LES analysis of sour gas flare emissions under variable wind conditions

¥ Y ( S F O R M k- I N Z S T , I C L E A N S E C U R E L E S T U A N D o E N E R G Y A n a ly s is u n d e r T o f V a r i a b l e S o u r W in d G a s F l a r e C o n d i t i o n s P .J . S m i t h , C . T h u r s t o n .........T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f U t a h A . C h a m b e r s .................................. T h e A l b e r t a R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l E m is s io n s S o u r G a s F l a r i n g A - J F R C 0 7 S o u r • G a s S o u r G a s F l a r i n g / A c id c o n ta in in g H 2 S G a s (> : n a tu ra l g a s 1 % ) a n d C O @ w e llh e a d 2 A - J F R C 0 7 2 / 1 1 S o u r • G a s S o u r G a s F l a r i n g / A c id c o n ta in in g • 3 0 % o f H 2 S G a s (> C a n a d a 's s o u r, m o s t o f : n a tu ra l g a s 1 % ) a n d to ta l it f o u n d C O w e llh e a d 2 n a tu ra l g a s in @ A lb e r ta & p r o d u c tio n is n o r th e a s t B ritis h C o lu m b ia A - J F R C 0 7 2 / 1 1 S o u r • G a s S o u r G a s F l a r i n g / A c id c o n ta in in g • 3 0 % o f H 2 S G a s (> C a n a d a 's s o u r, m o s t o f : n a tu ra l g a s 1 % ) a n d to ta l it f o u n d C O @ 2 n a tu ra l g a s in w e llh e a d A lb e r ta & p r o d u c tio n is n o r th e a s t B ritis h C o lu m b ia • H 2 S & C O 2 b o th tr a n s p o r ta tio n r e q u ir e a n d re m o v a l p r io r to s a le A - J F R C 0 7 2 / 1 1 S o u r G S o u r a s G a s F l a r i n g I A c id c o n ta in in g 3 0 % o f H 2 S G a s (> C a n a d a 's s o u r, m o s t o f : n a tu ra l g a s 1 % ) a n d to ta l it f o u n d C O @ 2 n a tu ra l g a s in v p r< A lb e r ta & n o re m o v a l p r io r f o C o lu m b ia H 2 S & C O 2 b o th tr a n s p o r ta tio n - r e q u ir e a n d a b s o r p tio n -b a s e d s a le p ro c e s s w r e g e n e r a tiv e s o lv e n t A - J F R C 0 7 2 / 1 1 S o u r G S o u r a s G a s F l a r i n g / A c id c o n ta in in g 3 0 % o f H 2 S G a s (> C a n a d a 's s o u r, m o s t o f : n a tu ra l g a s 1 % ) a n d to ta l it f o u n d C O @ 2 n a tu ra l g a s in w e llh e a d p ro d u c tio n A lb e r ta & re m o v a l p r io r to is n o r th e a s t B ritis h C o lu m b ia H 2 S & C O 2 b o th tr a n s p o r ta tio n r e q u ir e a n d - a b s o r p tio n -b a s e d - u p o n a n d r e g e n e r a tio n th e s e s a le p ro c e s s o f th e c o n c e n tra te d w r e g e n e r a tiv e s o lv e n t, a c id a c id g a s e s a re s o lv e n t g a s e s a re lib e r a te d e ith e r : A-JFRC 0 7 2 /1 1 S o u r G S o u r a s G a s F l a r i n g I A c id c o n ta in in g 3 0 % o f H 2 S G a s (> C a n a d a 's s o u r, m o s t o f : n a tu ra l g a s 1 % ) a n d to ta l it f o u n d C O ( 2 n a tu ra l g a s in A lb e r ta & C o lu m b ia H 2 S & C O 2 b o th tr a n s p o r ta tio n r e q u ir e a n d - a b s o r p tio n -b a s e d - u p o n a n d • r e g e n e r a tio n th e s e re m o v a l s a le p ro c e s s o f th e c o n c e n tra te d w r e g e n e r a tiv e s o lv e n t, a c id a c id g a s e s a re s o lv e n t g a s e s a re lib e r a te d e ith e r : c o n v e r t e d to e le m e n t a l s u lp h u r v ia a K la u s p la n t ( e x p e n s iv e ) A - J F R C 0 7 2 / 1 1 S o u r G a s F l a r i n g Jas F 1 % ) a to ta l >u n d n in A A q u ir e d i u p o n r e g e n e r a tio n s a le S p ro c e s o f th e E a n d th e s e c o n c e n tra te d i E t^ E U B c o n v e r t e d t o e l e m e n t a l s u ly r e -in je c te d (n e w b u t g r o w in g --------------I o v e r 3 0 p r o je c ts ) A - J F R C 0 7 2 / 1 1 S o u r G S o u r a s G a s F l a r i n g / A c id c o n ta in in g 3 0 % o f H 2 S G a s (> C a n a d a 's s o u r, m o s t o f : n a tu ra l g a s 1 % ) a n d to ta l it f o u n d C O @ 2 n a tu ra l g a s in w e llh e a d p r o d u c tio n A lb e r ta & re m o v a l p r io r to is n o r th e a s t B ritis h C o lu m b ia H 2 S & C O 2 b o th tr a n s p o r ta tio n r e q u ir e a n d - a b s o r p tio n -b a s e d - u p o n a n d r e g e n e r a tio n th e s e s a le p ro c e s s o f th e c o n c e n tra te d w r e g e n e r a tiv e s o lv e n t, a c id a c id g a s e s a re s o lv e n t g a s e s a re lib e ith e r : • c o n v e r t e d to e le m e n t a l s u lp h u r v ia a K la u s p la n t ( e x p e n s iv e ) • r e -in je c te d (n e w b u t g r o w in g / o v e r 3 0 p r o je c ts ) A - J F R C 0 7 2 / 1 1 S o u r G a s ouruen F l a r i n g 01 cue ucaaia Alberta ranchers w onder why their livestock suffer and die R O C K Y M O U N T A I N H O U S E , A lb c r ta -It w a s a frigid spring aftern o on , and country veterinarian M artha K o stu c h had another b io lo g ic a l riddle o n her h an d s. S o u r G a s I A c id c o n ta in in g 3 0 % o f H 2 G a s S (> C a n a d a 's s o u r, m o s t o f : r 1 % ) i to ta l it f o u n d ii B e fo r e her, in a liv e sto c k trailer, lay a sick c a lf brough t in b y a rancher. T h e anim al's b e lly w a s tight and s w o lle n , and it w a s barely breathing. K o stu c h and an assistant w o rk ed frantically to r eliev e the c a lf s b lo a tin g , adm inistering orally a g reen liquid ca lled D io c to l. A fte r a fe w m in u tes, it b e c a m e e v id e n t that the anim al co u ld not b e r ev iv ed . K o stu c h e n d ed its m isery w ith a lethal injection o f so d iu m pentobarbital. A fte r 2 2 years here o n the h ig h plains o f w estern C a n a d a , K o stu c h h as c o m e to e x p e c t, if not a c ce p t, su ch in cid en ts. S h e h as heard n u m erou s reports o f p u zz lin g d ea th s, sp o n ta n eo u s abortions, birth d e fe c ts, e y e inflam m ation and listlc ssn c ss a m o n g cattle. S h e h as seen hardened ranchers cry. C o lu m b ia H P f e ; . M a n y o f the p rob lem s h a v e occurred in areas o f in te n siv e o il and natural g a s ex p lo ra tio n , Ella Johnston walks past the skull o f a dead cow a reminder of a 1994 pipeline release. She and her husband say their herd suffers from a variety o f illnesses, and skeletal remains are now common p rodu ction and refin in g. T o K o stu c h and others on their land nearCarol,nc* in sou th w estern A lb erta, this is n o c o in c id e n c e . H 2 S & C O 2 b o th tr a n s p o r ta tio n - r e q u in a n d a b s o r p tio n -b a s e d s a l< M a n y o f the p ro vin ce's o il and g a s field s arc ex trem ely so u r -la c e d w ith h y d ro g e n su lfid e, so m etim es released intact into the atm osp h ere but m ore o ften co n verted to sulfur d io x id e through flaring. B o th g a s e s can p lay h a v o c w ith hu m an and anim al p h y sio lo g ie s. Rocky Mountain House veterinarian Martha Kostuch works in vain to save a sick calf brought in by a rancher. p ro c e "N o q u estio n , w e're se e in g ch ron ic and acute effects," K o stu c h said. S h e rattled th em off: "M ilky su b stan ce in the e y e s . D iffic u lty breathing. D iarrhea. N e u r o lo g ic a l p rob lem s. A g g r e s s iv e b eh a v io r. 'Dum b' c a lv e s that don't nurse. P o o r heats. U terin e in fectio n s. Im m u n e d eficien cies." T h e o il and g a s industry rejects su g g e stio n s o f a relationship b e tw e e n its o p eration s and sick ly cattle, n o tin g that sulfur d io x id e e m is sio n s are dow ;n and a recent stu dv orov^H c x c u lp a t o r v ____ u p o n a n d r e g e n e r a tio n th e s e o f th d c o n c e n tra te d C 4I a c id g a s e s a re W 11 e ith e r : • c o n v e r t e d to e le m e n t a l s u lp h u r v ia a K la u s p la n t ( e x p e n s iv e ) • r e -in je c te d (n e w b u t g r o w in g / o v e r 3 0 p r o je c ts ) r « lll m l^ /)l ^ s tr ic te d ) INSTITUTE FOR CLEAN AND SECURE ENERGY A - J F R C 155 S O U T H 1452 E A S T R O O M 380 • S A L T L A K E CITY, U T A H 8 4 1 1 2 • 801-585-1233 0 7 2 / 1 1 Iberta ranchers wonder why their livestock suffer and die S o u r G a s 3CKY MOUNTAIN HOUSE, Albcrta-It was a frigid spring afternoon, and country -'tcrinarian Martha Kostuch had another biological riddle on her hands. F l a r i n g icfore her, in a livestock trailer, lay a sick calf brought in by a rancher. The animal's belly /as tight and swollen, and it was barely breathing. Kostuch and an assistant worked frantically to relieve the calfs bloating, administering orally a green liquid called Dioctol. After a few minutes, it became evident that the animal could not be revived. Kostuch ended its misery with a lethal injection of sodiumpentobarbital. S o u r G a s I A c id c o n ta in in g H 2 G a s S (> : n a tu ra l g a s 1 % ) a n d C O @ w e llh e a c \ftcr 22 years here on the high plains of western Canada, Kostuch has come to cxpcct, if not ccept, such incidents. She has heard numerous reports of puzzling deaths, spontaneous ortions, birth defects, eye inflammation and listlessncss among cattle. She has seen hardened ranchers cry. o f C a n a d a 's s o u r, m o s t o f to ta l it f o u n d 2 ... , Many of the province's oil and gas fields arc extremely sour-laccd with hydrogen sulfide, sometimes released intact into the atmosphere but more often converted to sulfur dioxide through flaring. Both gases can play havoc with human and animal physiologies. n a tu ra l g a s in , i^-,, EllaJohnston walkspast the skull ofadeadcow- areminder ofa Many of the problems have occurred in areas of 1994pipeline release. She andherhusband saytheirherd suffers intensive Oil and natural gas exploration, fromavarietyofillnesses, and skeletal remains are nowcommon production and refining. To Kostuch and others ontheirland nearCaroline, in southwestern Alberta, this is no coincidence. RockyMountain Houseveterinarian Martha Kostuchworks invainto save asickcalf brought inby arancher. 3 0 % , p ro d u c tio i A lb e r ta & re m o v a l p r io r to "No question, we're seeing chronic and acute effects," Kostuch said. She raided themoff: "Milky substance in the eyes. Difficulty breathing. Diarrhea. Neurological problems. Aggressive behavior. 'Dumb' calves that don't nurse. Poor heats. Uterine infections. Immune deficiencies." The oil and gas industry rejects suggestions of a relationship between its operations and sickly cattle, noting that sulfur dioxide emissions are down and a n o r t h e a s t B fH T is h C o lu m b ia H 2 S & C O 2 b o th tr a n s p o r ta tio n r e q u ir e a n d - a b s o r p tio n -b a s e d - u p o n a n d r e g e n e r a tio n th e s e s a le p ro c e s s o f th e c o n c e n tra te d w r e g e n e r a tiv e s o lv e n t, a c id a c id g a s e s a re s o lv e n t g a s e s a re lib e ith e r : • c o n v e r t e d to e le m e n t a l s u lp h u r v ia a K la u s p la n t ( e x p e n s iv e ) • r e -in je c te d (n e w b u t g r o w in g / o v e r 3 0 p r o je c ts ) ^ s tr ic te d ) INSTITUTE FOR CLEAN AND SECURE ENERGY A - J F R C 155 S O U T H 1452 E A S T R O O M 380 • S A L T L A K E CITY, U T A H 8 4 1 1 2 • 801-585-1233 0 7 2 / 1 1 L E S (fla r e s w ith S u lfu r ) L E S (fla r e s w ith S u lfu r ) L E S (fla r e s w ith S u lfu r ) r R e a c tio n E ffic ie n c y o f I n d u s tr ia l F la re s - The P e r s p e c tiv e o f th e P a st, J G . S e e b o l d . R ef: B . C . D a v i s , P. H. G . G o g o l e k , L . W . K o s t i u k , J. H . P o h l. R . E . S c l n v a r t / . N . R S o e lb e rg . M . S t r o s h e r a n d P. M . W a ls h . C o m b u s tio n C a n a d a 03. V a n co u v e r. B C . S e p te m b e r 2 0 0 3 a 10° 10' 10! ( p V 2) , . ^ ( p V 2) 7 » 103 104 105 106 wind m n .r\ 3 / 1 1 L E S (fla r e s w ith S u lfu r ) m » 1 .0 0 : g ■ > o c <D r ■ r 0 9 5 O E 0.90 ♦ ♦ ♦ LU C ■ O H 0.85 2 ♦ ♦ _ ' ♦ ♦ R e a c tio n E ffic ie n c y o f I n d u s tr ia l F la re s - The P e r s p e c tiv e o f th e P a st, J G . S e e b o l d . R ef: B . C . D a v i s , P. H. G . G o g o l e k , L . W . K o s t i u k , J. H . P o h l. R . E . S c h w a r tz , N . R S o e lb e rg . M . S t r o s h e r a n d P. M . W a l s h C o m b u s tio n C a n a d a 03. V a n co u v e r. B C . S e p te m b e r 2 0 0 3 102 101 10" 10' 101 10> 104 w in d 3 / 1 1 L E S (fla r e s Domain Size: Mesh Resolution: w ith S u lfu r ) 25.0m x 17.5m x 8.0m 18 million DOF Computer: LLNL - frost (IBM SP) Run Time: 48 hours on 320 processors Simulation Time: 5.9 s of simulation time Reaction Model: steady laminar flamelets Chem. Mech: REI mechanism with sulfur mechanism from Leeds (69 species, 774 reactions) 1.00 > 0.95 o c Q) o E 0.90 ? r LU C o _♦ " ♦ kef ReactionEfficiencyofIndustrialFlares - ThePerspectiveofthePast. J.G. Seebold. E 5 B. C. Davis. P. E. G. Gogolek. L. W.Kostiuk. J. H. Pohl. R. E. Schwartz. N. R. Soelberg. M. Strosher andP. M.Walsh, CombustionCanada 03. Vancouver, BC. September2003 0.80 0.75 103 10-2 10-1 10° 101 102 103 ( p V 2)jet/ ( p V 2)wind 104 105 106 L E S (fla r e s w ith S u lfu r ) I H F A A -* r» > N .1 . * £58 L E S (fla r e s w ith S u lfu r ) I H F A A S ■4 A 1 R = 5 .2 9 K \ U cr= 0 .7 0 m /s V j = 2 .0 7 m /s U = 0 001 s B R = 1 43 U a= 1 3 3 m /s V j = 2 .0 8 m /s t „ p= 0 0 0 2 s n c= 9 9 . 4 % C R = 0 .3 4 U c/ = 2 . 7 6 m / s V j = 2 .1 0 m /s t #xp= 0 0 0 2 s iic= 9 9 . 3 % R = 0 .1 5 11:0= : 4 . 0 9 m / s 2 .0 9 m /s Vj! 0 . 0 0 1 s ^**p r|c=99.7% E 1 v v R = 0 085 U a>= 5 . 4 9 m / s V j = 2 .1 1 m / s u = 0 002 s « n c= 9 9 .2 % F | R = 0 .0 3 8 IU = 8 .2 7 m /s V j = 2 .1 1 U = ) m /s 0 -0 0 2 s r |c = 9 6 .5 % R = 0 0 21 U r/ : = 1 1 . 0 5 m / s V j = 2 .0 9 m /s U = 0 .0 0 2 s = 8 8 .6 % R = 0 .0 0 8 5 U <*>= 1 7 . 3 9 m / s Vj = 2 .1 0 m /s W = 0 002 s 4 / 1 1 A 1 R = 5 .2 9 K \ U cr= 0 .7 0 m /s V j = 2 .0 7 m /s U = 0 001 s B R = 1 43 U cr= 1 .3 3 m /s fla r e s h a p e & s iz e (b u o y a n t f o r c e ) s e n s itiv e to d y n a m ic p u ffin g V j = 2 .0 8 m /s t „ p= 0 . 0 0 2 s n c= 9 9 . 4 % C R = 0 .3 4 - U cr= 2 .7 6 m /s V j = 2 .1 0 m /s t #, p= 0 0 0 2 s il c = 9 9 . 3 % R = 0 .1 5 11:0= : 4 . 0 9 m / s 2 .0 9 m /s Vj! 0 . 0 0 1 s ^**p r|c=99.7% R = 0 085 $ : 5 .4 9 m /s V ,= 2 .1 1 m / s 0 .0 0 2 s f |c= 9 9 . 2 % R = 0 .0 3 8 U*>= 8 . 2 7 m / s V j = 2 .1 1 t = m /s 0 .0 0 2 s nc=96.5% R = 0 0 21 U r/ : = 1 1 . 0 5 m / s V j = 2 .0 9 m /s U = 0 .0 0 2 s H = 8 8 .6 % ■ R = 0 .0 0 8 5 i t1 A A ■ 0 .6 m 1)^0= 1 7 . 3 9 m / s m V j = 2 .1 0 m /s r \ U = 0 002 s * t _________________ 1 - ' i fW. 4 / 1 1 S o u r G a s F la r e V & V Complete System Case Overarching Problem heat flux and emissions from high sulfur flares -\ r Benchmark Cases Alberta Lidar Tests Wind-Tunnel Flares shape / emissions - Scalebridging models Molecularscale Models lidar comp. data video of flare shape .a Radiation Models SGS Mixing & Reaction Models Nonreacting LES Models & Algorithms gas & particle participating media soot & gas-phase chemistry, unresolved turbulent mixing turbulent diffusion closure, solution algorithms Kinetics & Thermophysical Properties chemical kinetics, transport properties, thermodynamic properties, and sulfur chemistry A - J F R C 0 7 5 / 1 1 S o u r G a s F la r e V & V Complete System Case Overarching Problem Wind Fuel Sulfur Case Velocity Velocity content (m/s) (m/s) (%) Base 1 2 5 6 7 8 3 4 9 10 11 12 13 2.8 15 15 15 15 0 0 0 0 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 13.2 15 1 8 8 8 8 15 1 15 15 1 1 8 11.3* 15 15 30 0 30 0 15 15 30 0 30 0 15 heat flux and emissions from high sulfur flares Benchmark Cases Alberta Lidar Tests Wind-Tunnel Flares shape / emissions Scalebridging models Molecularscale Models lidar comp. data video of flare shape Radiation Models SGS Mixing & Reaction Models Nonreacting LES Models & Algorithms gas & particle participating media soot & gas-phase chemistry, unresolved turbulent mixing turbulent diffusion closure, solution algorithms Kinetics & Thermophysical Properties chemical kinetics, transport properties, thermodynamic properties, and sulfur chemistry A - J F R C 0 7 5 / 1 1 S o u r G a s F la r e V & V Complete System Case Overarching Problem Wind Fuel Sulfur Case Velocity Velocity content (m/s) (m/s) (%) Base 1 2 5 6 7 8 3 4 9 10 11 12 13 2.8 15 15 15 15 0 0 0 0 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 13.2 15 1 8 8 8 8 15 1 15 15 1 1 8 11.3* H 15 415 30 0 30 0 15 15 30 0 30 0 15 heat flux and emissions from high sulfur flares 2 S ------------- a r Benchmark Cases Alberta Lidar Tests Wind-Tunnel Flares shape / emissions lidar comp. data video of flare shape l Scalebridging models Molecularscale Models ^ Radiation Models SGS Mixing & Reaction Models Nonreacting LES Models & Algorithms gas & particle participating media soot & gas-phase chemistry, unresolved turbulent mixing turbulent diffusion closure, solution algorithms Kinetics & Thermophysical Properties chemical kinetics, transport properties, thermodynamic properties, and sulfur chemistry A - J F R C 0 7 5 / 1 1 S o u r G a s F la r e V & V Complete System Case Overarching Problem Wind Fuel Sulfur Case Velocity Velocity content (m/s) (m/s) (%) Base 1 2 5 6 7 8 3 4 9 10 11 12 13 2.8 15 15 15 15 0 0 0 0 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 13.2 15 1 8 8 8 8 15 1 15 15 1 1 8 11.3* H 15 415 430 0 30 0 15 15 30 0 30 0 15 heat flux and emissions from high sulfur flares 2 S ------------- a r Benchmark Cases Alberta Lidar Tests Wind-Tunnel Flares shape / emissions lidar comp. data video of flare shape l Scalebridging models -- Radiation Models SGS Mixing & Reaction Models Nonreacting LES Models & Algorithms gas & particle participating media soot & gas-phase chemistry, unresolved turbulent mixing turbulent diffusion closure, solution algorithms r- Molecularscale Models -J 'N Kinetics & Thermophysical Properties chemical kinetics, transport properties, thermodynamic properties, and sulfur chemistry A - J F R C 0 7 5 / 1 1 Wind Fuel Sulfur Case Velocity Velocity content (m/s) (m/s) (%) 2.8 15 15 15 15 0 0 0 0 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 13.2 15 1 8 8 8 8 15 1 15 15 1 1 8 11.3* 15 15 30 0 30 0 15 15 30 0 30 0 15 Alberta Sour Gas Flares H2S full scale lidar composition data video of flare shapes Alberta Lidar Benchmark Cases Scalebridging models validation question: • what experimental data are available for validation of industrial flare performance? Overarching Problem heat flux and emissions from high sulfur flares elemental sulfur Base 1 2 5 6 7 8 3 4 9 10 11 12 13 Complete System Case Molecularscale Models Wind-Tunnel Flares Tests shape / emissions lidar comp. data video of flare shape Radiation Models SGS Mixing & Reaction Models Nonreacting LES Models & Algorithms gas & particle participating media soot & gas-phase chemistry, unresolved turbulent mixing turbulent diffusion closure, solution algorithms Kinetics & Thermophysical Properties INSTITUTE FOR CLEAN AND SECURE ENERGY Sour Gas Flare V&V chemical kinetics, transport properties, thermodynamic properties, and sulfur chemistry A-JFRC 07 5 /11 S o u r G a s F la r e V & V Complete System Case Overarching Problem Wind Fuel Sulfur Case Velocity Velocity content (m/s) (m/s) (%) Base 1 2 5 6 7 8 3 4 9 10 11 12 13 13.2 15 1 8 8 8 8 15 1 15 15 1 1 8 2.8 15 15 15 15 0 0 0 0 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 11.3* H 15 415 430 0 30 0 15 15 30 0 30 0 15 heat flux and emissions from high sulfur flares 2 S Alberta Lidar Tests Wind-Tunnel Flares shape / emissions lidar comp. data video of flare shape l Scalebridging models v a lid a tio n q u e w h a t e x p e r im e n ta l d a ta a r e a v a ila b le f o r v a lid a tio n o f in d u s tr ia l fla r e p e rfo r m a n c e ? ------------- a r Benchmark Cases Molecularscale Models -- -J Radiation Models SGS Mixing & Reaction Models Nonreacting LES Models & Algorithms gas & particle participating media soot & gas-phase chemistry, unresolved turbulent mixing turbulent diffusion closure, solution algorithms Kinetics & Thermophysical Properties not m uch! chemical kinetics, transport properties, thermodynamic properties, and sulfur chemistry INSTITUTE FOR CLEAN AND SECURE ENERGY A - J F R C 155 S O U T H 1452 E A S T R O O M 380 • S A L T L A K E CITY, U T A H 8 4 1 1 2 *801-585-1233 0 7 5 / 1 1 T = (298 - 1850K) [SO2] = (0 - 3%) [SO3] = (0 - 100ppm) T = (298 - 1850K) [SO2] = (0 - 3%) [SO3] = (0 - 100ppm) • w h a t is t h e ( H 2S , S ) ? © fir s t o r d e r a n s w e r: S 0 2 th e n S O V 3 F a t e o f H 2 S : n o c r o s s w i n d / h i g h S ac. l -j 1 ' Si INSTITUTE FOR CLEAN AND SECURE ENERGY A - J F R C • 155 S O U T H 1452 E A S T R O O M 380 • S A L T L A K E CITY, U T A H 84112 • 801-585-1233 0 7 7 / 1 1 F a t e o f H 2 S : n o c r o s s w i n d / h i g h S INSTITUTE FOR CLEAN AND SECURE ENERGY A - J F R C 155 S O U T H 1452 E A S T R O O M 380 • S A L T L A K E CITY, U T A H 8 4 1 1 2 • 801-585-1233 0 7 7 / 1 1 F a t e o f H 2 S : n o c r o s s w i n d / h i g h S INSTITUTE FOR CLEAN AND SECURE ENERGY A - J F R C 155 S O U T H 1452 E A S T R O O M 380 • S A L T L A K E CITY, U T A H 8 4 1 1 2 • 801-585-1233 0 7 7 / 1 1 F a t e o f H 2 S : h i g h c r o s s w i n d I l o w S F a t e o f H 2 S : h i g h c r o s s w i n d / l o w S H ir z w j g m LCi * * | . -■; " i n .J-.- * > *5#* * iN n » •» , v f -» ■ r e f f e c t o f h ig h w in d c o n d it io n s A - J F R C 0 7 e f f e c t o f h ig h w in d c o n d it io n s 1 .0 0 ♦ # >0-95 o c ■ CD o £ 0.90 LU ♦ ♦ C ■ o ♦ ♦ H 0.85 .Q R e a c tio n K fftc iA - The P e r s p e c tiv e o f R ef: 8 B . C . D a v is. P. F . . G . I 0.80 .1. II. P o h l . R . E . S c h v l S t r o s h e r a n d P. M \V 03. V an co u v er. B C . S 0.75 10° 101 102 103 ( p V % ,/( p V 2L d e f f e c t o f h ig h w in d c o n d it io n s 1 .0 0 ♦ # > 0 - 9 5 o c ■ CD o £ 0.90 LU ♦ ♦ £ ■ O ♦ ♦ H 0.85 .Q R e a c tio n K fftc iA - The P e r sp e c tiv e o f R ef: 8 B 0.80 ( D a v i s , P. E . G J. H . P o h l . R . E . S c h \ | S t r o s h e r a n d P. M W 03. V an co u v er. B C . S 0.75 10° 101 102 (p V ^ e A p V 2) ^ 103 e f f e c t o f h ig h w in d c o n d it io n s 1 .0 0 ♦ # >0-95 o c ■ CD o £ 0.90 LU ♦ ♦ C ■ o ♦ ♦ H 0.85 12 R e a c tio n K fflc iA - The P e r s p e c tiv e o f R ef: (S B . C . D a v i s , P. E . G . 0.80 J. II. P o h l . R . E . S c I n i S t r o s h e r a n d P. M W 03. V an co u v er. B C . S 0.75 10° 101 102 ( p V 2)je / ( p V 103 t nd C o n c l u s i o n L E S o f fla r e s -* u n d e r c h a n g in g m e c h a n is m s o p e r a tin g c o n d itio n s c o m b u s tio n in e ffic ie n c y c r e a t e d b y h ig h s t r a in r a t e s a t w a k e b o u n d a r ie s o f w a k e s ta b iliz e d fla r e h ig h c o n c e n t r a t io n s o f s u lf u r - d o n o t s ig n ific a n tly a f f e c t f la m e s ta b ility - m o r e lik e ly t o e s c a p e w a k e s ta b iliz e d f la r e n e e d s u lfu r s p e c ie s v a lid a tio n d a ta Scalebridging models Radiation Models gas & particle participating media Molecularscale Models soot & gas-phase chemistry, unresolved turbulent mixing Kinetics & Thermophysical Properties chemical kinetics, transport properties, thermodynamic properties, and sulfur chemistry A - J F R C 0 7