Survey of Telehealth Adoption by Neuro-ophthalmologists During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Benefits, Barriers, and Utility

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, telehealth modalities have come to prominence as a strategy for providing patient care when in-person care provision opportunities are limited. The degree of adoption by neuro-ophthalmologists has not been quantified. Methods: Telehealth utilization pre-COVID-19 and peri-COVID-19 was surveyed among practicing neuro-ophthalmologists in and outside the United States using an online platform. Demographics, perceived benefits, barriers, and utility for different neuro-ophthalmic conditions were collected. Data collection occurred over a 2-week period in May 2020. Results: Two hundred eight practicing neuro-ophthalmologists (81.3% United States, 50.2% females, age range <35 to >65, mode 35-44 years) participated in the survey. Utilization of all telehealth modalities increased from pre-COVID to peri-COVID (video visit 3.9%-68.3%, P < 0.0005, remote interpretation of testing 26.7%-32.2%, P = 0.09, online second opinion 7.9%-15.3%, P = 0.001, and interprofessional e-consult 4.4%-18.7%, P < 0.0005, McNemar). The majority selected access, continuity, and patient efficiency of care as benefits and data quality as a barrier. Telehealth was felt to be most helpful for conditions relying on history, external examination, and previously collected ancillary testing and not helpful for conditions requiring funduscopic examination. Conclusions: Telehealth modality usage by neuro-ophthalmologists increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Identified benefits have relevance both during and beyond COVID-19. Further work is needed to address barriers in their current and future states to maintain these modalities as viable care delivery options.

Original Contribution Section Editors: Clare Fraser, MD Susan Mollan, MD Survey of Telehealth Adoption by Neuro-ophthalmologists During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Benefits, Barriers, and Utility Heather E. Moss, MD, PhD, Kevin E. Lai, MD, Melissa W. Ko, MD, Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, telehealth modalities have come to prominence as a strategy for providing patient care when in-person care provision opportunities are limited. The degree of adoption by neuroophthalmologists has not been quantified. Methods: Telehealth utilization pre-COVID-19 and peri- COVID-19 was surveyed among practicing neuroophthalmologists in and outside the United States using an online platform. Demographics, perceived benefits, barriers, and utility for different neuro-ophthalmic conditions were collected. Data collection occurred over a 2-week period in May 2020. Results: Two hundred eight practicing neuroophthalmologists (81.3% United States, 50.2% females, age range ,35 to .65, mode 35-44 years) participated in the survey. Utilization of all telehealth modalities increased from pre-COVID to peri-COVID (video visit 3.9%-68.3%, P , 0.0005, remote interpretation of testing 26.7%-32.2%, P = 0.09, online second opinion 7.9%-15.3%, P = 0.001, and interprofessional e-consult 4.4%-18.7%, P , 0.0005, McNemar). The majority selected access, continuity, and patient efficiency of care as benefits and data quality as a barrier. Telehealth was felt to be most helpful for conditions relying on history, external examination, and pre- Departments of Ophthalmology (HEM) and Neurology & Neurological Sciences (HEM), Stanford University, Palo Alto, California; Department of Ophthalmology (KEL, MWK), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Ophthalmology Service (KEL), Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana; and Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (MWK), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana. Research to Prevent Blindness unrestricted grant to the Stanford Department of Ophthalmology, NIH P30 086277. The authors report no conflicts of interest. Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal's Web site (www. jneuro-ophthalmology.com). Address correspondence to Melissa W. Ko, MD, Departments of Neurology. Ophthalmology and Neurosurgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, IU Health Neurosciences Center, 355 W. 16th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202; E-mail: [e-mail] 346 viously collected ancillary testing and not helpful for conditions requiring funduscopic examination. Conclusions: Telehealth modality usage by neuroophthalmologists increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Identified benefits have relevance both during and beyond COVID-19. Further work is needed to address barriers in their current and future states to maintain these modalities as viable care delivery options. Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology 2020;40:346-355 doi: 10.1097/WNO.0000000000001051 © 2020 by North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society T elehealth, the delivery of health care services where patients and providers are separated by distance and sometimes time, was historically a relatively small component of the entire health care delivery system. During the COVID-19 pandemic, when minimizing face-to-face contact became a primary strategy to reduce virus transmission, public health policy changes incentivized health care providers and systems to accelerate implementation and utilization of telehealth services (1,2). Although there are some universal benefits and challenges to the utilization of telemedicine, there are also specialty-specific nuances (3). Before the COVID-19 pandemic, a minority of neuroophthalmologists used telehealth services to improve efficiency of and access to care. As part of the audience response questions at a recent telehealth symposium, planned pre-COVID and delivered on March 9, 2020, at the annual meeting of the North American NeuroOphthalmology Society (NANOS), 4% of attendees reported using telehealth video visits and 21% reported performing remote interpretation of testing as part of their clinical practice (T. Thebeau, BS, personal communication, NANOS). The goal of this study is to characterize changes in telehealth utilization by neuro-ophthalmologists during the COVID-19 pandemic as well as perceived benefits, Moss et al: J Neuro-Ophthalmol 2020; 40: 346-355 Copyright © North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. Original Contribution barriers, and utility. Select synchronous and asynchronous telehealth methodologies were considered (Box 1). METHODS This study is a survey of neuro-ophthalmologists in independent clinical practice. Exclusion criteria were nonindependent practice (e.g., resident, fellow-in-training, or student) or inactive clinical practice (e.g., retirement). The population was sampled in a nonrandom fashion through an email sent to members of NANOS, the largest organization in the world for the clinical subspecialty of neuro-ophthalmology, with 16% of members residing outside the United States. The study was deemed exempt by the Stanford Institutional Review Board. Participants were survey respondents who agreed to the parameters of the study and confirmed eligibility before proceeding with survey questions. Survey Content Demographic questions included country of residence, state of residence for US participants, age category, gender, and board certification(s) (neuro-ophthalmologists train initially in neurology and/or ophthalmology). Clinical practice questions included practice setting, proportion of income derived from clinical revenue, and electronic medical record (EMR) utilization, all of which were categorical. Participants were asked about the use of synchronous (video visits) and asynchronous (remote interpretation of tests, second-opinion reviews, and e-consults) telehealth in their personal clinical practice before the COVID-19 pandemic (for US participants, before March 1, 2020), during the COVID-19 pandemic (March 1, 2020, through dates of survey May 1-15, 2020), and looking to the future. Telephone visits, virtual check-ins, and online patient portal communications were not included in this study. Perceived benefits of synchronous telemedicine (video visits) were collected only from those who use it, whereas all participants were asked about barriers. Questions about benefits and barriers were presented as multiple-choice responses where multiple responses could be selected. Additional comments were collected as free text. Participants were asked for their opinion (helpful, somewhat helpful, or not helpful) on the utility of video visits in the evaluation and management of select neuro-ophthalmic conditions. See the online supplemental material for full survey questions (see Supplemental Digital Content, Supplement 1, http://links.lww.com/WNO/A433). Survey Delivery The survey was implemented on an electronic, web-based platform (SurveyMonkey, San Mateo, CA) and distributed through email to members of NANOS using the Moss et al: J Neuro-Ophthalmol 2020; 40: 346-355 organization's member listserv on May 1, 2020. Two additional reminders were sent. The survey was open from May 1-15, 2020. No identifying information was collected. Analysis Responses to categorical survey questions are reported as proportions. Responses to numerical responses are reported as mean and 95% confidence interval (CI). Responses to free text questions are reported qualitatively. Country of residence was collapsed to US and non-US because of small numbers in most non-US countries. For US participants, states were grouped by US census regions (west, midwest, south, and northeast) for reporting purposes. Free text comments for video platform use, benefits of video visits, and barriers to video visits were analyzed qualitatively through thematic grouping by the authors. For any comments on the same issue generated by multiple participants, a new response category was generated for inclusion in quantitative analysis, noting that these are likely underestimates because they were not specifically queried as the other items were. Utilization of different telehealth modalities was compared between US and non-US participants for both the pre-COVID and peri-COVID time frames using the chisquare test or Fisher exact test when a cell size was less than 10. Change in utilization of each telehealth modality was compared pre-COVID and peri-COVID using the McNemar test. Ordinal age and clinical revenue categories were compared between users and nonusers of peri-COVID synchronous telehealth using the Mantel-Haenszel test for trend. Clinical practice environment and board certification were compared between users and nonusers of peri-COVID synchronous telehealth using the chi-square test. Proportions of participants perceiving barriers to use of synchronous telemedicine were compared between users and nonusers of synchronous telemedicine peri-COVID using the chi-square test. P , 0.05 was the threshold for statistical significance. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 26 (IBM Inc). RESULTS The survey invitation was delivered through email to 813 people (756 nontrainees). Two hundred fourteen responses were received. All confirmed independent practice and agreed to participation. Six did not answer any questions beyond demographics and were excluded from further analysis. Thus, 208 respondents were included in the final analysis (Table 1). The participants were mostly from the United States (81.3%, Fig. 1), with fairly even age and gender distribution. The US/non-US distribution is similar to that for NANOS membership (84% US and 16% nonUS). A recent comprehensive effort to count the number of neuro-ophthalmologists in the United States identified 386 347 Copyright © North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. Original Contribution TABLE 1. Description of survey participants Variable Country US Non-US Missing Region (among US participants) West Midwest South Northeast Missing Age (yrs) ,35 35-44 45-54 55-64 .65 Missing Gender Female Male Others Missing Board certification Ophthalmology Neurology Both Missing Practice setting Academic Government Private solo/group Private hospital Missing Proportion of income derived from clinical revenue 0-25% 26-50% 51-75% .75% Missing Distribution (n = 208) 169 (81.3%) 39 (18.8%) 0 34 40 50 44 (20.2%) (23.8%) (29.8%) (26.2%) 1 11 (5.3%) 59 (28.5%) 58 (28%) 50 (24%) 29 (14%) 1 104 (50.2%) 103 (49.8%) 0 1 130 (63.1%) 70 (34%) 5 (2.9%) 2 119 (57.2%) 11 (5.3%) 62 (29.8%) 16 (7.7%) 0 40 (19.2%) 25 (12%) 33 (15.9%) 110 (52.8%) 0 individuals in active clinical practice (187 clinical full-time equivalents) (L. Frohman, Personal communication, NANOS). Thus, we estimate that the US survey participants represent a 54% nonrandomized sample of the population of US-practicing neuro-ophthalmologists. Survey participants came from ophthalmology and neurology backgrounds (2:1). Multiple practice environments were represented with the majority in academic practice. Over half of participants derived more than 75% of their income from clinical revenue. More than 90% of participants reported using an EMR. About half had attended the telehealth symposium presented at the NANOS 2020 Annual Meeting on March 9, 2020. Among 348 symposium attendees, two-thirds reported participating in the audience response questions at the symposium. Video Visits Before the COVID-19 pandemic, 3.9% (5.1% non-US and 3.6% US, P = 0.65 Fisher exact) of participants used video visits; of those participants using video visits, 87.5% performed 1-10 video visits per week. 12.6% of nonusers reported it was available to them. During the COVID-19 pandemic, 68.3% (38.5% non-US and 75.1% US, P , 0.0005, chi square) of participants used video visits (P , 0.0005 vs pre-COVID, McNemar; Fig. 2A). This figure included all pre-COVID users and 66.8% of pre-COVID nonusers. Among nonusers, it was available to 33.4%, of interest to 38%, and not of interest to 29%. Video visit use peri-COVID was higher in younger survey participants (72.3% ,35 years old, 69.5% 35-44 years, 79.3% 45-54 years, 64% 55-64 years, and 48.3% $65 years old, P = 0.04, Mantel-Haenszel test for trend) and among those with neurology board certification (84.3% vs 59.2% ophthalmology, P = 0.001). Reasons for not adopting (available/not using, not available/interested, or available/not interested) did not differ by board certification (P = 0.88, x2). Use was higher in academic, private solo/group, and private hospital-based practice than government-based practice (73.1%, 64.5%, and 75.0% vs 27.3%, P = 0.01 x2). However, government-based practice participants were disproportionately outside the United States (72.7%), which confounds this relationship. Use did not differ by the proportion of revenue derived from clinical income (P = 0.58, Mantel-Haenszel). The majority of peri-COVID video users (64%) saw 1- 10 video visits per week. 27.4% saw 11-20 and 3 participants saw .40. Many platforms were used, led by EMR integration (41.5%), with Zoom, Doxy.me, FaceTime, and Doximity, all having .10 users. Many users used more than 1 video platform. More than 50% of peri-COVID video users selected benefits of improved access to care, continuity of care, and efficiency of care for the patient (Fig. 3). Selected barriers were similar between peri-COVID video users and nonusers, except for reimbursement (45% users and 30% nonusers, P = 0.04 chi square) and data quality (90% users and 83% nonusers, P = 0.01 chi square). Data quality was the barrier selected by the largest proportion of both video users and nonusers (Fig. 4). Free text comments identified multiple other barriers and disadvantages of telehealth that had not been included in the multiple-choice options (Table 2). Assuming continued telehealth reimbursement, 73.9% of users plan to continue video visits in their practice after public health emergency, whereas 17.6% are unsure. Remote Interpretation of Tests Before the COVID-19 pandemic, 26.7% of participants (28.7% US and 17.1% non-US, P = 0.21, Fisher exact) Moss et al: J Neuro-Ophthalmol 2020; 40: 346-355 Copyright © North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. Original Contribution FIG. 1. Geographic distribution of survey participants: Shade of world map (upper) and US map (lower) corresponds to the number of participants from each country (upper) and US state (lower). performed remote interpretation of tests with a mean of 4.7 per week (95% CI 3.4-6). Leading tests interpreted remotely were visual fields (87%) and optical coherence tomography (79.6%). A minority remotely interpreted visual evoked potentials, electroretinography, and other testing. 17.8% of nonusers preferred to see all patients having testing performed in-person. During the COVID-19 pandemic, 32.2% of survey participants (30.7% US and 38.9% non-US, P = 0.43 Fisher exact) performed remote testing interpretation (P = 0.09 vs pre-COVID, McNemar) with a mean of 5.3 per week (95% CI 3.8-6.9). 22.2% of pre-COVID users ceased peri-COVID, whereas 15.6% pre-COVID nonusers adopted this practice (Fig. 2B). One participant noted that in-person testing was not being performed at their institution during the pandemic, which limited the opportunity. Ophthalmic imaging and visual fields remained the main Moss et al: J Neuro-Ophthalmol 2020; 40: 346-355 types of tests being interpreted without seeing the patient. 84.6% of peri-COVID users plan to continue this practice, whereas 10.8% are unsure. Asynchronous Telehealth Before the COVID-19 pandemic, 7.9% (6.6% US and 13.9% non-US, P = 0.17 Fisher exact) and 4.4% (3.6% US and 8.3% non-US, P = 0.20, Fisher exact) of participants used online second opinions and e-consults, respectively. During COVID-19, 15.3% (14.4% US and 19.4% nonUS, P = 0.45 Fisher exact) of participants used online second opinions and 18.7% (18.6% US and 19.4% non-US, P = 1.0, Fisher exact) used e-consults (P = 0.001 second opinion, P , 0.0005 e-consult, vs pre-COVID, McNemar, Fig. 2C-D). A limitation in offering second opinion services was prohibition by the participant's institution (24% preCOVID and 17.8% peri-COVID). 349 Copyright © North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. Original Contribution FIG. 2. Changes in neuro-ophthalmologist telehealth service utilization during the COVID-19 compared with immediately prior. Each pie represents self-reported status of survey participants with regard to utilization of telehealth modalities in their clinical practice peri-COVID according to pre-COVID utilization of different telehealth modalities (Box 1 for definitions): Video visits (A), remote interpretation of ancillary testing (B), online second opinion (C), and E-consult (D). Perception of Utility of Synchronous Telehealth (Video Visits) for Select Neuro-ophthalmic Diseases Some participants did not respond to questions of video visit utility for neuro-ophthalmic conditions (Table 3 and Fig. 5). The number of responses per condition varied between 120 and 125; proportions are reported according to the number of participants who selected a category for each condition. Conditions for which .50% of participants indicated video visits are helpful were migraine with aura (65.0%), pituitary tumor with prior visual fields, and MRI results (62.1%). Conditions for which .50% of participants indicated that video visits are not helpful were nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (63.4%), possible arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy (60.5%), and optic atrophy (70.8%). DISCUSSION Telehealth modalities as a way to deliver neuro-ophthalmic care have been of interest in the profession for many years, as demonstrated by inclusion of symposia on this topic in the annual meetings of NANOS in 2013 and 2020 (4,5). During the COVID-19 pandemic, interest in and utiliza350 tion in this area increased throughout the medical profession and in neuro-ophthalmology (3,6). In this study, we demonstrate increased telehealth utilization by neuroophthalmologists during the COVID-19 pandemic. It builds upon previous single-institution qualitative reports by quantifying utilization by providers in different practice environments both in and outside of the United States. In addition, a higher level of evidence for perceived benefits, barriers, and utilization is provided, building on what has been previously stated by expert opinion. Before COVID, the literature supported use of video visits and remote interpretation of testing for delivery of neuro-ophthalmic care (7-9). However, participants both in and outside the United States reported minimal use of video visits, online second opinions, and e-consults and moderate use of remote testing interpretation preCOVID, similar to what was reported using the audience response system at the 2020 NANOS telehealth symposium. Increased utilization peri-COVID occurred for all modalities, although this increase did not meet the threshold of statistical significance for remote interpretation of testing. Remote interpretation of testing was the only modality surveyed for which some participants ceased utilization peri-COVID. Based on a comment by one participant, this change is likely attributed to cessation of all inMoss et al: J Neuro-Ophthalmol 2020; 40: 346-355 Copyright © North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. Original Contribution FIG. 3. Benefits of video telehealth selected by neuro-ophthalmologists who are users of video visits during COVID-19: Each bar is the proportion of peri-COVID video users (n = 141) who selected that item as a benefit to video telehealth. Benefits are ordered by the proportion of peri-COVID video users selecting it. person testing in some practice environments during COVID-19. Increase in telehealth modality utilization occurred for both US and non-US participants. Adoption was greatest in the younger survey respondents (,35 years old), which may reflect the greater numbers of digital natives within this age demographic (10). Participants board-certified in neurology were higher adopters, in line with the more established role of synchronous telemedicine in neurology (11), whereas ophthalmology telemedicine has traditionally focused more on remote imaging with automated interpretation (12). There was no association between telehealth adoption and proportion of income derived from clinical revenue. Although this lack of association may speak to altruistic motives for provision of care through telehealth modalities, such a conclusion is speculative because participants' motivations were not queried. Although this survey did not explore the full extent of telehealth's impact on patient care, participants endorsed many benefits. However, the relative merit of these benefits is situational, currently consisting of a global pandemic. It remains to be seen how these benefits are valued as tradi- tional methods of care delivery resume. This benefit is particularly relevant to neuro-ophthalmology where improved patient access and increased efficiencies facilitated by telehealth may address shortfalls in provider access, who are concentrated in major cities and academic centers with an average wait time of 6 weeks, and more than 20% of whom report wait times .3 months (M. Moster, personal communication of internal NANOS survey, NANOS). Even among telehealth adopters, a high proportion of survey respondents identified data quality concerns including examination limitations as a significant barrier. This study did not ascertain which aspects of the examination posed the greatest barrier for telehealth implementation for our participants, but based on participant responses regarding utility of telehealth in various conditions, we suspect that a primary challenge is obtaining a proper internal assessment of the eyes. Conditions for which video visits were deemed most helpful by participants were those primarily relying on history or external examination to inform management and those for whom vision measurement and/or visualization of the posterior fundus was accomplished through ancillary testing. By contrast, video TABLE 2. Additional barriers to video telehealth generated by participants Wellness Technology Patient buy-in Quality of care Efficiency and scheduling Limited support More physically draining than face-to-face to maintain engagement with patients Variable reliability of live video technologies Video does not offer much more than phone for ophthalmology Patient dissatisfaction with billing Patients not convinced by telemedicine Decreased precision and comprehensiveness of examination Learning curve for incorporating video telemedicine into daily clinic flow Increased time to prepare for each visit Video telemedicine visits may take extra time, resulting in decreased clinic volumes Not utilizing technicians or medical assistants for intake and questionnaires Moss et al: J Neuro-Ophthalmol 2020; 40: 346-355 351 Copyright © North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. Original Contribution FIG. 4. Barriers to video telehealth selected by neuro-ophthalmologists according to video telehealth user status during COVID-19: Each bar is the proportion of peri-COVID video users (black, n = 141) or nonusers (gray, n = 66) who selected that item as a barrier to video telehealth. Patient technology barrier was not included in the survey choices but was added to the analysis based on inclusion in comments by multiple participants. Barriers are ordered by the proportion of peri-COVID video users selecting it. visits were deemed not helpful for conditions relying on an ophthalmoscopic finding for diagnosis. Of note, there was no consensus on the helpfulness of video visits for any condition, highlighting the heterogeneity of clinical practice style among neuro-ophthalmologists. Studies to validate data acquired through telehealth methods will be important to optimize telehealth care. Differences in data acquired through telehealth and inperson visits, and the implications of basing management decisions on these, may be the cause of medical liability concerns (13). Before COVID, telemedicine coverage was available as part of liability plans. During this pandemic, new federal acts grant immunity from liability for health care workers acting in good faith. Protections at the state level vary with many states amending existing Good Samaritan statutes to provide broad civil immunity to health care professionals during the pandemic (14). In the United States, telehealth reimbursement preCOVID was restricted and disproportionately low compared with in-person visits, acting as a disincentive. PeriCOVID, CMS and many private insurers are covering telehealth visits at a level equivalent to in-person visits, effectively lowering this barrier (15). Future reimbursement regulations remain uncertain and continue to rapidly evolve. Regular provision of education regarding billing and coding for neuro-ophthalmologists will be essential to lower these barriers. 352 Beyond information technology infrastructure, implementation challenges of integrating video with in-person practice and lack of ancillary support for video visits in current practice models were identified by survey participants. These were noted to have negative impacts on provider wellness. Ongoing use and further adoption of telehealth modalities will require organizations to continue providing and improving telehealth infrastructure. Protocols for incorporating nonprovider staff into telehealth delivery, strategies to optimize patient selection, and scheduling to optimize both efficiency and outcomes and train trainees and providers will need to be expanded and refined (16). Even when presuming continued telehealth reimbursement, over one-quarter of peri-COVID video visit users either plan to discontinue or remain uncertain regarding future video visit utilization following the end of the public health emergency. This survey did not elicit responses for participants' motives regarding their reluctance to continue telehealth services. Perhaps this reflects the favorable benefit:barrier ratio during this pandemic when traditional care delivery has not been possible; this ratio may revert post-COVID, resulting in increased barriers, both broadly (reimbursement and liability) and locally (practice delivery and efficiency). The main limitations of this study relate to the survey methodology used (17). Specifically, sampling and questionnaire development were performed in an accelerated Moss et al: J Neuro-Ophthalmol 2020; 40: 346-355 Copyright © North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. Original Contribution TABLE 3. Perception of video telehealth utility in select neuro-ophthalmic conditions Helpful Somewhat helpful Not helpful Cranial nerve palsy(ies) Migraine with aura Optic neuritis with visual fields (VFs), MRI, and optic disc photographs or optical coherence tomography (OCT) Pituitary tumor with VF, MRI, and OCT Positive visual phenomenon Pseudotumor cerebri/idiopathic intracranial hypertension with VF and optic disc photographs or OCT Anisocoria Binocular diplopia Eye pain with normal eye examination (Ocular) myasthenia gravis Ptosis Transient visual loss Stable established patient with afferent visual pathway disease Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) Possible arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy Optic atrophy fashion because of the time sensitivity of the research question. By collecting responses during the COVID-19 pandemic, recall bias was likely minimized. The nonrandomized sample with voluntary response likely biased toward overestimates of adoption given that those not interested likely had reduced rates of participation. Benefits and barriers not specifically queried (e.g., patient technology issues) were likely underestimated. There were areas of interest not captured by the survey including use of phone calls, online portal and email communications with FIG. 5. Perception of video telehealth utility in select neuro-ophthalmic conditions: Each stacked bar represents a condition, with colors representing proportion who gave a response for that condition (n = 120-125), selecting that video telehealth is helpful (black), somewhat helpful (dark gray), or not helpful (light gray). Conditions are ordered by the proportion selecting "helpful." AAION, arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy; IIH, idiopathic intracranial hypertension; NAION, nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy; OCT, optical coherence tomography; PTC, pseudotumor cerebri; VF, visual field. Moss et al: J Neuro-Ophthalmol 2020; 40: 346-355 353 Copyright © North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited. Original Contribution patients, remote interpretation of patient submitted data, and "virtual check-in" encounters, as well as stratifying ben- Box 1. Definitions of Telehealth Modalities Included in This Study • Video visits are real-time (synchronous) encounters between a provider and a patient separated by location. The provider is able to obtain a history from the patient, perform external examination, and review previous clinical data, then counsel the patient and make decisions for management of the patient's care. Regulations on patient and provider location, medical liability, and billing and reimbursement have evolved rapidly during the pandemic. • Remote interpretation of testing is where the patient obtains a test separately from a direct encounter with a provider; the provider interprets the test and provides a report to a referring provider separately. Relevant tests in neuroophthalmology including visual fields, ophthalmic photography, and electrophysiology. Excluded from this definition is the CPT/HCPCS code G2010 (remote review/interpretation of remote patient data), in which an established patient submits a photograph or video to a provider for review and interpretation to determine whether or not the patient needs to be seen in-person urgently. • Online second opinions are asynchronous encounters between the provider and a new patient (i.e., not previously seen in their in-person practice). Typically, they are administered through a third party vendor, are initiated by the patient, and consist of the provider's review of the patient's medical records and patient questions, followed by a written report to the patient (19,20). • E-consults (or interprofessional consults) are asynchronous and sometimes synchronous encounters between the consulting provider and a referring provider about new or established patients without any communication with the patient. These consults are requested by the referring provider (with patient consent) and consist of a review of the patient's medical records by the consulting provider and sometimes verbal discussion with the referring provider. The consulting provider then provides a written report to the referring physician. This definition is in accordance with the CPT/HCPCS codes 99446-99449 and 99451. 354 efits and barriers pre-COVID, peri-COVID, and postCOVID. CONCLUSIONS During a time of pandemic, neuro-ophthalmologists have rapidly adopted telehealth by 17-fold, providing patients with continued access to care and partially recovering revenue lost due to public policies restricting traditional in-person clinical practice patterns. Similar to many neurological subspecialties and in contrast to other ophthalmic subspecialties, neuroophthalmology is amenable to telehealth visits, which still allow for careful history taking and external examination to obtain actionable data for patient triage and management (18). The future of telehealth in neuro-ophthalmology remains uncertain. It is a promising modality for continued patient access and practice revenue, but barriers remain, including some over which individual practitioners have limited control, such as federal and state policies on telehealth reimbursement and liability. Important areas for future study include the benefits of telehealth and patient access to neuroophthalmic care and strategies to address barriers under practitioners' control, including data quality, practice efficiency, and patient selection. Author Contributions: H. E. Moss and K. E. Lai contributed equally to this work. STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP Category 1: a. Conception and design: H. Moss, K. Lai, and M. Ko; b. Acquisition of data: H. Moss, K. Lai, and M. Ko; c. Analysis and interpretation of data: H. Moss and K. Lai. Category 2: a. Drafting the manuscript: H. Moss, K. Lai, and M. Ko; b. Revising it for intellectual content: H. Moss, K. Lai, and M. Ko. Category 3: a. Final approval of the completed manuscript: H. Moss, K. Lai, and M. Ko. REFERENCES 1. Mann DM, Chen J, Chunara R, Testa PA, Nov O. COVID-19 transforms health care through telemedicine: evidence from the field. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2020;ocaa072 (epub ahead of print). 2. 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