City. County. and State 5. Classification Ownership of Property (Check as many boxes as apply) Category of Property ...L private Number of Resources within Property (Check only one box) (Do not include previously listed resources in the count.) ...x. building(s} Contributing Non-contributing _ public-local district _ public-State site sites _ public-Federal structure structures 1 buildings objects _object o Name of related multiple property listing (Enter liN/A" if property is not part of a multiple property listing.) Historic and Architectural Resources of Lehi. Utah Total Number of contributing resources previously listed in the National Register N/A 6. Function or Use '" Historic Functions (Enter categories from instructions) AGRICULTURE/SUBSISTENCE' Current Functions (Enter categories from instructions) DOMESTIC' secondary structure agricultural outbuilding RECREATION AND CULTURE' m!lsic facility 7. Description ' Architectural Classification (Enter categories from instructions) OTHER' vernacular Materials (Enter categories from instructions) ....T..Llo. IO"-'Nu..E_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ foundation _S walls WOOD roof METAL other_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Narrative Description (Describe the historic and current condition of the property on one or more continuation sheets.) X See continuation sheet(s} for Section No. 7 Lehi Ward Tithing 8am/Centennial Hall Name of Property 8. Statement of Significance Applicable National Register Criteria (Mark "x" on one or more lines for the criteria qualifying the property for National Register listing.) ..x. A B Lehi. Utah County. Utah City, County, and State Areas of Significance (Enter categories from instructions) Property is associated with events that have RELIGION made a Significant contribution to the broad SOCIAl HISTORY pattems of our history. ENTERTAINMENT/RECREATION Property is associated with the lives of persons ARCHITECTURE significant in our past. ..x. C Property embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction , or represents the work of a master, or possesses Period of Significance 1872-1903 high artistic values, or represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components lack individual distinction. o Property has yielded, or is likely to yield, Significant Dates 1872 information important in prehistory or history. Criteria Considerations (Mark "x" on all that apply.) Property is: A ..x. B Significant Person (Complete if Criterion 8 is marked above) owned by a religious institution or used for N/A religious purposes. Cultural Affiliation removed from its original location. .NIA C a birthplace or grave. o a cemetery. E a reconstructed building, object, or Architect/Builder structure. Unknown F a commemorative property. G less than 50 years of age or achieved significance within the past 50 years. Narrative Statement of Significance (Explain the significance of the property on one or more continuationsheets.) 9. Major Bibliographical References ·, . Bibliography (Cite the books, articles, and other sources used in preparing this form on one or more continuation sheets.) Primary location of additional data: Previous documentation on file (NPS): ..L State Historic Preservation Office _ preliminary determination of individual listing _ Other State agency (36 CFR 67) has been requested _ Federal agency _ previously listed in the National Register _ Local govemment _ previously determined eligible by the National _ University Register Other _ deSignated a National Historic Landmark _ recorded by Historic American Buildings Survey Name of repository: #_---:-~ _ recorded by Historic American Engineering Record # _ _ __ See continuation sheet(s) for Section No.9 .x Lehi Ward Tithing BamlCentennial Hall Name of Property Lehi. Utah County. Utah City, County, and State 10. Geographical .Data . Acreage of property 1.25 acres UTM References (Place additional UTM references on a continuation sheet.) A 1/2 4/2/8/2/8/0 Zone Fasting C_I 11111 4/4/7/1 18/2/0 Northing 111111 B _I ...J...J...!... 111111 Zone Fasting Northing o _I ...J...J...!... 111111 Verbal Boundary Description (Descrihe the hOllodaries of the pmperi¥ ) North Y2 of Lot 1, Block 85, Plat A, Lehi City Survey Property Tax No. 01 :082:0003:001 _ See continuation sheet(s) for Section No. 10 Boundary Justification (Explain why the hOI mdaries were selected) The boundaries include the entire city lot that has historically been associated with the property. _ See continuation sheet(s) for Section No. 10 11. Form Prepared By nameltitle Nelson W KnightlArchitectural Historian organization Smith Hyatt Architects date .July 1998 street & number 845 S Main Street telephone [phone] city or town .... B""o""'ullntwifuLULI_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ state..J.!L zip code......8""4"'0'-1.l...... 0 _ _ __ Additional Documentation Submit the following items with the completed form: • Continuation Sheets • Maps: A USGS map (7.5 or 15 minute series) indicating the property's location. A Sketch map for historic districts andlor properties having large acreage or numerous resources. • Photographs: Representative black and white photographs of the property. • Additional items (Check with the SHPO or FPO for any additional items.) Property name Bruce L and Dina S Webb 5.... 1..LN....oLLrt....hw2....0....0L.J..,E... as""t'---_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ street & number _---'-'6.... telephone [phone] city or town ---I.L....ei.UhLLi_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ state.J.lL zip code -'8""4%],0""'4""'3'--_ _ Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate properties for listing or determine eligibility for listing. to list properties. and to amend existing listings. Response to this request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act. as amended (16 U.S.C. 470 at seq.). Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average 18.1 hours per response including time for reviewing instructions. gathering and maintaining data. and completing and reviewing the form. Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form to the Chief. Administrative Services Division. National Park Service. P.O. Box 37127. Washington. DC 20013-7127; and the Office of Management and Budget. Paperwork Reductions Projects (1024-0018). Washington. DC 20503. OMS No. 10024-0018 NPS Fo", 10 ·900·. Ulah WordPe<I8ct 5.I Fonnat (Revised Feb. 1993) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section No. L Page_1 Lehi Ward Tithing Barn/Centennial Hall, Lehi, Utah County, UT Narrative Description The Lehi Ward Tithing Barn is a simple, .two story structure. Approximately 20'x 40', the barn is of post and beam construction, resting on rock footings and sheathed with vertical plank siding. The large door on the east facade, along with a smaller door opening on the south facade, provide access to the barn. Along the roof line, there are remnants of a simple fascia, although this has fallen off in most places. The roof is currently covered with corrugated sheet metal, although visible spaced plank sheathing on the interior and Sanborn Maps indicate that the building was originally roofed with wood shingles. On the interior, the structural system is plainly visible. A heavy post-and-beam frame supports a partial second floor/hayloft. A large summer beam separates the space into two bays; above the beam, a king post truss supports the roof members. Similar trusses support the roof at each end of the barn. The frame ties into roof joists of roughly hewn 2x6s at approximately 16" on center. The floor is laid with pine planks, over timber sleepers. Historical accounts indicate that a similar floor was laid in the barn in 1876, though planks have obviously been replaced in many places in the years since.1 The hay loft, which takes up 1-1/2 bays within the interior, is floored with similar planks and supported by wood pole floor joists. The structure remains intact, though it was moved twice. Originally constructed as a feed and livery stable in 1872, it stood at the present crossing of Interstate 15 and 200 East in Lehi. In 1873, the building was moved to the Lehi Ward of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints tithing yard, on the north side of Main Street between 300 and 400 West Streets. In 1880, the building was moved to its present location. The barn was but one of several agricultural outbuildings that composed the tithing yard. Sanborn Maps from 1890 show two wood frame sheds and a large root cellar on the property, in addition to the barn and the tithing office, with its attached granary to the rear of the building. A corral adjoined the barn to the northwest. By 1931, the last year Sanborn Maps were produced, the office had been removed and three houses built on the lot. The barn remains the only building of the original tithing yard to remain. See continuation sheet 'Van Wagoner, 118. NPS Form lo-9(JI).a Utah WordPerfect 5.1 Forma1 (Revised Feb. 1993) OMB No. 10024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section No. JL Page 2.. Lehi Ward Tithing Barn/Centennial Hall, Lehi, Utah County, UT Narrative Statement of Significance The Lehi Ward Tithing Barn, built in 1872 and located at the rear of 651 North 200 East in Lehi, is nominated as part of the "Historic and Architectural Resources of Lehi City, Utah" Multiple Property Submission. It falls within the "Coming of the Railroad and Economic Expansion, 1871-1899" historic context and is significant under criterion A, as the last remaining building of the Lehi Ward Tithing Yard. Tithing was, and remains today, an integral teaching of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LOS, or Mormon church). Much of each member's 10 percent contribution of his/her wealth came as goods and produce. To manage this , each ward (the basic neighborhood unit of the church) maintained a yard where these goods could be stored and eventually redistributed. The first Lehi Tithing yard was on Main Street between 300 and 400 West Streets. The barn described here was moved to that yard in 1873, shortly after its construction on another site. In 1880, the tithing yard was moved to the northwest corner of 600 North and 200 East Streets. The tithing barn was moved to its present location in the new yard at that time. The barn was used to store tithed goods until 1903, when the yard was moved yet again. Although the building has been moved, it remains eligible because it was moved within the period of significance, and is the only surviving structure to remain from Lehi's second tithing yard, and one of only two remaining buildings from any of Lehi's tithing yards. The Lehi Ward Tithing Barn was originally built in 1872 as a feed and livery stable. It was located north of the Utah Southern Railroad Depot, near the present-day crossing of 200 East by Interstate 15. At that time the Utah Southern rail line terminated in Lehi. The stable's owners furnished further transportation to passengers and goods disembarking at the end of the line. When the Utah Southern was extended to American Fork in 1873, business in Lehi declined. The Lehi Ward bought the barn and moved it to the ward tithing office yard on west Main Street. 2 The tithing system was an integral part of the Mormon social system, and continues to be important in the church today. A member was expected to contribute 10 percent of his/her production, including personal time, wages, and farm production. The system was instituted on a wide basis beginning in 1852, when the LOS church Presiding Bishop directed local bishops to collect tithes at the ward level. 3 Accordingly, Bishop David Evans, leader of the Lehi Ward, set the members of the ward to work on a tithing office at 344 West Main. Built in 1854, the office was a sixteen by twenty-four foot, two story adobe building, surrounded by a mud wall encompassing a yard. The office was located close to 2\Jan Wagoner, William G. Hartley, ·Ward Bishops and the Localizing of LOS tithing, 1847-1856." in David Bitton and Maureen Ursenbach Beecher, eds., New Views of Mormon Historv. (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1987), 96-114. Otd. in Van Wagoner, 116. X See continuation sheet NPS Form 1()-9(J().a Utah WOfIIPerfect 5.1 Format (Revised Feb. 1993) OMB No. 10024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section No. Ji. Page ~ Lehi Ward Tithing Barn/Centennial Hall, Lehi, Utah County, UT Bishop Evans' house, one block east. 4 Under the supervision of a clerk, the ward collected goods to equal one-tenth of a member's crop and stock production. In addition, every tenth day of labor was to be devoted to church work. In this way, public and church buildings, fort walls and irrigation systems were constructed with tithing labor.s Eventually the Lehi tithing yard had, in addition to the office and hay barn, four stables, extensive corrals, and an adobe granary. Although not all members faithfully paid their tithing, the Lehi tithing office accepted a great deal of goods from its faithful members. In 1854, for instance, Lehi's wheat tithing consisted of 900 bushels, though in the following year a grasshopper invasion reduced the wheat tithe to 150 bushels.6 The tithing office served many functions in early Lehi. Because church and civic functions were so freely intermixed, city council meetings and elections were often held there. The tithing clerk served as town tax collector and issued tithing scrip, used as legal tender and exchangeable for goods at the tithing office. The Lehi tithing office was also used more than once as a makeshift morgue and was Lehi's first jail. 7 In addition, the yard was used for community functions. In 1876, the United States celebrated its centennial. Festivities in Lehi were held in the tithing yard and inside the tithing barn. The first ice cream in Lehi was served at the celebration, priced at five and ten cents per dish. The first fireworks display in Lehi took place that evening, causing a stir among the residents of the town. An afternoon dance for children and an evening dance for adults was held in the tithing barn. Dances in 1876 Lehi were usually held in another building, the Lehi Music Hall. That building was unavailable for the occasion, so members of the celebration committee fixed up the tithing barn for the festivities: Red pine logs, cut in the Boulder Mountains west of Rush Valley, were hauled to Cedar Fort and sawed into lumber. These thick, rough planks were then laid crosswise on sleeper beams of West Canyon timber, and a dance floor was ready. The barn was then bedecked with cedar boughs, flowers, bunting, flags, pictures, and mottoes. "To say that it looked beautiful," wrote Andrew Fjeld, "is putting it mildly for it looked like a veritable fairy palace. "s ·Van Wagoner, 116. 5Leonard J. Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom: An Economic Historv of the Latter-Day Saints. 1858-1900. (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1958), 135. &van Wagoner, 117. TVan Wagoner, 118. &van Wagoner, 118. Quote from Andrew Fjeld, "How Lehi celebrated July 4"' when America was a hundred." Deseret News, 10 July 1926. Reprinted in Lehi Free Press, 6 July 1951. X See continuation sheet NPS Fonn 10-900-. Utah WordPerfec15.1 Fonnat (RlMsed Feb. 1993) OMS No. 10024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuat.ion Sheet Section No. JL Page...i. Lehi Ward Tithing Barn/Centennial Hall, Lehi , Utah County, UT Thereafter, the barn was known in Lehi as Centennial Hall. It retained the name when the tithing barn was moved to a new tithing yard at the northwest corner of 600 North and 200 East Streets in 1880. The move was prompted by a change in leadership of the Lehi Ward. Bishop David Evans, who served as the spiritual and civic leader of Lehi from 1852 to 1879, resigned as bishop and was replaced by Thomas Cutler. Bishop Cutler would also serve a long tenure, from 1879 until 1903. As was common practice, he moved the tithing yard to a site near his house. 9 The barn was moved, although the first tithing office remained on the original site and was demolished several years later. Sanborn Maps from 1890 and 1898 show a sizable compound of buildings on the tithing yard lot. The tithing clerk worked out of an adobe building facing 200 East. Behind the office was a granary, and south of the office was a large root cellar, with an earthen roof. Four other agricultural outbuildings, including the tithing barn, were also on the site, along with a well pump west of the barn. In 1898, scales were added south of the tithing office. In 1903, Cutler resigned as Bishop and moved to Salt Lake City to be closer to his business duties (he was general manager of the Utah Sugar Company). The Lehi Ward was divided into four separate wards, each with its own leadership: The joint tithing yard was moved to a new site, at the corner of Center and 200 North Streets. This yard was used until 1918, although the need for a facility to accommodate goods had declined well before that time, as the economy in Lehi and Utah shifted to a cash-based one. The buildings at the former Cutler-era tithing yard were demolished by 1931, except the tithing barn, still known by the Lehi citizenry as Centennial Hall. Three houses were built on the lot by 1931 ; they still are standing today. Although the Lehi Ward Tithing Barn/Centennial Hall no longer sits on its original site, it remains eligible for the National Register under Criteria Consideration B. It was moved during the period of significance. The first move of the building, in 1873, occurred before the barn was used for tithe storage. In 1880, the building was moved as part of the move of the entire tithing yard that took place along with the change of Lehi Bishoprics. The barn is still used for storage, and is the only remaining building from this yard. The only other remaining tithing building is another barn, which was located at the third Lehi yard, on Center and 200 East Streets. After that yard was closed, the barn was moved to a farm on Bridge Road outside Lehi. It does not appear to be eligible, because it has lost its historic association with its site. The Lehi Ward Tithing Barn/Centennial Hall is also eligible for listing under the "Tithing Offices & Granaries of the Mormon Church" thematic nomination. lIThe Thomas R. Cutler Mansion was listed in the National Register in .... NPS Fonn l(}-900-a Utah WordPerlect 5.1 Fonna1 (Revised Feb. 1993) OMB No. 10024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section No. JL Page ~ Lehi Ward Tithing Barn/Centennial Hall, Lehi, Utah County, UT Bibliography Arrington, Leonard J., Beet Sugar in the West: A History of the Utah-Idaho Sugar Company. 18911966. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press, 1966. Carter, Thomas and Peter Goss, Utah's Historic Architecture. 1847-1940. Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Graduate School of Architecture and Utah State Historical Society, 1985. Daughters of Utah Pioneers of Utah County, Memories That Live: Utah County Centennial History. Springville, Utah: Art City Publishing, 1947. Kirkham, Thomas F., ed. and compo Lehi Centennial History 1850-1950 (including reprint of Hamilton Gardner's History of Lehi [Salt Lake City: Deseret News, 1913]). Lehi, Utah: Lehi Free Press Publishing Co., 1950. "Lehi Reconnaissance Level Survey," prepared by Allen Roberts, AlA, for the Utah State Historic Preservation Office, October, 1992, and February, 1994. Copy on file at the Utah SHPO. Owens, G., Salt Lake City Directory. Including a Business Directory of Provo, Springville, and Ogden. Utah Territory, Salt Lake City, 1867. Polk, R.L., & Co., Provo City Directory. Salt Lake City: R.L. Polk & Co., 1891-92, 1903-1987. Polk, R.L., & Co., Utah State Gazeteer and Business Directory. Salt Lake City: Tribune Job Printing Co., 1900-1931 . Sanborn Map Company, New York, Insurance Maps of Lehi, Utah, 1890, 1898, 1907, 1922, 1934. Richard S. Van Wagoner. Lehi: Portraits of a Utah Town. Lehi, Utah: Lehi City Corporation, 1990. See continuation sheet OMB No. 10024-0018 NPS Fonn 10-900-a Utah WordPeriect 5.1 Fonnat (Rellised Feb. 1993) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section No. PHOTOS Page ~ Lehi Ward Tithing Barn/Centennial Hall, Lehi, Utah County, UT Photo No.1 1. Lehi Ward Tithing Barn 2. Lehi, Utah County, Utah 3. Photographer: Kim A. Hyatt 4. Date: June, 1997 5. Negative on file at Utah SHPO. 6. SE elevation of building. Camera facing NW. Photo No.2 1. Lehi Ward Tithing Barn 2. Lehi, Utah County, Utah 3. Photographer: Kim A. Hyatt 4. Date: June, 1997 5. Negative on file at Utah SHPO. 6. NW elevation of building . . Camera facing SE. See continuation sheet -- . ~NJ~~I . ' ~\\~ \..-e.\/~ \ \ ' ? -nA J ~~4 1?~ i u%~ ~~ \j~ { o. \ \J \ ,, . ( I:+M ;\ NPS Fonn 1()'900 (Oct 1990) Utah WOrdPerfect 5.1 Fonnat (Revised Feb. 1993) OMB No. 10024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations of eligibility for individual properties or districts. See instructions in How to Complete the National Register of Historic Places Form (National Register Bulletin 16A). Complete each item by marking "x" in the appropriate box or by entering the information requested. If an item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "N/A" for "not applicable." For functions, architectural classification, materials, and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategories from the instructions. Place additional entries and narrative items on continuation sheets (NPS Form 10-900a). Use a typewriter, word processor, or computer to complete all items. 1. Name of Property historic name Lehi Ward Tithing Barn/Centennial Hall other names/site number_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 2. Location street & number 651 North 200 East (rear) N/A not for publication city or town -L.I.t::eu.hiL--_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ N/A vicinity state L1tah code LJI county L1tah code 049 zip code 3. State/Federal Agency Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, I hereby certify that this _request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property Xmeets _does not meet the National Register criteria. I recommend that this property be consi ered significant _nationally _statewide Xlocally. C See continuation sheet for additional fomments.) ~nomination ~U .' Utah Division of State Historv. Office of Historic Preservation State or Federal agency and bureau In my opinion, the property _meets _does not meet the National Register criteria. additional comments.) Signature of certifying officiallTitie C See continuation sheet for Date State or Federal agency and bureau 4. ·National Park Service Certification I hereby certify that this property is: _ entered in the National Register. See continuation sheet. _ determined eligible for the National Register. See continuation sheet. _ determined not eligible for the National Register. _ removed from the National Register. _ other, (explain:),_ _ _ _ __ Signature of the Keeper Date of Action 84043 Lehi Ward Tithing Bam/Centennial Hall . Name of Property Lehi. Utah County, Utah City, County, and State 5. Classification Ownership of Property (Check as many boxes as apply) Category of Property lL private Number of Resources within Property (Check only one box) (Do not include previously listed resources in the count.) .JL building(s) Contributing Non-contributing _ public-local district buildings _ public-State site sites _ public-Federal structure structures _object objects o Name of related multiple property listing (Enter "N/A" if property is not part of a multiple property listing.) Historic and Architectural Resources of Lehi, Utah Total Number of contributing resources previously listed in the National Register N/A 6. Function or,Use Historic Functions (Enter categories from instructions) AGRICULTURE/SUBSISTENCE' Current Functions (Enter categories from instructions) DOMESTIC ' secondary stnJcture agricultural outbuilding RECREATION AND CULTURE ' music facility 7..Description, Architectural Classification (Enter categories from instructions) OTHER' yernacular Materials (Enter categories from instructions) foundation -'2S.J..Tlo.OOllJNu;;E~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ walls WOOD roof METAl other_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Narrative Description (Describe the historic and current condition of the property on one or more continuation sheets.) X See continuation sheet(s) for Section No, 7 Lehi Ward Tithing Bam/Centennial Hall Name of Property 8. Statement of Significance Applicable National Register Criteria (MarK "x" on one or more lines for the criteria qualifying the property for National Register listing.) ..x. A B Lehi. Utah Countv. Utah City, County, and State Areas of Significance (Enter categories from instructions) Property is associated with events that have RELIGION made a significant contribution to the broad SOCIAL HISTORY patterns of our history. ENTERTAINMENT/RECREATION Property is associated with the lives of persons ARCHITECTURE significant in our past. ..x. C Property embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or represents the worK of a master, or possesses Period of Significance 1872-1903 high artistic values, or represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components lack individual distinction. o Property has yielded, or is likely to yield, Significant Dates 1872 infonnation important in prehistory or history. Criteria Considerations (MarK "x" on all that apply.) Property is: A ..x. B Significant Person (Complete if Criterion B is marKed above) owned by a religious institution or used for NIA religious purposes . Cultural Affiliation removed from its original location. N/A C a birthplace or grave. o a cemetery. E a reconstructed building, object, or Architect/Builder structure. Unknown F a commemorative property. G less than 50 years of age or achieved significance within the past 50 years. Narrative Statement of Significance (Explain the significance of the property on one or more continuation sheets.) 9~Major Bibliographical References .x. See continuation sheet(s) for Section No. 8 Bibliography (Cite the books, articles , and other sources used in preparing this form on one or more continuation sheets.) Previous documentation on file (NPS): Primary location of additional data: _ preliminary determination of individuallisling lL. State Historic Preservation Office (36 CFR 67) has been requested _ Other State agency _ previously listed in the National Register _ Federal agency _ Local government _ previously determined eligible by the National Register _ University _ deSignated a National Historic Landmark Other _ recorded by Historic American Buildings Survey # Name of repository: _ recorded by Historic American Engineering Record # _ _ __ See continuation sheet(s) for Section NO.9 .x. Lehi Ward Tithing Bam/Centennial Hall Name of Property Lehi. Utah County. Utah City, County, and State 1O.Geographical ·Data. Acreage of property 1.25 acres UTM References (Place additional UTM references on a continuation sheet.) A 1/2 4/2/8/2/8/0 C_/ 1111/ Zone Easting 4/4/7/1 /8/2/0 Northing 111111 B _/ .J...1...1...1. 111111 Zone Easting Northing o _/ .J...1...1...1. /11/11 Verbal Boundary Description (Descrihe the hOllOdaries of the property ) North Y:z of Lot 1, Block 85, Plat A, Lehi City Survey Property Tax No. 01:082:0003:001 _ See continuation sheet(s) for Section No. 10 Boundary Justification (Explain whV the ho"ndaries were selected) The boundaries include the entire city lot that has historically been associated with the property. _ See continuation sheet(s) for Section No. 10 11. Forni Prepared By.: name/title Nelson W Knight/Architectural Historian organization Smith Hyatt Architects date .July 1998 street & number 845 S Main Street telephone [phone] city or town "'B""o""'ullntLlJifi....JLLI_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _________ state..J.!L zip code--"8..,,4""0u.1.... 0 _ _ __ Additional Documentation Submit the following items with the completed form: • Continuation Sheets • Maps: A USGS map (7.5 or 15 minute series) indicating the property's location. A Sketch map for historic districts and/or properties having large acreage or numerous resources. • Photographs: Representative black and white photographs of the property. • Additional items (Check with the SHPO or FPO for any additional items.) name Bruce l and Dina S Webb street & number _--"'6.... 5..L1..LN....o....rt....h....2""0....0L.J."E... a..,st"--_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ telephone [phone] city or town --->.L"",eiljhlLi_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 3'--_ _ state --'-!L zip code ---'84u::uO..,,4.... Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate properties for listing or determine eligibility for listing. to list properties. and to amend existing listings. Response to this request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act. as amended (16 U.S.C. 470 at seq.). Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average 18.1 hours per response including time for reviewing instructions. gathering and maintaining data. and completing and reviewing the form . Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form to the Chief. Administrative Services Division. National Park Service. P.O. Box 37127. Washington. DC 20013-7127: and the Office of Management and Budget. Paperwork Reductions Projects (1024-0018). Washington. DC 20503. OMB No_10024-0018 NPS fo nn 10-900-. Utah WordPerfecl5_1 Fonnat (Revised Feb_1993) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section No. L Page-1.. Lehi Ward Tithing Barn/Centennial Hall, Lehi, Utah County, UT Narrative Description The Lehi Ward Tithing Barn is a simple, two story structure. Approximately 20'x 40', the barn is of post and beam construction, resting on rock footings and sheathed with vertical plank siding. The large door on the east facade, along with a smaller door opening on the south facade, provide access to the barn. Along the roof line, there are remnants of a simple fascia, although this has fallen off in most places. The roof is currently covered with corrugat~d sheet metal, although visible spaced plank sheathing on the interior and Sanborn Maps indicate that the building was originally roofed with wood shingles. On the interior, the structural system is plainly visible. A heavy post-and-beam frame supports a partial second floor/hayloft. A large summer beam separates the space into two bays; above the beam, a king post truss supports the roof members. Similar trusses support the roof at each end of the barn. The frame ties into roof joists of roughly hewn 2x6s at approximately 16" on center. The floor is laid with pine planks, over timber sleepers. Historical accounts indicate that a similar floor was laid in the barn in 1876, though planks have obviously been replaced in many places in the years since. 1 The hay loft, which takes up 1-1/2 bays within the interior, is floored with similar planks and supported by wood pole floor joists. The structure remains intact, though it was moved twice. Originally constructed as a feed and livery stable in 1872, it stood at the present crossing of Interstate 15 and 200 East in Lehi. In 1873, the building was moved to the Lehi Ward of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints tithing yard, on the north side of Main Street between 300 and 400 West Streets. In 1880, the building was moved to its present location. The barn was but one of several agricultural outbuildings that composed the tithing yard. Sanborn Maps from 1890 show two wood frame sheds and a large root cellar on the property, in addition to the barn and the tithing office, with its attached granary to the rear of the building. A corral adjoined the barn to the northwest. By 1931, the last year Sanborn Maps were produced, the office had been removed and three houses built on the lot. The barn remains the only building of the original tithing yard to remain. See continuation sheet 'Van Wagoner, 118. NPS Fonn 1~900-a Utah WortlPerfeCl5.1 Format (Revised Feb. 1993) OMB No. 10024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section No. Jl Page.2.. Lehi Ward Tithing Bam/Centennial Hall, Lehi , Utah County, UT Narrative Statement of Significance The Lehi Ward Tithing Barn, built in 1872 and located at the rear of 651 North 200 East in Lehi, is nominated as part of the "Historic and Architectural Resources of Lehi City, Utah" Multiple Property Submission. It falls within the "Coming of the Railroad and Economic Expansion, 1871-1899" historic context and is significant under criterion A, as the last remaining building of the Lehi Ward Tithing Yard. Tithing was, and remains today, an integral teaching of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LOS, or Mormon churCh). Much of each member's 10 percent contribution of his/her wealth came as goods and produce. To manage this, each ward (the basic neighborhood unit of the church) maintained a yard where these goods could be stored and eventually redistributed . The first Lehi Tithing yard was on Main Street between 300 and 400 West Streets. The barn described here was moved to that yard in 1873, shortly after its construction on another site. In 1880, the tithing yard was moved to the northwest corner of 600 North and 200 East Streets. The tithing barn was moved to its present location in the new yard at that time. The barn was used to store tithed goods until 1903, when the yard was moved yet again. Although the building has been moved, it remains eligible because it was moved within the period of significance, and is the only surviving structure to remain from Lehi's second tithing yard, and one of only two remaining buildings from any of Lehi's tithing yards. The Lehi Ward Tithing Barn was originally built in 1872 as a feed and livery stable. It was located north of the Utah Southern Railroad Depot, near the present-day crossing of 200 East by Interstate 15. At that time the Utah Southern rail line terminated in Lehi. The stable's owners furnished further transportation to passengers and goods disembarking at the end of the line. When the Utah Southern was extended to American Fork in 1873, business in Lehi declined. The Lehi Ward bought the barn and moved it to the ward tithing office yard on west Main Street. 2 The tithing system was an integral part of the Mormon social system, and continues to be important in the church today. A member was expected to contribute 10 percent of his/her production, including personal time, wages, and farm production. The system was instituted on a wide basis beginning in 1852, when the LOS church Presiding Bishop directed local bishops to collect tithes at the ward level. 3 Accordingly, Bishop David Evans, leader of the Lehi Ward, set the members of the ward to work on a tithing office at 344 West Main. Built in 1854, the office was a sixteen by twenty-four foot, two story adobe building, surrounded by a mud wall encompassing a yard. The office was located close to 2\Jan Wagoner, William G. Hartley, "Ward Bishops and the Localizing of LOS tithing, 1847-1856," in David Bitton and Maureen Ursenbach Beecher, eds., New Views of Mormon Historv. (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1987), 96-114. Otd. in Van Wagoner, 116. X See continuation sheet NPS Fonn 10-900-a Utah WOfdPerfect 5.1 FonnO! (Revised Feb. 1993) OMB No. 10024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section No. Ji. Page...3... Lehi Ward Tithing Barn/Centennial Hall. Lehi. Utah County. UT Bishop Evans' house, one block east. 4 Under the supervision of a clerk, the ward collected goods to equal one-tenth of a member's crop and stock production. In addition, every tenth day of labor was to be devoted to church work. In this way, public and church buildings, fort walls and irrigation systems were constructed with tithing labor.s Eventually the Lehi tithing yard had, in addition to the office and hay barn, four stables, extensive corrals, and an adobe granary. Although not all members faithfully paid their tithing, the Lehi tithing office accepted a great deal of goods from its faithful members. In 1854, for instance, Lehi's wheat tithing consisted of 900 bushels, though in the following year a grasshopper invasion reduced the wheat tithe to 150 bushels. 6 The tithing office served many functions in early Lehi. Because church and civic functions were so freely intermixed, city council meetings and elections were often held there. The tithing clerk served as town tax collector and issued tithing scrip, used as legal tender and exchangeable for goods at the tithing office. The Lehi tithing office was also used more than once as a makeshift morgue and was Lehi's first jail. 7 In addition, the yard was used for community functions. In 1876, the United States celebrated its centennial. Festivities in Lehi were held in the tithing yard and inside the tithing barn. The first ice cream in Lehi was served at the celebration, priced at five and ten cents per dish. The first fireworks display in Lehi took place that evening, causing a stir among the residents of the town. An afternoon dance for children and an evening dance for adults was held in the tithing barn. Dances in 1876 Lehi were usually held in another building, the Lehi Music Hall. That building was unavailable for the occasion, so members of the celebration committee fixed up the tithing barn for the festivities: Red pine logs, cut in the Boulder Mountains west of Rush Valley, were hauled to Cedar Fort and sawed into lumber. These thick, rough planks were then laid crosswise on sleeper beams of West Canyon timber, and a dance floor was ready. The barn was then bedecked with cedar boughs, flowers, bunting, flags, pictures, and mottoes. "To say that it looked beautiful," wrote Andrew Fjeld, "is putting it mildly for it looked like a veritable fairy palace. Jl8 4Van Wagoner. 116. 5Leonard J. Arrington. Great Basin Kingdom: An Economic Historv of the Latter-Day Saints. 1858-1900. (Cambridge. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 1958). 135. evan Wagoner. 117. lVan Wagoner. 118. evan Wagoner. 118. Quote from Andrew Fjeld. "How Lehi celebrated July 4th when America was a hundred." Deseret News. 10 July 1926. Reprinted in Lehi Free Press. 6 July 1951. X See continuation sheet OMB No. 10024-0018 NPS Form 1()'900-a Utah WordPerfec15.1 Format (Revised Feb. 1993) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section No. Jt Page..!. Lehi Ward Tithing Barn/Centennial Hall, Lehi, Utah County, UT Thereafter, the barn was known in Lehi as Centennial Hall. It retained the name when the tithing barn was moved to a new tithing yard at the northwest corner of 600 North and 200 East Streets in 1880. The move was prompted by a change in leadership of the Lehi Ward. Bishop David Evans, who served as the spiritual and civic leader of Lehi from 1852 to 1879, resigned as bishop and was replaced by Thomas Cutler. Bishop Cutler would also serve a long tenure, from 1879 until 1903. As was common practice, he moved the tithing yard to a site near his house. 9 The barn was moved, although the first tithing office remained on the original site and was demolished several years later. Sanborn Maps from 1890 and 1898 show a sizable compound of buildings on the tithing yard lot. · The tithing clerk worked out of an adobe building facing 200 East. Behind the office was a granary, and south of the office was a large root cellar, with an earthen roof. Four other agricultural outbuildings, including the tithing barn, were also on the site, along with a well pump west of the barn. In 1898, scales were added south of the tithing office. In 1903, Cutler resigned as Bishop and moved to Salt Lake City to be closer to his business duties (he was general manager of the Utah Sugar Company). The Lehi Ward was divided into four separate wards, each with its own leadership. The joint tithing yard was moved to a new site, at the corner of Center and 200 North Streets. This yard was used until 1918, although the need for a facility to accommodate goods had declined well before that time, as the economy in Lehi and Utah shifted to a cash-based one. The buildings at the former Cutler-era tithing yard were demolished by 1931, except the tithing barn, still known by the Lehi citizenry as Centennial Hall. Three houses were built on the lot by 1931; they still are standing today. Although the Lehi Ward Tithing Barn/Centennial Hall no longer sits on its original site, it remains eligible for the National Register under Criteria Consideration B. It was moved during the period of significance. The first move of the building, in 1873, occurred before the barn was used for tithe storage. In 1880, the building was moved as part of the move of the entire tithing yard that took place along with the change of Lehi Bishoprics. The barn is still used for storage, and is the only remaining building from this yard. Th~ only other remaining tithing building is another barn, which was located at the third Lehi yard, on Center and 200 East Streets. After that yard was closed, the barn was moved to a farm on Bridge Road outside Lehi. It does not appear to be eligible, because it has lost its historic association with its site. The Lehi Ward Tithing Barn/Centennial Hall is also eligible for listing under the "Tithing Offices & Granaries of the Mormon Church" thematic nomination. lIThe Thomas R. Cutler Mansion was listed in the National Register in .... NPS Fonn l(}'900-a Utah WordPerfecl5.1 Fonnat (ReviSed Feb. 1993) OMB No. 10024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section No. Jt. Page ~ Lehi Ward Tithing Barn/Centennial Hall, Lehi, Utah County, UT Bibliography Arrington, Leonard J., Beet Sugar in the West: A History of the Utah-Idaho Sugar Company. 18911966. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press, 1966. Carter, Thomas and Peter Goss, Utah's Historic Architecture. 1847-1940. Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Graduate School of Architecture and Utah State Historical Society, 1985. Daughters of Utah Pioneers of Utah County, Memories That Live: Utah County Centennial History. Springville, Utah: Art City Publishing, 1947. Kirkham, Thomas F., ed. and compo Lehi Centennial History 1850-1950 (including reprint of Hamilton Gardner's History of Lehi [Salt Lake City: Deseret News, 1913]). Lehi, Utah: Lehi Free Press Publishing Co., 1950. "Lehi Reconnaissance Level Survey," prepared by Allen Roberts, AlA, for the Utah State Historic Preservation Office, October, 1992, and February, 1994. Copy on file at the Utah SHPO. Owens, G., Salt Lake City Directory. Including a Business Directory of Provo. Springville. and Ogden. Utah Territory, Salt Lake City, 1867. Polk, RL., & Co., Provo City Directory. Salt Lake City: RL. Polk & Co., 1891-92, 1903-1987. Polk, RL., & Co., Utah State Gazeteer and Business Directory. Salt Lake City: Tribune Job Printing Co., 1900-1931. Sanborn Map Company, New York, Insurance Maps of Lehi, Utah, 1890, 1898, 1907, 1922, 1934. Richard S. Van Wagoner. Lehi: Portraits of a Utah Town. Lehi, Utah: Lehi City Corporation, 1990. See continuation sheet NPS Fonn 1()-9()().a OMB No. 10024-0018 Utah WordPerfect 5.1 Fonnat (Revised Feb. 1993) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section No. PHOTOS Page..2.. Lehi Ward Tithing BamlCentennial Hall, Lehi, Utah County, UT Photo No.1 1. Lehi Ward Tithing Barn 2. Lehi, Utah County, Utah 3. Photographer: Kim A. Hyatt 4. Date: June, 1997 5. Negative on file at Utah SHPO. 6. SE elevation of building. Camera facing NW. Photo No.2 1. Lehi Ward Tithing Barn 2. Lehi, Utah County, Utah 3. Photographer: Kim A. Hyatt 4. Date: June, 1997 5. Negative on file at Utah SHPO. 6. NW elevation of building. Camera facing SE. See continuation sheet . -- . ~f\E')~ ~, , . \\' ?~\ ~¥M4 ~~ ) ~~ ~ I.-e.\~ )\J~ GO. \ \J\ l.-o\\\ , ." t I 0" 'W ~ f) \1 l V 'E >- " , ~ I I I' I" '" I ,~ ;~ . " ~ _... [j] ~ \ 1~1o I' f ! I I :S~\?~II\. a1 i ' ; . I i "f\ : ,f r~ i i i ~ , . 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CENTENNIAL BARN Constructed: 1872 Address: 651 North 200 East (rear) Present owners: BrucelDinah Webb Historically the Mormon concept of ' . tithing was interpreted to mean that each church member should contribute one-tenth of total assets at the time of conversion plus one-tenth of all future "increase." Most of these contributions were in kind and required extensive storage facilities. . Lehi's first tithing office, a sixteen-bytwenty-four-foot, two-story, adobe building with basement and surrounding mud wall was erected at 344 West Main in 1854. The surrounding tithing yard, which occupied one-sixth of Block 37, eventually had a large hay bam, four stables, extensive corrals, and an adobe granary. Approximately one-third of tithing donations were retained locally. Under supervision of the bishop, these funds were used to provide for the poor, maintain church facilities, and to finance projects that would benefit the entire community. The other two-thirds was sent to the General Tithing Office in Salt Lake City. Lehi's tithing office, like other church and school buildings in the town, was used for a City council multitude of public functions. meetings, elections, and dances were frequently held there. For hundreds of Lehi patriots on 4 July 1876, the tithing yard became venerated as the site of most of the American Centennial celebration activities. Sporting events were held there during the afternoon. Ice cream was first introduced to Lehi under the shade of the towering black willow trees on the property. The spacious tithing hay barn was the scene of an afternoon dance for children and an evening dance for their elders. The large lumber barn, built in 1872 for a feed and livery stable, originally stood north of the Utah Southern Railroad Depot (approximately where 1-15 now crosses Second East). After the railroad was completed to American Fork in 1873, Lehi business declined. Consequently, the local ward bought the barn, dissasembled it, and moved it to the tithing office yard where it was reconstructed. Community dances in 1876 Lehi were usually held in the Lehi Music Hall. But arrangements could not be made to hold the Centennial celebration there, so committeemen fixed up the tithing barn for the festivities . Red pine logs, cut in the Boulder Mountains west of Rush Valley, were hauled to Cedar Fort and sawed into lumber. These thick, rough planks were then laid crosswise on sleeper beams of West Canyon timber, and a dance floor was ready. The barn was then bedecked with cedar boughs, flowers, bunting, flags, pictures, and mottos. "To say that it looked beautiful," wrote Andrew Fjeld, "is putting it mildly . for it looked like a veritable fairy palace." Other community events were also held in the bam.wbich:citizens thereafter called Centennial HalI. - ~Footraces, ice cream eating, and bam dancing were not the only events held on the tithing lot that long-ago Independence Day. When the evening skies darkened, the first fireworks ever exploded in Lehi were set off. The unsuspecting crowd was startled by the bursting rockets. "[people] surged from one side of the tithing lot to the other like a herd of wild cattle in a stampede," Andrew Fjeld later noted. "No one was hurt for the fire did not fall" and "all together the day was a glorious success from start to finish. " After Thomas R Cutler replaced Bishop David Evans in 1879, one of his first official acts was to relocate the tithing yard near his house. Accordingly, Lehi's second tithing yard became situated on the northwest comer of Sixth North and Second East. The historic tithing barn downtown was moved to the new yard where a major portion still stands behind the Bruce Webb home. An 1898 Sanborn Map of this tithing yard shows, in addition to the bam and office/granary, two large corrals, three log stables, a flowing well with pump, an outhouse. a root cellar with dirt roof, and weigh scales. 20 -.-i.,T ' Centennial Bam as it looks today 19 A GUIDE TO LEHI CITY'S HISTORICAL SITES AND PLACES Published by the Lehi HislOrical Preservation Commission 1997 funded hy grants from the I 'tah State Historical Society ami I.ehi CityCor(loration TITLE SEARCH FORM [Obtain information from title abstract books at County Recorder's Office) Address: (PSI City: ~ N. ~£., Current Owner: \,J",'0~, ~ L.. ~ ~~ CS. Address: TRANSACTION DATES GRANTOR (SELLER) '" 11;~, L,' F.-TDk~c;o...... Tax Number: OI'.e.'Z"oe~"!.: tbl A-'1qo(ou.) Legal Description (include acreage): ~ Ii V~ 6~ hf l ~{k. ~ rIA.\- AI le-1u c~'t Sx,..",~ TYPE OF DOLLAR TRANSACTION AMOUNT GRANTEE (BUYER) rR.('I~ J COt+1ENTS ./J....;,.j.,' ...... All " II 1 -, Researcher: , , Date: ~. Lot I EVALUATION SHEET National Register Nomination Utah Office of Preservation Name of Property: Lehi MPS Address: Main Street Historic District and 10 individual MPS nominations City, County: Lehi. Utah Certified Local Government: __~L~e~h~i~_____________________________________ Submitted by: Nelson Knight Date: Feb. 1998 Evaluation: ~ Approved by staff -- Submitted to the Board of State History Returned for corrections or additional information (see below) Rejected by staff (see below) Evaluated by: Julie Osborne Date: Feb. 1998 Checklist of items required for each nomination __ x__ * * * * -K-- __ x__ Nomination form completed per National Register guidelines (Bulletin 16A) . Completed CLG approval letter (if located within an active CLG) . U.S. Geological Survey map (7.5 or 15 minute only) with location of the site marked in pencil. At least five, 35 mm color slides showing all sides of the structure and significant interior details. At least two, high-quality 7" x 10" full-frame, glossy, black-and-white, photographs with accompanying negatives. Photos should show principal facade and rear and/or side elevations. Name and mailing address of the property owner. Copy of all research materials. Comments Good nominations. Photos and maps en route. LEHI Portraits of a Utah Town Richard S. Van Wagoner Foreword by Max Evans .. 0" • LEHI CITY CORPORATION, 1990 6 OVERVIEW While many pioneers moved log cabins from the old fort site onto one of the new city lots, others started anew with adobe homes. Log, stone, and brick construction required specialized skills and tools. But building with adobe - sun-dried brick made of mud and straw - could be mastered by virtually anyone who had a set of molds. As first the four-by-six-by-twelve-inch "dobies" were made on site from clay that could be scraped up in the vicinity. Later it was found that a "blue clay" from banks of the Jordan River made the most durable adobe, and an adobe mill was established south of the present-day Lehi Roller Mills. Not everyone could afford the luxury of an adobe home; adobes sold for $4 to $8 per thousand. Many built primitive cellar-like dugouts with willow and mud roofs. Others lived in mud houses built essentially in the same fashion as the fort wall had been built. James Bryant, whose parents came to Lehi in 1862, later wrote that "with the exception of a dog-house, I have lived in all kinds of houses from mud on." He described his Lehi mud house as having just one large room. Father made the foundation of rock and mud, about 18" thick. This was left to dry thoroughly, then another layer would be added and dried, then another layer, and so on, working each day, until it was raised to about an 8' square. Then all of our belongings were moved in before the roof was placed. The roof consisted of two poles placed across the center and at first the wagon cover was stretched over corner-side until [bundles of reeds and willows] were fastened together in rows over the logs . . .. Then a covering of mud was placed over all. When a heavy rain came, of course the mud would leak and allow the water to come thru and everyone had to manage a brass kettle or other utensiPO Lehi residents of the early 1850s, like most Utah pioneers, were relatively poor. There was no railroad into the territory and wagon freighting was so prohibitively expensive that people were forced to depend essentially on what they could raise, produce, and/ or barter. Even the best efforts were sometimes hindered by factors beyond anyone's control. They first came on a sultry 2 August 1854 afternoon. Immense hoards of grasshoppers descended on the town like a biblical plague. William F. Rigby noted that "at times the sun would be darkened when [they] would pass over like a cloud."21 All able men, women, and children worked from dawn to dusk to destroy the invading insects. "Each person would go along each row of crops," James Bryant later recalled, and try to knock them off into a trench the men folks had dug along the rows. We took heavy string or light rope and two of us passed along the row, pulling the rope tightly along the side of the foilage, then pulling it quickly. This jolt would unseat the pests and they would fall into the trench and be quickly covered up with dirt. The ladies' hoop skirts came in handy in assisting to shoo the grasshoppers into the trenches . ... [The skirts were also] used by the ladies to shovel the dirt into the trenches after the surprised pests had been knocked into them . After the sun came up it would be quite a task, in fact real hard, to remove them, as they would be so busy eating.22 Even the flocks of hungry seagulls that arrived - seemingly to help the beleaguered farmers - were not enough to halt the onslaught. The ravenous insects advanced from field to field, from garden to garden. According to the 16 August 1854 Deseret News, "damage was done to oats, corn, garden vegetables, but not much to wheat." The wheat was spared only because it had already headed. The following summer, the young wheat shoots were the first crop the hoards of newly hatched hoppers began to devour. They grew rapidly, migrating in a southerly direction, consuming everything green in their pathway. By June they had flown elsewhere. Miraculously a few patches of grain survived in the southern part of town. But in September Bishop David Evans predicted that tithing wheat for the year would not exceed 150 bushels whereas it had been nine hundred bushels in 1854. 23 Famine conditions prevailed during these years. William Rigby wrote that his family lived solely on bran bread during the wintertime. In the summer they ate wild mushrooms, sego lily bulbs, and so many weeds "that our skin became tinted with green." But others were even worse off, according to Rigby. The sevenmember Hudson family had no bread at all, and survived by eating nothing by the hundreds of pumpkins and squash they had raised. 24 James Bryant would likely have enjoyed the luxury of a pumpkin. "We had to save all our bacon rinds" he wrote, "and mother would make bacon soup ... and that was all we had to eat for days."25 Andrew Fjeld, in a chronicle of these years, wrote that "men and women [were] seen to stagger on streets from sheer weakness caused by lack of food."26 The winter of 1855-56 was filled with hardship and woe. In addition to hunger and bone-numbing temperatures, townsmen suffered their first tragic encounter with hostile Indians. Gosiutes had lived in Cedar Valley, Tintic Valley, and the Lake Mountains for perhaps hundreds of years and it was only natural that they resented the Mormon presence on their ancestral lands. When a small group of men, including brothers John, George, and Washington Carson settled around the springs in Fairfield in 1855, the Indians viewed their stock as fair game. To halt the depredations, a posse of ten Provo men under the direction of Deputy Marshal Thomas S. Johnson was dispatched with writs of arrest for Indians including Tintic, the band's leader. Arriving at the Indian camp just east of Fairfield on 22 February, Deputy Sheriff Parish grabbed the Indian leader by the hair and said "Tin tic , you are my prisoner." But he was not about to be taken and began struggling with the officer. During the ensuing fight, George Carson was killed along with several Indians including Tintic's brother Battest. MAKING OF A CITY $4,000,000 worth of materials was sold for an estimated $100,000. Highly valued among Lehi residents were the large wagon boxes, which made excellent granaries. Other popular items were the wide-strapped government harnesses - also cannon balls, which could be recast into more usable products. John C. Naile, Lehi capitalist, who purchased most of the wood in the camp buildings, including all door and window frames, kept the town in building materials for years to come. Shortly after the closure of Camp Floyd another Indian incident cost the lives of two men near Lehi. On 1 April 1863, a fight took place between a small detachment of U.S. troops from Fort Douglas under Lieutenant Ether, and a party of Indians just north of Cedar Fort. The Indians were driven off, but vowed revenge. On 10 June 1863 the Overland mailcoach was traveling eastward from Fairfield when these same Gosiutes ambushed it just west of the Jordan River. Despite the bravery of driver Wood Reynolds, he and another Overland employee were killed and horribly mutilated by the large force of attacking Indians. A young Lehi herdsman, George Kirkham, witnessed the attack from the knoll just northwest of Cold Springs. America in the 1860s was torn by the turbulence of Civil War, President Lincoln's assassination, and Southern Reconstruction. Though such events were of epic proportions, Harper's Ferry, Bull Run, and Antietam were as far removed from life in Lehi as events in Imperial Japan. Aside from the closing of Camp Floyd, . the only other major affect of the Civil War on the community was the doubling of the toll rates on the Jordan River Bridge due to the depreciation of paper money. 38 While guns thundered and men died elsewhere, Lehi townsmen were preoccupied with expanding city boundaries beyond the fort. Mayor David Evans initially opposed growth because of limited water resources. But he later changed his opinion and authorized the surveying of a tier of blocks surrounding the walls. Community growth soon demanded another tier on the north and south. Among the first to move from the fort's safety into this new area was a young couple, J. Edgar and Amanda N. Ross. For a time their dugout on the sagebrush-covered northeast corner of First East and Third North was the farthest dwelling from the safety of the fort. 39 In addition to new homes, numerous building projects added to the community's stature during this time. The Meeting House, which had been started in 1855, was finally completed. Along with the Log School (1851) and the Tithing Office (1854), the new Meeting House became the center of community activities. Samuel Mulliner had created the Mill Pond and completed his grist mill in 1858. Bishop Evans and Canute Peterson built a small tannery on Dry Creek near the northwest corner of Third North and First West in 1862. 9 The Southwest (Thurman) School, west of the Meeting House, was completed in 1863 just about the time Abraham Lincoln was delivering the Gettysburg Address at that distant battlefield. In 1868, three years after the surrender at Appomattox Courthouse, the Lehi Union Exchange moved into its large co-operative store on the southeast corner of Main and Second West. This mercantile was a communal establishment where townspeople could exchange their produce for store items. As there was little cash in town after the abandonment of Camp Floyd, the community's economy was based almost entirely on bartering. John Woodhouse, Lehi tailor, illustrated this principle in his account of the building of his Lehi home: "I purchased a house and lot from Thomas Oakey for which I paid $300.00 as follows: I let him have some cattle, a wagon, a bed coverlet woven by Mother Thomas, and the balance in wheat at the Tithing Office." During the winter of 1866-67, Woodhouse's mud house, which had been built without a foundation, dissolved into a rubble heap. He then built a larger twostory home "practically without money or credit" as he put it: After the spring work was done on the farm, I moved the family into a small granary, cleared the debris of the old house away and hauled rock for the foundation. Abraham Enough, the mason, was under contract to make adobes for Robert Gilchrist, but would rather lay rock if I could arrange with Gilchrist. When I approached Gilchrist on the matter, he was quite willing that Enough should work for me, and I could pay [Gilchrist] by making a pair of pants each for himself and brother Niel; thus I got the foundations laid. I was considering the best way to get the adobes for the walls, when my neighbor, Andrew F. Peterson, proposed that if I would furnish the material and make him a suit of clothes, he would make my adobes. Making the clothes was a small matter, but to furnish the material was a serious consideration; however, I finally agreed to it. I sheared sheep and earned wool from which my wife spun and wove cloth for two suits of clothes. The one I paid Peterson for the adobes, the other I gave to John Andreason for building the walls. I procured window and door frames from John C. Nagle which had come out of the buildings at Camp Floyd. I hauled timber from the canyons and made sleepers for floors and plates and stringers for the roof. Several men who were owing me for work, done the year previous and were now working at John Zimmerman's saw mill in American Fork Canyon, paid me in lumber and shingles. I also exchanged work with Newal A. Brown by binding grain for him in the forenoon and receiving his help in putting on the roof in the afternoon when the grain was too dry to bind. The shingle nails used were second hand ones from Camp Floyd and cost 30 cents a pound, while new nails cost 75 cents a pound. The lumber for casings and upstairs floors I bought from Latimer & Taylor, of Salt Lake City, paying $15.00 down and promising to pay a fat pig to weigh about 200 pounds at killing time for the balance. I procured the lumber for the lower floors from Anthony MAKING OF A CITY The 17 December 1931 Lehi Sun announced a "Hard Time Ball" in the LaVeda Ballroom (former Smuin Dancing Academy). The 50<1: ticket for men could be purchased with vegetables, fruits, grain, or other foodstuff. Women were encouraged to bring preserves for their 10<1: entrance fee. LDS Church donations also returned to an "in kind" contribution when the Lehi Stake Presidency announced that farm and garden produce would be accepted as tithing. A Community Welfare Committee under the direction of George S. Peterson was formed to help families in need. Woodcutting teams laid in stockpiles of fuel for winter, and the Lehi Community Cannery was opened in a People's Co-op building to allow people to preserve fruits and vegetables. "The Lord helps them, that help themselves," Peterson advised in the 8 September 1932 Lehi Free Press: We recommend that people prepare and dig vegetable pits and store in them a winter's supply of potatoes, cabbage, carrots, onions ... put up as much fruit and vegetables as you possibly can ... [and] haul all the wood you can from the canyons . . . . If you will do these things then you will appreciate how the Lord helps them that help themselves. " Some people helped themselves by rustling cattle and stealing hogs or helping themselves to other's corn or potatoes, but most honest men just wanted work. Even when jobs were available, however, the hours were reduced in order to spread the work among the greatest number of families. George Ricks, working twelve days a month at Bingham, was paid $2.85 a day, while his neighbor on a WPA project earned $11 a day. Though he had a job, Ricks still had to scrounge for discarded food in a dump in order to feed his family.92 Lehi's first RFC grant, for $617.55, was announced in the 13 October 1932 Lehi Free Press. The paper noted that the money would be given to those who are "in need and are willing to work for it." November 3, the paper carried the announcement that RFC funds would henceforth be administered through county rather than community organizations. Under this new system, food, clothing, and fuel vouchers were issued instead of cash, though recipients were still required to work for the supplies. One hundred sixty-eight RFC-funded men, making from $3 to $20 a month, worked on crews cleaning the cemetery, streets, sidewalks, ditches, the Memorial Building and Wines Park. In February 1933 an RFC crew relocated the large bleachers, judging stands, and corrals from the rodeo grounds on the Evans' Ranch to the former site of the city ball park.93 By February 1933 $4,439.05 worth of work vouchers had been allotted to the community. The disbursement of this business generated much controversy when it was discovered that the G.S.P. Store, owned by George S. Peterson, local chairman of the RFC committee, was 23 receiving as much business as the town's other five grocery stores combined. A committee of businessmen demanded Peterson's resignation and former Mormon Bishop Andrew Fjeld, was appointed in his stead. 94 Nearly all Lehi businesses complied with the requirements of the National Recovery Act. George S. Peterson, upon resigning his RFC position, was appointed Lehi's first general chairman of the NRA's Reemployment Committee. Many Lehi men found work on the construction of Deer Creek Reservoir during this time. Others continued to be involved on local projects. The Lehi Free Press announced on 30 November 1933 that Utah County's Civil Works Administration program (CW A), funded by RFC, would put six hundred unemployed workers to work. Forty-one of those jobs went to Lehi men, who began work immediately on the city's streets. George Ricks remembers that some of the work was not always worthwhile. "They raked up little piles of weeds" he wrote, then instead of burning or disposing them, they were left for the wind to scatter, and a few days later, they were up here repeating the process . .. . My neighbor told me that on one painting project, their boss continually warned them about working too fast or they would finish the project long before the appropriation was used up . As a result, he said , they spent the last two weeks playing cards and killing time any way they could. 9S While the State Bank of Lehi was financially solvent during the Depression years, even advertising a $20,000 surplus in the 18 May 1933 Lehi Free Press, directors closed the bank on Saturday 16 January 1932 when they learned that one Midvale and two American Fork banks had closed Friday evening. The Lehi bankers felt their action necessary to "protect depositors and institutions during these trying conditions in the state's banking circles." The bank reopened on 28 July, and on 1 January 1934 received a federal government telegram approving membership in the temporary Federal Deposit Insurance Fund. "Now who's afraid of the big bad wolf?" bank officers asked in the 4 January 1934 Lehi Free Press; "Uncle Sam Guarantees All Depositors of This Bank." But few Lehi families had money to save. Most were living hand-to-mouth, and grateful for what little government support they could get - such as free FERA tomato plants. A new high school tennis court was built with FERA labor in June 1934. The following month local FERA chairman W. H. Jenkinson resigned and was replaced by Clifford Austin. Austin (now in his late nineties) has never forgotten the despair in the faces of men who approached him daily looking for work when there were too few jobs to go around .96 Federally funded projects over the next few years included laying a new floor on the Jordan River Bridge and graveling the road two miles west (1934), upgrading city waterworks (1935), and building bleachers at the high school football field (1936). A WPA sewing 42 THE MUNICIPALITY sures (1861), Pound Keeper-responsible for stray animals (1863), and Inspector of Wood and Lumber (1863). Prior to 1881, the positions of recorder, marshal, treasurer, and assessor and collector were filled by city council appointees. J. Edgar Ross, Thomas Fowler, William E. Racker, and Joseph T. H. Colledge became the first officials elected to these positions on 14 February 188l. 1 The American system of democratic government developed, to some degree, from early town meetings where men elected their officials and freely debated personal beliefs. During the first forty years of municipal elections in Lehi and elsewhere in Utah, however, candidates were nominated by the Mormon-controlled People's party, ran unopposed, and were nearly always elected unanimously since there was no opposition. An example of how this system worked can be studied in the diary of Lorenzo Hill Hatch, who served in the Lehi Ward bishopric froin 1852-63. On 6 February 1856 under the direction of Bishop David Evans, Hatch "made out a list of names for the City officers to be elected if the people chose to do so." On 1 August 1858 he was "called up by bishop Evans to go call the teachers together to arrange for the election," and on 13 February 1859 he noted that he "was appointed or elected as Alderman." These procedures, resembling the Mormon custom of sustaining leaders with an "uplifted hand" rather than by secret ballot, were first opposed by merchant James W. Taylor and others in 1873 when the incumbent city officers were "re-elected" for the third consecutive term. Taylor, president of the People's Co-op, was angered by the religious and civic control of Lehi maintained by the powerful Evans clan which included Mayor William H. Winn, the bishop's son-in-law, and Alderman Israel Evans, his son (see chapter 12). The Taylor faction's challenge was heard by the Municipal Court which consisted of Mayor William H. Winn, Aldermen Israel Evans and John Woodhouse (Israel Evans's brother-in-law), and Recorder Joseph T. H. Colledge. To no one's surprise the court ruled that "the new election had been held legally."2 A feeble attempt at political opposition in town was initiated on 22 September 1882 with the organization of the Liberal Party at James Harris's home. But as Lehi historian Hamilton Gardner put it in 1913, "nomination on the People's Party ticket always insur[ed] election."3 This remained true until after the 10 June 1891 dissolution of the Peoples Party. Lay members were then encouraged by Mormon church leadership to align themselves with the national political party of their choice, and the birth of the two-party system in Utah took place. Until the early 1870s, Lehi municipal affairs were conducted at several different locations including the Log School, the Tithing Office, the upper room of the Meeting House, and the Thurman School. During the summer of 1871 the town began erecting a small city hall on the north side of Main Street between First and Second West. The $750 adobe building, with a dark, single-window jail in the basement, was constructed by masons Abraham Enough and J. Wiley Norton and carpenters Thomas Ashton, Wesley Molen, John McOmbie, and John Stewart. The city council held its first meeting in this building on 22 April 1872. 4 The adobe city hall was a rather unpretentious building and city leaders quickly became dissatisfied with both its size and appearance. Just five years after completion of the edifice, builder Thomas Ashton was given permission by the city to prepare a cost estimate on a new building. He recommended a thirty-by-thirty-foot brick structure with basement which would cost $1,928. Mayor William Winn and Councilors Thomas Ashton and Ole Ellingson comprised the building committee which supervised masons Carl Carlson and John Andreason, carpenter Ashton, and plasterer Joseph Trinnaman. Started in 1877 on Main Street just west of the present Lehi Bakery, the building was completed the following year. The adobe city hall, attached to the north end of the newer brick building, was used as a jail until 1893 and thereafter for storage until its demolition in 1938. Lehi's brick city hall has an extensive and colorful history. Foremost among the various activities held there was the weekly meeting of the city council. Though many laws and ordinances were passed by this body, none were more interesting than the Curfew Law of 18 July 1887: Children not to be on streets. When? It shall be unlawful for any person under fourteen years of age to be or remain in or upon any of the streets, alleys, or public places in this city at night after the hour of nine o'clock, unless said person is accompanied by a parent, guardian or other person having the legal custody of such minor person, or is in performance of an errand of duty directed by such parent, guardian or other person having the care and the custody of such minor person, or whose employment makes it necessary to be upon said street, alleys or public places during the night time after said specified hours. Any person violating the provisions of this section shall, on conviction, be fined in any sum not to exceed five dollars for each offense, and shall stand committed until such fine and costs are paid. s In September 1887, Mayor George Webb was authorized $50 to purchase a bell which was installed in a belfry atop city hall. 6 The curfew bell, rung by the marshal every evening at 9:00, at first sent children scurrying to their homes. While the curfew age was eventually raised to sixteen and even later to eighteen, the pealing of the bell soon became ordinary and children could be seen playing under the town's street lights long after dark. The 20 June 1901 Lehi Banner carried a police warning against "playing games on the Sabbath Day," using "profane language on our streets," and CHAPTER 3 ~ A Law Enforcement ~ lthough nineteenth-century Lehi was in the midst of the Wild West, the city has a rather benign history compared to such unruly cowtowns as Dodge City or shoot-'em-up mining camps like Tombstone. Nevertheless, Lehi has been the scene of violent murders, flourishing speakeasies, and gambling dens. Ladies of the night have plied their wares, and a broad array of skulduggery is noted in city court records. While the town's seven different jails have often been empty, hundreds of colorful lawbreakers and evil-doers have cooled their heels at city expense. The town's first policemen were not appointed until 16 December 1853, nearly one year after incorporation, and three years after settlement. The eight original lawmen, two from each side of the city fort, were Alonzo D. Rhodes, Daniel Cox, John Zimmerman, Richard C. Gibbons, Abel Evans, Prime Coleman, Preston Thomas, and David Clark. Two weeks after the police force was organized, Alonzo Rhodes was appointed Lehi's first marshal and Sylvanus Collett became the town's first constable, an office that was soon discontinued. l In the earliest years Lehi had as many as twelve lawmen, including the marshal and police captain. However, the marshal and a night policeman were the only full-time officers. Each worked a twelve-hour shift'. The remaining men constituted what was essentially a standing posse-deputies who could be called upon in times of emergency. Lehi marshals were appointed by the city council umi11881, when the position became elective. In 1909, however, the state legislature mandated that town marshals be appointed rather than elected. Since that time the Lehi marshallchief-of-police (nomenclature was changed in the 1950s) position has been affected by shifting political winds. Only two men in the city's history have held the job for more than ten years. Tom Fowler was marshal from 1873 to 1887. Chief Berl Peterson (1963-81), serving longer than anyone else, was ousted in a controversial political squabble with Mayor Blaine Singleton in 1981. Despite this turn of events, Peterson remained on the force until his retirement in 1988. 2 In addition to enforcing the law, Lehi's police have been responsible for maintaining city jails. Some frontier lockups were primitive affairs - one sheriff confined prisoners by simply throwing a cowhide over them and pegging it to the ground. 3 Lehi's first hoosegow, though a step beyond a pegged cowhide, seems dungeon-like by today's standards. It was located in the basement of the adobe Tithing Office constructed in 1854 on the north side of Main between Third and Fourth West (Morris Clark's garden plot in 1989). The building's vegetable cellar was not used as a jail until sometime after 1856. This was the year of Lehi's first murder, a vengeful crime plotted by a conspiracy of citizens. Young plural wife Maria Peterson, searching north of Lehi for a lost cow, was apparently raped by forty-year-old Jacob Lance on 11 April. Mrs. Peterson, whose husband Canute was on a mission to Scandanavia, filed charges against Lance, the father of four. He was arrested the following day at his home in American Fork and brought to Lehi. Lehi townsman James Harwood, twenty-two-year-old Utah County constable, provided a detailed chronology of the events leading to Lance's murder: Saturday, April 12, after coming from the field in the evening I saw a crowd of men around [Justice of the Peace] Alfred Bell's... . I stopped to find out what was wrong, when the Marshal [Alonzo D. Rhodes] came to me and gave in charge Jacob Lance. Said I must put him under guard as he was held for rape upon Mrs. Peterson. It being late the investigation was put off until Monday. I took charge of the prisoner, who wanted to talk some to LAW ENFORCEMENT Lucy Cox was not a vlctlm as was Maria Peterson. Lucy's love child, Solomon L. Cox, born on 14 November 1862, was named in honor of his recently murdered natural father though he as summed the last name of . his mother's deceased husband. While Utah Mormons generally opposed "extralegal justice," it was commonly supported for seducers of women, which is how Lehi citizens likely viewed both Lance and Langley. In the sensational 1851 trial of Howard Egan, who had killed James Monroe, seducer of Egan's wife Tamson, defense attorney Apostle George A. Smith argued that "in this territory it is a principle of mountain common law, that no man can seduce the wife of another without endangering his own life."15 Fifteen minutes after entering deliberation, the jury returned a verdict of not guilty. After printing the transcript of Smith's closing argument in the case, the 15 November 1851 Deseret News editorialized that the case should "prove a sufficient warning to all unchaste reprobates, that they are not wanted in our community." A discussion of this issue by legal scholar Kenneth L. Cannon II places the Lance and Langley killings into historical perspective: Though by no means universally approved of in nineteenthcentury America, extralegal violence was clearly condoned by many Americans, especially those living in the southern and western parts of the country. In fact the scale of extralegal measures is quite staggering to the modern mind. Vigilantes and supporters of vigilante movements included Presidents Andrew Jackson and Theodore Roosevelt, senators, congressmen, governors, literary luminaries, legal scholars, prominent lawyers, and businessmen, as well as representatives from practically every class of American society. It is from this perspective that the relatively few instances of extralegal violence in early Utah must be viewed. 16 As late as 1905 vigilantism still prevailed in northern Utah county. American Fork citizen Thomas Blood was the victim of a "whitecapping party" because of his "dissipating" life-style and failure to drovide for his wife and numerous children. Blood was taken by force south of town near the Denver and Rio Grande tracks where hooded men "strung him up to a pole." He revived thirty minutes after being cut down, whereupon his "entertainers" warned him what his next dose would be . "providing he did not pursue a new course."17 "Mountain Common Law" is known to have played ,a part in only two of Lehi's numerous murders. The 1860 killing of Martin Oats was controversial because he was shot by the notorious Porter Rockwell, a man many Lehi citizens held in both awe and fear. While working at his Hot Spring Brewery Hotel, near the Point ' . of the Mountain, Rockwell became involved in an argu. ment between his employee, Bob Hereford, and Oats, a teamster who had come west with Johnston's army in 1858. A struggle ensued between Rockwell and Oats and Hereford left to get a weapon. The 1 February 55 1860 Deseret News reported that when he returned he "found Oats and Rockwell clinched, the former, knife in hand, having the latter by his beard and Rockwell holding Oats off by the hair of his head." Seeing that Hereford was armed, Oats released his grip and Rockwell then ordered two men to "take away the madman, as he did not wish to hurt him." Soon after the escort returned to the hotel, Rockwell mounted his horse and started to ride towards Lehi. A short distance south, near the Camp Floyd turnoff, he encountered Oats blocking the road. The 4 February 1860 Deseret News reported that "On Mr. R. trying to pass him, Oats sprung out and seized the bridle of the mule, and renewed his knife threats. Finding remonstrance and warning of no avail and his life jeopardized, Mr. R. drew his revolver, and as Oats thrust at him he fired and killed him." Returning to the hotel, Rockwell informed Hereford what had happened and requested him to send some men to retrieve the body and team. He then rode back to Lehi and gave himself up to the civil authorities who held an inquest the following morning. Rockwell was acquitted - the jury being unanimous in its verdict of "justifiable homicide."18 Later on that decade Rockwell was responsible for capturing another notorious gunman who murdered near Lehi. Eighteen-year-old Chauncy W . Millard, a drifter from the East, hired on with Lehi freighters Harlan P. Swett and Chauncey Mayfield. On 11 December 1868, as the trio were camped west of Utah Lake (near John C. Naile's stone house) Millard shot the unsuspecting Swett in the back, killing him instantly. Another shot shattered Mayfield's hand as he tried to protect himself. Millard fired four more shots, all missing, as the terrified Mayfield ran across the frozen lake towards Lehi. Though a posse searched the area, Millard escaped to Cedar Valley where John Irvin, unaware of the murder, gave the boy shelter. Five days later, during Irvin's absence, Millard stole everything in the man's cabin before leaving. When Irvin returned and discovered the theft, he rode to Lehi for the law. It was quickly determined that he had been unwittingly harboring the young killer. Millard was apprehended on 18 December by territorial officers Porter Rockwell and Henry Heath and by sundown was locked in the Lehi Tithing Office jail. The next day he was transported to Provo for trial. 19 Millard was unrepentant of his vile deeds. A reporter from the Deseret News noted that "he seems utterly indifferent about his position. He says he has tried to make money by stealing and killing and having failed, would sooner die than live." The judiciary system did not disappoint the young fellow: At 25 minutes to 11 o'clock a.m. [29 January 1869], Chauncey W. Millard was taken to the place of execution, CHAPTER 7 eZParks~ City Park Lehi's earliest outdoor festivities were held in the streets, the old Tithing Yard on Main and Third West, Murdock Resort, and Gilchrist Grove on State Street and Third East. It was not until 1887 that the city purchased the "Kelly Place" (property just west of the Lehi Elementary School) for a public park. But this piece of land proved unsatisfactory for recreational purposes and was sold in 1892.1 A motion to purchase another spot for a public park was approved in the spring of 1895 - but nothing came of this proposal. 2 The Lehi Banner on 13 April 1897 editorialized that "Some progressive towns in the State are agitating the question of public parks and it seems the people everywhere are highly in favor of them. This is the case in Lehi and the city would do well to secure the land and begin work on a suitable park. We need it bad enough." It was not until 26 June 1900 that Councilman Parley Austin was directed to "try and buy the ground known as the Beck lot near the D. and R. G. Depot as cheap as possible not to pay over Fifteen hundred Dollars." This historic site of the original Evansville settlement had a beautiful grove of black willow trees on the property - an important consideration, as shade was at a premium on wilting summer days. The city borrowed $2,000 to meet the purchase price and provide improvements. On 17 July 1900, 225 workers turned out and constructed a baseball diamond and grandstand, laid out a bicycle track, erected a fence, and built a dance floor. A tie railing was also put up on the west side of the park for use as a hitching post. 3 The first celebration in City Park on the 24th of july 1900 consisted of a parade, program, and sporting events. Workmen began constructing a pavilion as soon as the holiday ended. Lehi city council minutes for the period note that some of the work was volunteer, but most of it was done by employed carpenters, including John, Amor, and Edison Whipple, Alphonso Wilcox, David Winn, George Goates, Abe Mayberry, J ames Gaddie, and Monroe Wilson. The Pavilion was completed by September. Though the large forty-six-by-eighty-foot frame building had a sixty-five-by-thirty-five-foot dance floor, some people were critical of its size even before completion. "The dancing part of the community," noted the 2 August 1900 Lehi Banner, "seem to think that the new pavilion at the park should be larger . . . they want it enlarged to 60 x 100." Others were critical of the building's design. One writer declared it "looked more like a barn both in side and out than like a place of amusement," while another likened it "unto a great hay barn waiting for the doors to be sawed in the gables for the introduction of the hay."4 Despite the cynics, the Pavilion became a popular center for a multitude of civic, religious, and social gatherings. The first big event in the place was the Utah Sugar Company employee ball in January 1901. Nearly 250 workers and their wives were welcomed to the new ballroom at 8:30 p.m. At 10:20 an announcement was made for those with ticket numbers 1-120 to retire to the Lehi Opera House for supper while the other half remained at the dance. After the first group had eaten they returned to the Pavilion and the remainder of the party-goers were served their meal at the Opera House. Everyone was then reunited in the Pavilion and dancing continued until the weary hour of 2:00 a.m.5 Virtually all 4th and 24th of July celebrations were held in City Park for more than a decade. Typical of these was the -1903 Independence Day festivities. At 1:00, after the conclusion of the parade, the people assembled at the Pavilion for the following program: 90 RELIGIOUS ACTIVITY meetings of the quorums of the priesthood, and establish and maintain day and Sunday schools, Improvement Associations, and Relief Societies."2 Bishop David Evans The key person in the settlement of a Mormon village was the bishop, usually appointed for life by Brigham Young. Because this ecclesiastical position was considered an extension of the prophet's authority the bishop's word was viewed as law not only on religious issues but on such temporal matters as public work projects, land allotments, water disputes, marital squabbles, and expenditure of tithing funds. Responsibility for spiritual matters rested with stake presidents until the 1920s. Lehi's first presiding elder, appointed by Presiding Bishop Edward Hunter in 1850, was Samuel White, with counselors Charles Hopkins and Thomas Green. But Brigham Young, recognizing a man hewn in his own image, sent David Evans to preside over the Saints. Shortly after Evans's 15 February 1851 arrival, he was appointed bishop of the new Dry Creek Ward by Apostle George A. Smith. His original counselors were Charles Hopkins and David Savage, with lehial McConnell as ward clerk. David Evans was a remarkable man. Born in Maryland on 27 October 1804, he moved to Pennsylvania and later Ohio, where he was converted to Mormonism in 1833. Seasoned by the famed Zion's Camp march in 1834, Evans was appointed branch president of Crooked River, Missouri. The future Lehi bishop was ordained to the First Quorum of Seventy under the hands of the Prophet Joseph Smith and Sidney Rigdon on 29 April 1835. He attended the Kirtland School of the Prophets during the winter of 1835-36, and left Ohio May 1834 for Caldwell County, Missouri. Many of the Saints traveling with David Evans to Missouri were earlier converted by him. A core group of these people later settled with him in Lehi. On 30 October 1838 Evans was the leader of a small group of Saints camped at Haun's Mill, Missouri, when an undisciplined unit of the Missouri Militia attacked the camp. As soon as Evans realized what was happening he ran toward the 240 horsemen swinging his hat and crying out "peace, peace!" But it was no use. Though he was not injured, Evans saw seventeen men and boys cut down by the mob - an image that was to haunt him for the remainder of his life. During a brief stay in Adams County, Illinois, his first wife died. Evans soon moved to Nauvoo, Illinois, where on 20 August 1842 he was made bishop of the Eleventh Ward. On 15 April 1844 he was among the elders selected to stump for Joseph Smith's U.S. presidential campaign. After the Prophet's death Bishop Evans was appointed an agent for the church to visit, comfort, and encourage the Saints to finish the Nauvoo Temple. During the winter of 1846 his family was driven from their home in Nauvoo and settled for three-andone-half years in Nodaway County, Missouri, before starting for Utah in June 1850. Bishop Evans, like most Mormon bishops of his day, was a polygamist. He eventually had seven wives and forty-one children. By 1911, twenty-eight years after his death, the bishop had 208 grandchildren, 317 greatgrandchildren, and 73 great-great-grandchildren. 3 Meeting Houses Shortly after Bishop David Evans's arrival in Dry Creek he directed the citizens in building a Log School near his home north of the present Rodeo Grounds. Though the primary function of this eighteen-by-twentyfour-foot building was a frontier school, it was used for a wide variety of community functions, including church meetings. On 17 July 1852 Lehi became part of the newly created Utah Stake, which comprised the entire county. Stake President George A. Smith selected Dominicus Carter and Issac Higbee as his counselors. With the creation of the stake an unusual ecclesiastical organization was also formed in town - the Lehi Ward Presidency. This body functioned separately from but equal in authority to the bishopric. Former bishopric member Charles Hopkins was appointed president with David Savage and Samuel D. White as counselors. This trio clashed repeatedly with Bishop Evans, however, and the organization was soon abolished. 4 Religious squabbles were not the only troubles in Lehi at this time. The Walker War put the fear of Indian attack into the hearts of men and women. During the fall of 1853 all cabins in the town were rearranged into a fortification. The Log School was dismantled and moved onto the north side of Main Street, where church meetings were continued though the building was considered wholly inadequate. On 12 November 1854, for example, Stake President George A. Smith was preaching in the schoolhouse to such an overflowing audience that "many [were] listening at the windows."5 During the summers of 1854 and 1855 grasshopper depredations destroyed so many Lehi crops that most people had considerable time on their hands. To prevent the discontent that often comes with idleness Bishop Evans engaged the ward in various public works projects. During the fall of 1854 a Tithing Office was built on the block west of the bishop's home on Main Street (see chapter 9). The following year, Bishop Evans decided to erect a new meetinghouse at the center of the fort (southwest corner of present First South and Second West). A committee including James Harwood as assessor and collector was appointed under the chairmanship of Daniel S. Thomas. A community-wide tax of $1.50 per MEETING HOUSES Evans, called Cutler a "boy-bishop." Despite his youth Cutler was the perfect leader to resolve the strife that had divided the Lehi Ward for nearly a decade. Polished, cultured, and diplomatic, the affable Englishman "soon won the good will and respect of the entire community," wrote Andrew Fjeld. 40 One of Bishop Cutler's first official acts was to relocate the Tithing Office from the block west of David Evans's home, where it had been since 1854, to block 85 (on which stood the Cutler home). This move allowed the new bishop to oversee closely the care of the ward's poor and needy, to whom he showed considerable compassion. 41 Thomas Cutler's twenty-four-year tenure as bishop was interrupted by a five-month prison sentence for polygamy. Francis W. Kirkham, a young boy at the time, later recorded the scene from the night of 8 December 1886 when his father, James Kirkham, and Cutler were caught in the mass arrest: How vividly the picture presents itself to me. Pa was expecting John who was staying in the tithing yard to call him at about 4 o'clock in the morning, & of course when he heard a knock at about that hour he said, "All right John I'll be there." Imagine his surprise when a stranger accosted him by saying, " I arrest you in the name of the law." I was laying in the next room, & I was perspiring with excitment. Of course the household was soon up. My mother started a fire & soon had some warm tea for one of the Deputies who was sick. At this raid 5 men were arrested in Lehi , including bishop T.R. Cutler, Pa was summoned to court & he being true to his religion was taken to the Utah Pen (then an Old filthy adobe building) on March 21 1887. 42 Eventually, at least twenty-five Lehi men served time and paid fines for being polygamists. One of these men, William Ball, was extremely distressed by prison life. "Sarah Ann," he wrote to a daughter, "let that canary bird have its freedom, if it has the same feeling about being imprisoned, I am very sorry for it. In the mean time turn it 100se."43 During his imprisonment, Bishop Cutler avowed that if ever released "he would return and stand upon that wall, where the visitors stood, and look down into the yard."44 Perhaps the nightmare of that terrible environment was too vivid for the bishop; he never went back to climb onto those prison walls. He instead returned to Lehi and immersed himself in family, business and church activities. The People's Co-op, which he managed, had become Lehi's leading mercantile, and in 1891 Cutler was appointed the general manager of the Utah Sugar Company. North Branch In the early 1870s two railroads intersected in the area where General Refractories is presently. This area, commonly known as Lehi Junction, became a relatively self-contained community with many homes, stores, railroad-related industries, and a school. Living this far 97 north of the Meeting House meant church-goers had a considerable distance to travel to meeting. On 1 October 1893 Lehi's North Branch was organized and church services were held in the Franklin School under the direction of Thomas R. Jones, branch president. A building committee was organized consisting of Thomas R. Jones, G. W. Brown, W. S. Evans, William W. Clark, George Beck, James P. Carter, and Hyrum Timothy. Within four months after the branch's organization the Junction people had subscribed $700 towards construction of a meetinghouse. Andrew Fjeld and Charles Ohran, local contractors, drew up plans for the building which was to be constructed on the southeast corner of Fifth West and Twelfth North. Work was well under way by mid-August when a scaffold collapsed under Fjeld and a fourteen-year-old-son of W. W. Clark. Though Fjeld was uninjured, the boy's leg was broken. 45 On Sunday, 14 October 1894, worship services were first held in the branch meeting house, though the building was not fully completed. After Bishop Thomas Cutler and his counselors Andrew R. Anderson and William Clark took their seats on the stand, the meeting was called to order by presiding elder Thomas R. Jones. After congregational singing and a prayer by counselor Clark the building committee gave the following report of the $1,656 in expenditures: Size of building 40 ft. 8 inc. by 25 ft. 8 inc. 18 feet to the ceiling. Built of brick on the outside, and lined with adobies on the inside, and is plastered with cement. The rock for the foundation cost including the quarreing and hauling $119.50. The laying of the same $48.00. 25,200 brick, and 36,000 adobies $230.00. Hauling and laying of the same $179.25 . Carpenter work, plastering, painting, lime, cement, and lumber, $979.25. Land $100.46 Many of the old records refer to the North Branch building as Zion's Hill Meeting House because rock for the limestone foundation was quarried from Zion's Hill on the Lake Mountains. Ten days after the first meeting in the new chapel, a terrible incident at the railroad junction resulted in the death of Henry Winn, a young husband and father of three. A crew was climbing on a hand car to travel to a work area when Mr. Price, the section boss, picked up a loaded pistol. The gun accidentally discharged, narrowly missing Price and another man, but striking young Winn in the throat and lower part of his face. He took two faltering steps and collapsed. The following day his funeral was the first of many that would be held in the North Branch Meeting House. 47 Statistical records of the North Branch at the end of 1894 list sixty-four families in the area. In 1896 W. W. Clark succeeded Thomas R. Jones as presiding elder and by the end of 1897 the branch membership had increased to 592 souls. 48 In adition to the usual funerals, weddings, socials, and church services, this Mormon meeting house was CHAPTER 9 ~ Tithing Offices H istorically the Mormon concept of tithing was interpreted to mean that each church member should contribute one-tenth of total assets at the time of conversion plus onetenth of all future "increase." This implied a 10 percent levy on farm and ranch production as well as personal time and wages. Though modern LDS teachings do not require an initial tithe on the assets of new converts, faithful members are still expected to donate 10 percent of their gross annual income to the church. The handling of tithing donations today is a relatively simple process compared to nineteenth-century practices, when contributions were nearly always "in kind." Leonard Arrington, prominent Mormon historian, noted in his seminal work on the economic aspects of early Utah that "the pivotal organization . . . for requisitioning and handling surpluses, and financing economic growth by cooperative saving and investment 'in kind' was the tithing office." Though tithing had been collected in Salt Lake City as early as the fall of 1848, the extensive church-wide system of tithing offices under the supervision of local bishops was not established until the administration of Presiding Bishop Edward Hunter during the early 1850s. J Bishop Hunter informed ward bishops in February 1852 that they would soon receive ledgers and daybooks to keep accurate accounts of all tithing donated. Later in that year Bishop Hunter issued a historic circular instructing bishops to "handle, record, process, and forward tithes at the ward level and hold annual tithing settlements with members - tasks his office had handled until then." Hunter's circular also listed sample questions for bishops to use during their tithing settlement interviews: Had you any property when you came into the valley, on which you had not paid tithing? ~ Had you any money on hand? In what were you engaged during the year after you arrived? How much land did you till? How many teams had you? Did you pay a tenth of your produce? Did you pay a tenth of your hay? Did you pay a tenth of your Butter? Did you pay a tenth of your Eggs and Chickens? Did you make any thing by trading? How much did your property increase in your hands? Had you any increase of stock? The church-wide ward tithing system took three years to become firmly rooted. In July 1854 the First Presidency urgently requested that all tithing donations within a 100-mile radius of Salt Lake City be immediately sent to Bishop Hunter to keep public works crews on their jobs. Local bishops, including David Evans, were instructed to use ward teachers to help compile a list of all potential tithe payers. Bishops were also advised to determine "the amount of wheat and all other grain, and of potatoes, and all other vegetables [each member] raises this season ... also the amount of stock owned by each person, specifying the yearly increases; and in short, state all the items upon which a saint should rightfully pay tithing."2 Lehi's first tithing office, sixteen-by-twenty-four-foot two-story adobe building with basement and surrounding mud wall, was erected at 344 West Main in 1854. This site, presently the garden plot of Morris Clark, was likely chosen for a tithing building because of its close proximity to Bishop David Evans's home in the next block east. All tithing collection, storage, and disbursements were controlled by the local ecclesiastical leader who often retained 10 percent for his personal support. The day-to-day operations of the tithing office were under supervision of a clerk. From 1854 to 1880 Lehi had nine tithing clerks: Jehial McConnell, Thomas TITHING OFFICES Taylor, William H. Winn, Charles Winderborg, Robert Lapish; William Wanlass, Thomas R. Cutler, Christian Racker, and William E. Racker. 3 On-going construction of the Lehi Tithing Office is mentioned in the 16 August and 23 November 1854 Deseret News. Though the second reference notes the building was "mostly for the preservation of vegetables," the surrounding tithing yard, which occupied one-sixth of Block 37, eventually had a large hay barn, four stables, extensive corrals, and an adobe granary. Though early Lehi tithing records are unavailable for research, Bishop David Evans provided some insight into grain donations when he noted in the 12 September 1855 Deseret News that a grasshopper invasion had reduced Lehi's wheat tithing from 900 bushels in 1854 to 150 bushels in 1855. Though tithing contributions in the nineteenth century were generally goods, Arrington has defined five types of donations. Property tithing consisted of a lO-percent levy of the individual's property at the time he began to pay tithing. Rather than transfer title to one-tenth of his real estate, tithe payers were encouraged to pay the value in either cash or livestock. Labor tithing was satisfied by donating every tenth day toward various church public works projects. The Lehi Tithing Office, Log School, Fort Wall, Meeting House, and early irrigation systems were all constructed through tithing labor. Produce and stock tithing represented 10 percent of farm, ranch, mine, and factory yield. Cash tithing included the infrequent contributions of coin, currency, scrip, and gold dust. Cash money was such a rarity in Lehi that when the tithing office needed an account book in the 1870s, the owner refused the offer of tithing scrip, eggs, potatoes, chickens, flour, etc., and demanded 50<1: in coin which could not be raised. 4 And Lehi tithing clerk James Kirkham, despite having received a $3,000 cash donation from mine owner John Beck in 1881, was astonished one year later to see "the first green back money I ever saw in my life it was a $20.00 bill on the bank of Provo Utah."s Institutional tithing, assessed on the profits of stores, shops, and factories, was likely of insignificant consequence considering Lehi was essentially a farming and stockraising community. Bishops were instructed to monitor activities of ward members to encourage full tithing settlement. "When [you] hear [your] neighbor's pigs squeal," Bishops were admonished, "just step over and see how many have died, and what they weigh, and what proportion arrives at the tithing office; for many tons of pork went out of sight last year, and the bishops made no record of it, and many more will this year, if the bishops do not attend to their duty, and the Lord will require the cost at the bishop's hands."6 Despite the oft-spoken saying "the earth is the Lord's and the fullness thereof," Mormon tithe payers did not 117 always donate prime stock or produce. President Brigham Young in a 3 June 1855 sermon complained that once in a while you would find a man who had a cow which he considered surplus, but generally she was of the class that would kick a person's hat off, or eyes out, or the wolves had eaten off her teats. You would once in a while find a man who had a horse that he considered surplus, but at the same time he had the ringbone, was brokenwinded, spavined in both legs, and had the pole evil at one end of the neck and a fistula at the other, and both knees sprung. 7 Approximately one-third of tithing donations were retained locally. Under supervision of the bishop these funds were used to provide for the poor, maintain church facilities, and to finance projects that would benefit the entire community. The other two-thirds was went to the General Tithing Office in Salt Lake City. This 1850built facility, also called the Bishop's General Storehouse, stood where the Hotel Utah would later be built. It was a wonderment to people of the day. Traveler Fritz Hugh Ludlow, who visited the tithing block in the late 1860s, described it as a storeroom for virtually "everything which it is conceivable that mankind should sell and buy on this side of the Rocky Mountains": Here are piles of rawhide, both cow and mustang, or even pig-skin; bins of shelled corn, and cribs full of corn in the ear; wheat and rye, oats and barley; casks of salt provisions; wool, homespun, yarn, and home-woven cloth in hanks and bales; indigo; cocoons and raw silk; butter, cheese, and all manner of farm produce; even the most destructible of vegetable growths, - not only potatoes, turnips, and other root crops, but green pease and beans; fruit, and young cabbages; hay, carpenter's work, boy's caps, slopshop overalls; hemp-rope, preserves, tinware, stogies, confectionery, adobe bricks and tiles, moss and gramma mattresses; buckskin leggins, gloves, moccasins, hunting-shirts, and complete suits. . . . These are but a minute fraction of the contents of the Church Tithing Stores. 8 Proceeds from the General Tithing Office, under the management of the Presiding Bishop's Office were used to finance a host of church projects. President Brigham Young, church Trustee-in-Trust, though sometimes criticized for his arbitrary use of tithing donations, was unabashed in explaining how funds were spent: "If the Lord requires one-tenth of my ability to be devoted to building temples, meetinghouses, school houses, to schooling our children, gathering the poor from the nations of the earth, bringing home the aged, lame, halt and blind, and building houses for them to live in, that they may be comfortable when they reach Zion, and to sustaining the Priesthood, it is not my prerogative to question the authority of the almighty in this, nor of his servants who have charge of it."9 Tithing clerks served a variety of functions in addition to administering church donations. As sometime fiscal agents for county and local governments they were 118 RELIGIOUS ACTIVITY authorized to collect taxes and other payments in kind and then disburse them for public works projects. Most tithing offices, including Lehi's, also issued "tithing scrip" which in a bartering economy served to standardize the price of goods and services. For example if a farmer donated ten bushels of wheat, its comparative value would be noted and he would be issued an appropriate amount of scrip. This could later be exchanged for butter, clothing, households goods, or any other commodity the tithing office happened to have on hand. Lehi's tithing office, like other church and school buildings in the town, was used for a multitude of public functions. City council meetings, elections, and dances were frequently held there. During the Tintic Indian War of 1856 the building served as a morgue for three dead members of the Lehi militia. On 26 February 1856 a fifteen-man posse of local men crossed frozen Utah Lake to protect the Lone TreeRanch. When they arrived at the ranch south of Pelican Point, cattle were scattered everywhere. After spending a day gathering the animals the group camped for the night. Three of the men designated to gather firewood were jumped by Indians. Joseph Cousins, immobilized by fright, was quickly killed. In the ensuing fight John Catlin and George Winn also died. The following day the three dead men were laid out in the tithing office and prepared for burial in the pioneer cemetery (see chapter 1).10 The basement of the tithing office was remembered by many older citizens as more than a cellar for potatoes and turnips. It was also Lehi's first jail. Though usually empty, the dungeon did hold at least two murderers. Eighteen year-old Chauncy W. Millard, a drifter from the East, murdered Harlen P. Swett north of Pelican Point on 11 December 1868. After being arrested by Porter Rockwell in Cedar Valley, Millard was brought back to Lehi and jailed in the tithing office basement before being executed in Provo (see chapter 3).11 Three years after the Swett murder, popular Lehi teacher Billy Thurmond was shot to death by young Jed Woodward in a Christmas Eve altercation on the steps of the Meeting House. James Kirkham noted in his 25 December 1871 diary entry that Woodward "was imprisoned in the tithing office and guarded well as some wanted to lynch him." Woodward served a short prison sentence on grounds of mitigating circumstances. But he and scores of other inmates incarcerated in the old tithing office jail likely never forgot doing time there. For hundreds of Lehi patriots on 4 July 1876, the tithing yard became venerated as the site of most of the American Centennial celebration activities. Sporting events were held there during the afternoon, and ice cream was first introduced to Lehi under the shade of towering black willow trees on the property. Andrew Fjeld, ten years old at the time, later recalled that "Israel Evans' family were serving some white looking material which they called ice cream the price of which was five cents and ten cents per dish. This was the first time that the people of Lehi had heard or seen anything of this now so common and varied article of refreshment. As the nickles and dimes were very scarce it was a common occurrence to hear the children ask for one five cent dish with three spoons."12 The spacious tithing hay barn was the scene of an afternoon dance for children and an evening dance for their elders. The large lumber barn, built in 1872 for a feed and livery stable, originally stood north of the Utah Southern Railroad Depot approximately where 1-15 now crosses Second East. After the railroad was completed to American Fork in 1873, and Lehi business declined, the local ward bought the barn, dissasembled it, and moved it to the tithing office yard where it was reconstructed. Community dances in 1876 Lehi were usually held in the Lehi Music Hall. But arrangements could not be made to hold the centennial celebration there, so committeemen fixed up the tithing barn for the festivities. Red pine logs, cut in the Boulder Mountains west of Rush Valley, were hauled to Cedar Fort and sawed into lumber. These thick, rough planks were then laid crosswise on sleeper beams of West Canyon timber, and a dance floor was ready. The barn was then bedecked with cedar boughs, flowers , bunting, flags, pictures, and mottoes. "To say that it looked beautiful," wrote Andrew Fjeld, "is putting it mildly for it looked like a veritable fairy palace." Other community events were also held in the barn which citizens thereafter called Centennial Hall. 13 Footraces, ice cream eating, and barn dancing were not the only events held on the tithing lot that long-ago Independence Day. When the evening skies darkened, the first fireworks ever exploded in Lehi were set off. The unsuspecting crowd was startled by the bursting rockets. "[People] surged from one side of the tithing lot to the other like a herd of wild cattle in a stampede," Andrew Fjeld later noted. "No one was hurt for the fire did not fall" and "all together the day was a glorious success from start to finish."14 The original adobe tithing office was demolished in the 1890s. In 1901 James B. Gaddie and Monroe Wilson purchased the tithing lot corner from John J. Thomas. They remodeled and expanded the old adobe tithing granary into a carpentry shop. They also built a sawmill and lumberyard on the premises and later added a machine ShOp.I5 In 1905 S. J. Taylor purchased Gaddie's 50-percent interest in the business and in 1924 the property was sold to O. A. (Gus) Slade who built the large home on the corner that is presently the residence of Morris and Donna Clark. Tithing offices were usually built near the bishop's home. After Thomas R. Cutler replaced Bishop David Evans in 1879, one of his first official acts was to relocate the tithing yard near his house. Accordingly, Lehi's second tithing yard became situated on the northwest corner of Sixth North and Second East. TITHING OFFICES Bishop Cutler, superintendent of Lehi's largest mercantile establishment, The People's Co-op, was a busy man. On 9 August 1880 he appointed a very competent tithing clerk, James Kirkham, to oversee construction of the new tithing yard. Kirkham, who was salaried at $2 a day, notes in a diary entry that the tithing office and granary building was completed on 5 November 1880. The historic tithing barn downtown was moved to the new yard where a major portion still stands behind the Bruce Webb home. An 1898 Sanborn Map of this tithing yard shows, in addition to the barn and office/granary, two large corrals, three log stables, a flowing well with pump, an outhouse, a root cellar with dirt roof, and weigh scales. When Bishop Cutler retired in 1903 the Lehi Ward was split into four divisions, and a new tithing lot was purchased on the southeast corner of Center and Second North. The 3 May 1906 Lehi Banner reported that the historic stand of poplar trees on the west of the property were removed. The weigh scales from the other tithing office were also moved to the new site and an office for tithing clerk John W. Stoker was established in the old two-room Richard T. Bradshaw dweIIing on the corner. Wilma Whitman Sorenson, who as a young girl lived immediately south of the tithing yard, fondly recalls the huge hay stacks, the corn cribs, and the nervous cattle in the corrals. She also remembers a remarkable tithing clerk, Jean Mason, who in a unusual demonstration tried to pick up a side of beef with his teeth. The load was excessive and the children were shocked to see the straining man's lower teeth snap off under the stress. Not only did that poor clerk lose his teeth to the tithing beef, but his position became obsolete as well. In the years preceding World War I, the bartering nature of the American economy became essentially replaced 119 by cash transactions. The need for a tithing yard with its barns, granaries, and corrals became a thing of the past. In 1918 the Lehi Library Committee requested that the church donate the tithing lot for a new Carnegie Library. 16 This request was denied and in 1920 the office was converted into a seminary building. The following year the property was sold to the Alpine School District which built the Lehi High School on the site. The hay barn on the tithing yard was moved to a private residence on Bridge Road where it still stands on the Dale Crotts property. The granary was purchased by Stan Clark, who later sold it to Jean Phillips. This weIlpreserved relic of Lehi's past is still used by rancher Phillips for saddlery and harness storage. Though cash donations had replaced "in kind" tithing contributions, the Great Depression of the 1930s made money scarce. Farm and garden produce were again accepted as tithing throughout Lehi Stake. The Lehi Free Press of 28 September 1933 specified that "credit in cash" would be given for the donated goods. Fourteen years later a Bishop's Storehouse, established through the Lehi Stake Church Welfare Program, was established in the old Darling Hotel on Main Street. Featuring bins, tables, and refigeration facilities, the building was stocked with a wide variety of food and clothing. Destitute Mormons were encouraged to "take advantage of the welfare plan rather than receive assistance from public funds."17 Most LDS church members pay their tithing today simply by writing out a check for 10 percent of their gross income. Though a small percentage of Lehi residents still farm and raise livestock, bishops would be startled to see a load of hay or a truck full of animals delivered at tithing settlement day. The tithing office, like Thursday afternoon Fast Meetings, speaking in tongues, and communal sacrament cups, has been relegated to the Mormonism of yesteryear. MERCANTILES the stolen goods recovered in town. Two days later a man was arrested in Provo, wearing a Lehi Cash Store shirt. 48 In 1912 David Firmage became manager of the store. years later, as the business began to falter, took over management of the Douglas Ladies' Gent's Furnishing Store at 106 West Main. George Grosbeck was manager of the Lehi Cash Store when 22 March 1916 Lehi Sun carried "go~ng-out-of busmel;s" notices for the place. On 28 May 1917 the of American Fork foreclosed on the mercantile. Watson Mercantile Paltridge Mercantile The next concern to lease space in this portion of the Ross Block was Watson Mercantile, owned by Joseph B. (Doc) Watson. His stock included Monarch clothing, Perfecto dress shirts, Test work shirts, and a wide . variety of shoes, men's overcoats, underclothing, leather vests, and blankets. An 11 October 1923 Lehi Sun advertisement lists ladies sport coats and fall dresses rangfrom $17.50 and up. Lehi baker Arthur Paltridge purchased Watson Mercantile in 1927, and Watson became an agent for Equitable Insurance Company.49 Paltridge Mercantile remained in business until the spring of 1930. Racker Mercantile Fifteen-year-old William E. Racker emigrated to America from Denmark in 1868. He married a daughter of Bishop David Evans and then served as the bishop's tithing clerk for seven years. Racker then kept books at the People's Co-op for ten years before advanced to assistant superintendent of that organization. When Superintendent Thomas R. Cutler resigned to devote his full time to the Utah Sugar ,Company in 1893, William Racker was appointed his successor. In 1903 Racker was called on a mission to his native Denmark and resigned his position with the People's Co-op. On 27 July 1904, after returning from Europe, Racker purchased the downtown branch of the People's ' Co-op (the former Lehi Union Exchange) for $9,000 and established his own merchantry. Racker Mercantile, well-stocked with general merchandise, opened on 6 August. In 1912 Racker demolished the older, eastern portion of his store (181 West . Main) and built a new addition. When this was com.pleted in November its shelves were stocked with dry goods, shoes, hats, and gents furnishings. The western half of the 1900-built building (189 West Main) became the hardware and paint departments; the grocery department was established in the eastern portion. At the same . time the old Prime Evans Building (173 West Main) became the furniture department. 5o Though the firm's original lumber and coal yard was at the northwest corner of Main and Center, this was 135 later moved to the southwest corner of Main and Second West. On 1 January 1916 Racker sold his lumber and coal interests to R. J. Whipple, who later moved the business south of the Orem Interurban Depot (southwest corner of Second West and Third North). The only remnant of the old Racker lumber and coal yards in 1989 is the large 1915-built cement warehouse just west of Western Tack and Togs. This is presently owned by Holbrook Farms and is used to store large equipment. As soon as the cement warehouse was under construction in 1915, Racker began a three-section business block on the site of the old Anders Peterson home (24-36 West Main). This new structure, fifty-six feet wide and sixty feet long, was divided into compartments - two were eighteen feet wide and the third was twenty feet. 51 When the Racker Block was completed in August 1915, the compartment on the west end (36 West Main) became Leonard Adams's drugstore. N. O. Malan set up an undertaking parlor there in 1921. Subsequently the place has housed M. S. Lott's plumbing and electrical business (1931), Gilchrist Hardware (1933), Lehi Hardware (1937), Utah Power and Light (1941), Lehi National Guard (1950), Orlin Wathen's Modern Shoe Repair (1953), Utah Finance Company (1961), Palmercraft (1975), Timberline (1979), Artworks Plus (1983), and Kyle Hutchings' Furniture Refinishing (1983-1989). The middle compartment (24 West Main) initially was M. S. Lott's plumbing and electrical business (1915). In 1932 George P. Price established the Lehi Free Press there. The newspaper was issued from that office until 1981, when the owners consolidated production facilities with the American Fork Citizen. Alpine Publishing Company, now owned by Kip Peterson, occupies 24 West Main in 1989. Until recently he leased space to the Lehi Free Press, which maintained a parttime office there. M. S. Lott expanded his business to the east portion of the Racker Block in 1921. From 1931-38 the Lehi Sun maintained its office here. When the newspaper moved elsewhere, Dr. W. L. Worlton set up his dental practice on the premises. In 1959, after Worlton's sudden death, Dr. Kent Davis leased the office. He maintained his dental practice here for two years before moving to his new medical/dental office building at 323 East First North . In July 1971 Frank and Dennis Huggard completely remodeled the former Worlton/Davis dentist office into Porter's Place, a restaurant with Old Western decor inspired by the notorious Orrin Porter Rockwell. The alleyway between Porter's Place and Price Brother's IGA was closed in by the Huggards and converted into The Long Branch, an ice cream parlor. Russ Schneider purchased Porter's in the late 1970s and operated it until 1986, when Robert Trepanier became the new owner. CHAPTER 18 ~ Livery Stables Thompson & Wheeler's Livery Feed and Stables From the fall of 1872 until late 1873 Lehi was the terminus of the Utah Southern Railroad. State Street between First and Third East was a hotbed of commercial activity, much of it centered around transfer and freighting needs. All goods shipped by rail were loaded onto wagons and transported to their final destinations. In the meantime horses had to be fed and stabled while awaiting their traveling orders. There were at least two livery stables in the vicinity at this time. The old lumber barn presently west of Bruce Webb's home (651 North Second East) was originally built in 1872 for a feed and livery stable. At that time the building was north of the Utah Southern Depot, though it was later bought by the Lehi Ward and moved to the tithing lot. The fascinating history of this structure is covered in chapter 8. The only other known livery on State Street in 1872 was Thompson & Wheeler's Livery Feed and Stables. Aside from a surviving photo little is known of this concern except that -like nearly all shops, boarding houses, freight and forwarding companies which had sprung up virtually overnight-the firm drifted on down the tracks when the railroad moved on. Hammer Livery and Feed Stables Danish-born Hans Hammer came to Lehi in 1858. An industrious peddler, shopkeeper, farmer, and innkeeper, Hammer was best known as the proprietor of Hammer Livery and Feed Stables. He started in the livery Itransfer business rather by chance in 1877. Subleasing James Harwood's mail-carrying route between the Utah Southern Railroad station and the post office, Hammer bought Harwood's buggy and borrowed his horse. One day after Hammer had picked up the town's mail at the State Street depot, a traveler inquired the way to lodgings. After giving him a lift Hammer real- ~ ized that there was a need for a transference service and feed stable where horses and rigs could be rented and visitors could put up their animals. Hammer's first livery stable was a straw shed at approximately 161 West Main. This was destroyed in an 1883 hail storm, so he moved across the street northward and built a new stable near his home (where Smith Machine Shop is in 1989). Mining booms of the 1870s and 1880s, the arrival of the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad in 1881, and the 1891 Lehi Sugar Factory construction created considerable business for Hammer. A 12 June 1891 ad in the Lehi Banner provided a listing of his services, which included "Town freight and Enterprise agent. Transfer from all trains. First Class Livery Rigs. Good saddle horses. Single and double rigs. Furnished on short notice. Prices low." Runaways were a common problem with livery horses - particularly in · the hands of young people (there were no age stipulations for driving conveyances). The first horse Hammer owned, after he had leased Harwood's for a year, demolished his only buggy when the animal was startled. The 14 December 1893 Lehi Banner detailed another such incident involving a Hammer rental rig. While waiting at the Denver and Rio Grande Depot on Main and Fourth West, the driver left the hack temporarily in the hands of a small boy. The train's huffing and puffing frightened the animals, and the boy jumped for his life when the horses bolted down Main Street. The cry "runaway" was not heard quickly enough by a young daughter of Thad Powell, who was knocked to the ground by the team. "Fortunately there were no bones broken," reported the paper. "Men ought to tie their team up or not leave them in the hands of small boys." The hack "had the appearance of having passed through a pretty hard shaking up," the reporter noted, but it was repaired by a blacksmith. ARTISANS AND TRADESMEN chased the old John J. Thomas place (the original Lehi . Tithing Lot) and erected a carpentry shop and lumberyard. The 28 March 1901 Lehi Banner noted that they . had their sawmill in "full blast." In 1905 Gaddie sold his interest to Wilson, who in turn took S. J. Taylor into partnership.· Several members of the local Whipple family have been builders. The Lehi Ward Records of 26 June 1884 record that one-inch moulding was "first made in Lehi by Gaddie, Whipple and Co." using the first stationary steam engine in town. Edison and Gay Whipple, who arrived in Lehi on a wooden "bonecrusher" bicycle with an iron tire he had made himself, were the first Whipples to wield a hammer and saw in Lehi. Gay was a true artisan. In addition to building, he also crafted fiddles and guitars and was the designer and co-builder (along with George Goates) of the Lehi Silver Bandwagon (see chapter 46). His son John was also a carpenter as well as a sign painter. Several carpenters arrived in Lehi to work on the Lehi Sugar Factory in the early 1890s and stayed. These men were Edward Steele, Joseph Winn, the Wilson brothers (Monroe, William and AI), and R. John Whipple. Whipple established Whipple Lumber Company in 1916 and was its proprietor until selling out to his son, Byron, in 1940. The younger Whipple was also a builder and owner of the Lehi Lumber Company (now Peck's Building Supply). Other carpenters of the post-World War I years were Joseph Holden, Andrian Mayberry, Benjamin Stewart, W. W. Dickerson, Robert T. Gilchrist, Adam Mayberry, John Mayberry, John H. Webb, and Lyman B. Willes. Since World War II local carpenters and builders have included Jay K. Haws, Chester Peterson, Alma Peterson, George Ingram, Arlin D. Fowler, Raymond Stewart, Don Peterson, Melvin Anderson, Orlin Wathen, Jerry Beck, Lonne Peterson, Doug Peterson, and Randy Serma. Prominent local home builders as Lehi enters the 1990s include A. Kent Peterson and Kenneth Peck. Current construction companies listed in the 1988-89 Lehi telephone directory include Barco Construction (7655 North 8000 West), Todd Greene Roofing (9329 North 9550 West), N. P. Jones Construction Inc. (10900 North 8800 West), K. K. Construction (110 North Center), MDK Construction (1995 North 900 West), E. B. Scott Construction Co. (9600 North 9300 West), Scott Palmer Construction (545 South Fifth West), and Snyder Concrete (7752 North 9150 West). Plasterers William Clark, Lehi's first known plasterer, did the interior work on the Meeting House when it was built in the 1850s. But his ranching activities became so successful he soon turned the artisan work over to his school teacher step-son J. Edgar Ross, who plastered many Lehi homes. 225 Joseph Trinnaman was the craftsman who replastered the Meeting House after it was severely damaged by fire in 1870. When he put down his trowel he was also a much-loved entertainer. People enjoyed his clever singing, stepdancing, and acting abilities. Brothers John and Fred Merrill arrived in Lehi from England in 1875. John was a carpenter and Fred a plasterer. Fred stuccoed many Lehi homes and public buildings before moving to California in 1920. Marion A. Brown apprenticed with Fred Merrill (his brotherin-law). Lester Zimmerman, who did the fancy Frenchstuccoing work inside the Lehi Second and Fifth Ward (Lehi Civic Center) buildings, also apprenticed under Merrill. Other known plasterers of modern vintage have been William Turner, Leon Peet, Earl J. Roberts, Nile Roberts, and Don Ainge. Painters Enos Jackson, who imigrated to Lehi in 1868, was the town's first house painter; he also worked in the interior of the Salt Lake Temple in the early 1890s. His son John F. also learned the painting and wallpaper hanging business. John F.'s son Earl, a third-generation painter, was killed in 1940 when he fell from a ladder while painting a house. John Jackson (a brother of Enos), and John R. "Painter" Peterson formed a long-lasting house painting partnership in the 1890s. Other Lehi painters listed in various Utah Gazeeters between 1879 and 1922 include J. P. Dyring (1903), Edward Mowry (1903), John Cooper (1908), Charles Jackson (1917), Ernest Jackson (1917), and Harvey Lewis (1922). Horace Hadfield, Tony Ferkovich, Mont A. Pulham, and Marvin and Arland Pulham & Sons are painters that have lived and worked in Lehi in more recent times. Coopers While there have been several Lehi families with the name Cooper, there are only three known coopersbarrel makers Charles Barnes, Peter Turngreen, and Joseph H. Woolston. Ail worked at their trade in the 1870s and 1880s. Plumbers The earliest Lehi plumber of record was George Lott who advertised his business in the 19 March 1909 Lehi Banner. World War I-era plumbers include Helie B. Angell, Isaac Anderson, Joseph Roberts, and Morgan Lott. Lott, because of his extensive advertising, is perhaps the best known plumber in Lehi's history. He got his start while working from 1900 to 1907 as a mechanic and engineer at the Lehi Sugar Factory. From April 1914 until December 1915 he maintained his plumbing and electrical business at 120 West Main. The 6 November 1915 American Fork Citizen announced that he was going to erect new quarters just east of the recently completed Racker Building, but instead he moved into CHAPTER 38 eZ Brickyards and Fire Clay Industry Adobe Mill The building material of pioneer homes reflected the availability of natural resources. Most homes on the windswept Great Plains were of sod, a rather sturdy, cool, though unpretentious material. Many of Pleasant Grove's earliest homes were constructed of tufa, a soft stone when sawed from spring deposits which became rock-hard after drying. Lehi had no nearby stone deposits and very little timber. The construction of cabins during the winter of 1850-51 used up virtually all native cottonwood along Dry Creek. Many newcomers were content to live in wagons, dugouts (cellar-like holes with willow roofs), or mud houses. The only building material in Lehi of unlimited quantity was clay - a bottom sediment of historic Lake Bonneville. Mud houses, the Fort Wall, and various mud walls which surrounded the original Tithing Office, the Big Field, and other enclosures were made of this clay, scraped up from the ground near construction sites or hauled from an area near the Jordan River Bridge. These mud homes were rather unstable, and in wet weather or periods of prolonged freezing and thawing often collapsed into a heap. But adobe, an ancient building material used thousands of years earlier in the Middle East and Egypt, when properly mixed proved a reliable building material throughout much of Utah. More than a dozen non-stuccoed adobe homes and commercial buildings in Lehi have been standing for longer than 125 years. The principal adobe yard in town was south of the present Lehi Roller Mills. Initially the adobe mixtureclay, water and straw - was combined by hand or tramped by feet. Later a wooden "pug-mill" was constructed on the site. This consisted of a well-built lumber box four feet square and four feet deep, with a pine log eight to ten feet long and one foot in diameter placed upright in the center of the box. Spokes approx- ~ imately eighteen inches long and a foot apart were inserted transversely into this shaft, which was slowly turned by a horse walking in a continuous circle. Once the adobe mixture was of proper consistency, it was shoveled out of the mill and wheeled to the molding area. The wooden two-brick molds were first wet down and then dipped in sand to prevent sticking. A dob of clay was then thrown with considerable force into the mold to insure a tight fit. The excess material was afterwards cut off and the mold placed in the sun to dry for a day or two. After reaching a "leatherhard" state, the bricks were then dumped on sand spread on the ground and allowed to dry for a few more days. An experienced adobe maker, working with an assistant, could turn out a thousand adobies per day. Lehi Junction Brickyards Lehi Brick Peter Johnson, who arrived in Lehi from Denmark in 1874, built the first brick home in Lehi the following year for Peter Christofferson. The small home at 99 West Main (site of Deseret Bank in 1989) later became a New West Educational Commission school (the New West School or Lehi Academy-see chapter 45). The brick for the Christofferson home and all other brick structures in Lehi until the early 1890s was shipped by rail into the community - an expensive process that few townsmen could afford. The 14 August 1891 Lehi Banner noted "the starting of a new industry in our midst, by two of Lehi's energetic young men." Messrs. (Franz) Salzner and Gray had visited brick works in Salt Lake City and afterwards purchased a brick-making machine from' George Lowe. When the machine arrived by rail during the first week in August it was set up on the site of present-day General Refractories (Lehi Junction). Section VI: Entertainment CHAPTER 41 ~ Celebrations ~ Pioneer Parades Lehi's earliest patriotic celebrations were held on Independence Day (4 July) and Pioneer Day (24 July). Until 1854, Indian threats and grasshopper invasions had made it impossible to engage in much merrymaking. But on 24 July 1854-two years, five months, and nineteen days after Lehi was incorporated - the town carried out its first celebration. No American flag existed in the community at that time, so James Harwood, father of James T. Harwood, dean of Utah artists, made one. "The paint I used," Harwood later recalled, "was a red substance from the rock quarries and indigo. I made the flag by painting red and blue stripes on white domestic." At 9:00 a.m. on that long-ago Pioneer Day, the procession formed at the Log Schoolhouse, which then stood where Laney's now is. Harwood's stars and stripes lead the parade, followed by a three-man band consisting of violinists Stephen "Daddy" Pierce, A. D. Rhodes, and Thomas Collett. Next came twenty-four young people, symbolic of the date, dressed in white. The twelve boys wore red sashes and the twelve girls wore blue ones. Following this group was Bishop David Evans and his counselors, then the mayor, city council, and other municipal officials. Next in line were "the fathers and mothers in Israel," followed by the citizens, and then the Home Guard, commanded by Captain Sidney Willes. Each group carried a banner with a painted motto such as "Peace and Plenty in Zion." With all the participants, one wonders Who was watching the parade. Perhaps that is why everyone marched and then counter-marched around the inside of the fort - so that the paraders could admire each other. After one hour the procession ended up again in front of the Log School, where a willow and cotton- wood bowery had been constructed to provide shade for the program. The audience was entertained by the violin trio and the ward choir conducted by William Hudson. Speeches were then made by Bishop David Evans and Mayor Silas P. Barnes, who both talked of the town's struggles with their enemies, "the Indians and the grasshoppers." Comic songs, recitations, and toasts were followed by a benediction. Next in order was lunch. Though Harwood noted the meal was "not as rich and stylish as things are today [1909]," it consisted of "roast beef, new potatoes, green peas, turnips, bread and butter, squash pie, and custard for dessert, with milk to drink." In the afternoon the Home Dramatic Association performed Luke the Laborer under the bowery. The day ended with the violinists providing an evening of square dancing music in the Log School. Harwood noted that the floor was large enough for "two sets of quadrille at one time."1 Liberty Pole To celebrate the Fourth of July in 1856, William Dawson-"Uncle Billy"-to everyone in town-went out to West Canyon and cut a tall, straight pine for a flagpole, which he installed on the northeast corner of the Meeting House lot. This liberty pole performed yeoman service until 5 July 1893 when it was taken down because it had become unsafe. The city council paid Gay Whipple $150 on 9 June 1895 to erect an eightyfoot flag pole on the jail grounds (150 West 200 North). The ball at the top was covered in gold leaf, and the mayor was approved to "buy a good flag not less than 35 feet 10ng.'''Many patriotic assemblies, including statehood day celebration on 4 January 1896, were conducted at this site. 2 268 ENTERTAINMENT American Centennial Celebration One of the most interesting accounts of early Lehi festivities is Andrew Fjeld's description of the American Centennial celebration in town on 4 July 1876. Ulysses S. Grant was then President of the United States, newspapers everywhere were filled with the horrible details of the Custer massacre in Montana, George B. Emery was governor of Utah territory, Brigham Young had one more year to live, and Isaac Goodwin was mayor of Lehi. There was only one brick house in town in 1876, and most buildings still had thick mud roofs. Ox teams were very common, being used for all ordinary hauling purposes, and even for conveying people to such formal functions as funerals. Despite the rather humble conditions of most families, they were all anxious to engage in the festivities which had been planned by committeemen Abel John Evans, John Worlton, Joseph W. Goates, Thomas F. Trane, and Samuel R. Thurman. The day was ushered in by the firing of one hundred guns in honor of the number of years that had passed since the signing of the Declaration of Independence. Matt Peterson and Billy Dawson, typical frontiersmenthe latter having a very long grey beard - were the committee on salutes. According to Fjeld's account, Dawson had selected a number of young men with shotguns to conduct the ceremony. As a fitting climax to the lengthy salute, Uncle Billy had planned to have all the boys fire their guns simultaneously while he "fired off an anvil" a popular pioneer custom consisting of igniting a charge of black power under a heavy blacksmith's anvil. When the one-hundred-gun salute ended, Dawson counted "one, two, three," but the boys were in such an excited state they began to shoot as soon as he started to count. When he shouted "three," the anvil alone boomed out like a clap of thunder. "The express of utter disgust made use of by Billy, at the failure of his much cherished plan," Fjeld noted, "would not look well in print." But the program continued and the flag was unfurled at sunrise, after which the Brass and Martial Bands serenaded about town. At 9:30 a.m., thirteen guns were fired in honor of the thirteen original states. This was also a prearranged signal for townspeople to gather at the Meeting House for a stirring patriotic program consisting of music, speeches, songs, and readings. James Kirkham sang "The Star Spangled Banner," and his brother George read a letter written 5 July 1776 by Thomas Jefferson, and also an original poem. The Declaration of Independence was then read, an oration given, and "toasts and sentiments" then made. This custom, practiced at nearly every patriotic celebration until the turn of the century, consisted of reading from the stand sentiments that had been written during the services by various citizens. Examples of these patriotic toasts were: The Saints and honest in heart of every creed and clime-have and will have peace and safety in Zion. The noble Sons and fair Daughters of Zion - may the former grow up as the sturdy oaks of the forest which bend to every storm but never break; may the virtues and graces of the latter shine as the stars of the firmament and be as a train around Zion. Ex-Governor Young is ever the choice and pride of this people: May his days be many upon the earth.3 During the afternnon, sporting events were held on the Tithing Yard on the northwest corner of Main and Third West. In the shade of the large black willow trees on the property, Israel Evans's family was serving ice cream, the first ever seen in Lehi. The treat was sold in 54: and 104: bowls. Because money was so scarce at that time, Fjeld remembers that many children asked for "one five cent dish with three spoons." After the games were finished, a children's dance was held in the tithing barn, which had been especially fitted up for the occasion. It previously had a dirt floor, but members of the centennial committee had installed a rough plank one for the festivities. The decorations consisted of cedar boughs, flowers, bunting, flags, pictures, and mottoes. "To say that it looked beautiful," Fjeld exclaimed, "is putting it mildly for it looked like a veritable fairy palace." Other celebrations were subsequently held there and the place was given the name, Centennial Hall- quite a lofty title for a hay barn. Both the children's dance in the afternoon and the adult event in the evening were highly anticipated. The music was furnished by James and Hyrum Kirkham, who later formed the famous Kirkham Brother's Band. As soon as darkness settled in, the people were treated to a surprise. "As this was the first time that fireworks had ever been displayed in Lehi," Fjeld's entertaining account noted, "the crowds of people were very much frightened when the rockets with a deafening roar went soaring up above them. They surged from one side of the tithing lot to the other like a herd of wild cattle in a stampede."4 Other Celebrations Ten years later, the community's Fourth of July celebration was held at Gilchrist's Grove east of the Union Pacific Depot on State Street. After the usual early morning cannon firing, unfurling of the flag, and serenade by the brass and string bands, townspeople gathered at the grove for public services. A bowery and stand had been erected and decorated with flags, "a large painting of the Bird of Freedom," flowers, and evergreens. After a program which consisted of music, patriotic speeches, readings, and toasts, the crowd gathered on , State Street in front of the People's Co-op to witness a cricket match between the Lehi Cricket Club and the Lehi Baseball Club. After a well-contested struggle of 282 ENTERTAINMENT the likes of Jack Street, Ray Slater, Newal Turner"who won renown on the Mexican border" - and Alex Christofferson. Strongman Christofferson, powerful enough to pick up the front end of a Model T and turn the car in the opposite direction, wrestled Charles Renthrop-"Middle-weight Champion of Europe," on 23 January 1915. The Royal Theatre was packed from pit to dome as the two went at each other. Fourteen and one-half minutes into the first round Christofferson pinned the dutchman. The two-out-of-three-fall match ended quickly when Christofferson "with a bar arm and a head chancery" again pinned his man. As the crowd noise subsided, Renthrop walked to the front of the stage and acknowledged "he had tried his best, but that it felt as if Christofferson weighed a ton, and made him feel like he was in Germany fighting in the war ."31 Despite the glitter and extravagance of vaudeville and magic acts and the brawny displays of athletic prowess, movies are what regularly packed them in at the Royal. Devotees came to see Mary Pickford in Rags, Tom Mix in The Circus Ace, Kate Smith in Hello Everybody, and Rudy Valee in Sweet Music. Sultry-voiced Mae West promised much in Belle of the Nineties, while applecheeked Shirley Temple delivered a good deal more in Little Miss Marker. Rita Hayworth and Orson Welles teamed up for The Lady from Shanghai, and Errol Flynn and Olivia de Havilland for Charge of the Light Brigade, and the unforgettable Clark Gable and Vivien Leigh made movie history in Gone With the Wind. Bing Crosby, Bob Hope, and Dorothy Lamour entertained in Road to Zanzibar, while John Wayne swaggered to stardom in a multitude of action-packed war and western films. On rare occasions lesser known actors and actresses such as screen Tarzan Frank Merrill came to town in person. "You will be able to witness a performance that has puzzled science and physical experts of the world," young fans were promised. "We believe this screen star worth seeing so do not forget Tarzan will be here Sunday."32 Gravelly voiced Wallace Beery, lovable rogue of 1930s and 1940s films, achieved special fame in 1946 when Lehi cop Ernest R. Dickerson ticketed the actor for "Speeding and Improper Passing" on State Street, just east of the Royal Theatre. 33 In the summer of 1928 F. M. Houston purchased both the Royal and National Theatres from the People's Co-op. The Co-op had recently come under a new management desirous of getting out of the entertainment business. After a few months John H. Miller purchased Houston's interest in the business. He and his son Cliff continuously operated the Royal (except for a brief time during the Depression) until the senior Miller's death in 1950. The younger man continued to operate the theater until his retirement in 1976. In the summer of 1944 the Millers completely modernized the Royal. The State Street facade and foyer were renovated, a bright marquee was added, and a large vertical neon sign was mounted above the marquee. No sooner had the remodeling been completed than the building caught fire and was completely destroyed - excepting the brick walls. The resulting property loss, in excess of $25,000, was only partially covered by insurance. Despite material shortages caused by World War II, the Millers rolled up their sleeves and rebuilt the theater, without a balcony. They opened for business on 22 March 1945 with the technicolor feature Home in Indiana. 34 Cliff Miller unveiled his "modern wide cinemascope screen" on Sunday, 1 August 1954, with the lavish movie production of the Lloyd Douglas novel, The Robe. Many of us remember that innovation and also the spectacular 3-D film, The House of Wax. One had to be there in the flesh, wearing those flimsy red and blue cellophane and cardboard glasses, to experience fully the utter horror of that Vincent Price classic. Ronald Stoneman accomplished a feat of unplanned razing in the winter of 1962 when his eastbound vehicle slammed into the box office of the Royal causing more than $1,000 worth of damage. But it was not the ravages of erratic drivers, the Depression, or fire that finally drove the Royal Theatre out of business. Betty Fowler, reporter for the Lehi Free Press, first drew the town's attention to a classified ad in .late July 1972: "FOR SALE, Royal Theatre building, State Street, Lehi, Utah. Would make good warehouse or other business, close to 1-15 Highway, railroad spur at back door, parking lot, call Cliff Miller, Lehi." Worrying that Lehi would lose its only commercial entertainment, Fowler tried to rally the public through her newspaper column. "For a long time," she wrote on 27 July 1972, we have heard of the rude and noisy conduct of young people in the theatre. Many times Cliff and Thelma have had to stop the show in order to enforce peace and quiet .. They have had to constantly monitor the show to keep control. They have had to clean up unbelievable conditions in the restrooms. They have had to baby sit unruly and undisciplined children for.parents who leave them for hours. The Millers tried to keep the theater open. Despite the financial liability the Royal had become, they hated to see Lehi without a movie house. But regrettably, Miller retired after fifty years in the theater business in 1976. The Union Hotel/Royal Theatre building was purchased by All Star Brake Distributors and is currently used for a warehouse. Dance Halls The Arcade Dancing has always captured the fancy of Lehi folk. In the earliest days, just about any place with ample floor space was used for dance-time frolics. The Log School, Tithing Office, Tithing Office barn, Mulliner's Flour Mill, Meeting House, Lehi Music Hall, Utah Lehi's celebration of the American Centennial was held in this barn on 4 July 1876. It was thereafter called Centennial Hall. The structure is still standing behind the Bruce Webb home in 1989. Another wagon-box float. (Courtesy Sherwin Allred.) A 1952 Lehi miniature float pulled by left to right: Don Larsen, Don Boren, and Fred Boren. (Courtesy Lehi Free Press.) An early Lehi Float pulled by matched gray horses. (Courtesy John Broadbent.) 296 CIVIC SERVICE The Log School, the first public building in Lehi, served a variety of community functions for nearly twenty years. Its walls resounded with the activities of religious assemblies, city council meetings, elections, dances, and theatrical productions. The building also doubled as a boarding house for visitors. The 1 May 1853 Journal History reported that Governor Brigham Young and his traveling company "came to a halt at Dry Creek at 5:30 p.m. A meeting was held in the Lehi school house, when the Governor's escort arrived, a guard of 16 men were detailed to watch the horses all night. The troops were stationed at the school house." At Young's urgings most Lehi buildings were moved in the fall of 1853 to a more strategic position in order to protect against Indian attack. The Log Schoolhouse was dismantled and rebuilt at approximately 80 West Main (where Laney's stands in 1989). On 29 May 1854 Brigham Young and his party, after floundering overnight in a bad snowstorm west of Utah Lake, arrived in Lehi and set up "winter quarters." President Young, Heber C. Kimball, and Wilford Woodruff preached to the people in the reassembled log school in the afternoon. Then in the evening "a few of the sisters met in the schoolhouse to dance with the brethren. The party was continued until 11 p.m."4 George A. Smith and Thomas Bullock preached in the schoolhouse on 6 August 1854. On 12 November of that year when Smith returned to preach to the assembled Saints the schoolhouse was "crowded, and many listening at the windows."5 During the winter of 1854-55 the Lehi Dramatic Club was formed in the schoolhouse. The first stage productions were Priestcraft in Danger and Luke the Laborer. Costumes and scenery were scarce-a wagon cover painted with charcoal and red paint served as the backdrop. Lighting effects were created by tallow candles. 6 On 17 February 1854 the city council passed an ordinance which created the Lehi School District. Three trustees were empowered to assess and collect taxes for establishing and maintaining schools. Three days later when elections were held in the Log School Preston Thomas, Daniel Collett, and William Burgess became the town's first school board. By 1857 the Log School could no longer accommodate all students who wished to attend class. The Tithing Office, which had been built during the summer of 1854 at approximately 344 West Main, served for a time as a classroom for teacher Martha Winn. Sometime in 1857 or 1858 construction of the Ward Meeting House had progressed to a point where the upper story could be used for schoolwork. C. D. Evans, in a letter published in the 20 October 1860 Deseref News, noted that "in the city of Lehi, an excellent tabernacle has been completed, situated over which is a comodous and well finished school room." The Log School continued to be used for educational and other functions as late . . "ncil occaas 1864 when It was noted that the CIty t ·j / h' p sionally met in the building. 7 The earliell l "ffie 1 prho hUhC d,/lcesow ' erty recor ds m t e ta ounty Recor er II S h i ' Paulinus Allred owning the site of the 1,,11' 1~9~0 ~n 1871. He sold the property to Henry J oye!' '" d. 0 . I y when t he school wa ~ I/lrn own one k nows preCIse h ' but in 1900 S. W. Ross built a large builtlll,g on t at same site (which in 1989 is the Laney built"IIg). The Thurman School H I,ng ouse h Tough both the Log School and the M ,,', H60 school room were being used in the fall (1' I I t' more classroom space was needed. In 1863 sell"" T~ustees Daniel S. Thomas, Canute Peterson, 'I"" o:a~ Karren proceeded with construction of " ",:w ~ 0;5 building a few feet west of the Meeting I"",~ef n March the trustees petitioned the city cOII'I", lor surplus wheat in the city treasury. Thirty l.tI" Ie s ~ere loaned and a sixty-one-foot-long adobe btl""";\S~ quently called the Southwest Schoo/was 1,,'IIIPte e °dr L ou . co unCI'1 meetmg ' on 2 J anuary 18(I' , d d a CIty . , , hllccee e was the first teacher In thIS school. He w" , W'll' , first by William Sergant and later I' \ , 1 da~ Thurmond, his brothers Samuel and D,II I ' : t~n ld O Edgar Ross. During the school year of 1" 1- de S adobe city hall on Main Street, between l,iI',1 an .econd West, served as a temporary overflo\\ "" groWIng school needs. , ffi The Southwest School, which in 1898 Itt',1 l~e~? t cially renamed the Thurman School, was n " I' II ~ e ~n 0 a ward amusement hall in 1915 becausl' ," ItS c ose t . , to t he Meetmg . H ouse. In937 prOXImIty I l 1I' 111'0t SUlruc-d d'mto' 1I" ,'Irs · tures were merge d an d mcorporate I Ivvar d chapel. This entire building was demolished ,ItI' rep ace by a new church structure in 1972. ;e- "r. The Ross Schoolhouse h By the early 1870s railroad business ill lit' It'0;} e:~ part of Lehi near the Utah Southern statio" 1t,1' 1e . ecde ' b oom. ReSI'dents In . t h'IS 1\1' " , ,eSIre a 'lOU ht a a popu I atlOn ll F school. On 23 October 1872 the school blll " 11m corner lot at 159 East and Fourth Nor'" '1 S Gray and began construction of the Nor'I\1"I~IA c o~ just three blocks south of the railroad d1'I",1 ' ccor m , mg to t he d'Iary 0 f J ames K'Ir kh am' 1II ' ,1\le-rOO li73 The wooden school was dedicated on 26 JanUlII' I that 14 January 1875 Lehi City Council Min\l" " lillIe the cost of the building was $282.95. d'cu 1: 1 pen 1 In 1879 a large adobe room w~s ~ddcd . I' , addition larly to the north end of the bUIldmg. 11II h Lehi was made possible through joint efforl~ ,d : ~ nds School District and the Lehi Sunday s"tH,,1 'da~ces for the building were raised through COlli"" P' , h Sun: e and entertainments held under sponsorshi,' day School. Church workers hauled the I" '~ ' ,a·t'oOlaJCn;;)d'..···J lumber, and other building materials til \ 'II , sl ~hool constructed the addition under supervision ,I I , ,e s , trustees. ih i d I" , 304 CIVIC SERVICE students (including a freshman class of 102). Plans for a new building were drawn up and submitted to Alpine School Board President Samuel I. Goodwin. These plans, which included remodeling the Lehi Tabernacle (1989 site of Lehi Stake Center) and building an additional structure to the east, never materialized. Fear struck the hearts of Lehi citizens in the late 1920s when State Superintendent of Schools I. J. Muir announced he was in favor of a consolidated Alpine District High School in American Fork (Lehi's chief rival). "It isn't hard to foretell how the local people will feel about this question," responded the 16 December 1920 Lehi Sun: "it is well that we awake to the move and keep in touch with anything that might come up." But high school consolidation was not to be. Each community in the district was allowed to maintain its own identity. In the spring of 1921 new Alpine School Board President F. D. Worlton announced that a Lehi High School would be built on the Lehi Tithing Office site on the southeast corner of Center and Second North. Plans for this new school were identical to the nearly completed $95,000 Lincoln High School in Orem. A general contract bid of $72,874 was awarded to W. G. Reed, a Salt Lake contractor. Coupled with Lehi plumber M. S. Lott's $19,950 plumbing and heating bid, the Lehi High School's cost, excluding property, was $92,834. When school opened on 19 September 1921 the building was not ready for occupancy. But the 170 students and faculty members-Principal David Mitchell, Junius Banks, Margaret Thurman, Leander Tamminen, Robert Pixton, Merel Chipman, Louise Hyatt, and Mary A. Anderson, were immensely proud of their new quarters when they moved there the last week of October. 36 The ground floor of the two-story building contained four class rooms, a study room and library, office space for the principal, a girl's locker and rest room, and a sixty-by-one-hundred-eight-foot gymnasium. On the second floor were four additional classrooms, a library, physics and chemistry laboratories, lecture room, and boys' lockers and toilets. On the lower floor at the entrance to the gymnasium a collapsible iron gate was installed which allowed the rest of the school to be closed off from the gym during the hundreds of basketball games and dances that were held there. Across the street north of the new school building and immediately east of the Lehi Tabernacle a seminary building was built in 1922 for Mormon religious instruction - referred to in educational parlance as "released time." Lehi students from grades seven to twelve were invited to participate in this Seminary program. From 1908-16 the Lehi Pavilion (1989 site of the Rodeo Grounds) had been used for high school gymnasium activities. After this building was demolished, the Smuin Dancing Academy (now the Victorian Apart- ments on the northwest corner of Center and Second North) was used for these functions. From the earliest days of Lehi High, the school had used the Lehi Tabernacle for an auditorium. In June 1930 the school board purchased $7,500 worth of property south of the high school from Sidney Gilchrist, Joshua and Christie Whitman, and George and Lucy Whitman. Bids on a fifty-by-ninety-foot auditorium were let to contractor W. W. Dickerson ($16,672.72), and plumber George Nuttall ($4,490). This new addition, completed in December 1930, had a well-designed stage on the east end. The auditorium with a seating capacity of 481 hosted hundreds of school functions, stage productions, and public assemblies. Prior to 1930 First North Street intersected the present athletic field south of the Primary and Grammar Schools. At this time Block 40 between First North and the business district on the south contained, in addition to the Memorial Building and Carnegie Library, the city jail, pioneer adobe homes of William Clark, Paulinus H. Allred, and Joseph Andreason, and prop- . erty of Jane S. Lewis, Christopher Hackett, and Charles and Julia Gurney. The 1 August 1929 Lehi Sun announced that the combined efforts of Lehi City officials, Lions Club members, and Dr. F. D. WorltonLehi's representative on the Alpine School Boardhad resulted in the purchase of the property to be used as an athletic field. In addition to the $3,125 authorized by the school board for property purchase, $750 was alloted for materials. City and school officials agreed at this time to close First North between Center and First West so the athletic field could contain a football field surrounded by an oval track. The city also decided to demolish its old jail and build a new facility on the south end of the Memorial Building. Wednesday, 7 May 1930, was declared a city holiday for clearing off the new athletic field site in preparation for the Black Hawk Encampment scheduled to coincide with Lehi's "Utah Beet Sugar Days" (12-1 August). More than a hundred businessmen, Lions members, national guardsmen, and high school joined city crews in removing the old houses, jail, and two large rows of historic poplar trees which had planted in 1882. In 1931 the first of two lighted tennis courts on school property was constructed by the school disltrict ~ from funds donated by students, the Lions Club, city, and the school board. The second court was pleted during the summer of 1934 through joint of the school board, Federal Emergency Relief ft\.J111UW~" istration (F.E.R.A.), and Lions Club. These courts, addition to hosting many exciting tennis matches, also used for roller skating activities by hundreds children. Numerous memorable dances under surnme:r"'j time stars have also graced these courts. ~ NPS Form 10 ·900 (Oct . 1990) Utah WordPerfect 5.1 Format (Revised Feb. 1993) No. 10014·0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations of eligibility for individual properties or districts . See instructions in How to CCXTplete the National Register of Historic Places Form (National Register Bulletin 16Al . Complete each item by marking "x" in the appropriate box or by entering the information requested. If an item does not apply to the property being documented . enter "N/A" for "not applicable. " For functions. archi tectura 1 cl assi fi cati on . materi a1s. and areas of signi fi cance . enter only categori es and subcategori es from the i nstructi ons . Pl ace additional entries and narrative items on continuation sheets (NPS Form 10-900a). Use a typewriter . word processor . or computer to complete all items . hi stori c name _..!oL~e:.!.ih!.!..i..!!W~a!!!.rud!!.-!.T.!..!it'-!..!h!.!.,!in!..!;gI:l---!!B~a~r..!.!n!L.;/C~eL!nt~e~n.!!n.!!i.!!!a.!..1.wH!,!!a!.!.,!II!--_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ other names/site nll!1ber _____________________________________ street & nll!1ber city or 651 North 200 East_ (rear) ___________________________ town,_Lelilh~iL.- state Utah code ~ county_U\LtloJa;u.h1-____________ code -KiA- not for publication -KiA- vicinity zip code 84043- ~ As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, I hereby certify that this -X-nomination _request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property -X-meets _does not meet the National Register criteria. I recommend that this property be considered significant _nationally _statewide -X-locally. ( _ See continuation sheet for additional comments.) Signature of certifying official/Title Date Utah Pivision of State Historv_ Office of Historic preservation State or Federal agenc and bureau In my opinion, the property _meets _does not meet the National Register criteria. continuation sheet for additional comments.) Signature of certifying official/Title ( _ See Date State or Federal agenc and bureau I hereby certify that this property is: _ _ _ entered in the National Register. _ See continuation sheet. determined eligible for the National Register. _ See continuation sheet. determined not eligible for the National Register. removed from the National Register. _ other, (explain: ), _____________ Signature of the Keeper Date of Action ~n ­ .... Lehi Ward Tithing Barn/Centennial Hall Name of Property Lehi. Utah County. Utah City, County, and State sl iMassif1cati6n U·.·.· · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·. ··. . . . . Ownership of Property Category of Property q~ ~6AV)~ ~~L~ ~HK: :r! () N•••b." of R,,,u,,,, withi • co,. "y count~\.Q; , (Check as many boxes as apply) (Check only one box) (Do not Include prevIously lIst d resources In the ....L private _ public-local ....L building(s) oncontributing , I\r,k.D)--_ _' - -_ _ _ _.-..,;::-_ _~,""7'"""_ _ _ ~~ings/ _ _ public-State publ ic-Federal _ district site structure object ~ slt~ ____________________________________ structures -------------------------;tr--------- objects Total ____~__________________~~L-________ Name of related multiple property listing (Enter "N/A" if property is not part of a multiple property listing.) Historic and Architectural Resources of Lehi. Utah Historic Functions (Enter categories from instructions) AGRICULTURE/SUBSISTENCE; agricultural outbuilding RECREATION ANP CULTURE; mysic facility Architectural Classification (Enter categories from instructions) OTHER; yernacular £. Contributing Number of contributing resources previously listed in the National Register N/A Current Functions (Enter categories from instructions) POMESTIC; secondary structure Materials (Enter categories from instructions) foundation walls _S~TuO~N~E~ _____________________________ WOOD roof METAL other ________________________________________ Narrative Description (Describe the historic and current condition of the property on one or more continuation sheets.) ....L See continuation sheet(s) for Section No. 7 I) Lehi Ward Tithing Barn/Centennial Hall Name of Property Lehi. Utah County. Utah City, County, and State Applicable National Register Criteria (Mark "x" on one or more lines for the criteria qualifying the property for National Register listing.) -X- A Property is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history. Areas of Significance (Enter categories from instructions) RELIGION SOCIAL HISTORY ENTERTAINMENT/RECREATION B Property is associated with the lives of persons significant in our past. C Property embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or represents the work of a master, or possesses high artistic values, or represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components lack individual distinction. o Property has yielded, or is likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history. Criteria Considerations (Mark "x" on a II that apply.) Property is: A owned by a rel igious in·s titution or used for religious purposes. -X- B removed from its original location. C a birthplace or grave. o a cemetery. E a reconstructed building, object, or structure. F a commemorative property. G less than 50 years of age or achieved significance within the past 50 years. Period of Significance 1872-1903 Significant Dates 1872 Significant Person (Complete if Criterion B is marked above) N/A Cultural Affiliation N/A Architect/Builder Unknown Narrative Statement of Significance (Explain the significance of the property on one or more continuation sheets.) -X- See continuation sheet(s) for Section No.8 Bibl iography (Cite the books, articles, and other sources used in preparing this form on one or more continuation sheets.) Previous documentation on file (NPS): ___ preliminary determination of individual listing (36 CFR 67) has been requested ___ previously listed in the National Register ___ previously determined eligible by the National Register ___ designated a National Historic Landmark ___ recorded by Historic American Buildings Survey #_------ Primary location of additional data: -X- State Historic Preservation Office ___ Other State agency ___ Federal agency ___ Local government ___ University Other Name of repository: ___ recorded by Historic American Engineering Record # _ _ _ _ _ _ __ -X- See continuation sheet(s) for Section No.9 Lehi Ward Tithing BarnlCentennial Hall Name of Property Acreage of property Lehi. Utah County. Utah City, County, and State 1.25 acres UTM References (Place additional UTM references on a continuation sheet.) A 4/218/2/8/0 ~ Zone C-L Easting 4/41711/81210 Northing 11111 I I I I I I B-L 11111 Zone Easting D-L 11111 I I I I I I Northing I I I I I I Verbal Boundarv Descriotion (Describe the boundaries of the property.) North ~ of Lot 1, Block 85, Plat A, Lehi City Survey Property Tax No. 01:082:0003:001 See continuation sheet(s) for Section No. 10 Boundary Jystification (Explain why the boundaries were selected.) The boundaries include the entire city lot that has historically been associated with the property. _ See continuation sheet(s) for Section No. 10 name/title Nelson W. Knight I Architectyral Historian organi zat i on Smi th Hyatt Arch i tects date Jyly. 1997 street & number 845 Soyth Main Street telephone [phone] . city or ______________________________________________ state ~ zip code 84010town~B~o~y~nut~i~fy~l Submit the following items with the completed form: • Continuation Sheets • Maps: A USGS map (7.5 or 15 minute series) indicating the property's location. A Sketch map for historic districts and/or properties having large acreage or numerous resources. • Photographs: Representative black and white photographs of the property. • Additional items (Check with the SHPO or FPO for any additional items.) name Bryce L. and pina S. Webb street & number 651 N. 200 East telephone [phone] city or town _L...,e"'hui__________________________________________________ state ~ zip code 84043Paperwork. Reduction Act Statement : This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of HistoriC Places to nominate properties for listing or determine eligibility for listing, to list properties , and to amend existing listings, Response to this request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance with the National HistoriC Preservation Act , as amended (16 U,S,C, 470 et seq , ), Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average 18 ,1 hours per response includi ng time for reviewing i nstructi ons, gatheri ng and mai ntai ni ng data, and comp 1eti ng and revi ewi ng the form , Di rect comments regardi ng thi s burden estimate or any aspect of thi s form to the Chi ef , Admi ni strati ve Services Di vi si on , Nati ona 1 Park Servi ce , P. O. Box 37127 , Washi ngton , DC 20013-7127 : and the Offi ce of Management and Budget , Paperwork Reductions Projects (1024-0018), Washington , DC 20503. ()18 NPS form 10·900·a utah WordPerfect 5. 1 f ormat (RevIsed f eb . 1993) No . 10024 ·0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section No . __7__ Page ~ Lehi Ward Tithing Barn/Centennial Hall, Lehi, Utah County, UT Narrative Description The Lehi Ward Tithing Barn/Centennial Hall is a simple, two story structure. Approximately 20'x 40', the barn is of post and beam construction, resting on rock footings and sheathed with vertical plank siding . The large door on the east facade, along with a smaller door opening on the south facade, provide access to the barn. Along the roof line , there are remnants of a simple fascia, although this has fallen off in most places. The roof is currently covered with corrugated sheet metal, although spaced plank sheathing visible on the interior and Sanborn Maps indicate that the building was originally roofed with wood shingles. On the interior , the structural system is plainly visible. A heavy post-and-beam frame supports a partial second floor/hayloft. A large summer beam separates the space into two bays; above the beam, a king post truss supports the roof members. Similar trusses support the roof at each end of the barn. The frame ties into roof joists of roughly hewn 2x6s at approximately 16" on center. The floor is laid with pine planks, over timber sleepers . Historical accounts indicate that a similar floor was laid in the barn in 1876, though planks have obviously been replaced in many places in the years since. 1 The hay loft, which takes up 1-1/2 bays within the interior , is floored with similar planks , supported by wood pole floor joists. The structure remains intact, though the structure was moved twice. Originally constructed as a feed and livery stable in 1872, it stood at the present crossing of Interstate 15 and Second East in Lehi . In 1873 , the building was moved to the Ward tithing yard , on the north side of Main Street between third and Fourth West Streets . In 1880, the buildi ng was moved to its present location . The barn was but one of several agricultural outbuildings that composed the tithing yard . Sanborn Maps from 1890 show two wood frame sheds and a large root cellar on the property, in addition to the barn and the tithing office , with its attached granary to the rear of the building . A corral adjoined the barn to the northwest. By 1931, the last year Sanborn Maps were produced , the office had been removed and three houses built on the lot. The barn remains the only building of the original tithing yard to remain . IVan Wagoner, 118. (J18 NPS Form 10-900-a Utah WordPerfect 5.1 Format (Revised Feb . 1993) No . 10014-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section No _ ~ Page ~ Lehi ~ard Tithing Barn/Centennial Hall, Lehi, Utah County, UT Narrative Statement of Significance The Lehi Ward Tithing Barn/Centennial Hall. located at the rear of 651 North 200 East in Lehi, is nominated as part of the "Historic and Architectural Resources of Lehi City. Utah" Multiple Property Submittal _ The barn is significant under criterion A. as the last remaining building of the Lehi Ward Tithing Yard_ Tithing was . and remains today. an integral teaching of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (L .D.S.. or Mormon Church) . Much of each member's ten percent contribution of his/her wealth came in the form of goods and produce . To manage this. each ward (the basic neighborhood unit of the church) maintained a yard where these goods could be stored and eventually redistributed . The first Lehi Tithing yard was on Main Street between Third and Fourth West Streets. The barn described here was moved to the yard in 1873 . shortly after its construction on another site. On July 4. 1876 . the building was the site of Lehi ' s celebration of the United States' centennial. Thereafter. the barn was known as Centennial Hall . In 1880. the tithing yard was moved to the northwest corner of Sixth North and Second East Streets. The tithing barn was moved to its present location in the new yard at that time . The barn was used to store tithed goods until 1903. when the yard was moved yet again. Although the building has been moved. it remains eligible because it was moved within the period of significance. and is the only surviving structure to remain from Lehi ' s second tithing yard , and one of only two remaining buildings from any of Lehi's tithing yards. The Lehi Ward Tithing Barn was originally built in 1872 for a feed and livery stable. It was located north the Utah Southern Railroad Depot. near the present-day crossing of Second East by Interstate 15 . At that time the Utah Southern terminated in Lehi. The stable's owners furnished further transportation to passengers and goods disembarking at the end of the line. When the Utah Southern was extended to American Fork in 1873. business in Lehi declined. The Lehi Ward bought the barn and moved it to the ward tithing office yard on west Main Street. The tithing system was an integral part of the Mormon social system. and continues to be important in the church today . A member was expected to contribute ten percent of his/her production . including personal time. wages. and farm production. The system was instituted on a wide basis beginning in 1852. when Church Presiding Bishop directed local bishops to collect tithes at the ward level. 2 Accordingly. Bishop David Evans. leader of the Lehi Ward. set the members of the ward to work on a tithing office at 344 West Main. Built in 1854. the office was a sixteen by twenty four foot. two story adobe building. surrounded by a mud wall encompassing a yard. The office was located close to Bishop Evans' house. one block east. 3 Under the supervision of a clerk. the ward collected goods to equal one-tenth of a member's crop and stock production . . In addition. every tenth day of labor was to be devoted to church work. In this way. public and church buildings. fort walls and irrigation systems were constructed with tithing labor.4 Eventually the Lehi tithing yard had. in addition to the office and hay barn. four stables. extensive corrals. and an adobe granary. Although not all members faithfully paid their tithing. the Lehi tithing office accepted a great deal of goods from its faithful members. In 1854. for instance. Lehi's wheat tithing consisted of 900 bushels. though in the following year a grasshopper invasion reduced the wheat tithe to 150 bushels. s The tithing office served many functions in early Lehi. Because church and civic functions were so freely intermixed. city council meetings and elections were often held there . The tithing clerk served as town tax collector and issued tithing scrip. used as legal tender and exchangeable for goods at the tithing office. The Lehi tithing office was also used more than once as a makeshift morgue and was Lehi's first jail.6 In addition. the yard was used for community functions . In 1876. the United States celebrated its centennial. Festivities in Lehi were held in the tithing yard and inside the tithing barn. The first ice cream in Lehi was served at the celebration. priced at five and ten cents per dish . The first fireworks display in Lehi took place that evening. causing a stir among the residents of the town. An afternoon dance for children and an evening dance for adults was held in the tithing barn . Dances in 1876 Lehi were usually held in another building . the Lehi Music Hall . That building was unavailable for the occasion. so member of the celebration committee fixed up the tithing barn for the festivities: Red pine logs. cut in the Boulder Mountains west of Rush Valley. were hauled to Cedar Fort and sawed into lumber. These thick. rough planks were then laid crosswise on sleeper beams of West Canyon timber. and a dance floor was ready. The barn was then bedecked with cedar boughs. flowers. bunting. flags. pictures. and mottoes. "To say that it ZWilliam G. Hartley, !Ward Bishops and the Localizing of LOS tithing, 1847-1856,1 in David Bitton and Maureen Ursenbach Beecher, eds., New Views of Mormon History. (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1987), 96-114. Qtd. in Van Wagoner, 116. Van Wagoner, 116. 3 . 4Leonard J. Arrington, Great Basin Kingdom; An Economic History of the Latter-pay Saints. 1858-1900. (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1958), 135. SVan Wagoner, 117. &van Wagoner, 118. • looked beautiful." wrote Andrew Fjeld. "is putting it mildly for it looked like a veritable fairy palace."7 Thereafter. the barn was known in Lehi as Centennial Hall. It retained the name when the tithing barn was moved to a new tithing yard at the northwest corner of Sixth North and Second East Streets in 1880. The move was prompted by a change in leadership of the Lehi Ward. Bishop David Evans. who served as the spiritual and civic leader of Lehi from 1852 to 1879. resigned as bishop and was replaced by Thomas Cutler. Bishop Cutler would also serve a long tenure. from 1879 until 1903. As was common practice. he moved the tithing yard to a site near his house. The barn was moved. although the first tithing office remained on the original site and was demolished several years later. Sanborn Maps from 1890 and 1898 show a sizable compound of buildings on the tithing yard lot. The tithing clerk worked out of an adobe building facing Second East. Behind the office was a granary. and south of the office was a large root cellar. with an earthen roof. Four other agricultural outbuildings. including the tithing barn. were also on the site. along with a well pump west of the barn. In 1898. scales were added south of the tithing office. In 1903. Cutler resigned as Bishop and moved to Salt Lake City to be closer to his business duties (he was general manager of the Utah Sugar Company). The Lehi Ward was divided into four separate wards. each with its own leadership. The joint tithing yard was moved to a new site. at the corner of Center and Second North Streets. This yard was used until 1918. although the need for a facility to accommodate goods had declined well before that time. as the economy in Lehi and Utah shifted to a cash-based one. The buildings at the former Cutler-era tithing yard were demolished by 1931. with the exception of the tithing barn. still known by the Lehi citizenry as Centennial Hall. Three houses were built on the lot by 1931; they still are standing today. Although the Lehi Ward Tithing Barn/Centennial Hall no longer sits on its original site. it remains eligible for the National Register under Criteria Consideration B. It was moved during the period of significance. The first move of the building. in 1873. occurred before the barn was used for tithe storage. In 1880. the building was moved as part of the move of the entire tithing yard that took place along with the change of Lehi Bishoprics. The barn is still used for storage. and is the only remaining building from this yard. The only other remaining tithing building is another barn. which was located at the third Lehi yard. on Center and Second East Streets. After that yard was closed. the barn was moved to a farm on Bridge Road outside of Lehi. It does not appear to be eligible. because it has iost its historic association with its site. 7Van Wagoner, 118. Quote from Andrew Fjeld, IHow Lehi celebrated July 4th when America was a hundred.1 peseret News, 10 July 1926. Reprinted in Lehj Free press, 6 July 1951. (}IB No. 10024 -0016 NPS Form 10-900-a utah WordPer fect 5. 1 Format (Revised Feb. 1993) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation et Lehi Ward Tithing Barn/Centennial Hall, Lehi, Utah County, UT Bibliography Arrington, Leonard J., Great Basin Kingdom: An Economic History of the Latter-Day Saints. 1858-1900. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1958. Carter , Thomas and Peter Goss, Utah's Historic Architecture. 1847-1940. Salt Lake City, Utah: UniverSity of Utah Graduate School of Architecture and Utah State Historical Society, 1985. Daughters of Utah Pioneers of Utah County, Memories That Live: Utah County Centennial History. Springville, Utah : Art City Publishing, 1947. Kirkham , Thomas F., ed. and compo Lehi Centennial History 1850 -1950 (including reprint of Hamilton Gardner'S History of Lehi [Salt Lake City : Deseret News, 1913]) . Lehi, Utah: Lehi Free Press Publishing Co . , 1950. "Lehi Reconnaissance Level Survey , " prepared by Allen Roberts, AlA, for the Utah State Historic Preservation Office, October , 1992, and February, 1994. Copy on file at the Utah SHPO . Owens , G., Salt Lake City Directory. Including a Business Directory of Provo. Springville. and Ogden . Utah Territory, Salt Lake City, 1867 . Polk, R.L., &Co., Provo City Directory. Salt Lake City: 1903-1987. R.L. Polk &Co . , 1891-92, Polk, R.L., &Co., Utah State Gazeteer and Business Directory. Salt Lake City: Tribune Job Printing Co . , 1900-1931. Sanborn Map Company, New York , Insurance Maps of Lehi, Utah, 1890 , 1898, 1907, 1922, 1934. Richard S. Van Wagoner. Corporation, 1990. Lehi : Portraits of a Utah Town. Lehi, Utah : Lehi City See continuation sheet . ., NPS Form 10-900-a utah WordPerfect 5.1 Format (Revised Feb. 1993) (:tIS No. 10024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet ./ Section No. PHOTOS Page Lehi Ward Tithing Barn/Centennial Hall, Lehi, Utah County, UT Photo No. 1 l. Lehi Ward Tithing Barn/Centennial Hall 2. Lehi. Utah County. Utah 3. Photographer: Kim A. Hyatt 4. Date : June. 1997 5. Negative on file at Utah SHPO. 6. SE elevation of building. Camera facing NW. Photo No. 2 1. Lehi Ward Tithing Barn/Centennial Hall 2. Lehi. Utah County. Utah 3. Photographer : Kim A. Hyatt 4. Date: June. 1997 5. Negati ve on fil e at Utah SHPO. 6. NW elevation of building. Camera facing SE. ___ See continuation sheet State of~Utah Department of Community and Economic Development Division of State History Utah State Historical Society Michael O. Leavitt Governor MaxJ.Evans Director 300 Rio Grande Salt Lake City, Utah 84101-1182 [phone] FAX: [phone] TOD: 533-3502 [e-mail] SINCE 18~7 December 14, 1998 BRUCE L. AND DINA S. WEBB 651 NORTH 200 EAST LEHI UT 84043 Dear Mr. & Mrs. Webb: It is my distinct pleasure to inform you that the Lehi Ward Tithing Barn/Centennial Hall at 651 North 200 East (rear) , nominated by the Utah Board of State History and the Utah State Historic Preservation Officer, was officially listed in the National Register of Historic Places by the National Park Service on December 4, 1998. In recognition of the listing of your property, we would like to present to you an official National Register certificate. It contains the name of the site, the nature of its significance, the date of listing, an embossed gold seal, and the signatures of the Governor, the chair of the Board of State History, and the State Historic Preservation Officer. There is no charge for this certificate. Please contact Cory Jensen in our Historic Preservation Office if you would like to receive this certificate. A public presentation can be arranged if you so desire. We also suggest that a marker be placed to give your historic property additional public recognition. Please contact our office for details if you are interested in purchasing a marker. Listing in the National Register is intended to encourage preservation as well as provide recognition of a property's significance. A 20 percent federal tax credit is available for substantial rehabilitation of residential rental and commercial properties. In addition, a 20 percent state tax credit is available for the rehabilitation of historic residential properties. (See attached fact sheets.) We would be pleased to assist you with either application process should you wish to apply. Please contact Cory Jensen at 801/533-3559, or bye-mail [e-mail] you have any questions or if we may be of assistance to you. ?jJJ4 Wilson G. Martin Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer and Prograr.l Manager Preserving and Sharing Utah's Past for the Present and Future SUMMARY OF UTAH HISTORIC PRESERVATION TAX CREDIT The 1993 Utah State Legislature passed the Economic Incentives for Historic Preservation bill which created a tax credit for historic residential rehabilitations. The basic requirements of the historic preservation tax credit are explained below. What is the Utah Historic Preservation Tax Credit? A 20 percent non-refundable tax credit for the rehabilitation of historic buildings which are used as owner-occupied residences or residential rentals . Twenty percent of all qualified rehabilitation costs may be deducted from taxes owed on your Utah income or corporate franchise tax. Example: $22,000 in qualified rehabilitation costs = $4,400 state income tax credit Does My Building Qualify? Buildings listed in the National Register of Historic Places which, after rehabilitation, are used as a residence(s) qualify. The credit is not available for any property used for commercial purposes including hotels or B&Bs (bed and breakfasts). The building does not need to be listed in the National Register at the beginning of the project, but a complete National Register nomination must be submitted when the project is finished. The property must be listed in the National Register within three years of the approval of the completed project. What Rehabilitation Work Qualifies? The work may include interior or exterior repair, rehabilitation or restoration, including historic, decorative, and structural elements as well as mechanical systems. All proposed work must meet the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation and be approved by the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) before the work begins. Depending on the historic conditions and features, some examples of eligible work items include: • • • • repairing or upgrading windows repointing masonry repairing or replacing roofs new floor and wall coverings • • • • painting walls, trim, etc. refmishing floors, handrails, etc. new furnace, AlC, boiler, etc. electrical upgrades • • • • plumbing repairs and fixtures reconstructing historic porches compatible new kitchens reversing incompatible remodellings Necessary architectural, engineering, and permit fees may also be included. The purchase price of the building, site work (landscaping, sidewalks, fences , driveways, etc.), new additions, work on outbuildings, and the purchase and installation of moveable furnishings or equipment (e.g., refrigerators, dishwashers, etc.) do not qualify for the credit. All of the work must meet the Standards or the tax credit cannot be taken on any portion of the work. A completed application should be submitted to the SHPO at least 15-30 days before beginning the project, along with photographs showing all areas of work (both interior and exterior) and any drawings or other technical information necessary to completely understand the proposed project. How Much Money Must I Spend to Qualify? Total rehabilitation expenditures must exceed $10,000. (The tax credit applies equally to this first $10,000.) The purchase price of the building and any donated labor cannot be included. The project must be completed within 36 months of the SHPO's approval of the proposed rehabilitation work. Utah State Historic Preservation Office (Utah Division of State History), 300 Rio Grande, SLC, UT 84101-1182 3562 Phone (801) 533- Utah Historic Preservation Tax Credit Summary -- Continued When Can I Claim the Credit? The credit may be taken for the tax year in which the entire project was completed and the rehabilitation work and a National Register nomination form have been approved by the SHPO. (A certification number will be issued to the owner at that time). Credit amounts greater than the amount of tax due in that year may be carried forward up to five years. Are There Any Restrictions Placed on My Buildin2? The only restriction is that all work done to the building during the rehabilitation project, and for three years following the certification of the project, must meet the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation. Please consult with the State Historic Preservation Office if you have any questions. How do I Take the Tax Credit? The original completed and signed form TC-40H, Historic Preservation Tax Credit, must be attached to your initial state income tax return. This form will be provided by the SHPO when the completed project is approved. If you carryforward this tax credit, you must attach a copy of the completed form, with the new carryforward amount, to your tax return. Note that carryforward amounts must be applied against tax due before the application of any historic preservation tax credits earned in the current year and on a first-earned, first-used basis. Please consult with the State Tax Commission if you have any questions. Original records supporting the credit claimed must be maintained for three years following the date the return was filed claiming the credit. For More Information or a State Tax Credit Application Contact: Charles Shepherd at [phone] or Barbara Murphy at [phone] Utah State Historic Preservation Office 300 Rio Grande Salt Lake City, Utah 84101-1182 For Tax-Related Ouestions Contact: Lynn Solarczyk at [phone] Utah State Tax Commission For Information on Low-Interest Preservation Loans Contact: Utah Heritage Foundation at [phone] Additional Local Requirements May Also Apply: Salt Lake City Landmarks Committee [phone] Park City Planning Department [phone] Ogden Planning Department [phone] The State Historic Preservation Office can provide additionallocal preservation contacts. Revised 9/15/94 SUMMARY OF FEDERAL REHABILITATION TAX CREDITS What are the Rehabilitation Tax Credits? There is a 20% Investment Tax Credit (ITC) available for rehabilitating historic buildings and a 10% ITC for renovating nonhistoric buildings constructed before 1936. In both instances the ITC is based on a percentage of the rehabilitation costs and does not include the purchase price. The tax credit applies to the building owner's federal income tax for the year in which the project is completed and approved. If it is not all needed in that year the ITC may be carried back 3 years or forward up to 15 years. Note: this is a tax credit not just a deduction. Example: 20% of a $50,000 rehabilitation = $10,000 tax credit Which Buildings Oualify? The historic rehabilitation tax credit (20%) is available for buildings listed in the National Register of Historic Places which, after renovation, are used for commercial or residential rental use. The nonhistoric tax credit (10%) is available for any pre-1936 building being used for commercial but not residential rental purposes. The work does not have to be reviewed for the 10% credit. Neither ITC is available for the rehabilitation of a private residence. What Rehabilitation Work Oualit3.es? Any work on the interior or the exterior of the building qualifies for the tax credit. Landscaping or new additions to the building do not qualify. The work on a historic building must be certified by the National Park Service. This is done by completing an application and submitting it to the National Park Service along with "before" and "after" photographs showing all work areas (interior and exterior). How Much Money Must be Spent in Order to Oualify for the ITC? The rehabilitation expenditures must exceed the greater of either the "adjusted basis" of the building or $5,000. "Adjusted basis" is the purchase price minus the value of the land minus any depreciation already taken by the current owner of the building plus any capital improvements. Example (recent purchase): $60,000 (purchase price) - $7,000 (land) = $53,000 (adjusted basis); rehabilitation expenses must exceed $53,000 Example (long-time ownership): $60,000 (purchase price) - $40,000 (depreciation) - $7,000 (land) + $5,000 (capital improvement) = $18,000 (adjusted basis); rehabilitation expenses must exceed $18,000 When Can a Rehabilitated Building Be Sold? A building must be kept at least five years in order to avoid any recapture of the tax credit by the federal government. The recapture amount ranges from 100% of the tax credit it the building is sold within the first year to 20% of the credit if it is sold within the fifth year. More Information? Contact: Barbara Murphy (533-3563) or Don Hartley (533-3560) Utah Division of State History 300 Rio Grande Salt Lake City, Utah 8410 1 Q 7- a. T\..J C.---. '):"~ - ~ f- :--: "1-: j 1 _, . .J L.;,...:.._ '........" !..; rI UTAH STATE l Department of Community and Economic Development Division of State History Utah State Historical Society Michael O. Leavitt Governor MuJ. Evans Director 300 Rio Grande Salt Lake City, Utah 84101 ·1 182 (801) 533·3500 FAX: 533·3503 TOO: 533·3502 [e-mail] SINCE 18117 December 11, 1998 MAYOR KENNETH GREENWOOD LEHI CITY PO BOX 255 LEHI UT 84043-0255 Dear Mayor Greenwood: It is my distinct pleasure to inform you that the following buildings in Lehi nominated by the Utah Board of State History and the Utah State Historic Preservation Officer, were officially listed in the National Register of Historic Places by the National Park Service on December 4, 1998: James H. and Rhoda H. Gardner House at 187 East 300 North Samuel!. and Olena J. Goodwin House at 80 West 400 North Christian and Sarah Knudsen House at 123 S Center Street Lehi North Branch Meetinghouse at 1190 North 500 West Lehi Ward Tithing Barn/Centennial Hall at 651 North 200 East (rear) Dr. Elmo and Rhea Eddington House at 617 North 100 East People's Co-op Store at 151 East State Street Thomas and Mary Webb House at 388 North 200 East The National Register of Historic Places is the federal government's official list of historic properties worthy of preservation. Listing in the National Register provides recognition and assists in preserving our Nation's heritage. Preserving and Sharing Utah's Past for the Present and Future UTAH STATE HISTORICAL S!-i-at;. l~ ~ lJ ,,-,. Department of Community and Economic Development Division of State History Utah State Historical Society Michael O. Leavitt Governor MuJ.Evans Director 300 Rio Grande Salt Lake City. Utah 84101-11 82 (80l) 533-3500 FAX: [phone] roD: 533-3502 cehistty.ushs @email.stale.ul.us SINCE 181H December 11, 1998 JOHN ROCKWELL LEHI CITY CLG 208 EAST 200 SOUTH LEHI UT 84043 Dear CLG Chair Rockwell: It is my distinct pleasure to infonn you that the following buildings in Lehi nominated by the Utah Board of State History and the Utah State Historic Preservation Officer, were officially listed in the National Register of Historic Places by the National Park Service on December 4, 1998: James H. and Rhoda H. Gardner House at 187 East 300 North Samuel 1. and Olena J. Goodwin House at 80 West 400 North Christian and Sarah Knudsen House at 123 S Center Street Lehi North Branch Meetinghouse at 1190 North 500 West Lehi Ward Tithing Barn/Centennial Hall at 651 North 200 East (rear) Dr. Elmo and Rhea Eddington House at 617 North 100 East People's Co-op Store at 151 East State Street Thomas and Mary Webb House at 388 North 200 East The National Register of Historic Places is the federal government's official list of historic properties worthy of preservation. Listing in the National Register provides recognition and assists in preserving our Nation's heritage. Preserving and Sharing Utah's Past for the Present and Future . Cory Jensen - National Regi'2!cr Weekly List 12/11 /98 . t· . Lehi, 98001454, LISTED, 12104/98 (Lehi, Utah MPS) UTAH, UTAH COUNTY, Goodwin , Samuel!. and Olena J., House, 80 West 400 North, Lehi, 98001453, LISTED, 12104/98 (Lehi, Utah MPS) UTAH, UTAH COUNTY, Knudsen, Christian and Sarah, House, 123 S, Center St., Lehi, 98001458, LISTED, 12104/98 (Lehi, Utah MPS) UTAH, UTAH COUNTY, Lehi North Branch Meetinghouse, 1190 North 500 West, Lehi, 98001455, LISTED, 12104/98 (Lehi, Utah MPS) UTAH, UTAH COUNTY, Lehi Ward Tithing Barn-Centennial Hall, 651 North 200 East, (rear), Lehi, 98001456, LISTED, 12104/98 (Lehi, Utah MPS) UTAH, UTAH COUNTY, People's Co-op Building , 151 E. State ·St., Lehi , 98001457, LISTED, 12104/98 (Lehi, Utah MPS) UTAH, UTAH COUNTY, Webb, Thomas and Mary, House, 388 North 200 East, Lehi, 98001451 , LISTED, 12104/98 (Lehi, Utah MPS) UTAH, WASHINGTON COUNTY, Graff, George and Bertha, House, 2865 Santa Clara Dr., Santa Clara, 98001461, LISTED, 12104/98 (Santa Clara, Utah MPS) UTAH, WASHINGTON COUNTY, Page 51 ..... 1 UTAH STATE ,1 " -r j ..:. - - - ..-' . ' ",~ ~ f.... """' L- Ll..Ll Department of Community and Economic Development Division of State History Utah State Historical Society Michael O. Leavitt Governor 300 Rio Grande Salt Lake City, Utah 84101·1182 (801) 533·3500 FAX: 533·3503 TOD: 533·3502 [e-mail] MaxJ.Evans Director SINCE t8117 October 30, 1998 Carol D. Shull National Register of Historic Places Mail Stop 2280, Suite NC 400 1849 C Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20240 Dear Ms. Shull: Enclosed please find the registration form and documentation for the following nominations which have been approved by the Utah Historic and Cultural Sites Review Committee (Utah Board of State History) and the Utah State Historic Preservation Officer for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places: American Fork Historic District Lehi Multiple Property Submission Includes the following properties: Lehi Main Street Historic District Lehi Community Savings Bank Lehi North Branch Meetinghouse Lehi Tithing Barn People's Co-op Eddington, Elmo & Rhea, House Gardner, james & Rhoda, House Goodwin, Samuel & alena, House Knudson, Christian & Sarah, House Smith, john & Emerette, House Webb, Thomas & Mary, House Thank you for your assistance with this nomination. Please call me at 801-533-3559 if you have any questions. Sin rely, Cory jense Architectur I Historian Enclosures Preserving and Sharing Utah's Past for the Present and Future /""'1 . UTAH STATE : n T ~', u~tJet U ·~ _ __ --' ;- , , ~1 ') Gtl. . . . Department of Community and Economic Development Division of State History Utah State Historical Society Michael O. Leavitt G<lvemor MaxJ.Ev8D8 Director 300 Rio Grande Salt Lake City, Utah 84101· 1182 (801) 533·3500 FAX: [phone] TDD: 533-3502 [e-mail] SINCE 18117 July 31,1998 BRUCE L. AND DINA S. WEBB 651 NORTH 200 EAST LEHI UT 84043 Dear Mr. & Mrs. Webb: We are pleased to report that the property known as Lehi Ward Tithing Barn/Centennial Hall at 651 North 200 East (rear) has been approved by the Utah Board of State History for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. Within the next few weeks, we will submit the nomination and documentation to the National Register office in Washington, DC, for final approval. This review typically occurs within six to eight weeks. If you have any questions or concerns about this National Register nomination, please contact Roger Roper of the Historic Preservation Office at 533-3561 or at the address listed above. We appreciate your interest in and support of historic sites in Utah. )J;;)' ~ Wilson G. Martin Program Manager and Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer Preserving and Sharing Utah's Past for the Present and Future UTAH STATE i~ ~ .: ~ .') - - ~tate L)! '- .) trtn . , Department of Community and Economic Development Division of State History Utah State Historical Society Michael O. Leavitt Governor MaxJ.Evans Director 300 Rio Grande Salt Lake City, Utah 84101 - 11 82 (80 1) 533-3500 FAX: [phone] TOO: 533-3502 [e-mail] SINCE IStH June 29, 1998 BRUCE L. AND DINA S. WEBB 651 NORTH 200 EAST LEH I UT 84043 Dear Mr. & Mrs. Webb: We are pleased to inform you that the property which you own , known historically as the Lehi Ward Tithing Barn/Centennial Hall at 651 North 200 East (rear) , will be considered by the Utah Board of State History for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. The National Register of Historic Places is the federal government's official list of historic properties worthy of preservation. Listing in the National Register provides recognition and assists in preserving our Nation's heritage. Listing of a property provides recognition of its historic significance and assures protective review of federal projects that might adversely affect the character of the historic property. If the property is listed in the National Register, certain federal investment tax credits for rehabilitation and other provisions may apply. Listing in the National Register does not place limitations on the property by the federal government. Public visitation rights are not required of owners. The federal government will not attach restrictive covenants to the property or seek to acquire them. Enclosed please find a notice that explains, in greater detail, the results of listing in the National Register. It also describes the rights and procedures by which an owner may comment on or object to listing in the National Register. You are invited to attend the Board of State History meeting at which the nomination will be considered. The Board will meet on July 31 , 1998 at 2:00 p.m., in the Board Room of the former Denver and Rio Grande Depot located at 300 South Rio Grande (440 West), Salt Lake City. Should you have any questions about this nomination before the meeting, please contact Roger Roper of the Historic Preservation Office at 533-3561. q:;~ Wilson G. Martin Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer and Program Manager Enclosure Preserving and Sharing Utah's Past for the Present and Future RIGHTS OF OWNERS TO COMMENT AND/OR OBJECT TO LISTING IN THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES Owners of private properties nominated to the National Register have an opportunity to concur with or object to listing in accord with the National Historic Preservation Act and 36 CFR 60. Any owner or partial owner of private property who chooses to object to listing may submit, to the State Historic Preservation Officer, a notarized statement certifying that the party is the sole or partial owner of the private property and objects to the listing. Each owner or partial owner of private property has one vote regardless of the portion of the property that the party owns. If a majority of private property owners object, a property will not be listed. However, the State Historic Preservation Officer shall submit the nomination to the Keeper of the National Register of Historic Places for a determination of eligibility of the property for listing in the National Register. If the property is then determined eligible for listing, although not formally listed, Federal agencies will be required to allow for the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation to have an opportunity to comment before the agency may fund, license, or assist a project which will affect the property (see below). If you choose to object to the listing of your property, the notarized objection must be submitted to Wilson G. Martin, Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer, 300 Rio Grande, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84101, before the Utah Board of State History meets to consider the nomination. Other comments regarding the nomination of this property should also be directed to Mr. Martin prior to the meeting date. A copy of the nomination and information on the National Register and the Federal and State tax provisions are available from the above address upon request. RESULTS OF LISTING IN THE NATIONAL REGISTER Eligibility for Federal tax provisions: If a property is listed in the National Register, certain Federal tax provisions may apply. The Tax Reform Act of 1986 revised the historic preservation tax incentives authorized by Congress in the Tax Reform Act of 1976, the Revenue Act of 1978, the Tax Treatment Extension Act of 1980, the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981, and Tax Reform Act of 1984, and as of January 1, 1987, provides for a 20 percent investment tax credit with a full adjustment to basis for the "substantial rehabilitation" of historic commercial, industrial, and rental residential buildings. (The former 15 percent ano 20 percent Investment Tax Credits .(ITCs) for rehabilitations of older commercial buildings are combined into a single 10 percent ITC for commercial or industrial buildings built before 1936.) The Tax Treatment Extension Act of 1980 provides Federal tax deductions for charitable contributions for conservation purposes of partial interests in historically important land areas or structures. Whether these provisions are advantageous to a property owner is dependent upon the particular circumstances of the property and the owner. Because the tax aspects outlined above are complex, individuals should consult legal or professional counselor the appropriate local Internal Revenue Service office for assistance in determining tax consequences. For further information on certification requirements, please refer to 36 CFR 67. Eligibility for State tax provisions: S.B. No. 42 passed during the 1993 General Session of the Utah State Legislature created a state income tax credit for the rehabilitation of historic (i.e., National Register listed) residential buildings, either owner-occupied or rental. The credit is 20% of the cost of rehabilitation work totaling more than $10,000. All of the proposed rehabilitation work must meet the Secretary of the Interior's "Standards for Rehabilitation" and must be pre-approved by the State Historic Preservation Office. Rules implementing these tax provisions are still being developed. Contact the Historic Preservati.on Office for more information. Consideration in planning for Federal, federally licensed, and federally assisted projects: Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 requires that Federal agencies allow for the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation to have an opportunity to comment on all projects affecting historic properties listed in the National Register. For further information, please refer to 36 CFR 800 or contact the Regulatory Assistance section of the Division of State History. Consideration in issuing a surface coal mining permit: In accordance with the Surface Mining and Control Act of 1977, there must be consideration of historic values in the decision to issue a surface coal mining permit where coal is located. For further information, please refer to 30 CFR 700 et seq. Qualification for Federal or State grants for historic preservation when available: Presently, limited funding may be available through the Certified Local Government program. Direct grants to property owners are also occasionally available. For information about possible grants, contact the Office of Preservation, Utah Division of State History. .~ .,-:- , ,'~ L' ~ ~" = "' - j _:.; -'- -..-' ~ . _,...." Y""; ~. • 1 . .J ~ ......... _ Department of Community and Economic Development Division of State History Utah State Historical Society Michael O. Leavitt Governor MaxJ.EvSDS Director , 300 Rio Grande Salt Lake City. Utah 8410 1·1182 (80ll 533·3500 FAX: 533·3503 TOO: 533·3502 [e-mail] SINCE 1887 June 29, 1998 COMMISSION CHAIR GARY HERBERT UTAH COUNTY 100 E CENTER STREET PROVO UT 84606 Dear Commission Chair Herbert: We are pleased to inform you that the following buildings in Lehi will be considered by the Utah Board of State History for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. James H. and Rhoda H. Gardner House at 187 East 300 North Samuel I. and Olena J. Goodwin House at 80 West 400 North Christian and Sarah Knudsen House at 123 S Center Street Lehi North Branch Meetinghouse at 1190 North 500 West Lehi Ward Tithing Barn/Centennial Hall at 651 North 200 East (rear) Dr. Elmo and Rhea Eddington House at 617 North 100 East Lehi Commercial and Savings Bank at 206 East State Street People's Co-op Store at 151 East State Street John Y. and Emerette C. Smith House at 518 North 100 East Thomas and Mary Webb House at 388 North 200 East In addition, the Lehi Main Street Historic District, comprising the following buildings, will also be considered. 4 West Main Street 12 West Main Street 20 West Main Street 24 West Main Street 32 West Main Street 36 West Main Street 40 West Main Street 46 West Main Street 60 West Main Street 68 West Main Street 72 West Main Street 96 West Main Street 101 West Main Street 102 West Main Street 110 West Main Street 115 West Main Street 120 West Main Street 130 West Main Street 151 West Main Street 154 West Main Street 155 West Main Street 162 West Main Street 164 West Main Street 169 West Main Street 172 West Main Street 175 West Main Street 181 West Main Street 189 West Main Street The National Register of Historic Places is the federal government's otticiallist of historic properties worthy of preservation. Listing in the National Register provides recognition and assists in preserving our Nation's heritage. Preserving and Sharing Utah's Past for the Present and Future Listing of a property provides recognition of its historic significance and assures protective review of federal projects that might adversely affect the character of the historic property. If the property is listed in the National Register, certain federal and/or state investment tax credits for . rehabilitation and other provisions may apply. Listing in the National Register does not place limitations on the property by the federal government. Public visitation rights are not required of owners. The federal government will not attach restrictive covenants to the property or seek to acquire them. You are invited to attend the Board of State History meeting at which the nomination will be considered. The Board will meet on July 31, 1998 at 2:00 p.m. in the Board Room of the former Denver and Rio Grande Depot located at 300 South Rio Grande (440 West). Salt Lake City. Should you have any questions about this nomination before the meeting, please contact Roger Roper of the Historic Preservation Office at 533-3561. Wilson G. Martin Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer and Program Manager ." - ~- '.- , ----- . " ., •• > . .J~W UTAH STATE HISTORICAL __ Department of Community and Economic Development Division of State History Utah State Historical Society Michael O. Leavitt c"vemor Mu:J.Evans Director 300 Rio Grande Salt Lake City. Utah 841 0 1- 1182 (801) 533· 3500 FAX: [phone] mD: 533-3502 [e-mail] SINCE 1887 June 29, 1998 MAYOR KENNETH GREENWOOD LEHI CITY PO BOX 255 LEHI UT 84043·0255 Dear Mayor Greenwood: We are pleased to' inform you that the following buildings in Lehi will be considered by the Utah Board of State History for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. James H. and Rhoda H. Gardner House at 187 East 300 North Samuel I. and Olena J. Goodwin House at 80 West 400 North Christian and Sarah Knudsen House at 123 S Center Street Lehi North Branch Meetinghouse at 1190 North 500 West Lehi Ward Tithing Barn/Centennial Hall at 651 North 200 East (rear) Dr. Elmo and Rhea Eddington House at 617 North 100 East Lehi Commercial and Savings Bank at 206 East State Street People's Co-op Store at 151 East State Street John Y. and Emerette C. Smith House at 518 North 100 East Thomas and Mary Webb House at 388 North 200 East In addition, the Lehi Main Street Historic District, comprising the following buildings, will also be considered. 4 West Main Street 12 West Main Street 20 West Main Street 24 West Main Street 32 West Main Street 36 West Main Street 40 West Main Street 46 West Main Street 60 West Main Street 68 West Main Street 72 West Main Street 96 West Main Street 101 West Main Street 102 West Main Street 110 West Main Street 115 West Main Street 120 West Main Street 130 West Main Street 151 West Main Street 154 West Main Street 155 West Main Street 162 West Main Street 164 West Main Street 169 West Main Street 172 West Main Street 175 West Main Street 181 West Main Street 189 West Main Street The National Register of Historic Places is the federal government's official list of historic properties worthy of preservation. Listing in the National Register provides recognition and assists in preserving our Nation's heritage. Preserving and Sharing Utah's Past for the Present and Future Usting of a property provides recognition of its historic significance and assures protective review of federal projects that might adversely affect the character of the historic property. If the property is listed in the National Register, certain federal and/or state investment tax credits for rehabilitation and other provisions may apply. .. Usting in the National Register does not place limitations on the property by the federal govemment. Public visitation rights are not required of owners. The federal government will not attach restrictive covenants to the property or seek to acquire them. You are invited to attend the Board of State History meeting at which the nomination will be considered. The Board will meet on July 31, 1998 at 2:00 p.m. in the Board Room of the former Denver and Rio Grande Depot located at 300 South Rio Grande (440 West), Salt Lake City. Should you have any questions about this nomination before the meeting, please contact Roger Roper of the Historic Preservation Office at 533-3561. Sincerely, Wilson G. Martin Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer and Program Manager cc: John Rockwell